04_best Practices On Nsds-ak_thai

Best Practices on Instruments of SD in Asia and the Pacific UNEP RRC.AP Aida Karazhanova 12 July 2006, Thailand

Regional Trend Perspective for global primary energy demand Oceania Africa

5000

Oceania

Africa

South America

4000

South America Europe North America

Europe North America

3000

Asia

2000

Asia

1000 0

1995

2025 Note: Compiled from data in World Energy Outlook 2004 (IEA, 2004)

2

Prospect of total energy consumption by region BTU 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1999

2010

2020

year J apan India Total Europe

China Total Asia US Note: Compiled from data in material compiled by Japan Petroleum Energy Center BTU is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit

3

Sustainable Development Tools A. Policy Instruments       

Strategies and plans (ex. NSDS, Green Growth concept) Laws and regulations (ex. Conventions, Eco-code, etc.) Agreements between public and private companies Management and institutional arrangements Environmental responsibilities in local governance Community participation Public information; monitoring and evaluation (ex. Indicators of SD)

B. Environmental tools  Cleaner Production program  Life-cycle assessment  Eco-design  Effective use of natural resources  Corporate environmental management system  Environment Friendly Technology

4

Sustainable Development Tools D. Economic instruments (Financial support to NSDS process)  Payments for nature use and pollution  Economic stimulation of nature protection  Financial support of scientific research  Economic and environmental Incentives  Environmental Funds  Subsidies for nature protection  Environmental insurance C. Capacity building and awareness  Education curriculum at schools and universities  Training for professionals  Work shops for senior officials  TV and media

5

Key Factors for Policy

Sustainable consumption and production for sustainable development  Reduction of CO2 emission for prevention of climate change  Energy efficiency  Shifting from natural resources to renewable resources 

6

Planning Documents

Agenda 21 National Action National Plan Developmen Plan      

Philippines China Nepal Indonesia Vietnam Turkmenistan

PRSPs       

Cambodia Sri Lanka Tajikistan Vietnam Kyrgyzstan Indonesia Pakistan

 Mongolia  Japan

 India  Maldives  Thailand

National Conservation Vision 2020 Strategy    

Pakistan Nepal Bangladesh Malaysia

   

Malaysia India Bhutan Turkmenistan 7

Strategic Planning Country

Vision Documents/Way Forward Concepts Australia National Strategy for Ecologically Indonesi a Malaysia Mongolia Philippin es Bhutan India Nepal Pakistan Turkmeni stan

Sustainable Development Indonesia Agenda 21 Vision 2020 Mongolian Action Programme for 21st Century Agenda 21 Vision 2020 and Middle Path Vision 2020 National Agenda 21 National Conservation Strategy, PRSP Vision 2020 8

Strategic Planning Country Kazakhsta n Thailand Korea

Japan China

Vision Documents/ Way Forward Concepts Kazakhstan 2030, PRSP, Industrial Innovation Strategy 2015 Competitive and Self-sufficient Economy National Agenda 21; Volume Based Waste Free System 1995; Fifth Ministerial Conference on Env. & Devt. in Seoul, March 2005: Green Growth NationalApproach Agenda 21; Concept of Material Cycle Society; 3R Agenda 21/ Green Growth policy 9

Policies in the Region

Circular Economy  Sufficiency Economy  Green Growth  Gross National Happiness  Sound Material Society etc. 

10

Policy Targets China 20% improvement of energy consumption efficiency per GDP by 2010  Japan - 30% improvement of energy consumption efficiency by 2030 - Oil dependence will be reduced to be lower than 40% by 2030 - The percentage of oil dependence in transport sector will be reduced to around 80% by 2030 

11

Sustained Growth

"We will pursue economic development on the basis of resource conservation and build a circular economy. A wellprotected eco-system underpins the growing productive forces and better lives for the people". Presiden t Hu Jintao, PR China

"Our region needs a comprehensive framework of security that will ensure that the process of economic development is not derailed by the threat of terrorism, the threat to our environment and the threat to our energy security, food security and security of livelihoods." Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, India 12

Sustained Growth "Sufficiency Economy is a middle-path philosophy to achieve equitable and stable development, which is often referred toHis asMajesty sustainable King Bhumibol Adulyadej, development."

“Gross National Happiness is more important than Gross National Product"

His Majesty Kin Jigme Singye Wangchuc Bhuta

Thailand

13

Orders of the Head of the State “As a whole, by 2010 we should create the basic environmental standards of sustainable development of a society” “In 2006 the Ecological Code directed on harmonization of our ecological legislation with the advanced international certificates (acts), transition to new standards, perfection of system of the state control should be accepted” 01.03.06

President N.A.Nazarbaev,

14

Sustainable GROWTH, its evolution YESTERDAY-

POLLUTION CONTROL Monitor production processes, control emissions/effluents

TODAY-

ECO-EFFICIENCY Produce more with fewer resources

TOMORROW-

ECO-EFFECTIVENESS Production without pollution and environmental degradation

OUR FUTURE-

SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY Cradle-to-cradle resource use without environmental limits benefiting all, while following the nature model: reuse, rebirth, renew

15

16

CHINA: Visionary GREEN GROWTH   





Environmental protection is a driver for growth & long term sustainability Production and consumption is a holistic-life-cycle/circular concept Improve eco-efficiency of production:  Eco-efficient planning with instruments GTBR  Environmental governance  Market instruments Improve eco-efficiency of consumption:  Demand side management with economic instruments (GTBR)  Education for SD  Promotion of env. goods & services  Promotion of 3R and resource saving society Promote effective decision making  value of env. goods and services  Investment in natural capital 17

Korea: Volume Based Waste Fee System, 1995:    

Reduce waste generation at the source; introduction of recycling activities Principle: ”Pay for what you discharge” Recyclable items are collected free of charge Economic Incentives

Main Outcomes

 22% reduction of wastes between 1994-2002 from 1.33 kg to 1.04 kg per day  Decrease volume of wastes sent to land fills fallen by 43% (49,191 to 27,953 tones/year)  Increase volume of recyclable items 146% (8,927 to 21,948 tones/yr) Ref: Asia-Pacific Forum For Environment and Development, 2005

Why successful? • Economic Incentives • Strong policy mandate

18

NEPAL: Development of Mini- & Micro-hydropower

Barpak village: Bir Bagadur Gh

 1989-1990 installed the 50kW MHP using loan from ADB  Sells electricity in eves and to 4 enterprises during the days  Established the paper making factory, furniture workshop  Support the bakery oven and grain mill  From urns 1 mln rupies a year / out of 3 Why 1995 successful? • Life cycle costs and returns are mln spent favorable  Planned to establish another 40kW MHP • MHP with capacity of up to 100kW is simple and easy to maintain • Strong leadership and ownership Ref: http://www.icimod.org/publications/imd/issue972.htm

19

India: Tata Steel Business

Asia’s first and India’s largest company, captive iron ores and c  Environment efficient operations towards reducing pollutant emissions and discharges  Certified with ISO 14001 and GRI  Use innovative way to manage social commitments (ex. amusement park)  Focus areas on community health, basic education, vocational training, other Why successful? development goals of India     

Corporate governance model Social development of local people Community health improved Provides basic education Quality of life of employees

Ref: TATA Council for Community Initiatives Report 2002

20

JAPAN: Autonomous City Planning and Preventive Measures Kitakyushu

Population: 1,011,491 Area:484 km2 Industry: largest steel industry in Asia but: Returned its blue sky and waters! Trade: bottle neck between Honshu and Kyushu Awards of1987-”City with Bright Stars”, 1990-”Global 500”, 1992:UNCED Local Government Honors 1997: Environment Cooperation Network of Asian cities Background:  1963-Heavy chemical industrial areas: iron, steel, chemical, ceramics, electric power “Seven Colored Smoke” prosperity (and stigma!): dust, sulphur dioxide, no fish catches  1955-1965- High level economic growth Water pollution, Air pollution, dust fall, smoke offensive odours, industrial waste water and sewage flowed into bay Demands of Residents to Local Industries; Petitions to Administration Ref: MEIP report

21

JAPAN: Kitakyushu responses   

Agreement between city govt. and industrial corporations Monitoring and Pollution Control Council set up in 1967 “Pollution diet” enhancement in 1970

4 Policy measures  Transfer of the authority of prefectural governor to the city “Smog alarms”  Cooperative system of industry and government  Prevention control technologies on CP  Anti pollution policy “noneconomic approach”: crisis risk management Ref: UN ESCAP, SoE 2000 policy, ex sludge

Why successful?

 Environmental responsibilities in local government  Autonomous city planning and preventive measures  Partnership with business community  Cooperation of Govt and Industry, consultations  CP reduced consumption 22 of raw products and fuels,

JAPAN: Concept of MaterialCycle Society

Sustainable Society Reduce: Reduce the amount of wastes by increasing the efficiency of resource use and extending the useful life of products Reuse: Using the “recyclable resources” from used items again, as products or parts, after giving them proper treatment Recycle: Using the “recyclable resources” as raw materials to make new products

Is a Society that pursues Environmental Protection as well as Economic Growth Ref: The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry ; www.meti.go.jp/policy/recycle/main/english/index.htm 23

JAPAN: Concept of MaterialCycle Society

Ref: Ministry of Environment 24

The structure of sustainable development Council Chairman СSD Chairman assistant

Chairman assistant

Chairman assistant

Structure of Council Administration of the President

Members of the Government

Local Agencies

Scientists

Deputies of Mazhilis and Senate of Parliament

Representatives of business - sector

The nongovernmental and youth 25 organizations

Innovative Models of Financial Support for SD “Debts for nature use”  Mechanism of debt payback in the form of commitments to allocate financial resources for environmental protection and SD  Reconstruction of debts after the debt crises in 1980 tees, has led to the development of the market of sovereign debts to the private creditors based on consumption and demand  Market of Quotas  Green taxes  Green products Example Activities  In 2001, Russia has signed the agreement on debt pay off in amount of USD$520,000 and development of environmental protection projects for Baltic Sea  Ex. in 2002, Kyrgyzstan and France signed MoU in Paris on conversion of the Euro 350,000 debt for the activities on environmental protection & poverty alleviation Outcome:  Countries in debt conserve the natural reservoirs and implement environmental projects  Secondary markets of market of obligations, promissory notes, bank loans  New Environmental Funds up to USD$ 1 billion 26 Ref: http://www.nesdca.narod.ru  New job opportunities, new projects to protect environment

27

Success Story

 Japan: Environmental responsibility at local government of Kitakyushu; 3R policy; concept on material-cycle society, management of Biwa lake  Bangladesh, Ahmedabad-India, Northern Pakistan: Poverty reduction through participation and micro credit  India: Tata Steel Company; Rainwater harvesting in Rajasthan  Philippines: Clean and low cost water, partnership building in urban settlement management in Cebu; Local Agenda 21; Tree resources 28  Indonesia: Integrated pest management with

Success Story  China: Green Growth  Mongolia: Proper Technology Regime and Good Care for Employees  Bhutan: Model Village  Korea: Volume Based Waste Fee System  Thailand: Sustainable Economy; OTOP, Keep Thailand Clean  Nepal: Mini-Hydro Power; Joint Forests Management

29

Success Story  Bangladesh: Fighting Poverty  Samoa: Marine Protected Areas; Community based fisheries management  Lao PDR and Vietnam: Community based irrigation in Ban Veun Tonhen in Lao PDR and Thanh Hao, Vietnam  Taipei: Corporate synergy system to promote clean production in small and medium sized enterprises in Pacific  Island countries: Coral reef campaign

30