0302

trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

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ESpq f ,fw h pf&mpk t&yfzufvŒl tzGŒJ tpnf; &JE, G rf ;dk 'Drkdua&pDu tpkd;&eJ@jynfolvlxk t"due,fy,fESpfckt=um; qufEG,fr_ukd zGifhqkdygw,f? 'Drkdua&pD&JŒ Oya'pnf;rsOf;awGu jynfolu tpkd;&tay:vkyfEkdifwm (tpkd;& tpm;xkd;vJvS,fEkdifwm) eJ@ tpkd;&u jynfolawGukdrvkyfEkdifwm (wpfOD;csif; vGwfvyfcGifh rcsKd;azgufEkdifwm) ESpfckukd tav;xm; azmfjyygw,f? okd@aomf wu,fh vufawG@tm;jzifhawmh ,ae@armf'ef'Drkdua&pDu tJ'DhESpfcktay:rSmom wnfaewm r[kwfbJ aemufxyfa'gufwkdifwpfcktay:rSmvnf; vkH;0rlwnfaeygw,f? t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;[m ESpfq,fhwpf&mpk 'Drkdu&ufwpfEkdifiHa&;pepf twGuf r&Sdrjzpftc&muswJh wwd, a'gufwdkifyg? t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;u vlxkeJ@ tkyfcsKyfol tm%mykdifwkd@=um;rSm =um;cH (buffer) taetxm;jzpfygw,f? vlxkeJ@ tpkd;& uif;uGmraeatmif qufpyfay;ygw,f? EkdifiHom;awG tpkd;&eJ@ pdrf;raeatmif xde;f nda‡ y;&if; tm%mvuf0,f&o dS &l ŒJ avmfrmESyd pf ufru _ ae tumtuG,af y;ygw,f? t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;vkd@qkdvkduf&if vl@tzGJ@tnf;twGif;u tpkd;& r[kwf wJh tzGJ@tpnf;aygif;pkH yg0ifygw,f? tzGJ@0ifwkdif;uvnf; twif;t=uyfr[kwfbJ ukd,fhoabmeJ@ukd,f pdwfvkdvuf&yg0ifolawGyg? rdwfzuftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ bmoma&; toif;tzGJ@rsm;/ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;tkyfpkrsm;/ wwfodynm&Sifrsm;/ tvkyform; or*~rsm;/ aoewfypf0goemtkd;rsm;/ iSuf=unhftzGJ@/ opfcGtzGJ@/ awmifwuftoif;/ wHqdyfacgif;pkol/ [pfa[mheJ@ &yfygcsmwdwf pwJh toif;tzGJ@tkyfpkawGxd yg0ifygw,f? omreftm;jzifh wpfOD;xufykd pkaygif;zGJ@xm;wJh toif;tzGJ@tpnf;t¶kH;rsm; [m 'Drkdu&ufwpfvpfbmwDukd tumtuG,fay;&mrSm t"dutcef;u¾rSm &Sdyg w,f? ‘EkdifiHawmf’ ukd ta=umif;jy+yD; ‘wpfOD;csif;pD’ ukd rESdyfpufEkdifatmif t&yfzuf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u umuG,fay;ygw,f? tm%m&SdolawG&JŒ r[m;w&m;tpkd;r&Ekdifr_ukd vlxku wefjyefxdef;csKyfEkdifatmif t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;u ulnDygw,f? vlxk a¶G;cs,fwJh‘ukd,fpm;ðytpkd;&’ wnf+rJatmifvnf; usm;uefay;ygw,f? aps;uGufu aus;Zl;ðywJh vpfbmwD 'D r k d u a&pD p epf a tmuf u toif ; tzG J @ rsm;tm;vk H ; eD ; yg;u vG w f v yf w J h aps;uGuf usifhokH;r_eJ@vnf; wkduf¶kdufwpfrsKd; oG,f0kdufwpfzkH ywfoufaeygw,f? 13

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

q,fh¶Spf&mpk +Adwdo#pma&;q&meJ@ EkdifiHacgif;aqmif tuf'frGefbmuwfu ol@EkdifiH&Sd tpkd;&r[kwfwJh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;[m ‘tpktzGJ@ ao;ao;av;awG’ yJvkd@ &nf!$ef;cJhay r,fh/ ,ae@rsufarSmufurBmrSmawmh tzGJ@tpnf;tm;vkH;[m olajymovkd ydpdauG;awG r[kwfawmhygbl;? tpkd;&r[kwfwJh tzGJ@tpnf;awG[m us,fjyef@tm;aumif;vm+yD; aps;uGuf pepfay:tajcwnfxm;wJh yk*~vdutpktzGJ@vkyfief;rsm; jzpfaeygw,f? pm;okH;oleJ@ vkyfief;awG&JŒ a&mif;r_0,fr_ xkwfvkyfr_awGu vGef;xkd;&ufcs,f 'kdif;erpf jzpfapygw,f? *sife&,farmfwm (GM)/ rkdufc¶kdaqmhzfeJ@ tufZGef (Exxon) wkd@vkd aumfykda&;&Sif;awGu vrf;axmifhukefpkHqkdif/ ¶SL;zdeyfjyifqkdifwkd@vkdyJ t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf; tm;aumif; oxufaumif;atmif armif;ESifaeygw,f? tpkd;&r[kwfwJhtzGJ@tpnf;awG&JŒ rl&if;&nf¶G,fcsufu tjrwf&&Sda&; r[kwf yg? okd@aomf oG,f0kdufwJhenf;tm;jzifh vGwfvyfwJhaps;uGufuyJ tJ'Dhtjrwfr,l tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (non - profit organizations) &JŒ wnf&SdEkdifa&;ukd wm0ef,lyHhykd;ay; ygw,f? tzGJ@tpnf;awG[m olwkd@tzGJ@0ifawG&JŒ xnfh0ifvSL'gef;r_tpkpktay:rSm rSDckd &Sifoef&ygw,f? 'gjzif h tjrwf r ,l t zG J @ tpnf ; rsm;&J Œ tzG J @ 0if a wG u b,f o l b ,f 0 gvJ ? aps;uGufxJrSm yg0ifpD;arsmvkyfukdifae=uwJh tvkyform;/ ukefonf/ vkyfief;&Sif/ tpk&S,f,m0if/ &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolawGu olwkd@0ifaiGu zJh+yD; o'
trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

rsufvkH;awGu pl;pl;&J&J? t&ifoufOD;qHykdifacwfeJ@ tifyg,ma[mif;awGxuf zrf;qkyf EkdifwJh tm%mvufwHu oefrmvGef;ygw,f? tpkd;&awGu olwkd@tkyfpkd;xm;wJh vlr_b0xJ twif;0ifxkd;azguf&if; jynfol wpfOD;csif;pD&JŒ pm;0wfaer_/ ESvkH;ckef/ &ifwkef/ avvnfwmtxd apmifh=unfxdef;csKyfEkdif pGrf;w,f? okd@ESifhwkdif wbufujynfolawGrSmvnf; aepdrfhraebJ arG;&myg vpfbmwD tcGifhta&;awG umuG,f&r,fh taetxm;yg? tpkd;&rsm;&JŒ !d‡,lEkdifwJh yg0g0&Zdef pufuGif;atmuf vGwfvyfpGm ¶kef;xGuf&r,f? armf'eftpkd;&rsm;&JŒ qef;jym;whJ yg0g vufwHukd tHwk&ifqkdifzkd@ wpfOD;csif;vpfbmwDawG pkykHatm&r,f? 'ga=umifhyJ vpfbmwDukd xdef;odrf;umuG,fzkd@ taumif;qkH;tiftm;u t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;&,fvdk@ tajzu ±Sif;vmygw,f? t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;u vpfbmwDukd umuG,f&mrSmawmh enf;vrf;tzkHzkHeJ@yg? yxr/ yk*~vdutzGJ@tpnf;awG[m ‘EkdifiHawmf’ ,E W&m;atmufu vlxk twGuf tumtuG,f tcif;tusif;ae&mawG ay;ygw,f? tpkd;&xdef;csKyfr_atmufu wpfOD;csif;pDvGwfajrmufap+yD;/ ukd,fhtusKd;pD;yGm;aemuf aumufaumufyg aqmif¶GufEkdif cGifhawG &Sdvmw,f? yk*~vdutzGJ@tpnf;awGu tm%mykdifawG&JŒ vufoD;qkyfxJuae vlxkudk vGwfajrmufatmif rsKd;pkHzefwD;ay;ygw,f? 'kwd,/ tpkd;&awG&JŒ wae@wjcm; qyGm;aewJh,E W&m;ukd wefjyefusm;uefa&; twGuf t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;u tpktaygif;ukd,fpDeJ@ vpfbmwDukd xdef;ay;ygw,f? a&S;¶kd;tpOftvm vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGrSm vpfbmwDu a&ajrh&SifawG&JŒ olaumif;ðycH vlwpfpv k ufxrJ mS yJ &Sw d wfygw,f? acwfopfurBmrSmawmh olw@dk vufxu J vpfbmwD ukd t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;u tpm;xkd;,l&if;/ tpkd;&tm%mtay: wpfOD;csif;pDu wefjyefxdef;nd‡Ekdifr,fh vlr_uGufvyf social space awG trsm;}uD;[ay;vmygw,f? aemuf t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;ukd t"du jzpfwnfvmapwmu vGwfvyfwJh aps;uGuv f yk if ef;ao;ao;}uD;}uD; tzG@J tpnf;/ toif;tyif;awGyg? tpk;d &eJ@ rif;npfawG jynfolukd rn‡if;qJEkdifbJ oufom&m&apzkd@ vkyfief;tzGJ@tpnf;awGu ykHpHrsKd;pkHeJ@=um;cH umuG,fay;ygw,f? EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm; acwfopf 'Drkdu&ufwpftpkd;&rsm;&JŒ vuQ%m&yfwpfyg;jzpfwJh trsm;jynfol tyfESif;wJh tcGifhtm%m popular sovereignty uvnf; aps;uGufuvmwJh t&yfzuf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ay:rSmyJ wnfrSDygw,f?

15

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

a&S;atoifeJ@ ukdvkdeDacwf e,l;t*FvefrSm EkdifiHom;awGukd,fwkdif tpnf; ta0;awGrSm jynfol@rl0g'awG qkH;jzwfcJh=uw,f? tck armf'efvl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGu tJ'Dvkd jynfolwkduf¶kdufyg0ifqkH;jzwfwJh 'Drkdua&pD direct democracy xuf trsm;}uD; us,fjyef@vSygw,f? uae@acwfrmS vlxu k wku d ¶f u dk f 0ifrqk;H jzwfb/J Ekid if aH &;&mpDrzH @dk a¶G;aumufyJG uae ukd,fpm;vS,ft&m&SdawG cef@=uw,f? jynfol@qENay;olukd a¶G;cs,f+yD; tm%m tyfESif;zkd@ vrf;a=umif;ESpfck zGifhxm;w,f? wpfcku EkdifiHa&;ygwDjzpf+yD;/ usefwpfcku tusKd;pD;yGm;qkdif&mtkyfpkawG interest groups ygyJ? ESpfckpvkH;u vGwfvyfwJh aps;uGuf pepfay: tajcwnfxm;ygw,f? vlxku olwkd@ukd,fpm; OD;aqmifqkH;jzwfr,fhol&SmazGzkd@ vkyfenf;vkyf[efukd EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGuwqifh oGm;ygw,f? ygwDawGqkdwm wpfOD;csif;&JŒ ESpfoufvkdvm;r_eJ@ pkzGJ@xm;wm? ygwDu a¶G;cs,fvkdufwJh ukd,fpm;vS,ftEkdif& ¶kH;xkdif&if Oya'ðyEkdifyg+yD? tpkd;&&JŒ tm%mtvGJokH;r_ xdef;csKyfzkd@&m ygwDawGu EkdifiHom;wpfOD;csif;pDtwGuf taxmuftulvufeufawG instruments yg? acwfopfEkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;[m q,fh&Spf&mpk *&dwf+AdwdefrSm rdwfaqG&if;csm wl&mwl&m tpktzG@J av;awG/ ygwyD aJG v;awGtjzpfe@J pay:cJw h ,f? aemufawmh ygvrD efrmS EkdifiHa&;wGef;tm;ay;zkd@ vrf;p &cJh=uw,f? q,fhukd;&mpktqkH;rSm ajrmuftar&dueJ@ Oa&mywkd@u taysmfwrf; uckefayG@zufwJhygwDawG 'Drkdu&ufwpf EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGtjzpf toGifajymif;vmw,f? ESpfq,f&mpkusawmh vltm;vkH;rJay;EkdifcGifhawGeJ@twl aps;uGuf tusKd;pD;yGm; zefwD;EkdifcGifhawGay: tajccH&if; tzGJ@tpnf;}uD;awG xkeJ@xnfeJ@ jzpfvm=u yg+yD? armf'ef'Drkdua&pDtrsm;pkrSm ygwDawGu tvkyform;awG&JŒ tusKd;pD;yGm;eJ@ olwkd@ygwDawG&JŒ tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd ukd,fpm;ðyvmygw,f? tcsKdŒygwDawG[m olwkd@ajcukyf ,lxm;wJh c¶kdifa'oawG&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;tusKd;tjrwfaqmif¶Guf&mrSm csefyD,Hjzpfaew,f? tcsKdŒuvnf; pkdufysKd;a&; pufr_pwJh ykd@ukefu¾awGuae tjrwf&atmif ulnDaqmif ¶Gufvm=uw,f? ok@d aomfvnf; 'Dvydk gwaD wG&ŒJ vkyyf v Hk yk ef nf;awG tm;vk;H òcH=unf&h if/ aps;uGuf pepfu oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom wpfOD;csif;pD&JŒqENukd pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_vkyfief;rsm; tasks of governance tjzpf ajymif;vJwm0ef,l taumiftxnfazmf acgif;aqmifEkdifr,fh ukd,fpm;vS,fat;*sifhawG trsm;}uD;zefwD;ay;w,f qkd&r,f? wcg EkdifiHa&;ygwDawG&JŒ rJqG,fpnf;¶kH;r_/ &yfwnfr_awGukd axmufyHhaewmvnf; ukr`%D/ aumfykda&;&Sif;eJ@ tvkyf orm;awGyg?

16

trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

wzufrSm pD;yGm;a&;tay: tajcrðy tm¶kHodyfrxm;wJh EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;vnf; &Sdjyefygw,f? 'DygwDawGusawmh vlrsKd;/ bmom/ rsKd;EG,fpk/ bmompum;/ EkdifiHom; pwJh trSw0f ad ooykpH H identity awG jr‡iw hf ifa&; tm;cJ=uw,f? 'gayr,fv h nf; olw@dk uk, d pf m; ðywJh tkyfpk&JŒ bmompum;tcGifhta&;/ rsKd;EG,fpktcGifhta&;awGtwGuf a&SŒwef;wif &ovkd pD;yGm;a&;udpP xnfhpOf;pm;&wmawGvnf; &Sdvmw,f? EkdifiHa&;ygwDawG[m ukd,fwG,fzufxm;wJh trsKd;om;0daoo identity awG aqmif¶Guf&if;/ tkdif'D,mawG tpGrf;ukefjr‡ifhwifzkd@vnf; óud;yrf;&ygw,f? okd@aomf tJ'Dh ygwD&JŒ tkdif'D,mrSmukdu tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒa&SŒc&D;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;pDrHcef@cGJr_awG yg0ifae+yD;om;? 'ga=umifhrkd@ aps;uGuf[m ygwDawG&JŒ t"dutpdwftykdif; jzpfaeygw,f? tusKd;pD;yGm;qkdif&mtkyfpk 'Drkdua&pDpepfrSm ykHrSefusif;ywJh a¶G;aumufyGJumvwavsmufrSm EkdifiHa&; ygwDawG t"du tvkyfvkyf=uw,f? 'Drkdua&pDpepfawGrSm xl;jcm;wm&Sdw,f? a¶G; aumufyGJawGtwGif; EkdifiHom;awGu olwkd@tpkd;&tay:rSm aps;uGuftajcðyxm;wJh tusKd;pD;yGm;qkdif&mtkyfpkrsm; interest groups uwqifh =oZmv$rf;Edkifw,f? 'Dtkyfpk trsm;pkudk pD;yGm;a&;udpPeJ@ tpkd;&udk odrf;oGif; lobby zdk@ zefwD;xm;=uwm? ygwDawGrSm tusKd;pD;yGm;qkdif&m tkyfpkawGtrsKd;rsKd; &Sdaew,f? a¶G;aumufyGJawGrSm tpkd;&ukd zdtm; ay;+yD;jy\emacgif;cJapzkd@? Oyrm- 'DtkyfpkawGu pkdufysKd;a&;vkyfief;u¾ wcGifwjyif vkH;xuf }uHpkdufawmifolawG&JŒtusKd;pD;yGm; a&SŒwef;wifajymwmrsKd;? ukefxkwfu¾ wpfckvkH;xuf txnfcsKyftvkyformawGudpP tpkd;&ukd zdajymwmrsKd;awGyJ? EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGu tusKd;pD;yGm;tkyfpkawGxuf ‘cGif’ ykdus,fwmrSefayr,fh/ ESpcf pk vk;H u vGwv f yfwhJ aps;uGuv f yk if ef;aqmifwmawGuae jrifw h wfvmwm? 'gayr,fh ESpfckpvkH;u jynfolvlxkqENukd tvkH;pkHjznfhqnf; o,f,lay;EkdifwJh ‘,mOf’ awGawmh r[kwfygbl;? ygwDawG[m olwkd@ukd,fpm;ðyxm;wJh vlawG&JŒqENukd rwkef@jyefEkdifbJ [efaqmifwwfovkd/ tusKd;pD;yGm;tkyfpkawGuvnf; ta=umif;t&macgif;pOf abmif usOf;aewwfygw,f? b,fvkdyJjzpfjzpf vlxktwGuf tcsKyftjcmykdifqkdifcGifhay;Ekdifr,fh armf'ef'Drkdua&pDukd ESpfckpvkH;u yHhykd;ay;ygw,f? uGefjrLepfwdkif;jynfawG&Sd t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf; rdrdtvkdtavsmuftaysmfwrf; apwem0efxrf; zGJ@pnf;=uwJh toif;tyif; awG tpkd;&xdef;csKyfr_atmufu vGwfvGwfvyfvyf &yfwnf=uwm ckacwfrS r[kwfbl;? 17

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;awG yxrqkH;acwfrSDykHpHeJ@ pwifEkdifcJhwmu q,fh&Spf&mpk Oa&my rSmjzpfw,f? q,fh&Spf&mpk jynfopfynm&Sif}uD; rGefwufpusKwkd@/ q,fhukd;&mpktapmykdif; tar&duefjynfaxmifpkukd avhvmokH;oyfwJh tvufZENm;awmhAD;vf Tocqueville wkd@&JŒ a&;om;csufawGukd=unfh&if t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;ta=umif;awG uJaew,f? tkyfcsKyfoleJ@jynfol=um;rSm tv,f=um;0ifaqmif¶GufaewJh tzGJ@tpnf;awG&JŒ ta&;yg r_ukd trsm;}uD;a&;xm;cJhw,f? okd@aomfjim;vnf; ESpfq,fh&mpk&JŒ uGefjrLepf0g' twufeJ@tus oifcef;pmu 'Drkdu&ufwpfEkdifiHa&; tifpwDusK;&Sif;awG&JŒta&;ygr_ukd rD;armif;xkd;jyEkdifcJhw,f? tm%m&cJhwJh uGefjrLepfygwDawGu t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;tay: rvkdwrm pOf;vJ=u w,f? t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ tptewkdif;ukd ajc&mcHzsufqD;acsr_ef;ypfcJh=uw,f? rdrdoabmqENeJ@ zGJ@pnf;wmawG/ NGO tzGJ@awG[m ygwDA[kdu csrSwfwJh ‘rkcsatmif&rnf’ ay:vpDtmabmfeJ@ rukdufnDbl;? ukd,f&nfukd,faoG;rJh r_dif;rd &Jabmf rsm;tzkd@ olwkd@bkdif[wfwJh bGwftkyfxJutwkdif;qkd&if/ vGwfvyfwJh tzGJ@tpnf; zGJ@&if 'g rif;rJ@p¶kdufyJ? uGefjrLepfwkdif;jynfawGrSm b,fvGwfvyfwJhtzGJ@tpnf; ao;ao; }uD;}uD;ukdrS w&m;0ifcGifhrðy/ rcHpm;Ekdifygbl;? 'ga=umifhvnf; vufawG@ypPnf;rJhvlxkcrsmrSm tpkd;&wzufowftm%may: wefjyefxdef;nd‡EkdifpGrf; csKdŒwJhcJhygw,f? ‘EkdifiHawmf’ twGuf vlxktwGuf 0g'jzef@acgif;pOf awGatmufrmS wpfO;D csi;f b0awG tumtuG,rf hJ paw;ypfc&hJ ygw,f? 'Dru dk a&pDtwGuf vpfbmwDZaHk wG qdwo f Ok ;f cJ&h ygw,f? uGejf rLepfpepf bke;f bke;f vJawmhryS J ikwv f sK;d arS;rSed f aewJh t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;awG jyefta&mifwifvmEkdifygw,f ? tcsKyfu aps;uGuf vGwfvyfwJhaps;uGufusifhokH;r_u t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;qkdif&m tifpwD usK;&Sif; aygif;pkHwnf&Sda&;ukd vufurf;óudygw,f? 'Drkdua&pDvnf; tvkyfjzpf/ EkdifiHom; wpfOD;csif; &ifbwfvnf;yGifh? aps;uGufu 'Drkdu&ufawG zefqif;ay;ygw,f? aps;uGuf pD;yGm;a&;atmufrmS wpfO;D csi;f pDu u|r;f usirf e_ @J tavhtxaumif;awG oif,El idk w f ,f? wefz;dk opf/ tjrift,ltqopfawG rwGe@f r¶GŒH vufc, H El idk rf ,f? t&yfzufv@l tzG@J tpnf; tm;aumif;wmeJ@tr# tvkyfjzpfwJh'Drkdua&pD ay:xGufvmygvdrfhr,f?

&JE, G rf ;dk Ref: Civil Society by Michael Mandel baum

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