trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
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[dkbuf_cHu rD;xdefxdef tydkif; (2) ,SOf =unfh / awG;=unfh p&mav;awG +yD;cJhwJh tydkif;(1) txd qdk&ifawmh xdkif;-oHvGif-jrefrm &J h jzpfcJh jzpfqJ jzpf vwW@H Zmwfvrf;awGukd òcHio Hk ;Hk oyfv@kd &r,fxifygw,f? usaemfw@kd Eidk if eH @J xdik ;f Ekid if H ynm a&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ usef;rma&; bufaygif;pkHu wkd;wufr_E_ef;uGm[r_uawmh tm;vkH;todyJ jzpfrSmyg? tck Ed_if;,SOfr_uawmh pGrf;tifta=umif;jzpfwJhtwGuf 'Dwpfck wnf; high light vkyfoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f? wpfEkdifiHvkH;eD;yg; aus;vufa'o&JŒ (95)&mcdkifE_ef;rSmyg v#yfppf"mwftm; &&dS aewJh xdkif;EkdifiHrSm tckqdk&if pD;yGm;a&;zGH hòzd;wkd;wufvmaevdk@ pufr_u¾wifru aus; vufae awm&GmuvlawGyg vlaer_tqifhtwef;jrifhae+yD; tJ,m;uGef;/ a&cJaowWm pwJh ypPnf;awG tokH;rsm;vmaevdk@ v#yfppfpGrf;tif[m vdkonfxuf vdkaeygw,f? olwdk@qDrSm v#yfppf"mwfxkwfzdk@ t"du t&if;tjrpfjzpfwJh obm0"mwfaiG@uvnf; 0,fvdk h avmufw,f&,f r&dSygbl;? usaemfhtjrift&awmh xdkif;qDutwk,lp&mawGvnf; trsm;}uD;&dSygw,f? vlrsd K;wpfrsd K;/ Ekid if w H pfEidk if H zGH òh zd;wd;k wufwm ta=umif;rJh r[kwyf gb;l ? wpfjcm;ta=umif; awG c%xm;vdk 'h aD qmif;yg;eJ@oufqikd w f hJ pGr;f tifued ;f *%ef;awGukd ajymjyr,fh atmuf Z,m;uav;udk =unfh=unfhygOD;? 'DEdlif;,SOfr_ Z,m;uav;udk b,frSmrS&SmawG@rSm r[kwfwJhtwGuf ðypkwifjyvdkufygw,f? xkwfav²²vdkav²²tdk²²wap> yxrOD;qkH; 'Datmufu pm&if;uav;udk =unfh=unfhyg? jrefrmEkdifiH A[kd pm&if;tif;tzGJ@u ðypkxm;wJh jrefrmEkdifiHxGufukefpm&if; yrm%xJu avmifpmu¾ av;udk qGJxkwf ðypkxm;ygw,f? 73
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trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
tJ'd pm&if;t& jrefrmEkid if rH mS obm0"mwfaiG@ xkwv f yk rf _ pkpak ygi;f [m 2002 ckESpfu 330 bDvD,HukAayausmf xkwfvkyfEkdifcJh&muae 2006 ckESpfrSm 404 bDvD,H ukAaytxd wpf&mbDvD,H ukAayausmf wdk;wuf xkwfvkyfEdkifcJhygw,f? crude oil ac:wJh a&eHpdrf;pnf xkwfvkyfr_rSmvnf; 2002 rSm pnfaygif; 6²3 oef;ausmfuae 2006 ckESpfrSm 7²9 oef;txd wdk;wufxGuf&dScJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh ukefacsmjzpfwJh Liquefied Petroleum Gas ac:wJh aiG@&nfz@JG a&eH"mwfaiG@e@J 'DZ,fqD xkwv f yk rf a_ wGrmS awmh 2002 uae 2006 cktwGif; ESpfqausmfxdk;uscJhwm awG@&rSmyg? (http://www.csostat.gov.mm) ol æ b,fqDrSmvJ æ wuUodkvfwkef;u q&mwifarmifoef;/ q&mr*sL;wdk@ygwJh pmaya[majymyGJ wpfcrk mS q&mr*sL;u ol[m a&eHxu G w f hJ a'orSm}uD;jyif;cJ&h ayr,fh i,fi,fuwnf;u tJ'D a&eHqdkwm}uD; rawG@&awmhvdk@ b,fa&mufoGm;ygvdrfh qdkwJhpum;av;a=umifh usaemfwdk@ vufckyfoHawG cef;rwpfckvkH; v#HxGufatmif a0gceJ/ vufacgufawGr_wf tm;ay;cJh=uwm trSwf&rdygao;w,f? tckvnf; 'Dukef=urf;obm0"mwfaiG@awG b,f a&mufoGm;ovJ tar;&dScJh&ifawmh atmufu tydk'fuav;udk quf=unfhvdkufygOD;? xdkif;&JŒ obm0"mwfaiG@vdktyfcsuftm;vkH;&JŒ (30)&mcdkifE_ef;[m òrdŒ}uD;awGrSmawmif rD;rrSefwJh armif&ifwdk@EkdifiHuae wpfwyfwpftm; yg0ifaxmufyHh a&mif;csay;aeygw,f?
74
trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
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2000 ckESpfuae 2004 ckESpftxd jrefrmjynfu xGufor# obm0"mwfaiG@udk xkdif;EkdifiHu 0,f,lwifoGif; +yD; 2000ckESpfrSm 0²4 bDvD,Ha':vmuae 2004 ckESpfrSm 1²6 bDvD,H jrefrmtpdk;& 0ifaiG 4 q wdk; &&dScJhygw,f? tay:uykHrSm awG@&wJhtwdkif; jrefrmEkdifiH[m obm0"mwfaiG@awG wpfESpf xufwpfESpf ydkwdk;xkwfEkdifcJh+yD; tdrfeD;csif;xdkif;EkdifiHudk xGufor# 100µ eD;yg; ydkufvdkif;eJ@ wifydk@a&mif;cscJh&muae a':vmawG aomufaomufvJ0ifcJhygw,f? 2004 ckESpf pm&if; t& xdkif;EdkifiH udk "mwfaiG ha&mif;&aiG ,ltuf(p) 1²6 bDvD,Hcef h0ifaiG &&dScJhygw,f? EkdifiHu }uD; / rD; æ qDrD; EkdifiHu}uD;qdkwmuawmh ajrtus,ft0ef;a&m/ o,HZmwa&m/ vlom; pGrf;&nf t&if;tjrpfa&m usaemfwkd@EdkifiHu tiftm;ydkaumif;wmudk qdkvdkwmyg? ukd,fh 75
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trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
ig;csOfyJajymcsifajym usaemfhtawG@tóuHt& jrefrmvlrdsK; Intelligence u olwkd@xuf aumif;aumif; omygw,f? 'Datmufu Z,m;av;uawmh pD;yGm;a&;/ vlaer_tqifh twef; trSefwu,fwkd;wufaewJh ta&SŒawmiftm&S usm;wpfaumifjzpfwJh tdrfeD;csif; xdkif;EdkifiHeJ@ zGH@òzd;r_tenf;qkH; LDC eJ@ HIPC qdkwJh aºuG;+rDtxlxyfqkH; qif;&JaomEkdifiH jzpfwJh usaemfwkd@jrefrmEkdifiH ESpfEkdifiH=um; pGrf;tifeJ@ywfouf+yD; Ed_if;,SOfxm;csuf uav; yg?
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trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
vkyfr_ pkpkaygif;[mvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHxuf 16 q eD;yg;rsm;ygw,f? aus;vuffa'oyg rusef wpfEidk if v H ;Hk vlwpfO;D csi;f v#ypf pfr;D 24 em&D ok;H pGEJ ild rf r_ mS jrefrm[m xdik ;f Ekid if x H uf 15 q ydk enf;ygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh jrefrmwpfEkdifiHvkH;&JŒ 14 &mcdkifE_ef;om v#yfppfrD;okH;pGJcGifh&wJh t"dy`g,fygyJ? ('D 14µ awmif 24 em&D rD;okH;pGJEdkifr_ay: tajccH wGufxm;wmyg)? 2005 ckESpfrSm jrefrmEkdifiH[m t&ifESpfawGeJ@pm&if v#yfppfrD; 18µ ydkrdk xkwfvkyfcJhw,fqdkayr,fh 200µ ydkxkwfvkyf&ifawmifrS 2003 ckESpfu xkwfvkyfr_ 7²39wD&m0yf » 2 ] 14²78 wD&m0yf qdkawmh 'D 18µ wdk;xkwfEkdfifwmav;[m xdkif;eJ@ ,SOfvdkufawmh ajczsm;omomyJ&dSygao;w,f? a&$av; æ qufv_yf&Sm;vdkuf [kwyf gw,f? xdik ;f xuf vlO;D a& 13 oef;ausmf ydek nf;wJh jrefrmEkid if /H xdik ;f xuf obm0t&if;tjrpfydkrsm;wJh jrefrmEkdifiH/ xkdif;xuf wcdsefu ydkcsrf;omcJhwJh jrefrmEkdifiH/ ordik ;f xJrmS xdik ;f u armf=unfch &hJ wJh jrefrmEkid if }H uD;udak wmh xdik ;f u &mZ0ifxrJ mS wu,fh udk xm;cJh+yD; vufjyElwfqufcJhyg+yD? txnfcsKyfvkyfief;vdkrsKd; vl@cGeftm;okH;&wJh ukef ypPnf; xkwfvkyfr_awGudk pdwfr0ifpm;awmhbJ OD;a%SmufeJ@enf;ynm todynmtajccH knowledge-based industries bufudk xkdif;u pDrHudef;awGeJ@ ajcOD;vSnfhzdk@ wmql aecdsefrSmawmh usaemfwkd@jrefrmEkdifiH[m tar&duefeJ@ tD;,lawG&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@r_ awGa=umifh txnfcsKyfpuf¶kHawGydwfcJh&+yD; vkyfom;&Spfaomif;ausmf tvkyfvufrJhjzpfcJh &ygw,fvdk h idkcsif;csae&wkef;yg? ajym&&if jrefrmhtxnfazmufonftopf vufwiftar&duwdk@ *syefwkd@udk wifydk@&r_[mvnf; 'D tar&duefeJ@ tD;,lawG wifydk@&r_eJ@ rE_dif;omavmufygbl;? jrefrm EkdifiH pufr_ZkefawGrSm 'DtxnfcsKyfvkyfief; Garment Industries awGudk &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHae ol trsm;pk[mvnf; jrefrmpum;vkH;0rwwfwJh aqGrdsK;aygufazmfrsm;eJ@ jrefrmEkdifiHu todtrSwfrðybl;qdkwJh wdkif0rfEkdifiHom;rsm;u trsm;pkjzpfygw,f? olwdk@eJ@ vkyfief; vkyfudkifcGifh/ &S,f,meJ@ &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_trnfcHcGifh pwmawGtrsm;pkuawmh æ tif; æ odwJhtwdkif;ygyJ? aygacsmifaumif; æ wm;upf (&Sf) Turkish uvnf; wefowJh aemufqkH;xkwf jrefrmwdkif;(rf) rSmawmh wl&uDEkdifiHu 'DtxnfcsKyfvkyfief; udk 0ifa&mufvm+yD; tvkyo f rm;c aygacsmifaumif; jrefrmEkid if u H kd tvGeóf uduyf ga=umif;/ 77
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
wl&uDEidk if rH mS atmufajcoef@&iS ;f a&;tvkyo f rm;udk a':vm 600 xuf avsmh ay;vd@k r& atmif tpdk;&uowfrSwfxm;a=umif;/ tvkyform;tcGifhta&;/ vlr_zlv_Ha&;awGvnf; tvkyf&Sifuay;&a=umif;eJ@ azmfjyxm;ygao;w,f? 'Dvdk[mawG vkH;0r&SdwJh vlr_zlv_Ha&; qdkwm csKd (*sKd) eJ@vm;ar;&r,fh jrefrmEkdifiHrSmawmh txnfcsKyftvkyforwpfOD;&JŒ vkyfc[m wpfvrS ,ltuf(pf) 10 - 30 a':vm qdkawmhvnf; “óudufrS óuduf” jzpfae wmvnf; rqef;ygbl;? tenf;qk;H awmh tvkyt f udik t f opf 700 ausmf wm(&f)upf(&S)f awGu zefw;D ay;Edkifw,fqdkawmh rqdk;ygbl;? 'gayr,fh 'Dhxuf tcGifhtvrf;awG/ tvkyform;cawG ydkrdkawmif;qdkEdkifwJh obm0a&m/ vlom;t&if;tjrpfyg&dSwJhEkdifiHrSm jynfy pD;yGm;a&; ydwfqdk@wmcsnf;yJ vufnd‡K;xdk; ,dk;r,fzGJ@aer,fhtpm; bma=umifh'Dvdk ydwfqdk@cH&w,f qdkwm pOf;pm;+yD; tajznd‡zdk@yJ vdkygw,f? a=omf æ apwemawG æ apwemawG æ usef;rma&;/ vlr_a&; tokH;p&dwfawGeJ hywfowf+yD; t&ifu “tma&m*sH y&rH/ b¾medwˆdwH” pmpkrSm wifjycJh+yD; yg+yD? tck[muawmh xkdif;eJ h jrefrmESpfEkdifiHuGm[r_udk use;f rma&;/ ynma&; &if;ES;D jr‡KyfErHS a_ wGrmS Edi_ ;f ,SOjf yxm;wmyg? atmufu Z,m;av;udk =unfhvkdufygOD;?
78
trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
tJ æ usef;rma&; pkpkaygif;qdkwJh t"dy`g,fu aq;&kH/ ukwif/ taqmuf ttkHpwJh bmnmbmnm vdktyfcsufawGtwGuf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_yg? jynfol cHpm;cGifh qdkwmuawmh wjynfvkH;vlOD;a&u tJ'D *Ds'DyDuae wdkuf&dkuf usef;rm;a&;aq;ukocGifh &r,fh yrm%yg? tay:u pm&if;Z,m;av;awGuawmh &Sif;&Sif;em;vnfvG,fvdk@ pmeJ@ xyfr&Sif;awmhygbl;? oabmayguf=ur,fxifygw,f? 'Dudef;*%ef;av;awGudkawmh aocsm=unfhapcsifygw,f? tDoD,dk;yD;,m;uawmh EkdifiHtqifheJ@qdk jrefrmatmufrSm &dSaeqJyg? olu awmh tajctaet&udk urBmu aiGa=u;tvSLaiGawGu use;f rma&;twGuf ok;H udk ok;H & r,fh tjzpfrdk@ Ed_if;vdk@awmh raumif;ygbl;? EkdifiHwumuvnf; axmufyHhaeygw,f? 'gayr,fh uarBm'D;,m;vdEk idk if eH @J ,SO=f unf&h ifawmh jrefrmjynfoal wG use;f rma&;twGuf cHpm;cGifhu pkpkaygif;rSm 4 quGm+yD;/ jynfol@aq;&kHrSm ukop&dwfcHpm;cGifhu 5 q awmif enf;aeyga&mvm;? uarBm'D;,m;vnf; tm&Sb%feJ@ EkdifiHjcm;acs;aiGawG/ axmufyHhaiG awG &ygw,f? International Crisis Group (ICG) Asia &JŒ 2000 ckESpf tpD&ifcHpm eHygwf (11)t&awmh wpfjynfvkH; wifydk@ukef tm;vkH;&J h 20 &mcdkifE_ef;[m umuG,fa&;ypPnf; wifoGif;r_ jzpfw,fvdk@ od&ygw,f? ('DrSm ajymxm;wmyg Burma/Myanmar: How Strong is the Military Regime´ ICG Asia Report N° 11˜ 21 December 2000?)
tqifhtwef; cGJolrsm; vl c sif ; tqif h t wef ; cG J j cm;wJ h o l &d S o vd k UNDP rS m HDI (Human Development Index) qdkwJh vlom;zGH@òzd;r_jyudef;awGeJ@ EkdifiHawG&JŒ tqifhtwef; Ranking udk cGJjcm; owfrSwfxm;ygw,f? 'D HDI u ynma&;/ *Ds'DyD/ usef;rma&;/ v#yfppfokH;pGJEldifr_/ uav;vkyfom;/ oGif;ukefxkwfukef/ tdyf(cs)tdkifAGD/ EkdifiHjcm;&if;ESD; jr‡KyfESHr_tygt0if tcsuftvufaygif;/ u¾aygif; &mausmfudk tajccHðypkxm;wmyg? +cKHajym&&if bmeJ@wlovJqdkawmh usaemfwdk@ state ausmif;om;b0wkef;u pmar;yGaJ wGrmS xkwaf y;wJh Report Card eJ@ bmompk&H rSwaf wGaygi;f +yD; owfrw S af y;wJh tqifhvdkygyJ? 2000 ckESpfu jrefrmEkdifiH[m EdkifiH 174 EkdifiHrSm tqifh 125 &dScJhygw,f? 2006 ckSESpf UNDP tpD&ifcHpmt& jrefrmEkdifiH [m urBmhEkdifiH 177 rSm tqifh 130 jzpfcJh+yD; 2000 ckESpfwkef;u jrefrmhEkdifiH&JŒatmufrSm &dScJhwJh o,HZmwodyfr&dSvSwJh ukef;wGif; ydkif;u uarBm'D;,m;EdkifiHuawmh ajcmufESpft=um 2006 ckESpf rSm ESmwzsm; tomeJ@ tqifh 129 a&muf+yD; jrefrmEkdifiHudk ausmfwufoGm;yg+yD? uarBm'D;,m;[m EkdifiHjcm; 79
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trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_/ EkdifiHjcm;axmufyHhaiG jrefrmxuf ydk&ygw,f? tJ tdrfeD;csif; [dkbuf+cH xdkif;EkdifiHuawmh 2006 rSm urBmhtqifh 74 eJ@ yef;yefvsufygyJcifAsm? xkdif;e,fpyfuae vSrf;jrifae&wJh teD;qkH; 'Dbuf+cHu jrefrm eJ@awmh Ranking odyfruGmygbl;? =um;xJrSm 56 EkdifiHyJjcm;ygw,f? tm;vkH;&JŒacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;=unf tqdk&dScJhzl;ovdk jrefrmEdkifiH[m a'otwGif;rSm tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHawGxuf tvGefaemufususefcJhvdk@ wu,fhudk pkd;&drfp&m aumif;aeyg+yD? udk,fhaygif axmif;rd/ 0ENmrd yg qdkcJh+yD;ovkd usaemf armif&if EkdifiHa&;orm;/ EkdifiHa&;ynm&Sif/ abm*aA' ynm&Sif r[kwyf g? usaemfa&;aeaom pGr;f tif aqmif;yg;rsm;onf rD;rrSet f ajcrcdik o f nfh rdrdEkdifiHudk ta0;rS look down taeESifh a&;om;jcif; r[kwfyg? }uD;}uD;us,fus,f qdk&ef r0Hhaomfvnf; usaemfhpmrsm;. &nf&G,fcsufukd em;vnfrnf[k ar#mfvifhygonf? wpkHw&m em;vnfr_vGJcJhygu usaemf. ta&;tom;vdktyfcsufa=umifhom jzpfygrnf? armif&ifh[m æ aocsm&JŒvm; ajym&&if 'D subject [m usaemfht"du professional field r[kwfyg? 'gjzifh bma=umifha&;ae ðypkaevJqdk&ifawmh vdktyfcsufuav;awG rD;armif;xdk;jycsifvdk@ ygyJ? taxmuftxm;awG/ udk;um;pm&if;awGuawmh tqdk;jrif0g'D wpfa,muftjzpf tar;awG&dScJhrSmpdk;vdk h udk,fydkiftcdsefxJu tcdsefukefcH &SmazGðypkwifjyxm;wmyg? ysuftpOf jyifr&/ b0oHo&m vrf;rrsm; aqmuf+yD; azmuf+yD; aemufu jyif rqk;H wJh jynfwiG ;f u jyifysuf oHo&mxJu wHwm;awGeJ@ vrf;awGazmufaewJh taumif;owif;awGuawmh jynfwGif;owif;pm awGxJrSm ae@pOfzwfEdkifygw,f? tJ'D jynfwGif;owif;pmawGxJu ynm&dSawG aumuf csufcsovdk v#yfppfrD;rvmwm vrf;ay:xGufatmfvdk@ r&bl;qkdawmh v#yfppfrD;tm; tjynfh jynfvkH;u|wfvmatmif olrsm;EkdifiHawG b,fvkd vkyfaew,fqdkwm 'D pGrf;tif aqmif;yg;pD;&D;awGuae ajymjyygvdrfhr,f? rD;tm;wufatmif ud, k t hf rd x f u J avat;ay;pufawGrok;H bJ ydw+f yD; wjynf vkH; 0dkif;ac|wm=upkd@qdkwJh t}uHaumif; ^m%faumif;awGxGufwJh jynfwGif; owif;pm 80
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armif&if ud;k um; http://www.adb.org/Documents/books/ADO/2006/mya.asp http://devdata.worldbank.org/wdi2005/Section2.htm http://www.myanmar.mmtimes.com/2007/property/317/b005.htm http://web.worldbank.org http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfmid]2958&l]1 http://www.adb.org/documents/books/key_indicators/2006/default.asp http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/
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