0402

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

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trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

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tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

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trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

EdkifiHa&;wGif yGifhvif;jrifomr_&Sd&ef ta&;}uD;onfrSm rSefaomfvnf;/ tcsdK@ tajctae tcsdeftcgrsdK;Y EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf &HyHkaiGxnfh0ifolrsm;/ qufpyfolrsm;/ vufcHolrsm;ESifh oHk;pGJr_rsm;udk vlod&Sif=um; xkwfaz: jcif;rSm rvdkvm;tyfaom tusdK; qufrsm;udk jzpfapEdkif+yD; rlv&nf&G,fcsufjzpfonfh 'Drkdua&pDa&;&nfrSef;csufudk wefjyef oufa&mufr_jzpfapEdkifonf? xdk@tjyif EdkifiHa&;wGif pwifyg0ifvmonfh tkyfpkopfrsm;/ tkyfpki,frsm;udk EkdifiHa&;e,fy,frS wGef;xkwfaprnfhtajctaeudk jzpfapEdkifonf? tcsdK@udpPrsm;onf trsm;jynfolwdk@. a&&SnftusdK;xuf vwfwavmwGif wpfOD; wpfa,muf (odk@r[kwf) wpftkyfpk wpfoif;wpfzGJ@udkom tusdK;jzpfxGef;ap+yD;/ r#wonfh +ydKifqikd rf E_ iS hf jynfow l @kd Edik if aH &;wGif us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@yg0ifEidk rf u _ kd tuef@towf jzpfap wwfonf? tb,fah =umifq h akd omf t&if;tjrpftay:tajccHI tcsKd @toHrsm;u tjcm; olrsm;. toHrsm;tay: zHk;v$rf;Edkifonfh tajctaersdK;udk }uHK&wwfonf? odk@aomf w+ydKifwnf;wGif t*wdvdkufpm;r_rsm;/ &HyHkaiGtvGJoHk;r_rsm;jzifh &ifqdkif&rnfh tE W&m,f udkvnf; owdxm;&ayrnf? txl;ojzifh xdkodk@aom udpP&yfrsm;udk udkifwG,fonfh pepftaqmufttHkrsm; tm;enf;aeao;onfh tajctaersdK;wGif ydkI vdktyfonf? xdk@a=umifh rl0g'rsm; pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhywfoufI aoaocsmcsm bufpHkxnfhoGif; pOf;pm; &ayvdrfhrnf? t&if;tjrpfvHkvHkavmufavmuf r&Sdonfh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;taejzifh jynfol vlxk. yg0ifaxmufcHr_ tygt0if vlxktajccHrsm; wnfaqmuf&ef tcuftcJrsm;jzifh &ifqdkif&wwfonf? t&if;tjrpfjynfh0&Hkr#ru ydkv#Haeavmufatmif aemufcHjyKxm;Edkif onfh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;taejzihfvnf; tqdkygt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk toHk;jyKI +ydKifbufrsm; tm; +ydKifyGJtwGif;rS z,fxkwfwwf=uonf? xdk@tjyif xdkodk@aom ygwDrsm;taejzifh vlxkyg0ifr_tajccHrsm;udk vSpfvsL±_um vlr_tajccHrsm;ESifh uif;uGmvm+yD;/ oufqdkif&m t&if;tjrpfaemufcjH yKonfh tiftm;pk.tusKd ;udo k m a&S@±v _ mwwfonf? t&if;tjrpf udk ae&mtenf;i,frS &onfh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onfvnf; vlr_tkyfpktrsm;tjym;udk us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ udk,fpm;jyKEdkifr_ uif;rJhvmwwfonf? tm%m&ygwDrsm;u EdkifiH tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W,m;t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk toHk;csjcif;rsdK;vnf; &SdEdkifonf? xdkt&if; tjrpfrsdK;rSm twdkuftcHrsm; r&Ekdifonfh tkyfcsyfa&;tm%mESifh aiGa=u;pDrHcef@cGJcGifh wdk@jzpfonf? xdkodk@aomt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk toHk;csI axmufcHolrsm;udk rsufESmom ay;jcif;/ rvdkolrsm;udk ta&;,ljcif;rsm; jyKvkyfwwf=uonf? ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepf tcdkiftrmtjrpfwG,faeonfh wdkif;jynfrsdK;wGif ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;onf ygwD&HyHkaiG tay: tm;jyKI yk*~dKvfa&;=oZmwnfaxmifjcif;rsm;/ tm%mcsKyfudkifjcif;rsm;/ ygwDwGif; aqG;aEG;jiif;ckefr_rsm;wGif rdrdtvdkus }udK;udkifcs,fvS,fjcif;rsm; vkyfEdkifonf? 'Drdkua&pD 15

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

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trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

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trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

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trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

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aZmfaZmfxGef; &nf!$ef; Johnston, Michael (2005): Political Parties and Democracy in Theoretical and Practical Perspectives: Political Finance Policy, Parties, and Democratic Development, National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI), Washington, DC.

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