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wD,efrifa&Smch f ESihf ql't kd &if;&Sipf epf ayusif;+rdKŒ wD,efrif&ifjyif tpkvkduftòyHvkduf vlowfyGJ[m 2009 ZGefv (3)&uf/ (4)&ufrSm tESpf ESpfq,fwif;wif; jynfhcJhyg+yD? 1974 ckESpf ay:wl*D&JŒ tajymif; tvJupvkd@ wurBmvkH;rSm 'Drkdua&pDta&;awG v_yfv_yf±G±Gjzpfvm+yD; awmiftar&du/ ta±SŒOa&myEkdifiHawGukd ul;pufoGm;ygw,f? jrefrmEkdifiHrSm &Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfykHjzpf +yD; aemufESpfrSm wD,efrifta&;tcif;jzpfcJhygw,f? aemufykdif; bmvifwHwkdif;+ydK/ qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpk urBmhajrykHay:rS aysmufuG,fr_eJ@ ppfat;acwftqkH;owfoGm;+yD; urBmhtcif;tusif;awG ajymif;vJoGm;ygw,f? w±kwf&JŒ vuf&Sdtaetxm;u &ifwxdwfxdwfeJ@yg? jynfe,fawGrSm qENjyr_ awGjzpfaew,f? tESpf(20)jynfhtwGuf txdrf;trSwfyGJawG rvkyfEkdifatmif wD,efrif &ifjyiftjynfh vkòH cHa&;tapmift h =uyfawG csxm;cJw h ,f? Ekid if jH cm;{nfo h nfawGudk 0ifayguf awGrmS taocsm &SmazGppfaq;w,f? owif;axmufawG armif;xkw/f tifwmeufawGudk ydwfqkd@? 1989 ckESpfrSm 'Drkdua&pDvkdvm;olawGukd w±kwfppfwyfu &uf&ufpufpuf aoG;pGef;apcJhwJh jzpf&yftay: uGefjrLepfygwDukd,fwkdifu xdwfvef@ajcmufjcm;aewkef;ygyJ? q,fpkESpfESpfckausmf wkdif;jynfpD;yGm;a&; tHhbeef; wkd;wufcJhayr,fh w±kwf tm%mykdifawG ol@vlxkukd t+rJa=umufvef@aewkef;yg? ZGefv ESpfywfvnf ra&mufcif uwnf;u wD,efrifta&;cif;rSm yg0ifco hJ al wG&ŒJ rdom;pkawG/ aoqk;H cJo h al wG&ŒJ rdcifawG/ vl@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;olawGukd zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;w,f? jynfe,fa'otoD;oD;u ajr,m/ v,f,m/ tvkyform;/ tkd;tdrf&ykdifcGifh awmif;qkdolawG a&SŒaeawGukd zrf;qD; axmifcsw,f?

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w±kwforkdif;ukd rSefrSefuefuefavhvmzkd@vnf; ausmif;om;awGukd cGifhrðyyg? 1989 ckESpf tpkvkduftòyHvkduf owf+yD;uwnfu ppfwyf+ydKuGJ+yD; tm%modrf;r,fvkd@ xifa=u;trsKd;rsKd;ay;cJhayr,fh bmt&dyfta,mifrSm rjrif&yg? urBm}uD;uvnf; pef;yGifh vGef;wJh w±kwfpD;yGm;a&;aemufyJ oJoJrJrJvkdufae+yD;/ vlxktay: zdESdyfr_awGukdawmh ‘vkyfae=uyJav’ qkd+yD; *±k%moufrd[ef? [la,mifbef;/ ausmufusd,ef/ abmifawmif tpjyefaumuf&&if 1978 rSm wdef@a&Smifyif;tm%m&+yD; ðyjyifajymif;vJr_awG '&pyf vkyfcJhygw,f? 1986 usawmh wdef@&JŒ !$ef=um;csufeJ@ 0ef}uD;csKyfausmufusd,efu EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJzkd@ jzpfEkdifacs qef;ppf&r,fh vkyfief;tzGJ@ukd xlaxmifcJhygw,f? t"duta=umif;uawmh ygwDu tvGeftu|Hukdifxm;wJh A[kdOD;pD;pepfukd ajzavsmhzkd@? aemuf ygwDwGif;rSmvnf; ‘EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rvkyf&if pD;yGm;a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ a&SŒra±GŒEkdifbl;’qkdwJh t,ltq uJvmvkd@ jzpfygw,f? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;}uD; wdef@ukd,fwkdifvnf; ðyjyifajymif;vJr_awGtay: tawmfu h dk owd}uD;}uD;xm; vkyaf e&csed yf g? 1987 'DZifbmrSm uGejf rLepfygwD taxGaxG twGif;a&;r_; ‘[la,mifbef;’ukd wdef@u twif;z,fxkwfypfvkdufawmh jy\emawGu pvmygw,f? [lu vpfb&,fðyjyifajymif;vJa&;eJ@ ausmif;om;xktay: oabmaumif; vGe;f ol? vlvwfwef;pm;tv$meJ@ ausmif;om;xkt=um; a&yef;pm;vGe;f +yD; ykEH ydS x f w k af 0 cGifhawG tm;ay;vGef;awmh ygwDwGif; a&S;±kd;pGJ ±kyf=urf;0g'Dtkyfpk&JŒ +idKjiifapmif;ajrmif;r_ cHae&ol? okd@aomf [l&JŒ ygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;r_;ae&mqufcHwJh ‘ausmufusd,ef’ eJ@ ol@vufaxmuf ‘abmifawmif’ wkd@uvnf; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vrf;a=umif;aemufyJ waumufaumuf qufvkdufygw,f? q&mwynfhESpfa,mufu vpfb&,fynmwwf t&m&SdawG pkpnf;+yD; ygwDukd EkdifiHawmfuae cGJxm;zkd@/ tm%muef@owfxdef;csKyfa&; (Checks and Balances) pwifz@dk / ygww D iG ;f 'Dru dk a&pD &&Sad pzk@d / atmufajcvlxt k wGuf t&yfom;ykdifcGifhawGay;zkd@ aqG;aEG;apygw,f? ausmufusd,ef&JŒ awG;ac:csufu &Jwif;ygw,f? urBmhwkdif;jynftrsm;pkxuf vlOD;a&xlxyfwJh w±kwf&JŒjynfe,fawGrSm t+ydKiftqkdifa±G;aumufyGJawGvkyf+yD; jynfol@ uGef*&uftppftrSef zGJ@zkd@txd t}uHðyw,f? ausmufusd,ef&JŒ &nfrSef;csufyef;wkdifu w±kwfrSm vpfb&,f'Drkdua&pDjzpfzkd@txdawmh r[kwfyg? ykdrkdyGifhvif;tjrifus,f wm0ef ,lr,fh Liberalized Communist System ay:xGef;apzkd@ygyJ? 75

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wpfESpft=umrSm ausmuf&JŒvkyfief;tzGJ@u ygwDukd tpD&ifcHygw,f? ‘ta&; ay: EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_vkyfzkd@ vkdukdvkdtyfae+yD’ qkdwJhtcsuf? 'geJ@ 0ef}uD;csKyfeJ@ tzGJ@[m odyfvpfb&,fjzpfvmawmh wdef@a&Smifyif;u owday;&+yD? “usKyfwkd@ tm%m &Sifpepfukd rpGef@v$wfEkdifbl;? 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif; pdwful;pdwfoef;twGuf ae&mray; ao;bl;? vufawG@usus pOf;pm;=u” ygwJh? ygwDA[kdaumfrwDu 1987 ckESpf atmufwkdbmrSm tpD&ifcHpmu wifjywJh ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; tajccHtcsuaf wGudk oabmwloifo h avmuf wlc=hJ uygw,f? tvkyf pzkd@ aqG;aEG;csufuawmh 1988 txd qufaewkef;yJ? okd@aomf 1989 ckESpf {+yDvrSm ygwD&JŒ EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymifvJa&; tpDtpOfawG yvkHoGm;ygw,f? ðzwfcscHvkduf&wJh [la,mifbef; ESvkH;a&m*geJ@ uG,fvGefr_ukd EkdifiHawmfpsmye vkyfay;zkd@ ayusif;wuUokdvfu ausmif;om;awG/ vli,fawG/ q&mq&mrawGeJ@ ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;tay: tpmra=uolrsm;u pwifqENjy=uw,f? ausmif;om;awG uvnf; EkdifiHa&;vkdufavsmr_tajctaeay: tcGifhtcgaumif;,l+yD; wD,efrifrSm qENjyyGJawG qufvkyfvmw,f? jcpm;r_awGudk atmf[pf±w _ cf s/ tajccHOya'u tmrcHxm;wJh vGwv f yfciG ahf wG awmif;qk=d u? aemufq;Hk ausmif;om;/ tvkyo f rm;eJ@ ynmwwftyk pf ak wGt=um; pkpnf; rdvm+yD; w±kwf+rdKŒ}uD; (434)+rdKŒu vlxkokH;ykHwpfykHausmf yg0ifvmw,f? ayusif;+rdKŒ}uD; wpfckxJuwif &maxmifaygif;rsm;pGm qENjyaer_u w±kwfuGefjrLepfygwDukd aoG;av ajcmufjcm; apyg+yD? qENjyyGJawGqD 0ef}uD;csKyfausmufusd,ef vma&mufem;csw,f? qENjyyGJawG &yfay;zkd@ arwWm&yfcHw,f? ar(20)&ufae@rSm rm&S,favm xkwfjyefygw,f? ZGef(4) &ufae@rSmawmh wD,efrif&ifjyifay: wifhwm;awGeJ@ eif;0if &Sif;xkwf+yD; 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm; r_}uD;ukd aoG;v$rf;atmif acsr_ef;ypfcJhygw,f? oabmxm;}uD;wJh ausmufusd,efukdvnf; &mxl;uðzwf+yD; aetdrf tus,f csKyf xm;vkdufygw,f? tjcm;vpfb&,f ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;awGvnf; ðywfoGm;+yD;/ ausmuf&JŒwynfh ‘abmifawmif’ukd ckESpfESpf axmifcsypfygw,f? aemufykdif;rSm ta&SŒ Oa&myeJ@ qkdAD,uf,leD,HrSm uGefjrLepf0g'+ydKqif;ukefwm jrif&awmh w±kwfacgif;aqmif awGu 'Drkdu&ufwpfv_yf&Sm;r_rSefor#tay: wif;wif;&if;&if; ESdyfuGyfygw,f? rDac;vf a*:bmacsmh&JŒ y,f&DpxGdKufumeJ@ *vyfpaemh trSm;rsKd; rjzpf&atmif w±kwfenf; w±kwf[efeJ@ pcef;oGm;csif=uygw,f?

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z±kdufref;&JŒ =oZm 1989 ckESpf azaz:0g&DrSm csDum*kdwuUokdvfrSm tar&dueftpkd;&Xmeu 0g&ifah y:vpDru d u f m z&ef@ppfzu l , l m;rm;ukd zdw+f yD; aqG;aEG;yGv J yk yf gw,f? zlu, l m;rm;&JŒ a[majymcsuf acgi;f pOfu “u|Eyfk w f @dk orkid ;f ed*;Hk qD csO;f uyfae+yD;vm;” qkw d m jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdef pmtkyfrxGufao;yg? ‘t&if;&Sifpepfvrf;a=umif;[m v,fjyifqifoGm;ovkd &Sif;ae+yD? atmifyGJ[m aºuG;a=umfvkd@ &ae+yD? wwd,vrf;qkdoleJ@awmif avukefcH jiif;raeeJ@awmh’ vkd@ ajyma[moGm;ygw,f? zlul,m;rm;ajyma[m+yD;vkd@ ESpfvt=umrSm ayusif; wD,efrif&ifjyif 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_awG jzpfoGm;awmh ynm&SifavmurSm zlul;,m;rm; emrnf aygufoxuf aygufoGm;ygw,f? zlul,m;rm;u 'Drkdu&ufwpfðyjyifajymif;vJr_eJ@ vGwfvyfwJhaps;uGuf ðyjyifajymif;vJr_[m cGJjcm;r&wJh tr$mjzpfpOfygwJh? okd@aomf w±kwftpkd;&u aps;uGufyJ zGifhr,f? vpmE_ef;xm; vkyfcawG/ t&yf &yfaps;E_ef;awG tpkd;&u 0ifrpGufbJ zGifhxm;ay;r,f? EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_jzpfwJh a±G;aumufyGJawGeJ@ t&yfbuftcGifhta&;awGukd jywfjywfom;om; ukdifwG,fygw,f? 'g[m 1978 wdef@a&Smifyif; tm%m&+yD;uwnf;uae uae@txd w±kwfoGm;wJh rl0g' ygyJ? 1980 rSm wde@f u EkAd ,fq&k pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif rDvw f efz±ku d rf efudk w±kwjf ynf zd w f v k d u f y gw,f ? ygwD x d y f w ef ; t&m&S d w pf & mausmf / ygarmuQ a wG e J @ tpk d ; &Xme t}uD;tuJawGukd t&if;aps;uGuf tajccHoDtkd&D oifjyay;zkd@yg? z±kdufref[m tpkd;&u aps;uGufxJ 0ifcs,fvS,fwmukd rkef;&mrSm emrnf}uD;+yD;/ csDvDu yDEkdacs;ukdvnf; óud;ukdif ðyjyifajymif;vJay;aeol jzpfygw,f? z±k d i f r ef & J Œ t,l t qu Ek d i f i H a &;ðyjyif a jymif ; vJ r _ a wG [ m uH p D r H & myJ (incidental) ? &nf±G,fvkyfaezkd@awmif vkdtyfcsifrS vkdtyfr,f? ta&;}uD;wmu aps;uGufeJ@ ukefoG,fr_ukd csKyfrxm;zkd@yJvkd@ qkdygw,f? 'gu w±kwfaygvpfAsL±kdtzGJ@ukd cHwGif; awG@apygw,f? ygwDu tm%mukd wif;wif;qkyfxm;&if; yk*~vduykdifqkdifcGifheJ@ rsm;rsm;xkwf rsm;rsm;pm;ok;H / rsm;rsm; wify@dk whJ (consumerism) pD;yGm;a&;wHcg;ukd zGichf sif aeygw,f? wdef@vkdcsifwmu aygvpfAsL±kdvlwpfpku uGefjrLepfpepfatmufrSm EkdifiHukd xdef;csKyfxm;Ekdifovkd/ 'DvlwpfpkuyJ t&if;&SifpepfatmufrSm EkdifiHa&;ukd xdef;csKyfxm; Ekdif&r,f? vlxkb0eJ@ vlaer_pwkdifawG vef;vmap&r,f? yDEkdacs;atmufu csDvDeJ@ tawmfqifwlovkd? tdrfeD;csif; pifumylarmf',fukd ykHpH,laewm jzpfygw,f? oHr%d 77

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vufoD;eJ@ EkdifiHa&;tHwkr_ukd zdESdyf+yD; aps;uGufpepfukd oGm;ygr,f? t&ifuwnf;u zdESdyfr_[m r&Sdrjzpf ta&;}uD;w,fvkd@ wdef@u vkH;0 ,lq xm;ygw,f? armfvufatmufrSmu twkdif;tqrJh ðzwfxkwfoef@pifa&;awGvkyf/ 0g'jzef@,E , W m;atmufrmS vlxt k m;vk;H xdwv f ef@aecJ&h wm? tvkyo f rm; ta=umif;cH +yD; blZGm&Sif;vif;a&; acgif;pOfwyfcJhw,f? wdef@acwfrSmu pGwf&rf;um;wmrsKd; r[kwf awmhbJ/ zdESdyfr_rSm tEkynmygvm+yD? armfacwfrSm yk*~Kdvfa&;=oZmxlaxmifr_atmufrSm ±l;a=umifa=umifaecJh&+yD; wdef@acwfrSmawmh tifpwDusK;&Sif;toGif ykdaqmifvmygw,f? vlxku txkduftavsmuf tdyfa&;00eJ@ csrf;om&m &vmygw,f? okd@aomf ygwDeJ@ tpkd;&ukd ay:wiftHwk&ifawmh aor,fhom}uH? wdef@&JŒðyjyifajymif;vJr_awGu atmifjrifr_awGa=umifh ay: jyLvm jzpfygw,f? 1983 rSm EkdifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ wHcg;zGifhvkdufw,f? tvkyform;awGukd ygwDu xdef;csKyf rxm;awmhbJ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vkyfykdifcGifh ay;vkdufygw,f? v,form;awGu olwkd@ b0 olwkd@ykdifqkdifvm+yD; +rdKŒ}uD;awGwuf a&mif;0,f=uw,f? 1980 jynfhvGefaESmif;ykdif;rSmawmh vlóudufrrsm;wJh vrf;a=umif;awG wdef@ azmfaqmif&+yD? t&if;aps;uGufoGm;zkd@ tpkd;&&JŒ aps;E_ef;xdef;csKyfr_awG y,fzsufay; vkduf&awmh t&yf&yfukefaps;E_ef;awG rkd;ay:axmifwufukefw,f? EkdifiHykdifpuf±kHawGu odef;oef;csDwJh tvkyform;awG av#mhypfawmh tvkyfvufrJh v_dif;xoGm;w,f? aygufol eJ@ ±_H;ol=um; qif;&Jcsrf;omuGm[r_ }uD;vmygw,f? 1988 rSmawmh aps;E_ef;vGwfvyfcGifhay;r_&JŒ aemufjyef±kdufcsufawG ygwDu t}uD;tus,&f ifqidk &f +yD? jcpm;r_e@J aqG;rsK;d nmwumaumif;pm;a&; (nepotism) tay: us,fus,favmifavmif toHawG xGufvm+yD? aps;uGufwHcg;zGifhwm[m vlxktwGuf rygbJ/ ygwDt&m&Sd}uD;awGeJ@ olwkd@ygwemrsm;twGufvkd@ a0zefvm=uygw,f? *k±k}uD;vnf; ru,fEkdif aps;uGufpepf prf;oyfr_a=umifh tE W&m,fE_wfcrf;0 a&mufvmawmh *k±k}uD; z±kdufrefukd w±kwfjynf vmvnfzkd@ w&m;0ifzdwf&+yD? z±kdufrefu ygwDtaxGaxGtwGif; a&;rSL; ausmufusd,efeJ@ ESpfem&Davmuf tpkd;&rD'D,ma&SŒrSm aqG;aEG;=uw,f? &Sef[kdif; aumfrwD&JŒ ygwDtwGif;a&;r_;/ aemif orwjzpfvmr,fh usefZDrif;eJ@vnf; pum;awG wavS}uD; ajym=uw,f?

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z±kdufref&JŒ ausmufeJ@ usefukd ay;wJh t}uHOm%fu csDvDu yDEkdacs;ukd ay;cJhwJh [mygyJ? ‘zdtm;awGukd OD;r!$wfeJ@/ rsufawmifrcwfeJ@’ (don't bow the pressure and don't blink) ? yk*v ~ u d toGiaf jymif;a&;awG qufomvky/f vkt d yf&if qlyu G rf al wGudk zdESdyfoifhwm zdESdyf? z±kdufref&JŒc&D;u ay:vpfAsL±kdvl}uD;aygif;pkHeJ@ awG@cJhayr,fh bm&vm'frS rxifyg? ygarmuQ}uD;ukd ygwDu w&m;0if crf;crf;em;em; óudqkdaqG;aEG;cJhwJhykHawG jynfol ukd csjyayr,fh pdwfr0ifpm;=uyg? aemufvtenf;i,ft=umrSm wD,efrif&ifjyif ausmif;om;awG&JŒqENjyr_awG qufwkduf xGufvmygw,f? trsm;tjrifrSmawmh wD,efrifqENjyyGJawG[m taemufpwkdif 'Drkdua&pD vkdvm;olawGeJ@ uGefjrLepft,ltq wif;rmolawG=um;u yÉdyuQyGJvkd@yJ odygr,f? okd@aomf 'Dhxuf av;eufr_awG&Sdaeygw,f? 1989 qENjyyGJukd OD;aqmifcJhol wpfOD;jzpfwJh 0rf[Gmu ol@&JŒ 'China's New Left' pmtkyfrSm ckvkda&;ygw,f? “qENjyyGJrSm wuUokdvfausmif;om;awGwifru/ puf±kHtvkyform;awG/ q&mawG/ vkyfief;&SifawG/ a&SŒaeawGtxd yg ygw,f? t"duqENjy&jcif;ta=umif;u wdef@a&Smifyif; vkyfaewJh pD;yGm;a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_awGukd róudufvkd@/ rcHpm;Ekdifvkd@? olu rDvfwefz±kdufrefajymwJhtwkdif;/ t&if;aps;uGufvkdufvkyfawmh ukefaps;E_ef;awGwuf/ tvkyfvufrJhawG rsm;vmw,f? wdef@[m uGefjrLepfzufxm;wm r[kwfbJ uGefjrLepfukd z±kdufrefeJ@ aygif;+yD; cGmcsaewm? tJ'Dh tajymif;tvJ'%f rcHpm;Ekdif=ujcif;u 1989 tkHºuGr_}uD; jzpfapcJhwm” wdef@a&Smifyif;u EkdifiHa&;rajymif;bJ/ pD;yGm;a&;yJ ðyjyifajymif;vJcsifawmh t=uyftwnf; &ifqkdifoGm;&w,f? wu,fu ygwDtwGif;rSm taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r_; ausmufusd,efvkd pD;yGm;a&;aum EkdifiHa&;yg tcsKd;usus ðyjyifajymif;vJcsifolawG &Sdae ygw,f? 'gayr,fh ygwDwGif; xdyfwef;tm%mvuf0,f&Sdoltrsm;pku EkdifiHa&;ðyjyif ajymif;vJzkd@ rpGef@pm;csifyg? 'ga=umifhvJ tajzu qENjyolawGukd acsr_ef;+yD; wdef@&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;oufouf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;c&D;qufzkd@ qkH;jzwfvkduf=uwm? qkdcJhwJhtwkdif; ar (20)&ufrSm tpkd;&u rm&S,favm p+yD;xkwfjyefw,f/ ZGef (3)&ufae@rSm qENjyolawGqD wifhum;awG armif;0ifvm/ vltkyfxJ óuHovkd ypfxnfh/ zrf;rdoal wG yke;f ckad eolawGudk 'kwaf wGe@J ±ku d ?f wD,efrifwifru wEkid if v H ;Hk twkid ;f twm ESdyfuGyfypfwmyg? aoqkH;ol '%f&m&ol ta&twGuf twdtus uae@xd r&yg? ygwDu &mausmfaow,fvkd@ 0efcHayr,fh/ rsufjrifoufaorsm;u ckESpfaxmifao+yD;/ okH;aomif; '%f&m&w,fvkd@ cef@rSef;=uygw,f?

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