0304

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

'Dru kd a&pDtoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;jzpfpOfwiG f

vlxv k y+ &f mS ;r+rsm; ta&;ygr+ atmifr;kd aZmf ed ' gef ; 1980 vGefESpfrsm;ESifh 1990 vGefESpfrsm;twGif; jzpfay:cJhaom urBmEdkifiH trsm;tjym;. 'Drdkua&pD jyKjyifajymif;vJr_ vufawG@jzpfpOfrsm;t& tm%m&SifpepfrS 'Drdkua&pDpepfodk@ ul;ajymif;&mvrf;onf &SKyfaxG;=urf;wrf;+yD; toGifo¾mefvnf; pHkvifvSygonf? tm%m&Sifpepfudk zsufodrf;a&; [lo!fh wlnDaom &nfrSef;csuf atmifjrif&eftwGuf EdkifiHwpfckcsif;pDwGif rwluGJjym;aom awmfvSefa&;rsm;ESifh vlxk v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; &SdcJh=uonf? TjzpfpOftwGif; tqdkygEkdifiHrsm;onf wlnDaom yef;wdkif wpfckodk@ a&muf&Sd&ef rwluGJjym;aom vrf;a=umif;toD;oD;udk jzwfoef;cJh=u&onf? xdkjzpfpOftwGif; EdkifiHtoD;oD;u ‚if;wdk@. oD;jcm; xl;jcm;r_wdk@ESifhtnD rwluGJjym;aom vrf;a=umif;toD;oD;tm; jzwfoef;cJ=h u&aomfvnf; tajymif;tvJtwGuf tm%m&Sif tpdk;&wdk@tay: =oZmoufa&mufEdkifa&;}udK;yrf;=u&mwGif vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_. tcef;u¾ rSm aomhcsuf=uvSayonf? ynm&Siftrsm;tjym;u xdkEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; (0g) vlxk v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;tm; 'Dru kd a&pDawmfveS af &;rsm; ''democratic revolutions'' [k owfrw S f cJh=uonf? ,ae@umvY 'Drdkua&pDa&;v_yf&Smr_rsm; tm;aumif;+yD; w&m;0ifr_ &&Sdvm um r[ef@wm;Edkif o!fh urBmha&pD;a=umif;wpfckozG,f jzpfvmcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; tjynfht0 atmifjrifr_&+yD[k rqdkEdkifao;ay? jrefrmEkdifiHuJhodk@ ydkrdk&ufpufaom tm%m&Sifrsm; tkyfpdk;o!fhEdkifiHrsm;wGif vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf jyif;xefaom wefjyef ckcHr_rsm;ESifh qufvuf&ifqdkifae&qJ jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh tm%m&SifpepfrS 'Drdkua&pD pepfodk@ ul;ajymif;a&;wGif (txl;ojzifh toGiful;ajymif;a&;t}udKumvwGif) vlxk v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. tcef;u¾ESifh ywfoufI qef;ppfavhvm&ef oifcef;pmrsm;xkwf,l&ef txl;ta&;}uD;vSayonf? odk@jzpfI ,ckpmwrf;i,fwGif pma&;olonf tm%m&SifpepfrS 'Drdkua&pDpepf odk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;aom ydkvefESifh zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwdk@wGif }uHKawG@cJh&onfh toGiful;ajymif; a&; t}udKumvtwGif;&Sd vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh 1988 jrefrm'Drdkua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD; tm; Edi_ ;f ,SOaf vhvmxm;ygonf? xd@k tjyif ,if;vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_ (3)ck. wlnrD /_ rwlujJG ym; 24

trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

r_ESifh ‚if;v_yf&Sm;rsm;twGif;rS xkwf,loifhonfh oifcef;pmrsm;tm; od&SdEdkif&ef atmufyg ar;cGef; (3)cktm; }udK;pm;I tajz&Sm qef;ppfxm;ygonf? • ydv k efEikd if /H zdvpfyikd Ef ikd if EH iS hf jrefrmEkid if w H @kd . vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;onf toGiu f ;l ajymif; a&;t}udKumvwGif (odk@r[kwf) toGiful;ajymif;a&;t}udKumvtm; jzpfay:vm aponfh aomhcsufusaom umvwdkwpfckwGif rnfr#ta&;}uD;aom tcef;u¾ rsm;jzifh toGiful;ajymif;a&;jzpfpOftm; taxmuftuljyKcJhoenf;? • xdkEdkifiHrsm;. vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm; vlxktajcjyKvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (0g) t&yf zufvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u rnfodk@ yhHydk;ulnDcJh=uoenf;? • ydv k efEikd if EH iS hf zdvpfyikd Ef ikd if w H @kd . vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;. atmifjrifrr_ sm;tay: rnfonfh ta=umif;t&mtcsuftvufrsm;u=oZmoufa&mufcJhygoenf;? odk@aomf 1988 jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;}uD; tqHk;pGefaom atmifjrifr_r&&SdcJhjcif;rSm tb,f a=umifhenf;? ydkvefEdkifiHwGif aphpyfn‡dE_dif;aqG;aEGyGJrsm; rpwifrSD jyif;xefaom tkHºuGr_rsm;ESifh qENjyr_rsm;jzifh qufwdkuf }uHKawG@cJhonf/ xdk@twl zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGifvnf; tkyfpdk;olrsm; EdkifiHa&;e,fy,fu rqkwfcGmcif tvm;wljzpf&yfrsm;jzifh &ifqdkifcJh&onf? odk@aomf jrefrm EdkifiHY jzpfyGm;cJhaom qENjytkHºuGr_rsm;u ,if;EdkifiHrsm;uJhodk@ toGiful;ajymif;a&;t}udK umv tajctaersm;udk wd;k wufjzpfay:apjcif; r&Scd ahJ y? Tpmwrf;wGif tkypf ;kd ol tm%m &Sirf sm;jzpfap od@k wnf;r[kwf vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_jzpfap ±H;_ ESrd o hf mG ;Ekid rf nfh toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&; t}udKumvESifh ,if;tcsdefumv. ta&;ygr_udk qef;ppfwifjyxm;ygonf? Tumvrsm;wGif tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;onf ppfwyf/ &J/ tusOf;axmifESifh axmufvrS ;f a&;tzG@J rsm;tm; tok;H jyKI 'Dru kd a&pDa&;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;tm; t=uyfuikd jf cif;/ &uf&ufpufpufzEd ydS jf cif;rsm;jzifh tajctaet&yf&yftm; udik w f , G x f ed ;f csKyfEikd &f ef wefjyef 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm; zefwD;=uygonf? ,if;uJhodk@aomtajctaeESifh tcsdef umvrsdK;wGif r=umc%qdkovdk tkyfpdk;olrsm;ESifh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;t=um; jyif;xef aom wdu k yf rJG sm; jzpfavh&=dS uonf? xdw k u dk yf rJG sm;ESihf ,if;wd@k . ±_yaf xG;r_rsm;onf tkypf ;kd olrsm;t=um;Yvnf;aumif;/ vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ t0ef;t0dkif;rsm;twGif;Yvnf;aumif; tajymif;tvJwpfckckudk jyKvkyfEkdif&ef qHk;jzwfcsufcs& cufonfh ab;=uyfeH=uyf tajc taersm;ESifh &ifqdkif&avh&Sdonf? Ttcsdefonf 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;olrsm;ESifh ydkae+rJ usm;ae+rJ tajctaeudk ckco H rl sm; (0g) tkypf ;kd olrsm; ESpzf ufpvH;k twGuf ta&;}uD;aom tcdsef/ tqkH;tjzwfay;rnfh tcsdefjzpfygonf? xd@k a=umifh Tpmwrf;i,fu (1) vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;onf tm%m&Sit f pd;k &rsm; tm; tqkH;owfz,f&Sm;Edkifa&;twGuf tqkH;tjzwfay;aom tcef;u¾wGif wnf&Sd+yD; (2) vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;taejzifhvnf; oefrmtm;aumif;I t&nftaoG;jynfhaom 25

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

tajctaersdK; (enf;vrf;a&G;cs,fr_ESifh enf;y&d,m,f ºuG,f0r_rsm;/ tcsdeftcgESifh tajctaetm; rSefrSefuefuef tuJjzwftoHk;csEdkifr_) wGifom 'Drdkua&pD toGiful; ajymif;a&;udk pwifEdkifonfh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;r_rsm;udk jzpfay:aprnf[k okH;oyfwifjy xm;ygonf? azmfjyyg qef;ppfcsuf oHk;oyfcsufrsm;tm; &Sif;vif;Ekdif&ef Tpmwrf;i,ftm; tydkif;(4)ydkif; cGJI wifjyxm;ygonf? yxrydkif;wGif rwluGJjym;aom EkdifiHrsm;&Sd vlxk v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. tcef;u¾rsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@. armif;ESiftm;rsm;/ tm;aumif;aom vlxk v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh tkyfpdk;olrsm; }uKHawG@&aom ab;=uyfeH=uyfjzpfr_rsm;udk avhvmwifjy xm;ygonf? 'kwd,ydkif;wGif vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. oabmobm0ESifh tajccHta=umif; &if;rsm;jzifh ydkvefESifh zdvpfydkifEkdifiHrsm;wGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom toGiful;ajymif;a&;t}udK umvtajctaersm;ESifh jrefrmhvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk tuJcwfwifjyxm;ygonf? wwd,ydkif;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom 1988 'Drdkua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk tusOf;csKyf azmfjyxm;+yD;/ pwkxœydkif;wGif ydkvefESifh zdvpfydkifEdkifiHrsm;. tawG@t}uHKrsm; ESihf jrefrmhtajctaeudk ESKid ;f ,SOaf vhvmxm;ygonf? xdo k @kd a,bl,s ESKid ;f ,SOaf vhvmr_u toGiful;ajymif;a&; rvGJraoGjzpfvmonfh tcsdefESifh tajctaeudk qef;ppfxm;ygonf? xdk@tjyif EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ESifh bmoma&;qdkif&m tajctae tcsuftvuf/ (Space and Place) rsm;onf oufqdkif&m EdkifiHtoD;oD;. vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; tm;aumif;a&;twGuf tajccHusaom aemufcHtjcif;t&mrsm; (0g) tajccHtkwfjrpf rsm; jzpfEdkifonf [lonfh ed*Hk;csKyfcsuftm;vnf; wifjyxm;ygonf? 1? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;.tcef;u¾ESifh toGiful;ajymif;a&;t}udKumv ab;=uyfeH=uyf tajctae toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvjzpfap/ toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvvGef tajctae odk@jzpfap a&muf&Sdae=uaom EdkifiHtm;vkH;eD;yg;onf toGiful;ajymif;a&;t}udKumv tqifhwGif qENjyjcif;/ uef@uGufjcif;/ csDwufjcif;ESifh tkHºuGjcif;rsm;udk awG@}uKHcJh&onf? zdvpfydkifEdkifiH. jynfol@tm%mawmfvSefa&; "people power revolt" onf 1986 ckESpfwGif rm;udk@pf tpdk;&udk jzKwfcscJhonf? xdkawmfvSefa&;. aºuG;a=umfoH “awmf avmuf+yD/ igwdk@tajymif;tvJudk vdkcsifonf” Enough is enough. We want a change rSm tm&SwcGifvkH;Y yJhwifoH vd_ifcJhygonf? ydkvef aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;v_yf&Sm; r_ u 1988-89 ckESpfaESmif;ydkif;wGif wdkif;jynftm; 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;qDodk@ OD ; wnf o G m ;apcJ h + yD ; ta&S @ Oa&mywcG i f v k H ; ok d @ yJ h w if x yf c J h y gonf ? [ef w if w ef Huntington u xdkodk@aom tjzpftysufrsm;tm; “qENjyr_yJhwifjcif; (0g) qENjyr_ 26

trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

tusdK;quf” "demonstration effect" [k ac:qdk+yD;/ wurBmvkH;wGif r=umcifu jzpf ay:cJhaom 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful; ajymif;a&;jzpfpOfwGif aomhcsufusaom ta=umif;&if; wpfckjzpfonf[k qdkcJhonf? Tordkif;qdkif&mtjzpftysufrsm;u EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;. EdkifiHa&;tajymif; tvJ jzpfpOfrsm;wGif vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf tqkH;tjzwfay;aom tcef;u¾wGif wnf&Sdonfqdkaom pma&;ol. tqdkjyKr_udk ydkrdktm;aumif;apygonf? toGiful; ajymif;a&;t}udKumvrsm;wGif vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf tjyKoabmaqmifonfh tajymif;tvJrsm;. ueOD;tpysdK;r_rsm; jzpfEdkifygonf? odk@aomf vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u vnf; EdkifiHa&;tajctae wkef@qdkif;oGm;r_/ &yfwef@oGm;r_ESifh tajymif;tvJjzpf&ef ar#mf rSef;&cufonfh tajctaeESifh tcdsefumvrsm;odk@ wcgw&H wGef;ydk@wwfygonf? 1988 ckESpf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom jynfvkH;qdkif&m tkHºuGr_}uD;onf wpfygwDtm%m&Sif pepfudk +zdKzsufEdkifcJhaomfvnf; tm%mtaqmufttHkwpfckvHk;udk rajymif;vJEdkifcJhay? rajymif;vJEikd af o;ay? tESpEf pS q f ,f=umvmonfw h ikd f ppftpd;k &u tm%mudk qufvuf qkyfudkifxm;qJ jzpfonf? vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;u tjyKoabmaqmifaom tajymif;tvJrsm;tm; wGe;f yd@k Edkifaom tajctaewGif qENjyjcif;/ uef@uGufjcif;/ tkHºuGjcif;rsm;onf tkyfpdk;oltm%m &Sif tpdk;&rsm;tm; jynfwGif;EdkifiHa&;tajctaersm;udk xdef;csKyfEdkifpGrf; r&Sdonfh tae txm;od@k wGe;f yd@k um tpd;k &rsm;tm; w&m;0ifrt _ =uyftwnf;jzifh &ifqikd &f ap+yD; jynfol vlxt k wGi;f omru Edik if w H umrsuEf mS pmwGiyf g tcuftcJEiS hf &ifqikd }f uHKawG@&aponf? ‚if;wdk@. r[mrdwfrsm;twGif;Yvnf; ‚if;wdk@. w&m;0ifr_tay: ar;cGef;xkwfr_rsm;jzifh &ifqdkif&+yD;/ jynfolvlxktwGif;omru EdkifiHwumwGifyg w&m;0ifr_ qHk;±H_;apygonf? ,if;odk@aom tcsdefumv. tapmydkif;tqifhrsm;wGif tpdk;&rsm;u ‚if;wdk@ tay: zdtm;rsm;udk ckc&H ef }udK;yrf;jcif;ESihf ‚if;wd@k .w&m;0ifru _ kd jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef tm;xkwfjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfEdkifygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_udk tm;enf;oGm;ap&ef rw&m;zrf;qDjcif; ESifh owfjzwfjcif;/ ppfwyfESifh&Jwdk@udk tokH;jyKI qENjyolrsm;ESifh wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm; tm; ESdrfESif;jcif;/ vlrsm;pka0;jcif;ESifh owif;rD'D,mrsm;udk uef@owfr_rsm; wdk;jrifhjcif; ponfjzifh t=urf;zufzdESdyfr_rsm; vkyfaqmifvmEkdifygonf? ‚if;wdk@. w&m;0ifr_udk jr‡ifh wifjcif;jzifh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk tm;enf;atmifvkyfonfESifhw+ydKifeuf EdkifiHa&;tusOf; om;tcsKd@udk v$wfay;jcif;jzpfap/ ta&;r}uD;aom uef@owfcsuftcsKd@udk av#mhcsay;jcif; jzpfap/ odk@r[kwf vmrnfha¶G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifhywfoufI avoHay;vmjcif; ponfwdk@ uJhodk@ tay:,Htajymif;tvJrsm;udkvnf; vkyfEdkifygonf? xdo k @kd tm;xkwrf r_ sm;u wcgw&H ydrk ekd uf&KS id ;f onfh t=uyftwnf;tajctae od@k OD;wnfomG ;apEdik yf gonf? tkypf ;kd olrsm;twGi;f ESKwfxu G af y;&rnfvm;/ aphpyfaqG;aEG; 27

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

&rnfvm;/ qufvufawmifch &H rnfvm;qdo k nfh vrf;a=umif;a&G;cs,af &;wGif t=uyf&u kd f onfhtajctaeodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;apEdkifygonf? xdkodk@aomtcsdefrsdK;wGif tm%m&Sifrsm; taejzifh EdkifiHawmf,E W,m;wpfckvkH;tm; xdef;csKyfEdkifjcif;r&SdonfhtwGuf tkyfpdk;olrsm; t=um; tm;vHk;vufcHEdkifr_tay: rlwnfI qkH;jzwfavh&Sdygonf? toGiful;ajymif;a&;qdkif&moDtdk&Drsm;u toGiful;ajymif;a&;. xdktqifhwGif oabmxm;wif;rmolrsm;/ oabmxm;aysmah jymif;olrsm;/ tv,ftvwf&o dS rl sm;/ tcGihf ta&;orm;rsm;ESifh tpGef;a&mufolrsm; ay:xGufavh&Sdonf[k qdkygonf? tkyfpdk;olrsm; twGi;f oabmxm;uGjJ ym;r_u vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;tm; ydrk akd qmif&u G Ef ikd cf iG t hf aetxm;udk jzpfapouJhodk@ ‚if;wdk@twGif; yÉdyuQjzpfr_uvnf; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ydkrdktm;aumif; vmapEdkifygonf? odk@aomfvnf; tkyfpdk;olrsm;twGif; tuGJt+yJtajctaeudk tcGifh tvrf;tjzpf vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u &,lEdkifpGrf;tay:wGifvnf; txdkuftavsmuf rlwnfaeygonf? zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_. axmufcHyHhydk;r_udk &&Sdxm;aom twkduftcHacgif;aqmif udk&mZeftuGDEdkonf rJa&wGufr_+yD;onfESifhw+ydKifeuf rdrdudk,f rdrd zdvpfydkifEdkifiH. a&G;aumufcH&aom orwtjzpf csufcsif;a=unmcJhygonf? xdkodk@ a=unmcJhjcif;a=umifh ppfwyftwGif;oabmxm;uGJvGJr_udk ydkrdkeuf&SKdif;apcJh+yD; 'kwd, ppfOD;pD;csKyf. axmufcHr_udk &&SdcJhonf? ydkvefEdkifiHY awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; q,fESpfcef@=umcJh+yD;aemuf 1988 ckESpfwGif aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@rS OD;aqmifonfh oydwfarSmufqENjywdkufyGJrsm;u tajctaeudk xde;f rEdik o f rd ;f r&jzpfapum tkypf ;kd olrsm;tm; twdu k t f cHrsm;ESihf rjzpfrae tm%mcGJa0&rnfh tajctaeodk@ wGef;ydk@EdkifcJh+yD;/ us,fjyef@onfh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&; pm;yGJ 0dkif;rsm;udk pwifEdkifcJhygonf? or*~rsm;tay:=oZm&SdatmifpGrf;aqmifEdkifjcif;jzifh ydkrkd tm;aumif;vmaom aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf &vmaom tcGit hf vrf; udk rdrd&&qkyfudkifEdkifcJh+yD;/ wpfygwDpepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfaom uGefjrLepfEdkifiHzsufodrf;a&;udk OD;wnfonfhv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk OD;aqmifcJhygonf? txufygordkif;qdkif&mtvSnfhtajymif;rsm;onf tkyfpdk;olrsm;u tajctae udk vkH;0 xdef;odrf;Ekdifjcif; r&SdawmhbJ tpdk;&ESifh ‚if;.tm%mt0ef;t0dkif; taejzifh t=uyftwnf;qdkufvmonfhtcsdefrsm;wGif jzpfyGm;cJhjcif; jzpfygonf? qENjyjcif;rsm;/ r+idrfroufjzpfjcif;rsm;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;ykefuefr_rsm;onf xdkuJhodk@ xdef;rEdkifodrf;r& tajc taeudk jzpfay:ap+yD; tkyfpdk;olrsm;tm; t=uyftwnf; awG@apum tqkH;Y tm%m tvSnfhtajymif;ESifh tpdk;&tajymif;tvJudk jzpfay:aponf? tpdk;&tajymif;tvJonf 'Drdkua&pDajymif;vJa&;jzpfpOftm; a&S@odk@ OD;wnfoGm;apcJhonf? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf tajymif;tvJrsm;tm; o,faqmifEdkifpGrf; tiftm; tajctae r&Sdonfh taetxm;wGif EdkifiHa&;t=uyftwnf;tm; ydkrdk&Snfvsm;ap+yD;/ 28

trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

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trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

xkwf,l&rnfqdkv#if vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; cdkifrmtm;aumif;us,fjyef@I enf;vrf;a&G;cs,f r_EiS hf enf;y&d,m,f rSeu f efºuG,0f r_w@kd jzif/h tajctaeESihf tcsed t f cg tm; rSerf eS u f efuef tuJjzwftoHk;csEdkifrSom awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&; jzpfEkdifonf[k qdk&ayrnf? 2? tm;aumif;aomvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_tajccH (u) vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_. tp ydkvefEdkifiHESifh zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwdk@wGif jzpfay:cJhaom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf EdkifiHtqifh EkdifiHa&;tm%m taqmufttHkrsm;udk ajymif;vJEkdif±kHru urBmhEkdifiHa&; tcif;tusif;udkyg oufa&mufr_&Sdaom tm;aumif;onfh v_yf&Sm;r_'Da&v_dif;rsm;. tpdwftydkif; jzpfcJhygonf? xdkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;ESifh 'Drkdua&pD jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; bkH&nfrSef;csuftwGuf nD!GwfcJh=uonfh vlwef;pm;tv$maygif;pkH jynfolwdk@t=um; wdkufyGJrsm;. &vm'frsm; jzpfonf? xdkwdkufyGJrS ay:xGufvmaom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;jzpfcJh+yD;/ tvdktavsmufjzpfyGm;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;uaomfvnf;aumif; tjcm;vlwef;pm;wpf&yf&yfuaomf vnf;aumif; OD;aqmifcJhaom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; r[kwfcJhay? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_wpf&yf.tajccHudk vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; rpwifrD umvtwef =umuyif rwluGJjym;aom vlr_tv$mrsm;wGif jrifawG@Edkifygonf? ,if;wdk@rSm wcgw&H omrefyif tvGwo f abm pkz@JG r+d yD;/ oufqikd &f m vlrE_ ikd if aH &;ESihf pD;yGm;a&; tajctaet& EdkifiHtvdkuf xl;jcm;csufvnf; &SdEkdifygonf? pma&;ol &efukefwuUodkvfY ausmif;wufaepOf 1986 ckESpfcef@u zdvpfydkif Edik if . H v_y&f mS ;r_ta=umif; =um;od&onf? Ekid if yH ikd f owif;pmrsm;ESihf a&'D,rdk S =um;&jcif; r[kwfbJ vrf;ay:rS=um;cJh&jcif; jzpfonf? bwfpfum; vufrSwfa&mif;olrsm;u “rm;udk@ rm;udk@ anmif; anmif; (oGm; oGm;)” [k atmf=u+yD;aemuf bwfpfum; xGufygonf? ausmif;wGif oli,fcsif;jzpfolu bDbDpDESifh AGDtdkat jrefrmydkif; tpDtpOfrS =um;od&aom zdvpfydkifykefuefr_owif;ta=umif; ajymjyygonf? bwfpfum;vufrSwfa&mif;ol. [mojyKr_ u zdvpfydkifrS jynfol@tm%mv_yf&Sm;r_ jrefrmjynfolrsm;t=um; acwfpm;ae jcif;udk jyoaeonf[k qdk&rnf? “qENjyr_tusdK;quf” onf jrefrmjynfodk@ ul;puf vmcJo h nf? bwfpu f m;vufrw S af &mif;oltoH;k tE_e;f . tcsujf yr_onf tm%mydik rf sm; tm; qef@usifonfh EkdifiHa&;azmfjycsufwpfck jzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tapmydkif;umv tHwkr_ykHpHwpfck jzpfonf[k ajymEdkifygonf? zdvpfydkifEkdifiHwGif rm;udk@pftpdk;&u rm&S,favm xkwfxm;pOf jynfolvlxku 30

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tpdk;&tay: rauseyfcsufrsm;udk &,fp&m[morsm;okH;I oa&mfum wHk@jyefxdk;ESufcJh =uonf? Oyrm [mowpfckrSm tDr,fvf'g ao+yD;aemuf ewfjynfa&mufoGm;ygonf --- ewfjynfY tDr,fvf'g 0ifvmaomtcg bk&m;ocifrSvGJI tm;vkH; rwfwyf&yf=uygonf/ a,±_u --- aumif;uifbkHu vmaom tzbk&m;ocif bmrsm; jzpfawmfrlwm vJ/ tb,fa}umifh tDr,fvf'grm;udk@pfudk rwfwyf&yf+yD; r}udKqdkygovJ t&Sif [k av#mufar;&m --- tzbk&m;ocifu ighae&m aysmufrSm pdk;&drfvdk@yg/ tu,fI ig rwfwyf&yfvdkufv#if igh ovGefudk ol 0ifxkdifvdrfhr,f [k jyefajzonf xdkumvwGif xGufay:vmaom [motrsm;pkrSm bmoma&;ESifh ywfouf aom [morsm;jzpf+yD;/ uufovpfbmomESifh ywfoufI ydkrsm;onf[k xdk[moudk ajymjyolu qdkygonf? rm;udk@pfu ol@tpdk;&Y bmoma&;t&vnf; w&m;0ifr_&Sdonf [laom ajymqdck sut f m; txl;wvnf jiif;qd&k eftwGuf ,if;uJo h @kd aom [mooa&mfr_ rsm; ay:xGufvmjcif; jzpfonf? xdkuJhodk@aom vkyfaqmifr_rsm;onf jynfolvlxk. rauseyfcsufrsm;udk a&mifjyef[yfae+yD; tm%mydkifrsm;tm; wdkuf&dkufwkH@jyefcsufrsm; vnf; jzpfonf? yGiv hf if;aomvl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm;Y &&SEd ikd o f !fh tcGit hf vrf;rsm; tm;vk;H udk rm&S,favmxkwfjyefI ydwfqdk@uef@owfxm;aomtcdsefrsdK;wGif vlxktm; aqmf=o pnf;&kH;Edkif&ef txda&mufqkH;vufeufrsm; jzpfygonf? “TuJhodk@aom EdkifiHa&; tcif; tusif;Y a=unmjcif;r&SdbJ jyif;xefpGm qifEJ$aom oabmw&m;a&;ppfyGJwGif aumv [mvrsm; xkwfv$ifhjcif;/ twif;ajymqdkjcif;/ o&kyfzsufjcif;rsm;/ pum;vdrfrsm;oHk;jcif;/ wifpm;ajymqdkjcif;/ pum;vHk;tEktvSav;rsm;jzifh ac|;odyfajymqdkjcif;/ a&S;&dk;ykHjyifrsm; ajymqdjk cif;/ xk;H wrf;pOfvmtjyKtrlrsm;jzifah zmfjyjcif;/ trnfrazmfbaJ jymjcif; ponfw@kd vdktyfonf” [k *sdrf;paumh James Scott u ol. 1990 xkwf Domination and the Art of Resistance: Hidden transcript wGif axmufjycJhonf? jynfolvlxk. ae@pOfaexdkifr_b0wGif olwdk@. cHpm;csufrsm;tm; azmfjy&ef (odk@r[kwf) w&m;0ifOya' wGif; v_yf&Sm;r_wpfckcktm; pnf;&Hk;aqmif&Guf&ef ae&mr&Sdonfhtcg tkyfpdk;olrsm;ESifh ywfoufI aumv[mvrsm;xkwfv$ifhjcif;/ oa&mf[moysufvkH;rsm;xkwfjcif;ESifh twif;rsm; ajymqdkjcif;wdk@ jzpfavhjzpfx &Sdygonf? r=umao;cifujzpfcJhaom 'Drdkua&pDajymif;vJa&;jzpfpOf. awmfvSefaom vlxkv_yf&Sm;rsm;udkavhvm&mwGif pkaygif;aqmif&Gufr_oDtdk&Dudk tokH;jyKEdkifygonf? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ay:ayguf&eftwGuf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m wpHkvHk;tajctaeESifh wckcsif; tajctae owfrSwfcsufrsm;&Sdonf[k tqdkygoDtdk&Du qdkygonf? wpHkvHk;tajctaeY vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;jzpfay:&ef vdktyfaomtajctae (4)ck&Sdonf? ,if;wdk@rSm rauseyfr_/ oabmw&m;/ pnf;&kH;aqmf=oEdkifaompGrf;&nfESifh tcGifhtvrf;wdk@jzpfonf? wckcsif; 31

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tajctaeY tkyfpdk;olrsm;tm; pdefac:rnfholrsm;onf vufrSwfxdk;awmif;cHv$mrsm;/ uef@uu G yf rJG sm;/ qENjycsw D ufrr_ sm;ESihf oydww f u kd yf rJG sm; ponfh twdu k t f cHvy_ &f mS ;r_rsm; wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifEdkif&rnf[k qdkygonf? omrefjynfolvlxktzdk@ vuf&Sdwnf&Sdaeaom pHwefbkd;rsm;tm; pdefac:&ef tpm;xdk;pHwefbdk;rsm;tm; &SmazGjcif;jzifh rdrdwdk@. rauseyfcsufrsm;udkvnf; azmfjy Edkifonf? xdktpm;xdk;&efrsm;udk ordkif;jzpf&yfrsm;/ &dk;&m"avhrsm;/ bmoma&;tqkH;tr rsm; ESifh tjcm;ae&mrsm;rS &&SdEdkifygonf? xdkodk@ &&Sdcsufrsm;u omrefjynfolvlxktzdk@ ydkrdk aumif;rGefaom b0udk&&SdEdkifrnf[k vufcHvmaprnfh pHwefbdk;rsm;/ qkH;jzwfcsuf cdkifrmr_rsm;/ ,kH=unfr_rsm;ESifh oabmw&m;rsm;udk arG;zGm;ay;Edkifygonf? xdktajctae rsKd ;wGif wnf&adS eaom vlra_ &; bmoma&; 0ef;usiEf iS hf ae&mXmersm;onfvnf;aumif;/ t&yfom;vlr_pkzGJ@r_rsm; (0g) tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onfvnf;aumif; ckcHawmfvSefr_o¾mef trsdK;rsdK; zGH@+zdK;vm&eftwGuf ta&;yg+yD;/ tm;aumif;aom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf armif;ESiftm;vnf; jzpfygonf? (c) t&yfom;vl@tzGJ@tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDa&;wdkufyGJrsm; ydkvef vufcsf 0gvufqm Lech Walesa ESifh tvkyform;rsm;OD;aqmifaom 1980 ckESpf qENjyuef@uGufyGJrsm;uae aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ ay:xGufvmcJh+yD;/ xdk v_yf&Sm;r_ twGif;odk@ u|rf;usifvkyfom;rsm;/ ysHusvkyfom;rsm;/ ausmif;q&m q&mr rsm;/ q&m0efrsm;/ a&S@aersm;/ tif*sifeD,mrsm;ESifh pwdk;qdkifydkif&Sifrsm;/ ynm&Sifrsm; ESifh &dkrefuufovpfbk&m;ausmif;yg yg0ifvmcJh=uonf? uGefjrLepfEdkifiHwpfckwGif Oya't& w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKr_ &&Sda&;twGuf yxrOD;qkH;aom vGwfvyfonfh tvkyform; or*~ v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfvmcJhonf? ydkvefEdkifiHwGif wpfygwDpepf tqkH;owfa&;twGuf ta&;ygaom v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfcJhygonf? axmifcsDaom pmapmifpmwrf;rsm;ESifh ajratmufrD'D,mrsm;uvnf; tHwkr_ vkyfief;rsm;wGif ta&;ygaom tcef;u¾u yg0ifcJhygonf? xdkwdkufyGJonf EkdifiHawmfESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;t=um; xdyfwdkufawG@r_jzpfvmcJhonf? 1987ckESpf ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD; *|ef aygvf (2) . tvnftywfc&D;ESihf ol. aoG;pnf;nD!w G rf t _ zG@J tm; Oya'abmiftwGi;f w&m;0ifjyefjzpfa&; awmif;qdrk u _ omrefjynfov l x l t k =um; uGejf rLepf0g'tm; oabm w&m;t&ESifh usifh0wft& jiif;y,fr_udk ydkrdkt&Sdefjyif;apcJhygonf? 1988 wGif aoG;pnf; nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@u OD;aqmifonfh qENjyoydwfarSmufwdkufyGJpOfrsm;onf tpdk;&tm; tajctaeudk rxdef;odrf;Edkifonfhtaetxm;odk@ wGef;ydk@cJhjyD;/ twkduftcHtiftm;pkrsm; 32

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twGif;Y tiftm;r#ajcudk jzpfapcJhygonf? *GsefvifhZf Juan Linz ESifh tJvfzwf pwDAif Alferd Stepan wdk@u 1988 ckESpf arvwGif vli,frsdK;qufopfESifh ppfaoG;ºuG tvkyf orm;or*~0ifrsm; tpjyKcJhonfh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;oydwfwdkufyGJ tausmhopf jzpfyGm; vmcJhonf[k axmufjycJhonf? tpdk;&bufrS tv,ftvwform; ,m&lZ,fpuD;ESifh twdkuftcHbufrS tv,ftvwform; 0gvufqmwdk@ ESpfOD;rSm ‚if;wkd@twGif;rS tpGef; a&muforl sm;. pdeaf c:r_rsm;udk txdu k t f avsmuf &ifqikd cf &hJ onf? aemufq;Hk wGif toGif ul;ajymif;a&;umv. or&dk;us av;OD;upm;yGJ (tpdk;&tpGef;a&mufrsm;/ tpdk;&tv,f tvwfrsm;/ twdkuftcHtpGef;a&mufrsm;/ twdkuftcHtv,ftvwfrsm;) ay:xGuf vmcJhygonf? 1988ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@u OD;aqmif onfh 'kwd,t}udrfoydwfv_dif;rsm;twGif; tpdk;&u aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@ESifh aphpyf n‡dEd_if;&ef urf;vSrf;cJh+yD;/ pm;yGJ0dkif;awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; jzpfvmcJhygonf? 1989ckESpf t&mufwGif ydkvefEdkifiHonf ,ae@cHpm;&&Sdaeaom 'Drdkua&pDcdkifrma&;jzpfpOfodk@ OD;wnf onfh “pm;yGJ0dkif;rSwqifh aphpyfajy+idrf;r_” "roundtable negotiated settlement" udk &&SdcJhygonf? cdkifrmtm;aumif;I pGrf;&nfjynfh0aom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_onf tkyfpdk;olrsm; tm; tm%mtaqmufttHkajymif;vJap&ef =oZmoufa&mufEdkif+yD; wdkif;jynftm; +idrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifh 'Drdkua&pDpepfqDodk@ OD;wnfay;EdkifcJhygonf? zdvpfydkif zdvpfyikd Ef idk if o H nf 19 &mpktapmydik ;f umv udv k ekd aD cwfuwnf;u taemuf wdkif; EdkifiHa&;,Ofaus;r_ vpfb&,fykHpHrsm;udk awG@}uHKcJhygonf? 20 &mpktapmydkif;umv rsm;twGif; ynmwwfvlwef;pm;rsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;ESifh aus;vufvlxkrsm;. EdkifiH a&; Edk;=um;ouf0ifr_ESifh udkvdkeDqef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_onf zdvpfydkifEdkifiH. EdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_ ,Ofaus;r_udk jzpfay:apcJhonfh ta=umif;t&if;rsm;xJrS wpfckjzpfonf[k ,lq&rnf? zdvpfydkifEdkifiH. t&yfom;vl@tzGJ@tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;t=um;wGif vuf0JtajccHt,ltqrsm;ESifh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;&Sdonfudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; awG@jrifEdkifyg onf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&vufatmufwGifyif zdvpfydkifEdkifiHY pnf;rsOf;usifhxkH;qdkif&m 'Drdkua&pDykHpHwpfrsdK; &SdaecJh+yD; jyif;xefaom uef@owfcsufrsm;&Sdaeapumrl w&m;0if t&yfom;vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; wnf&SdEdkifygonf? t"dubmoma&;tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfonfh &dkrefuufovpfbk&m;ausmif;onf vl@tzG@Jtpnf;. EdkifiHa&;ESifh vlr_a&; tajymif;tvJwGif aomhcsufusaom tcef;wGif &SdcJhygonf? txl;ojzifh rm;udk@pftpdk;&jzKwfcsa&;umvY jzpfonf? 1981ckESpf zdvpfydkifEdkifiHodk@ tvnftywfoGm;&ef ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;*|efaygvf 33

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. tpDtpOfonf Edik if t H wGi;f rm&S,af vm &kyo f rd ;f a&;tay: =oZmoufa&mufapcJo h nfh t"duta=umif;t&if;rsm;xJrS wpfckjzpfEdkifygonf? 1986 ckESpf orwa&G;aumufyGJrsm; ESifh jynfol@tm%mawmfvSefa&; umvtwGif; EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m bmoma&;acgif;aqmif rsm;onf jynfoltrsm;,Hk=unfav;pm;cH&r_taetxm;udk oHk;I ‚if;wdk@a&G;cs,fonfh orwavmif;tm; vufcHa&G;cs,f&ef jynfolvlxktm; wkdufwGef; t}uHjyKcJh=uonf? bk&m;ausmif;onf Edik if t H wGi;f vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfajymqdck iG hf &&Sad &;twGuf ta&;yg aom tcef;u qufvufaqmif&GufcJhonf? Am&Dwyfpf Veritas uJhodk@aom owif;ESifh a0zefcsuf pmapmifrsm;ESifh qufpyfr_&SdcJhonf? bk&m;ausmif;u olwpfOD;wnf; oD;jcm;v_yf&Sm;aqmif&GufcJhjcif; r[kwfay? xdt k csed u f tjcm;t&yfom; vl@tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;onfvnf; zdvpfyikd Ef ikd if . H 1986 jynfol@tm%mawmfvSefa&;jzpfay:r_twGuf ta&;ygcJh=uonf? xdkodk@aom toif;tyifrsm;teuf wpfckudk !$ef&aomf vlxkynma&;tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckjzpfonfh “vGwfvyfaoma&G;aumufyGJtwGuf EkdifiHvkH;qdkif&m EdkifiHom;v_yf&Sm;r_” the National Citizens' Movement for Free Election (NAMFREL) jzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;/ twwfynm&Sifrsm;/ tdrfaxmif&Sifrrsm;ESifh bk&m;ausmif;acgif;aqmif rsm;u pkaygif;I 1983 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif xdkv_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;cJh=ujcif; jzpf onf? xdktzGJ@u jynfolvlxktm; a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOfwGifyl;aygif;yg0if&ef yef=um; cJh+yD;/ +idrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifh EkdifiHom;v_yf&Sm;r_udk OD;aqmifcJh=uonf? NAMFREL tzGJ@onf jynfolvlxkt=um; todynmEdk;=um;r_udk¹r‡ifhwifay;cJh+yD;/ 1984 ckESpf ygvDref a&G;aumufyrJG sm;wGif apmif=h unfah vhvm&ef apwemh0efxrf; (2) ode;f udk pnf;&k;H cJyh gonf? 1986ckEpS f orwa&G;aumufyw JG iG f apwemh0efxrf; 5ode;f udk rJ&aHk pmif=h unfo h rl sm;tjzpf arG;xkwfay;cJhonf? xdkapwemh0efxrf;rsm;onf tuGDEdkudkrJay;&ef vlxktm; vrf;rrsm; ay:odk@ ac:aqmifvmolrsm;jzpfcJh+yD;/ aemufydkif;wGif jynfol@tm%mawmfvSefa&;twGuf wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm; jzpf=uonf? oa&mf[morsm;xkwv f yk jf cif;/ owif;v$mrsm;jzef@csjd cif;ESihf vufurf; pmapmif rsm;a&;om;jzef@a0jcif;wdk@uJhodk@aom or±dk;usr[kwfonfh rD'D,mrsm;onf vlxkquf oG,fa&; rD'D,mrsm;uJhodk@ vlxktm; pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmf&mwGif ta&;ygaom tcef;u yg0if cJh=uonf? xdkEdk;=um;wufºuGaom rD'D,mrsm;rSm bifepfEdk tuGDEdk Benigno Aquino vky}f uHc&H r_tm; rauseyfa'goxGurf r_ sm;udk azmfxw k w f ifjycJo h nfh yGiv hf if;aom owif; tpD&ifcHr_rsm; ay:xGufvmcsdefwGif tpjyKcJhjcif; jzpfonf? zdvpfydkifEdkifiHY toGiful;ajymif;a&; rwdkifrD jzpfay:cJhonfh v_yf&Sm;r_wGif bk&m; ausmif;rsm;/ rD'D,mESifh tjcm;t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;tjyif aemifwGif orwjzpfvmrnfholvnf; yg0ifcJhonf? vlxkudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf orwtuGDEdkonf 34

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}uD;rm;us,fjyef@aomawmfvSefykefuefr_udk OD;aqmif&efESifh 'kwd,ppfOD;pD;csKyf. axmuf cHyyHh ;kd r_jzifh tm%m&a&;twGuf Edik if aH &;enf;y&d,m,frsm;udk tpysKd ;vkyaf qmif&ef olr. pGrf;&nfudk jyocJhonf? v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd tpktzGJ@aygif;pHkuvnf; olrtm; wnD w!GwfxJ axmufcHyhHydk; cJh=uonf? v_yf&Sm;r_onf vSnf;aeavSatmifjrif;aZmif;rusef ae&mwumwGif pnf;&Hk;xm;EdkifcJh&m rm;udk@pf rSm jynfyodk@ xGufajy;cJh&awmhonf? ,ae@tcdsefwGif zdvpfydkifEdkifiHonf jynfh0aom 'Drdkua&pDpepfodk@ OD;wnfcsDwufv#uf &Sdygonf? 3? 1988 ckESpf jrefrmh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ teD;acwfjrefrmordkif;wGif vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ ta&;awmfyHk}uD; ESpf}udrfwdkifwdkif ay:aygufcJhonf? xdkta&;awmfyHkESpfcka=umifh jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;Y }uD;rm;aom tvSnfhtajymif;rsm; jzpfcJhonf[k qdkEdkifygonf? yxrwpfckrSm 1938ckESpfwGif jzpfyGm; cJhaom a&eHajrtvkyform;rsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;OD;aqmifonfh udkvdkeDqef@usifa&; awmfvSefykefuefr_ jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHY EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_tavhtxESifh vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;qdkif&m A[k0g' wdk@onf udkvdkeDacwftwGif; arG;zGm;cJhonf[k ordkif;tawG@t}uKH wdk@u jyaeygonf? vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJu ausmif;om;EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ tpOftvm. tp jzpfygonf? udkvdkeDacwfESifh vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;acwfwGif t[ef@twm; taESmuf t,Surf sm; &Scd ahJ omfvnf; vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm; tifwu kd t f m;wdu k f wufwufºuGºuGjzpf&ef ESifh yGifhvif;vGwfvyfpGm wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;&ef 0ef;usifjzpfaom 'Drdkua&pDtajccHrsm; wpHk w&m &SdcJhygonf? *syefodrf;ydkuftkyfcsKyfpOfESifh ppftm%m&Sifrsm; tkyfcsKyfpOfumvrsm; twGi;f vlrv _ y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;tm; Oya'abmiftwGi;f aqmif&u G Ef ikd rf nfh tcGit hf vrf; tajc taeESifh ae&mrsm; r&SdcJhay? t&yfom;vl@tzGJ@tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;ESifh v_yf&Sm;r_ rSefor# ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_toGifjzifhom pcef;oGm;cJh&+yD;/ wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;r_onfvnf; &yfwef@aecJhygonf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif vGwfvyfaom t&yfom;vl@tzGJ@tpnf;taqmufttHkrsm; r&SdbJ jynfol@awmfvSefa&;wpf&yf qifE$J&ef jzpfEdkifyghrvm;[k ar;cGef;xkwfEdkifayonf? 1988 ckESpf v_yf&Sm;r_onf jynfolwdk@. ae@pOfb0 v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;tay:wGif tajcwnfcJhonf[k ajymEdkifygonf? vbuf&nfqdkif,Ofaus;r_u vli,frsm;ESifh vl}uD; todkif;t0dkif;rsm;twGuf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifhywfoufI xifjrifcsufrsm;/ oabmxm; tjrifrsm;udk zvS,fonfhae&m/ awG@qkHonfhae&m 0ef;usiftajctaersm;udk zefwD;ay;cJh ygonf? aumv[mvESifh oa&mf[mojyufvkH;rsm;rSm +rdK@jyvrf;rwdkif;wGif &Sdaeaom vbuf&nfqdkifrsm;. ae@pOfb0tpdwftydkif;rsm; jzpfcJh=uonf? 1988ckESpf rwfv 35

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taetxm;udk ajymif;vJEdkifa&;twGuf udk&mZef tuGDEdk orwtjzpf a=unmouJhodk@ a&S@rwdk;aemufrqkwf EdkifiHa&;ydwfqdk@aer_tajctaeudk vrf;zGifh&eftwGuf 0ef}uD;csKyf a[mif;u &nf&G,fcJhjcif; jzpf[efwlonf? ed * H k ; ,ckpmwrf;onf ydv k efEikd if /H zdvpfyikd Ef ikd if EH iS hf jrefrmEdik if &H dS 'Dru kd a&pD toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;.ta&;ygr_udk avhvmwifjyxm;ygonf? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSm tm%mtaqmufttHk tajymif;tvJudk =oZmoufa&muf&ef ta&;ygaomtcef;u¾wGi&f adS =umif; od@k r[kwf Edik if aH &;e,fy,frS tpd;k &rsm;tm; qkwf cGmap&ef wGef;tm;ay;Edkifa=umif;tqdk rSefuefa=umif;udk aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@ESifh jynfol@tm%mawmfvSefa&;wdk@. tcef;u¾rsm;u oufaojyaeygonf? aoG;pnf;nD !Gwfa&;tzGJ@onf aphpyfn‡dEd_if;onfh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJudk jzpfay:apEdkifcJh+yD;/ ydkvefEdkifiH. 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;tm; OD;aqmifEdkifcJhonf? zdvpfydkifEdkifiH&Sd pnf;vkH;nD!Gwf aomv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh udk,fpm;jyKr_/ &&SdaomtcGifhtcgaumif;udk vufOD;r_&Sd&Sd toHk;csjcif; ponfw@kd u wdik ;f jynftm; toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;qDo@kd o,faqmifomG ;Edik cf o hJ nf? od@k aomf vnf; jrefrmEdkifiHY 1988 ckESpfwGif 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&; r&&SdcJhay? pnf;vkH;nD !Gwfaomudk,fpm;jyKr_ r&Sdjcif;/ EkdifiHa&;ydwfqdk@aer_rS azmufxGufEdkifrnfh enf;vrf;udk &SmazGEdkifpGrf; r&Sdjcif;wdk@a=umifh jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh Tpmwrf;wGif 'Drdkua&pDodk@ toGif ul;ajymif;a&;twGuf awG@qkHaqG;aEG;r_onf vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u tkyfpdk;ol ppfwyfESifh tm%m&Sifrsm;tay: =oZmoufa&mufEdkifrnfh vkHavmufaom cdkifrmtm; aumif;r_ESifh }uD;rm;us,fjyef@r_/ enf;y&d,m,frSefuefr_/ tajctaeESifh tcsdeftcgudk tuJjzwftoHk; csEdkifr_ ponfh tcsuftvufrsm; &SdrSom jzpfEdkifrnf[k aumufcsufcsygonf? ,ckpmwrf;u vlrv _ w l ef;pm;tvGmaygi;f pHt k wGi;f &Sd aumv[mvrsm;/ oa&mf [mojyufv;Hk rsm;/ ±H@_ csjcif;rsm; uJo h @kd aom tHwrk E_ iS hf ckcrH w _ @kd onf cdik rf mtm;aumif;aom vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;udk wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf tpGr;f xufaom vufeufrsm;jzpfa=umif; qufvuft}uHjyKygonf? vlrt _ ajctaetcGit hf vrf;rsm;ESihf tajctaetcsut f vuf rsm; ta&;}uD;r_ (odk@r[kwf) t&yfom;vl@tzGJ@tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;onf vlxkv_yf &Sm;r_rsm;. armif;ESiftm;rsm;jzpfa=umif;vnf; wifjyvdkygonf? zdvpfydkifESifh ydkvef&Sd &dkrefuufovpfbk&m;ausmif;rsm;/ aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@/ rD'D,m/ NAMFREL tzGJ@ rsm;onf rdrdwdk@oufqdkif&m'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;rsm;. armif;ESiftm;rsm;tjzpf rdrdwdk@ Edik if rH sm;. toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;tm; tvkyt f aºuG;jyKcJ=h uygonf? jrefrmEdik if w H iG f tvGwf oabmaqmifonfh vlr_tajctae tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ESifh ae&mrsm;/ ajratmufausmif; 40

trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

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"The Importance of Social Movements in Crafting Transition to Democracy" By Aung Moe Zaw

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