01627-bolivia 2006 En Web

Government of Bolivia

Bolivia

June 2007

Coca Cultivation Survey

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

PREFACE

The evidence from the 2006 Bolivia Coca Survey sends mixed signals. Overall, there is an 8% increase in cultivation over 2005 for a total of 27,500 hectares. Dire forecasts have not been borne out. Nevertheless, there are warning signs that should be heeded. Under Bolivian law, 12,000 hectares may be grown for traditional consumption or other legal uses: this Survey shows that the limit was exceeded in the Yungas of La Paz where most of the cultivation usually takes place. At the same time there has been a dramatic (19%) increase in the Chapare region, including more than 2,300 hectares of coca being grown in national parks in the Tropics of Cochabamba – a threat to the precious eco-system of the Amazon forests. The good news from this same region is that the amount of land devoted to the cultivation of alternative crops – such as bananas, pineapple, and palm heart – now exceeds the area used to grow coca. There are signs of hope that licit crops can help liberate vulnerable communities from poverty. Nevertheless, the considerable increase in seizures and the displacement of drug production to areas outside the coca growing areas, as reported by the Bolivian drug control police, demonstrates the need for sustained drug law enforcement of the Bolivian Government. Bolivia’s drug policy is in the spotlight. The Government needs to reassure the world that its support for coca growers will not lead to an increase in cocaine production. It can be assisted in this task by greater investment in projects that will benefit poor agricultural regions, and greater support for regional counter-narcotics security that will cut the import of precursor chemicals and the export of drugs.

Antonio Maria Costa Executive Director United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

1

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

2

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

TABLE OF CONTENT 1

INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 7

2

FINDINGS.................................................................................................................................. 9 2.1 COCA CULTIVATION .............................................................................................................. 9 2.1.1 REGIONAL ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................... 13 2.1.2 Coca cultivation in the Yungas of La Paz .................................................................. 15 2.1.3 Coca cultivation in Apolo ........................................................................................... 25 2.1.4 Coca cultivation in Chapare ...................................................................................... 27 2.2 COCA YIELD AND PRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 33 2.2.1 Yield results calculation in the Yungas of La Paz...................................................... 34 2.3 COCA PRICES AND TRADING ............................................................................................... 37 2.4 COCA CULTIVATION AND RELATED ISSUES ........................................................................... 45 2.4.1 Coca cultivation and land use ....................................................................................... 45 2.4.2 Coca cultivation and alternative development .............................................................. 47 2.4.3 Coca cultivation in National Parks ................................................................................ 51 2.5 REPORTED ERADICATION .................................................................................................... 53 2.6 REPORTED SEIZURE ........................................................................................................... 55

METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................... 58 2.7 2.8 2.9

COCA CULTIVATION ............................................................................................................ 58 YIELD AND PRODUCTION OF COCA LEAF .............................................................................. 66 PRICES .............................................................................................................................. 66

Index of maps Map 1: Map 2: Map 3: Map 4: Map 5: Map 6: Map 7: Map 8: Map 9: Map 10: Map 11: Map 12:

Coca cultivation density, Bolivia, 2006 ............................................................................... 8 Coca cultivation density in the Andean Region, 2006 ...................................................... 11 Coca cultivation change 2005-2006, Bolivia..................................................................... 12 Coca cultivation density, for the Yungas of La Paz and Apolo, Bolivia 2006.................... 14 Coca cultivation density for Chapare, Bolivia 2006 .......................................................... 26 Coca leaf trading authorized by DIGCOIN, 2006 ............................................................. 39 Land use and coca cultivation, Bolivia 2005..................................................................... 44 Coca cultivation and alternative development projects, Bolivia 2005 ............................... 46 Coca cultivation and National Parks, Bolivia 2006 ........................................................... 50 Eradication in the Cochabamba Tropics ....................................................................... 52 Location of satellite images and aerial photographs for the 2006 survey ..................... 59 Location geo-video flight lanes over the Chapare......................................................... 60

3

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

FACT SHEET – BOLIVIA COCA SURVEY FOR 2006

2005

Variation on 2005

2006

Coca cultivation in ha

25,400

8%

27,500

Of which in the Yungas of La Paz

18,100

4%

18,900

7,000

19%

8,300

300

0%

300

in Chapare in Apolo Of which permitted by Bolivian law 1008

12,000

non-permitted by Bolivian law 1008

13,400

16%

15,500

1,950

18%

2,298

Of which in national parks

12,000

Average annual sun-dried coca leaf yield in Chapare

2,764 kg/ha

2,764 kg/ha

in the Yungas of La Paz

1,300 kg/ha

1,317 kg/ha

in the Yungas, traditional coca growing areas

1,220 kg/ha

1,220 kg/ha

Production of coca leaf Maximum potential production of cocaine

80 mt

18%

94 mt

2

10

4.3 US$/kg

-10%

3.9 U$/Kg

Chapare average farm-gate price of coca leaf

4.1 US$/kg

-27%

3.2 US$/kg

US$ 180 million

0%

US$ 180 million

GDP Farm-gate value of coca leaf production in percent of GDP

US$ 8.4[1]billion1

3.5%

US$ 8.7[2]billion2

2.10%

2.00%

Value of agricultural sector GDP3 Farm-gate value of coca leaf production in percent of value of 2006 agricultural sector

US$ 1.5 billion

US$ 1.37 billion

12%

13%

Reported seizure of cocaine hydrochloride

3

47,700 mt

8

Reported seizure of cocaine paste

2

11%

in percent of global cocaine production National weighted average farm-gate price of coca leaf (outside state market)

Total farm-gate value of coca leaf production

1

43,000 mt

10,152 kg

26%

12,779kg

1,300 kg

1%

1,309 kg

GDP 2005 calculated from the 2004 GDP and with a projected growth of 4.5 % source: INE, Bolivia GDP 2005 calculated from the 2004 GDP and with a projected growth of 3.5 % GDP of the agricultural sector, source INE Bolivia

4

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

Executive Summary

Under its Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme, UNODC assists the Bolivian Government in the implementation of a national coca monitoring system. This joint Bolivian Government-UNODC report, the fourth since 2003, provides an estimate of coca cultivation at the national level for the year 2006. It also presents information on coca yield, prices and other issues related to coca cultivation in Bolivia. This year’s Survey revealed that 27,500 ha were under coca bush cultivation in Bolivia in 2006, an increase by 8% compared to last year’s estimate of 25,400 ha. This increase almost compensates the decrease achieved between the years 2004 and 2005. Coca cultivation in Bolivia accounted for 18% of global coca cultivation in 2006, far below the levels estimated in the early- to mid-nineties when Bolivia accounted for about a quarter of the global total. In 2006, coca cultivation in Bolivia remained below cultivation levels in Colombia and Peru. The increase in coca cultivation in Bolivia between 2005 and 2006 was due to an increase in the two main areas of coca cultivation, the Yungas of La Paz and Chapare. Coca cultivation in the Yungas reached 18,900 ha, an increase of 4% and in Chapare 8,300 ha, an increase of 19%. The Yungas of La Paz accounted for 69% of the total cultivation in 2006. The total estimate of 27,500 ha also included the 12,000 ha (44% of total cultivation) permitted by the Bolivian Law No 1008 (“Law on the Regime Applicable to Coca and Controlled Substances”, 1988) for traditional uses such as leaf chewing, medicinal preparations and coca tea. Further, the total included an additional 3,200 ha of coca cultivation temporarily authorized in October 2004 by the Government of Bolivia in the Chapare region by a decree. In Chapare, a total of 2,228 ha of coca cultivation was found in two National Parks, this represented 27% of the coca cultivation of Chapare region. Ecosystems in National Parks are particularly fragile and the deforestation for the establishment of coca fields is thought to contribute to fragmentation of habitats, loss of biodiversity, and soil erosion, among other environmental problems. The overall area under coca cultivation produced an estimated 47,800 metric tons of sun-dried leaf, of which 33,200 metric tons were estimated to be available for cocaine production. These figures are based on the result of a new coca leaf yield study implemented by UNODC in 2006. Applying a conversion ratio for Chapare of 370 kg of coca leaf for one kg of cocaine and for Yungas of 315 kg of coca leaf for one kg of cocaine, the potential cocaine production in Bolivia amounted to 94 metric tons in 2006. This corresponded to an increase of 18% compared to the 2005 estimate of 80 metric tons. Farm-gate prices of sun dried coca leaf decreased in 2006, to US$ 3.9/kg. The decrease in prices was mainly due to the decrease of the price in Chapare, probably following increasing availability in 2006. Prices of coca leaf and its derivatives, coca base and cocaine hydrochloride, also declined. Between 2005 and 2006, total seizures of coca leaves increased from 886 mt to 1,342 mt, while cocaine HCL seizures in 2006 remained stable at 1,309 metric tons. The farm-gate value of coca leaf production in Bolivia reached US$180 million in 2006. This estimate took into account the total value of coca leaf in the market controlled by DIGCOIN, as well as the farm-gate value of coca leaf outside this market. The total value was equivalent to 2% of the country’s GDP for 2006 (US$ 8.7 billion) or 13% of the value of the agricultural sector in 2006 (US$ 1.37 billion).

5

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

Coca cultivation in steep slopes in Coripata Municipality

Water streams from the Carrasco National Park Conform the Isarzama River close to similarly named town in Cochabamba Tropics

Arapata Town surrounded of coca fields in Yungas of La Paz

6

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

1 INTRODUCTION The objectives of UNODC’s Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme (ICMP) are to establish methodologies for the collection and analysis of data on illicit crops and to improve Governments’ capacity to monitor these crops in the context of the strategy adopted by Member States at the General Assembly Special Session on Drugs in June 1998. ICMP is currently active in seven countries: Afghanistan, Bolivia, Colombia, Lao PDR, Morocco, Myanmar and Peru. The Bolivian Government and UNODC launched the project “Land use management and monitoring system in the Yungas of La Paz” in October 2001. Initially, the project focused only on the Yungas of La Paz, but since 2003 it has extended its scope to provide estimates on coca cultivation at the national level. This report presents the project’s findings and methodology for 2006. During 2006, the project was implemented in cooperation with the National Direction of Development for the Coca Growing Regions (DIGPROCOCA, former DIRECO), Vice-Ministry of Coca and Integral Development. DIGPROCOCA provided logistical support during the implementation of ground activities, including the collection of a large number of ground control points, mainly in the Chapare area. The Bolivian National Government, through the National Council of Fight against Illicit Trafficking of Drugs (CONALTID) uses the information provided by this project for planning and implementing its strategy for the fight against illicit drug trafficking. Coca cultivation decreased significantly in Bolivia at the end of the 1990s, following a significant reduction in the area under coca cultivation in the Chapare region. Bolivia is now the third largest coca producer worldwide, far behind Colombia and Peru. Coca cultivation is concentrated in the departments of La Paz (in the areas of the Yungas of La Paz and Apolo) and in the Chapare area (department of Cochabamba). Bolivian Law 1008 (“Law on the Regime Applicable to Coca and Controlled Substances”, 1988) permits up to 12,000 ha of traditional coca cultivation for traditional consumption and other legal uses. Most of this area is located in the Yungas of La Paz. In addition, in October 2004, the Bolivian Government temporarily authorized the cultivation of 3,200 ha of coca in the Chapare region. Law No 1008 does not provide a precise definition of the geographic limits of the traditional coca growing areas, however, the Bolivian Government is preparing a study which is intended to lead to legal delineations of the areas where coca for traditional use will be cultivated. The National Government is also planning to develop a study to determine the national coca leaf demand for traditional purposes.

7

Coca cultivation density, Bolivia 2006 65°W

60°W

Bolivia

10°S

10°S

Ma dera SOUTH AMERICA

!

Pando

Cobija

Ma

dre

de

D io

s

BRAZIL

Iten

ez

Ri

oB

en

i

PERU

Rio

Ri o Ma

Beni

mor

15°S

!

La Paz Tit ic a

ca

15°S

e

Apolo

Trinidad

Yungas

la k e

Chapare

^La Paz

Santa Cruz

Cochabamba ! Cochabamba

!

Santa Cruz

Poopo lake

!

20°S

!

Sucre

Potosi

20°S

Oruro

! Oruro

Chuquisaca Potosi

Ri o Pi lc o

!Tarija

Tarija

ma yo

PA R A G U A Y CHILE

Cultivation density (ha/km² ) 0.1 - 1

25°S

>4

25°S

1.1 - 4.0

ARGENTINA

International boundaries 0

150 Geographic coordinates, WGS 1984 1:8,000,000 65°W

300

Department boundaries

km

Yun... :

60°W

Source: Government of Bolivia - National monitoring system supported by UNODC. The boundaries and names shown and the designation used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

Coca growing areas

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

2

FINDINGS

2.1

COCA CULTIVATION

In 2006, the total area under coca cultivation in Bolivia was estimated at 27,500 ha, an increase of 8% over last year’s estimate of 25,400 ha. The increase at the national level was due to the increase in the main cultivation regions, Yungas of La Paz and Chapare. In the Chapare region, the increase occurred mainly in the North-West part, in the surroundings of and inside the Isiboro Secure National Park. The significant increase inside the Park could be attributed to the absence of eradication during 2006 in this isolated area (see map 10). In the Yungas of La Paz, low levels of eradication combined with migration processes from the impoverished areas of Bolivia, to the Yungas are the reason for a continued increasing trend since 2002. Figure 1. Coca cultivation in Bolivia, 1996 – 2006 (ha) 50,000

hectares

40,000

30,000

20,000

10,000

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Sources

United States Department of State

Table 1.

Coca cultivation in Bolivia, 1996– 2006 (ha)

Rounded total

Sources

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

National Monitoring System Supported by UNODC

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

48,100

45,800

38,000

21,800

14,600

19,900

24,400

23,600

27,700

25,400

27,500

United States Department of State

National Monitoring System Supported by UNODC

9

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

At the global level, the increases in Bolivia and Peru were more than offset by an even stronger decrease in Colombia, and coca cultivation in the Andean region declined by 2% to 156,900 ha. Coca cultivation in Bolivia represented 18% of the global coca cultivation in 2006, compared to 16% in 2005. Bolivia remained the third largest coca cultivator, behind Colombia and Peru. Figure 2. Coca cultivation in the Andean region, 1990 – 2006 (ha)

250,000

200,000

Hectares

150,000

100,000

50,000

0 1990

Table 2. Country 1996 Bolivia 48,100 Colombia 67,200 Peru 94,400 Total 209,700 Sources

10

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Bolivia Colombia Peru

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Coca cultivation in the Andean region, 1996- 2006 (ha) 1997 1998 1999 2000 45,800 38,000 21,800 14,600 79,400 101,800 160,100 163,300 68,800 51,000 38,700 43,400 194,000 190,800 220,600 221,300 United States Department of States

2001 19,900 144,800 46,200 210,900

2002 21,600 102,000 46,700 170,300

2003 23,600 86,000 44,200 153,800

2004 27,700 80,000 50,300 158,000

2005 25,400 86,000 48,200 159,600

2006 % change 27,500 8% 78,000 -9% 51,400 7% 156,900 -2%

National Monitoring Systems Supported by UNODC

Coca cultivation density in the Andean Region, 2006 80°W

70°W

60°W Colombia

Caribbean Sea

10°N

10°N

Peru Bolivia

N PA

Catatumbo

A MA

South America

Norte de Antioquia Atrato

VENEZUELA GUYANA Magda lena

COLOMBIA

ta Me

^ Bogota

ada Vich

iare

av Gu

Meta Guaviare Nariño 0°

0°

Putumayo Caqueta

Caq ueta

ECUADOR

Pu t

um ay o

as Amazon

BRAZIL rañ Ma on

ay Uc

10°S

10°S

a li

ga alla Hu

Alto Huallaga

s ru Pu

PERU

La Convencion de Dios re and Lares Mad

Mamore

ba am

Ene Apu rim

Ocean

Gua pare

Beni

Pacific

ub Ur

e En

Lima ^Apurimac

ac

Titic ac Laake

^ La Paz

Yungas Chapare

BOLIVIA (ha/km 2 ) 0.1 - 1.0 1.1 - 4.0 > 4.0 International boundaries Department boundaries 80°W

20°S

20°S

Cultivation density

Pilc o 0

250

may o

500

PARAGUAY

km Geographic coordinates WGS 84

CHILE 70°W

ARGENTINA

60°W

Sources: National monitoring systems supported by UNODC - Governments of Bolivia, Colombia and Perú The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations

Coca cultivation changes 2005 - 2006, Bolivia 2006 65°W

60°W

10°S

Ma de ra

!

Pando

Cobija

dr Ma

e ed

Di

SOUTH AMERICA

BRAZIL

os

Ri o

Iten

ez

Ri

oB en

i

PERU

10°S

Bolivia

Ri o Ma

Beni

mor e

15°S

!

La Paz Tit ic

a ca

15°S

Apolo Trinidad

Yungas la k e

Chapare

^La Paz

Santa Cruz

Cochabamba ! Cochabamba

Oruro

!

Santa Cruz

Oruro

Poopo lake

!

20°S

!

Sucre

Potosi

20°S

!

Chuquisaca Potosi

Ri o Pi lco

!Tarija

Tarija

ma yo

PA R A G U AY

CHILE Cultivation changes 2004 - 2005 Significant decrease Decrease

25°S

Increase Significant increase 0

150 Geographic coordinates, WGS 1984 1:8,000,000

65°W

300

km

25°S

Insignificant changes

ARGENTINA

International boundaries 60°W

Source: Government of Bolivia - National monitoring system supported by UNODC. The boundaries and names shown and the designation used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

Department boundaries

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

2.1.1

REGIONAL ANALYSIS

An increase in coca cultivation at the national level, from 25,400 ha to 27,500 ha or 8% is the result of the combined increase in the Chapare and Yungas areas. In most of the Chapare region, farmers are cultivating an average of 0.16 ha of coca, locally called “cato”, which is the surface allowed according to an agreement reached between the Government and social organizations of coca farmers in October 2004. Nevertheless, in some isolated regions, bigger fields were found. Unlike what happened in the year 2005, the eradication efforts in Chapare were followed by a replanting, mainly in the Isiboro Secure National Park. Aerial photographs and geo-videos taken over Chapare during the survey clearly show the trend to cultivate coca on fields with the size of one cato in most parts of this region. In both Yungas and Chapare regions, the new cultivation occurs mainly in isolated places, where controls and eradication are difficult to implement. Table 3.

Coca cultivation estimates by region, 2002 – 2006 (ha)

Region Yungas of La Paz Chapare Apolo Country total

18,900 8,300 300

% change 2005-2006 4% 19% 0%

% of 2006 total 69% 30% 1%

27,500

8%

100%

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

13,800 n.a. n.a.

16,200 7,300 50

17,300 10,100 300

18,100 7,000 300

23,550

27,700

25,400

Figure 3. Coca cultivation estimates by region, 2002 – 2006 (ha) 20000 18000 16000 14000

hectare

12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 Yungas of La Paz

Chapare 2002

2003

2004

Apolo 2005

2006

Figure 4. Distribution of coca cultivation in Bolivia by region, 2006 Apolo 1% Chapare 30%

Yungas of La Paz 69%

13

Coca cultivation density for the Yungas of La Paz and Apolo, Bolivia 2006 uma

67°30'W

Reyes

Santa Rosa BRAZIL

PE R

San Buenaventura

67°0'W

Río Ya c

68°0'W

U

68°30'W

La Paz

14°30'S

14°30'S

Bo l i v i a

Ecia. Pata

Apolo

Río Tuichi

PARAGUAY

EN I

CHILE

RI OB

AR GENTIN A

Q Río d uen

Rurrenabaque

e eq u

15°0'S

Beni

15°0'S

Apolo

Apolo

San Borja

Charazani (Gral.Perez) Q Río

ata

M Río

ey uib uiq

Río Ca m

Ayata

ui aniq

Co Río

Guanay

ka Ka Río

Guanay

Palos Blancos Pto. Linares

15°30'S

15°30'S

Tacacoma ta nsa

RIO Palos Blancos AL TO BE NI

Tipuani

La Paz Sorata o Rí Co

Caranavi

roi

ant a

Ele

i oop

Achacachi

Yungas

Coroico

Batallas

La Asunta

La Asunta

na

16°0'S

Río S B Río

16°0'S

Río Z

ong

o

co

Caranavi

Morochata

Coroico

Coripata Arapata Tam am Coripata

Pucarani

pay

a

je Río Cotaca

i nduav Rio U

Chulumani Yanacachi

Chulumani

s

Irupana

^La Paz

Irupana

0.1 - 1.0 Laja 1.1 - 2.0 2.1 - 4.0

Mecapaca

> 8.0

17°0'S

^

Colquencha Department capital

&

Village center 68°30'W

Cajuata

Cohoni Tirata

Río S

Municipality boundaries Main Road Comanche River

Inquisivi

Cajuata Palca

Department boundaries

Caquiaviri

z Pa

Achocalla

4.1 - 8.0 Viacha

Rí

Lambate

a oL

16°30'S

(ha/km² )

Quime

Cairoma

apaq ui

Calamarca Sapahaqui 0

Ayo Ayo 68°0'W

25

50

km

Malla Geographic coordinates, WGS 1984 1 :1.200.000Luribay 67°30'W

Source: Government of Bolivia - National monitoring system supported by UNODC. The boundaries and names shown and the designation used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

Independencia 67°0'W

17°0'S

16°30'S

Cu ltiv ation de nsity

Yanacachi

El Alto

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

2.1.2

Coca cultivation in the Yungas of La Paz

The Yungas of La Paz, situated at about 150 km from the city of La Paz, at the eastern side of the Andes Range, is a region of uneven relief with steep slopes, turbulent rivers and elevations ranging from 300 to 4,000 meters above sea level. Significant climatic variations are observed even over short distances. Coca bush is predominantly cultivated on narrow terraces built on high gradient hills.

Coca cultivation in the municipality of La Asunta

The survey revealed 18,900 ha of coca cultivation in the Yungas of La Paz in 2006, representing an increase of 4% compared with the 18,100 ha found in 2005. Most of the cultivation continued to take place in the provinces of South Yungas and North Yungas, accounting respectively for 52% and 34% of the regional total. The largest annual increase (24%) was observed for third year in a row in Caranavi province, but this province only accounted for 9% of the regional total in 2006. It has been the fifth consecutive annual increase observed by the monitoring project in the Yungas of La Paz. Between 2002 and 2006, coca cultivation increased by 37% in this region. Table 4.

Distribution of coca cultivation in the Yungas of La Paz, 2002-2006 (ha)

Province South Yungas North Yungas Caranavi Inquisivi Murillo Rounded total

2002

2003

7,182 5,187 491 741 151 13,800

2004

8,356 5,914 889 801 210 16,200

8,867 6,166 1,248 805 217 17,300

2005 9,395 6,257 1,381 807 223 18,100

2006

% change 2005-2006

9,753 6,432 1,714 809 225 18,900

4% 3% 24% 0% 1% 4%

% of 2006 total 52% 34% 9% 4% 1% 100%

Figure 5. Distribution of coca cultivation in the Yungas of La Paz, 2006 (ha)

Caranavi 9%

Inquisivi 4%

Murillo 1%

South Yungas 52% North Yungas 34%

15

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

In this year’s survey, the municipality of Caranavi - the only municipality of the province of Caranavi- registered the largest annual rate of increase in coca cultivation with 24%. However, the municipality of Coripata in North Yungas province remained the most important centre of coca cultivation in the region of the Yungas of La Paz, with 4,872 ha in 2006 (or 26% of the regional total). Compared with 2005, coca cultivation increased in all municipalities, except in Palos Blancos, where a small decrease was observed. Table 5. (ha)

Distribution of coca cultivation by municipality in the Yungas of La Paz, 2002-2006

Province North Yungas

Municipality Coripata

South Yungas

Chulumani

South Yungas South Yungas North Yungas

% change % of 2006 2006 2005-2006 total 4,872 3% 26%

2002 4,032

2003 4,456

2004 4,651

2005 4,708

2,678

3,020

3,157

3,252

3,386

4%

18%

La Asunta

1,771

2,314

2,666

3,055

3,266

7%

17%

Irupana

2,253

2,481

2,502

2,544

2,553

0%

14%

Coroico

1,155

1,458

1,515

1,549

1,560

1%

9%

Caranavi

Caranavi

491

889

1248

1381

1714

24%

8%

Inquisivi

Cajuata

741

801

805

807

807

0%

4%

South Yungas

Yanacachi

421

483

488

494

499

1%

3%

Murillo

La Paz

151

210

217

223

225

1%

1%

South Yungas

Palos Blancos

TOTAL

59

58

53

50

49

-2%

0%

13,800

16,200

17,300

18,100

18,900

4%

100%

Figure 6. Distribution of coca cultivation by municipality in the Yungas of La Paz, 2002-2006 (ha) 6000

5000

hectare

4000

3000

2000

1000

0 Coripata Chulumani La Asunta

Irupana

2002

Coroico

2003

Caranavi

2004

2005

Cajuata

Yanacachi

La Paz

Palos Blancos

2006

Bolivian Law 1008 (“Law on the Regime Applicable to Coca and Controlled Substances”, 1988) permits up to 12,000 ha of traditional coca cultivation for traditional consumption and other legal uses. Most of this area is located in the Yungas of La Paz, although the law does not provide for a geographic delimitation of the traditional coca cultivation area. Most of the coca leaf produced in the Yungas of La Paz is traded through the coca market, controlled by DIGCOIN, of Villa Fatima in La Paz-city.

16

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

Only a small amount of coca fields were eradicated in Yungas in 2006. in this region, once again, it was observed that there were settlements emerging, mainly populated with people coming from the Altiplano (La Paz, Potosi, Oruro, etc). These new settlements were established in previously uninhabited areas of La Asunta and Caranavi, and their primary agricultural activity was coca cultivation. A study on coca leaf yield conducted by UNODC and the Government in the Yungas in 2006 confirms that farmers were using more sophisticated agricultural techniques in their coca fields, employing more fertilizers, pesticide and mechanical irrigation to improve the yield of their coca fields. In Caranavi, new coca fields are often established at the expenses of the primary forest or coffee plantations, benefited from higher yields due to the richer soils. Figure 7. 3-D view in South Yungas La Paz, 2006

3-D Visualization of satellite image showing coca cultivation in steep slopes

Picture corresponding to the 3-D satellite image

17

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

Figure 8. Example of the evolution of the coca cultivation in La Asunta Chica

In 2002 coca fields in 2002

In 2006 coca fields in 2002 new coca fields 20032006

18

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

Figure 9. Example of the evolution of the coca cultivation in La Asunta Chica

In 2002 coca fields in 2002

In 2006 coca fields in 2002 new coca fields 20032006

19

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

Coca cultivation techniques in the Yungas of La Paz 1. Burning of land and soil preparation: The burning of land often takes place during the dry season (May to August), but it can also happen until the month of December if the weather conditions are suitable.

2. Terraces construction: Most of the coca fields are established on wuachus (terraces) to avoid erosion and soil nutrients loss. This practice prolongs the life of the crop. The width of the terraces varies from forty-five centimeters to one meter, depending on the slope. The lines of furrows for coca cultivation are established transversally to the slope direction. This practice is widely used in traditional areas, while in the rest of the Yungas, terraces are not built.

The width and shape of the wuachus varies according to the slope and structure of the terrain.

20

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

3. Seedling and transplant: The coca seeds are obtained from plants of 5 years old or older. The seeds are settled in a seedling nursery of rich soil and abundant irrigation. They are protected from the sun for about 4-6 weeks before their transplantation to the field.

Coca seeds before start seedling

a

Young plants are carefully transplanted into the new field

4. Young crop and first harvest: The small plants are carefully planted in the field, at a distance of 20 cm between each other. During the first few days, they are continuously irrigated. A new crop produces its first harvest usually 12 months after the transplantation, but there have been reports of fields harvested as soon as 8 months after transplantation thanks to the use of fertilizer.

21

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

In the Yungas of La Paz, harvest of coca fields is mainly done by women and children.

5. Maintenance: In the Yungas of La Paz, a phytosanitary treatment is applied to coca bushes using fertilizers, and pesticides. Irrigation is also widely used. Typically, the pesticides are applied to the bushes right after the harvest, in order to protect the crop from a variety of plagues, including larvae, fungus and ants. At 4-5 years old, the plant is totally pruned, leaving only the base of the trunk. This practice known as pillu greatly increases the yield of the crop starting from the next harvest, which is produced after 6-8 months. The life of a coca field is about 30 years old. The intensive use of chemical pesticides, and foliar fertilizers may produce coca leafs which are not suitable for traditional consumption like Akulliku (mastication) and tea preparation.

The bottom picture show organic fertilizer being applied to coca plants 3 months after pruning.

22

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

Mechanical irrigation is widespread in coca fields.

Example of pillu (pruning) in a more than 20 year old coca field. The large trunks at the base reveal that several pillus have been practiced to this plants

23

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

6. Drying and transport of the leaves: Drying is done carefully to protect the leaves and maintain their quality. After the harvest, the fresh coca leaves are stored for at least one night in the dark and after that spread for sun drying. In the traditional area, the leaves are spread over a special floor built of dark stones called cachi. The cachi accelerates considerably the time of drying. In other areas, the leaves are spread over agricultural nets. If the coca leaves are spread right after the harvest, they become damaged and their value reduces drastically. If rain comes over the drying coca leaves, or the farmer picks them up before complete drying, the leaves are also damaged.

Coca leaves sun-drying in a cachi

Dried coca leaves being packed for further transport and sale

24

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

2.1.3

Coca cultivation in Apolo

Apolo is located at the northern part of the department of La Paz, on the eastern edge of the Andean mountain range. With relatively dry weather conditions and poor soils, coca fields in Apolo often have a low yield and are cultivated for only for about three to five years. In 2004, DIRECO conducted a cadastral survey of coca cultivation in the Apolo region, measuring in situ all the coca fields located in the region. The DIRECO survey revealed that coca cultivation reached 289 ha in 2004. The UNODC/Government project monitored Apolo completely for the first time in 2004, finding 273 ha of coca cultivation. In 2006, no imagery was acquired in the Apolo region. A field verification was undertaken in September. Some increase in coca cultivation was observed, mainly in the southern part of the Province Franz Tamayo, in areas with fragile ecosystems, while in other parts of Apolo, the team found some abandoned coca fields. New coca fields were located in areas where there used to be primary forest, on both sides of the Camata River, along the border of the provinces Franz Tamayo and Bautista Saavedra. These new coca fields do not represent a significant cultivated surface yet; however, due to the risk of a potential expansion, the project will continue monitoring this area in the coming years. Table 6.

Coca cultivation in Apolo region, 2003 and 2006 (ha) Province

Franz Tamayo

Municipality Apolo

2003

2004 50

300

2005 300

2006 300

% change 2005 - 2006 0%

Coca cultivation in Apolo region is traditionally associated with cassava to take advantage of the same furrow for two different crops. The coca fields in central Apolo are scattered and relatively small (about 200 m2) compared to the new coca fields found in the southern part or elsewhere in the country. Terraces are not used. The coca cultivation techniques and coca leaf sun drying are similar to techniques used in the Yungas area of La Paz. The northern part of Apolo is part of the Madidi National Park, the largest biosphere reserve in Bolivia. Only a few dispersed and small coca fields were found on the western side of the Madidi Park. In Apolo, coca cultivation is considered traditional according to law 1008. No eradication is undertaken in this area.

Expansion of coca cultivation at the southern part of Franz Tamayo Province, bordering the Camata River

25

Coca cultivation density for Chapare, Bolivia 2006 Río Cabito

66°0'W

65°30'W

65°0'W

64°30'W

oré Ma m

BRAZIL

15°30'S

15°30'S

PE R

U

Río

Bo l i v i a

pe re

San Andrés Cochabamba

Río Iba

Rí

oA

Loreto S Río

re PARAGUAY

re ecu

CHILE AR GENTIN A

Beni

San Ignacio

16°0'S

Río Isiboro

16°0'S

El Puente

Río G

iri ipir Ch

pare

Río

Río P

iray

Chimore

chi Río Altama

&

16°30'S

Río Ichilo

oa

16°30'S

Ich

u ta Use

pa y ó Gua

Mineros

ni Río Yapaca

a Río Ch

uta Arr. Uri

Río

Río

rande

Santa Cruz

San Carlos

Puerto Patiño

Villa Tunari

Rí

am a

oM

Isinuta

Yapacaní

Río

&

Et

aso

era s

alp

Villa 14 de Septiembre

&

Eterazama

Tiquipaya

re pa

Pto. G. Villarroel

ShinahotaChimore

&

Tablas Monte

&

osas

ip Arr. Mar

&

Rí

oC

Puerto Villarroel &Ivirgarzama Valle Sacta

o Rí

la ba Za

&

Entre Ríos

&

Colomi

Río Río

Entre Rios (Bulo Bulo) Saj

Río

ta

Oso

s

Mo

ile

Río Mo

17°30'S

Cochabamba

Puerto Grether

Bulo Bulo

Tiraque &

&

a

irizu

Colomi

pum

&

Río Iv

Sacaba

re Es

oré

Valle Hermoso &

ho

Río

&

Villa Tunari

ha

Río Chim

17°0'S

&

R

C ío

17°0'S

&

Chipiriri

17°30'S

Río Isin ota

&

lle

San Benito Tolata

Ali

zar

o ate

Pocona

Tarata

M an

Río

Vacas

Arani

S Río

Pojo

Arbieto

Buena Vista Totora

Mairana

Rí

izq

ue

a in e

Omereque

Mizque

n Juá

oC

a ajt

1.1 - 2.0

Rí

oP

Acasio

0.1 - 1.0

oM

Vila Vila

Rí

(ha/km² )

San

Arampampa

Río

Cu ltiv ation de nsity 18°0'S

Comarapa

Anzaldo

Saipina

Pampa Grande

a nag

Toro Toro

> 8.0 P otosi Department boundaries San Pedro de Buena Vista

18°30'S

Municipality boundaries

River

Moro Moro

an P edro

Pasorapa

Main Road Pocoata & Village center 66°0'W

Trigal

Aiquile Río S

ras Río Temblade

Cie

4.1 - 8.0

Río

2.1 - 4.0

0

Poroma Ravelo 65°30'W

25

50 km

Geographic coordinates, WGS 1984 1 : 1.400.000

65°0'W

Vallegrande Presto

64°30'W

Source: Government of Bolivia - National monitoring system supported by UNODC. The boundaries and names shown and the designation used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

18°30'S

Capinota

18°0'S

Alalay

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

2.1.4

Coca cultivation in Chapare

The Chapare region is situated in Cochabamba department, and the region is also referred to as the Cochabamba tropics, extending over the provinces of Chapare, Carrasco and Tiraque. In contrast to the Yungas of La Paz, Chapare region has moderate slopes and huge rivers. Elevations vary from 300 to 2500 meters, with coca cultivated between 300 and 1000 meters. The highest mountains are located in the south and the country’s large tropical savannas begin in the northern part of Chapare. Temperatures are tropical and the area records the highest precipitation levels in Bolivia. In the nineties, the Chapare region held the largest amount of coca cultivation, but following sustained eradication efforts and alternative development programmes, cultivation decreased dramatically. The 2006 survey found 8,300 ha of coca cultivation in Chapare, representing an increase of 19% compared to the 7,000 ha found in 2005. The increase is mainly due to the planting of new coca bushes inside the Isiboro Secure National Park, where no eradication was undertaken during 2006. In Chapare, the average field size is around 0.16 Ha. This is in line with an agreement signed between the coca farmers and Government in October 2004, which temporary authorizes 3,200 ha of coca cultivation in Chapare, and the current Government policy of authorizing one cato (0.16 ha) of coca per household. The aerial photographs and field missions revealed that a significant number of coca fields were the size of a cato. Between 2005 and 2006, coca cultivation increased in all three provinces of Chapare. Table 7.

Distribution of coca cultivation by province in Chapare region, 2003-2006 (ha) Province

2003

2004

2005

% change 2005-2006

2006

% of 2006 total

Chapare Carrasco Tiraque

4,250 2,864 214

5,844 3,520 723

4,094 2,312 605

4,857 2,791 691

19% 21% 14%

59% 34% 8%

Rounded Total

7,300

10,100

7,000

8,300

19%

100%

Table 8. Province Chapare Carrasco Carrasco Tiraque Carrasco Carrasco Rounded Total

Distribution of coca cultivation by municipality in Chapare region, 2003-2006(ha) Municipality Villa Tunari Entre Ríos Puerto Villarroel Tiraque Chimore Totora

2003 4,250 1,106 1,394 214 250 114 7,300

2004 5,841 1,921 821 724 525 253 10,100

2005 4,094 817 818 605 432 245 7,000

2006 4,857 870 1,110 691 542 270 8,300

% change 2005-2006 19% 6% 36% 14% 25% 10% 19%

% of 2006 total 59% 10% 13% 8% 7% 3% 100%

The municipality of Villa Tunari continued to be the most important area of coca cultivation in the region representing 59% of the coca cultivation in Chapare in 2006, and showing an increase of 19% in this municipality between 2005 and 2006. The municipality includes part of the Isiboro Secure National Park, which remained the national park with the highest level of coca cultivation in the country and the region with the largest increase. It should be noted that political boundaries are not properly defined between the departments of Cochabamba and Beni. For this reason, although some coca cultivation might actually be located in Beni Department, all the coca fields identified during the survey along the undefined departmental border were counted as part of the municipality of Villa Tunari, in the Department of Cochabamba. 27

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

Figure 10. Distribution of coca cultivation by municipality in Chapare region, 2003 – 2006 (ha) 7000 6000

hectare

5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Villa Tunari

Entre Ríos (former Pojo)

Puerto Villarroel 2003

2004

Tiraque

2005

Chimore

Totora

2006

Figure 11. Distribution of coca cultivation by municipality in Chapare region, 2006 (ha)

Chimore 6%

Totora 3%

Tiraque 8%

Puerto Villarroel 14%

Entre Ríos (former Pojo) 10%

28

Villa Tunari 59%

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

Figure 12. Coca fields of 1 cato size in Chapare

Aerial photo with interpreted coca fields of cato size

Field picture of a cato example

29

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

In past years, farmers of the Cochabamba Tropics used to intersperse or hide coca bushes in order to avoid detection and eradication. These practices are not very common nowadays because of the “cato” policy, and most coca fields were found were free of association with other crops. It is generally accepted that coca cultivation is done with much more care in Yungas than in Chapare, and the techniques of cultivation differ from the ones used in Yungas. For example, the seedbeds in Chapare are usually not covered.

The picture shows encircled in red a seedling prepared for further transplantation in the already burned field

Since the terrain is flat, there is no need to build terraces. The coca bushes in Chapare are bigger than in Yungas. The practice of pruning coca bushes does not exist. This could be due to the intensive eradication of the past years, resulting in most of the coca fields being younger than four years old and do not need pruning.

Harvesting a coca field free of association or coverage

30

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

Association with other crops or coca cultivated under canopy was a common practice in past years, but it is now only present in certain areas of Chapare. The association of coca with other crops is sometimes done to take advantage of the same opened space, or coca is placed under leguminous trees, which fix nitrogen in the soil which improves the yield.

Coca field partially covered by canopy

Coca field associated with banana

31

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

In Chapare, the coca leaves are also sun dried on bare floor before commercialization, but not with the same care as in the Yungas. According to FELCN, part of the production is marketed outside the region and another part is used for local consumption (chewing and medicines). Coca bushes in Chapare may last on average 30 years if they can develop normally. Isolated, scattered old plants of big dimensions have been observed, still yielding substantial quantity of coca leaves. Fertilizers and pesticides are also widely used in the Chapare.

Sun drying coca leaves over bare floor

The high resolution aerial photographs allowed observing sun-drying coca leaves

32

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

2.2

COCA YIELD AND PRODUCTION

In December 2005, UNODC started a new coca yield study in the Yungas of La Paz. The survey was implemented jointly by the UNODC Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme through its experts in Bolivia and in Vienna. The field work was implemented by researchers from the Unidad Academica Campesina (UAC) of Carmen Pampa, Yungas de La Paz. During the survey, samples of sun-dried coca leaf were weighted from 98 coca parcels selected randomly across the region. To determine the sun-dried coca yield in los Yungas de La Paz, the Bolivian suervey is based on a “Multistage Stratified Area Frame Sample Desing”, Sample frame As in any survey, the quality of the data collected from the sample surveys depends to a large extent on the quality of the sampling frame from which the sample is to be selected. The sampling frame was constructed according to the principles of the Area Sampling Frame methodology. The basis for the construction of the frame was the coca fields interpreted during the 2004 Coca Cultivation Survey in the Yungas in Bolivia. Within the limits of coca cultivation interpreted in this survey, the frame was divided in a collection of one km2 grids. Stratification Most surveys estimating crop production are based on stratified multistage cluster designs. Stratification divides the units in the population into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subgroups or strata. Separate samples are then independently selected from each stratum. The main purpose of stratification is to improve the precision of the survey estimates. Therefore, the construction of the strata should be such that units in the same stratum are as homogeneous as possible and units in different strata area as heterogeneous as possible with respect to one or more characteristics of interest to the survey. Based on previous experience acquired on site by the project team and by the researchers of Carmen Pampa University, the variables that have been considered for stratification were terrain slope and the altitude. These two variables were combined and used as the basis for the stratification of the sampling frame. Sample Size and sampling allocation The sample size was decided taking into account the desired precision of the estimates, the constraint of verification of all steps of the survey, the necessity to obtain estimates at the regional level, and the availability of the field researchers to reach the fields. The precision of an estimate is measured by its standard error. The degree of precision required for the coca yield was set at about +/- 10% of the true value with a 95 per cent probability that it contains the true value. The sample size has been defined in a way that a thorough verification process can be performed at any time and at every step of the implementation. This assures the high quality of the data collected and the confidence of the estimates generated.

33

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

The table below summarizes the sample frame along the different strata. Table 9.

Coca yield stratification in the Yungas of La Paz

Strata

Strata definition Elevation (m)

Number of coca Polygons

Number of Samples 10

Slope (Degrees)

1

300-1000

0-15

490

1,455

3,890

2

300-1000

15-38

11

47

109

10

3

1000-2000

0-15

1,563

10,418

28,124

45

4

1000-2000

15-38

496

3,580

8,246

15

5

> 2000

0-15

170

780

2,368

10

6

> 2000

15-38

Total

Measuring a sample coca field

2.2.1

Grids

Coca Hectares (2004)

163

599

2,080

10

2,893

16,880

44,817

100

Weighting a sample of recently harvested fresh leaves

New findings on coca yield in the Yungas of La Paz

The averages presented in this section are derived from the field survey, and corresponded to the simple averages found in the survey sample and extrapolated to the full extent of the sampling frame. From the analysis of the collected data, the annual sun dried coca leaf yield was estimated at 1,300 kg/hectare. The highest annual sun dried coca leaf yield was found in stratum 1 (elevation between 300 and 1,000 meters, and slope less than 15 degrees), and the lowest annual sun dried coca leaf yield was found in stratum 5 (elevation greater than 2,000 meters and slope less than 15 degrees). The complete averages are described below. Table 10. Strata

Yield results in the Yungas of La Paz for 2005 and 2006

Coca surface (ha)

2005 1

2005 weighted Average Yield mt/Ha/Year

Number of Samples

2006 weighted Average Yield mt/Ha/Year

2006

1,480

1,900

Estimated potential amount of sun dried coca leaf (mt)

2005 28%

6

2.17

2.17

2006

3,211

4,123

2

48

50

4%

0

1.29

1.29

62

65

3

10,594

10,700

1%

71

1.25

1.25

13,242

13,375

4

4,102

4,200

2%

12

1.21

1.21

4,963

5,082

5

1,111

1,200

8%

6

0.82

0.82

911

984

765

850

11%

3

1.49

1.49

1,140

1,267

18,100

18,900

4%

98

1.300

1.317

23,530

24,895

6

34

% Increase

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

The analysis of the yield survey data concluded that the estimated production of sun dried coca leaf in the Yungas is approximately 24,895 metric tons in 2006. This would represent an increase of 6% in comparison to 2005, if 2006’s annual sun dried coca leaf yields are applied to the coca cultivation areas estimated in 2005 (the estimated production of sun dried coca leaf would amount to 23,530 metric tons in 2005). Law 1.008 authorizes 12,000 ha of coca cultivation in the traditional region. This area is dispersed among the strata 3, 4, 5 and 6. Therefore the weighted sun dried coca leaf yield for this region in 2006 is estimated at 1.22 metric tons/ha/year. The total estimated production of sun dried coca leaf under this law is estimated at 14,660 metric tons in 2006. In the absence of detailed study on coca leaf conducted jointly the Government of Bolivia and UNODC in Chapare, coca leaf production in that region was estimated from yield estimates previously used by UNODC, from information from the United States Government under the Operation Breakthrough. Thus, sun dried coca leaf production in Chapare was estimated at 22,941 metric tons. Therefore, the total potential production of cocaine in the country is estimated at about 80 metric tons of cocaine in 2005 and 94 metric tons in 2006, which represents an increase of 17% from 2005 to 2006. The 2005 estimated differs from the one presented in the coca survey in 2005, due to the use of new findings from the yield study undertaken by UNODC in the Yungas of La Paz in 2006. It should be noted that this estimate represents the potential coca leaf and cocaine production. Due to lack of data, it does not take into account the so far unknown amount of coca leaf from Chapare region destined for local consumption (chewing and medicinal preparation). 300

250

metric tons

200

150

100

50

0 Metric tons

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

240

215

200

150

70

43

60

60

79

98

80

94

Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2007

In 2006, potential cocaine production in Bolivia accounted for 10% of the global potential cocaine production of 984 metric tons. Although there is an increase in relation with 2005, the percentage is much lower than in the mid nineties, when Bolivia accounted for about a quarter of the global cocaine production.

35

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

Table 11.

Potential cocaine production in the Andean Region 1996-2006 (in mt) %change % of 2006 Total 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2005-2006 215 200 150 70 43 60 60 79 107 80 94 18% 10% 300 350 435 680 695 617 580 550 640 640 610 -5% 62% 435 325 240 175 141 150 160 230 270 260 280 8% 28%

Country Bolivia Colombia Peru Total

950

875

825

925

879

827

800

859

1,017

980

984

0%

Source: UNODC World Drug Report

Figure 13. Potential cocaine production in the Andean region 1996 - 2006 (in %)

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Bolivia

36

2001

2002

Colombia

2003

Peru

2004

2005

2006

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

2.3

COCA PRICES AND TRADING

In Bolivia, sun-dried coca leaf trade is regulated by the National Directorate of Coca Leaf Commercialization and Industrialization DIGCOIN, former DIGECO that controls the quantity and prices of coca leaf traded in the two market facilities authorized by the Government: The market of Villa Fatima in La Paz city and the market of Sacaba in Cochabamba department, close to Cochabamba city. Of the 13,209 metric tons of coca leaves that fell under the control of DIGCOIN in 2006, the largest amount, 12,960 metric tons or 98%, was traded in Villa Fatima, and the remaining 249 metric tons in Sacaba. Prices of coca leaves in Villa Fatima market were higher than in Sacaba market, with respective annual averages of 32 Boliviano/kg (US$ 4.0/kg) and 25 Boliviano/kg (US$ 3.1/kg). The annual average weighted price for coca leaves on these two markets was 31 Boliviano/kg (US$ 3.9/kg) in 2006. Table 12.

Reported monthly price of coca leaf marketed through DIGCOIN in 2006 Chapare: Sacaba market La Paz: Villa Fatima market

Weighted average

Month

Price BOL/kg

Price BOL/kg

BOL/kg

US$/kg

January February March April May June July August September October November December Total

27 26 24 23 19 28 28 22 28 28 22 22 25

34 36 35 30 27 33 34 34 19 36 32 28 32

34 35 35 30 27 33 34 34 19 36 32 28 31

4.2 4.4 4.4 3.7 3.3 4.1 4.2 4.2 2.4 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.9

Source: DIGCOIN In 2006, DIGCOIN introduced a new way to trade coca leaves by authorizing the direct exchange and sale of coca leaves from coca producers to traditional consumers. According to DIGCOIN, about 196 metric tons of coca leaves have been exchanged under this scheme, out of which 121 metric tons were from Yungas of La Paz, and the remaining 75 metric tons from the Cochabamba Tropics. Including this new way of trading, a total of 13,081 metric tons were traded from the Yungas, and 324 metric tons from the Chapare, According to the yield study, the area equivalent is 9,931 ha of coca grown in the Yungas of La Paz and 117 ha in the Chapare. Each trader is authorized by DIGCOIN to trade up to 500 pounds (227 kg) of dry coca leaf per month. DIGCOIN’s authorization specifies where the coca leaf are bought (Villa Fatima or Sacaba) and the point of final destination for its retailing. Coca is retailed in packages of maximum 15 pounds (6.8 kg). The following map shows the distribution of traded coca leaves throughout the country according to the DIGCOIN registry. As in 2005, in 2006, most of the coca leaves ended up in Santa Cruz department, followed by the departments of Tarija, La Paz and Potosi. In Santa Cruz, coca leaves are supplied mostly for the workers of large scale industrial farms of soy beans and sugar canes who use to chew it. Coca chewing is also widespread among miners of the departments of La Paz, 37

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

Potosi and Oruro. Although not documented, it is likely that an increasing quantity of coca leaves traded in the southern of the country is smuggled to neighboring Argentina. The total value of the coca leaves traded through the control of DIGCOIN amounted to 415 millions Boliviano or US$ 51.2 millions in 2006, with no significant variation compared to 2005. Including the new ways of coca commercialization, between 2005 and 2006, the volume of trade increased by 4% (from12,872 mt to 13,422 mt ), while the average annual prices decreased by 8% (from Bs. 35/kg to Bs. 32/kg). It seems that this market responded to the economic law of supply and demand: when the quantity available for trade increases, prices tend to decrease.

38

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

Farm-gate prices of sun dried coca leaf have been collected in Chapare on a monthly basis by DIGPROCOCA (former DIRECO) since 1990 and by the UNODC monitoring project in the Yungas of La Paz since 2004. Average annual prices for coca leaf were higher in the Yungas of La Paz with 36 Boliviano/kg (US$4.4/kg) than in the Chapare with 26 Boliviano/kg (US$ 3.2/kg). Table 13. Month

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual average

Monthly sun dried coca leaf price in the Yungas of La Paz, 2006 Municipality of Coripata

Municipality of Chulumani

Municipality of La Asunta

Municipality of Caranavi

Bol/Kg

Bol/Kg

Bol/Kg

Bol/Kg

Average

35 35 34 33 33 36 36 36 34 34 36 33

34 33 33 34 35 35 35 35 34 34 34 34

37 37 37 36 36 38 38 38 37 37 37 37

37 37 37 37 38 38 38 37 37 37 37 37

Bol/Kg 36 36 36 35 36 37 37 36 36 35 36 35

$US/Kg 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4

35

34

37

37

36

4.4

Source: UNODC monitoring project Compared to 2005, in 2006 sun dried coca leaf prices decreased slightly to Bs. 36/kg in the Yungas. Table 14.

Reported monthly sun dried coca leaf prices in the Chapare, 2006 Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Anual average

Bol/Kg

$US/Kg 32.4 26.4 22.9 21.7 2.0 25.4 28.4 24.9 27.7 29.5 26.5 26.5 26.2

4.0 3.3 2.8 2.7 2.7 3.1 3.5 3.1 3.4 3.7 3.3 3.3 3.2

Source: DIGPROCOCA For second year in a row, coca leaf prices in Chapare region decreased, from Bs. 33/kg in 2005 to Bs. 26.2 in 2006 (-26%). The decrease in prices can be attributed to the increase in the offer, and also to the increased interdiction efforts in the region that disturbed the coca market and made it less attractive in general for coca buyers.

40

Coca leaf trading authorized by DIGCOIN, Bolivia 2006 65°W

60°W

Bolivia

Santos Mercado

10°S

Ma de ra

10°S

Nueva Esperanza

SOUTH AMERICA

Guayaramerín Puerto Rico

Pando

COBIJA

dr Ma

Riberalta

e ed

D

BRAZIL

io s

Sena

Ri o

Puerto Heat

Versalles

Iten

ez

Ri

oB en

i

PERU

Puerto Siles

Pto. Villazon Santa Ana de Yacuma

Baures

Ri o Ma

Beni

mor e

Rurrenabaque

15°S

Pte. San Pablo

La Paz

Tit ic

a ca

15°S

TRINIDAD

San Borja

Escoma

la k e

Ascención de Guarayos Brecha Casarabe Concepción El Puente San Ignacio de Velasco San Javier Canandoa San RamónSan Pedro

Achacachi Palcoco

Desaguadero

El AltoLA Viacha Tiahuanacu

PAZ

Quime Tablachaca

Chane Villa Paraiso Puesto Fernandes Mineros Entre RiosSan Juan de Yapacani Yapacani MonteroWarnes Santa Fe

SacabaClizaArani Capinota Punata Totora Anzaldo ORURO SacabambaMizque

Caracollo

Toledo Machacamarca

SANTA CRUZ Comarapa Cotoca El Torno Saipina Mairana Los Negros Samaipata

Aiquile

Huanuni LLallagua

San Vicente

Santa Cruz

Cochabamba

Mendoza Patacamaya Lahuachaca Colquiri TiquipayaCOCHABAMBA

Tambo Quemado

San Matias

Robore

Vallegrande

Oruro Redencion Pampa

Challapata

SUCRE

Cruce Culta

Tarabuco

Tomina Padilla Sopachuy

Zudañez

Belen de Urmiri

POTOSI 20°S

Betanzos

Palmar de las Islas

Monteagudo

Tahua

Charagua Muyupampa Camiri

Palacio Tambo

Pto. Busch

20°S

Poopo lake Pisiga

Chuquisaca

Uyuni

Potosi

Camargo

Hito Villazon

Culpina Atocha Ollague

Villamontes Tupiza

o

Cañada Oruro

Pi

Ta r i j a

PA R A G U AY

yo

Villazon

ma

Yacuiba

lco

Zoniquera

Ri

Iscayachi TARIJA Entre Rios

San Jose de Pocitos

Esmeralda

CHILE Bermejo Laguna Verde

Quantity of coca leaf (metric tons) No coca trading

Coca growing areas

ARGENTINA

International boundaries 25°S

25°S

1 - 20 21 - 300

Department boundaries Main roads

301 - 500 0 > 500

150 Geographic coordinates, WGS 1984 1:8,000,000

65°W

300

Main rivers

km

Water bodies 60°W

Source: Government of Bolivia - DIGECO - National monitoring system supported by UNODC. The boundaries and names shown and the designation used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

Figure 14. Monthly sun dried coca leaf price in the Yungas of La Paz and Chapare Bolivia 2005 5.0 4.5 4.0

$US/Kg

3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Yungas

Jun

Jul

Chapare

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Digeco

Sources: UNODC monitoring project/ /DIGPROCOCA/ DIGCOIN

Weighted by production, the annual average price for coca leaf outside the market controlled by DIGCOIN was US$ 4.1/kg. This was a higher price than the price US$ 4.0/kg on the market controlled by DIGCOIN. However, during the dry season when less coca leaves were available, prices from the markets controlled by DIGCOIN were similar and even larger than prices on other markets. Prices of coca leaves have not been systematically recorded for Apolo. Anecdotal information reported much lower prices in Apolo than elsewhere in the country, ranging from US$2.5 to US$2.8/kg in 2005. The reason for lower prices in Apolo could be attributed to the remoteness of the region, far from the main trading centers. The low coca leaf production in Apolo (281 mt) was rather negligible compared to the national total, and therefore was not taken into account in the establishment of the national annual price estimate. The long term trend of prices can be appreciated with prices of coca leaves from Chapare collected by DIRECO since 1990. Following a strong price rise in 1999 – in line with a strong increase in eradication – sun dried coca leaf prices reached a peak of US$5.7 /kg in 2000. Since then, prices fell to the lowest level since 1998 to $US 3.2/kg in 2006. However, coca leaf prices in Bolivia continued to be substantially higher than in neighboring Peru (US$ 2.5/kg).

41

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

Table 15.

Reported monthly prices of sun dried coca leaf in Chapare (US$/kg)

Month

1991

January

1.0

February

0.8

1992 1.4

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

0.9

1.4

0.9

1.1

1.3

2.0

5.9

5.4

5.7

6.1

5.4

5.3

4.9

4.0

0.9

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.5

2.4

6.0

5.5

5.6

5.8

5.3

5.1

5.1

3.3

March

0.9

1.8

0.7

1.3

0.8

1.4

1.5

2.4

6.0

5.6

5.6

5.7

5.2

5.2

5.2

2.8

April

1.2

1.5

0.8

1.4

1.1

1.9

1.4

3.7

6.0

5.6

5.7

5.7

5.2

5.3

4.4

2.7

May

0.9

1.5

1.2

1.4

1.7

2.2

1.5

4.8

5.3

5.3

5.7

5.6

5.3

5.2

3.5

2.7

June

0.9

1.4

1.6

1.4

1.4

2.2

1.4

4.9

4.8

5.6

5.4

5.6

5.4

5.1

3.5

3.1

July

0.9

1.2

1.8

1.4

1.3

2.3

1.4

4.9

5.3

5.6

5.4

5.7

5.5

5.1

3.6

3.5

August

1.0

1.2

1.7

1.4

1.2

2.1

1.4

5.0

5.3

5.7

5.4

5.7

5.5

5.1

3.7

3.1

September

1.0

1.1

1.5

0.9

1.3

2.1

1.5

6.0

5.4

6.1

5.5

5.4

5.4

5.3

4.0

3.4

October

1.0

1.1

1.7

1.4

1.2

2.0

1.5

5.1

5.3

6.1

5.4

5.4

5.4

5.0

3.7

3.7

November

1.1

0.6

1.5

0.9

1.1

1.3

1.7

5.4

5.3

5.8

5.3

5.4

5.4

5.0

3.8

3.3

December Annual Average US$/kg

1.0

0.9

1.3

0.9

1.0

1.4

2.0

5.7

5.5

5.7

5.2

5.5

5.5

5.1

3.7

3.3

1.0

1.2

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.8

1.5

4.4

5.5

5.7

5.5

5.6

5.4

5.2

4.1

3.2

Figure 15. Prices in Chapare since 1990 7

100,000

6

80,000 5

70,000 60,000

4

50,000 3

40,000 30,000

2

coca leaf price $US

coca leaf production metric tons

90,000

20,000 1

10,000

coca leaf production

06

05

040

03

02

01

00

99

98

97

96

95

94

93

92

91

0

90

-

coca leaf price in Chapare

The estimation of the total farm-gate value of coca leaf production in Bolivia included the total value of the market controlled by DIGCOIN, and the farm-gate value of coca leaves outside this market in 2006, amounted to a rounded value of US$180 million. Table 16. Region

Estimation of the total farm-gate value of coca leaf production in Bolivia, 2006 Coca Weighted Average Price $US/Kg Outside Authorized authorized market market

Coca Production (metric tons) Outside Total Authorized authorized market production market

Coca Value US$ Outside Authorized authorized market Total value market

Yungas

3.9

4.4

24,895

12,960

11,935

50,544,000

52,514,000

103,058,000

Chapare Rounded Total

3.1

3.2

22,941

249

22,692

771,900

72,614,400

73,386,300

35,000

52,000,000

126,000,000

180,000,000

48,000

The decrease of coca value in 2006, in spite of the increase in the production, is attributed to the decrease in prices in both, Yungas and Chapare regions. 42

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

The total farm-gate value of coca leaf production in 2006 was thus equivalent to 2.0% of the projected Bolivian GDP4 of US$ 8.7 billions for 2006, or 13% compared with the projected value of the licit agricultural sector of US$ 1.1 billions in 2006. These figures suggest that, for the country as a whole, coca production still has and impact on the Bolivian economy, and continues to play an important role within the coca producing regions. The FELCN also reported street prices of cocaine paste and cocaine of unknown purity from the major cities and coca growing regions in Bolivia. Table 17.

Reported prices of cocaine base and cocaine HCL, Bolivia, 2006 (US$/kg) City La Paz Cochabamba Santa Cruz

Cocaine base 950 1,550 1,200

Cocaine HCL 2,000 1,760 1,850

Region Yungas of La Paz Chapare

800 1,000

1,100 1,500

Source: FELCN It is interesting to note that prices for coca leaf and its derivatives were consistently higher in Bolivia than in neighboring Peru. Table 18.

Prices for coca leaf and its derivatives in Peru and Bolivia, 2006 (US$/kg) Products

Coca leaf Cocaine base (in coca producing regions) Cocaine HCL

4

Peru

Bolivia 2.52 550 823

4.1 900 1,800

sources: INE ,2006

43

PERU

25

25

16

15

69 W

30

9

Apo o

26

32

Land Manangemen 2001

Ouo

Sou ce Gove nmen o Bo v a

Ma n oads

n e na ona bounda es 28 Depa men bounda es

bod es

G ow ng a eas 55 Coca cu va on

CH L EWa e

Ap

T t caca ake

15 S

16 S

17 S

18 S

22

68 W

20

!

! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! !

!! !

!!

25

!

19

Yungas

La Paz

^La Paz

! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! !! ! ! !! ! !!! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!!! !! ! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! !!!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! !! ! !! ! ! !! !! ! !! !! !!! !! !!! ! !!! ! ! ! !!! !! !!! ! !! !! !! !! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !! !

!! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!!

!! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

! ! !

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !!

!

! !

!!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

23

10

42

7

!

!

!

!

!

27

!

!

Ouo 67 W

!! ! !!! !! !! !! ! !! ! !! !! ! !! ! !!! ! !! !!! !! !! !!! !! ! !!!! !! ! !!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !!! !! !!!! !!! !! !!! !! !! ! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !!!!!!! !! ! ! ! ! !! !! !!!!!! !! !!!! !! !! !! !!! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! !! !! ! !! ! ! !! !!! ! !! ! !!! ! !! !! !! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! !!!! ! !!!!!! ! !! !! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!! !!!! ! !!! ! !! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! ! !! !! ! ! !!! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!!! ! !!!! !! ! !!! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! !!!! !! ! !! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !! !! !!! !! !! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!!! !! ! !! !! ! !! !! !!!! ! !! !!! ! !!!! ! !! ! !!! !! ! !!! !!! ! !! ! ! !! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!!! !!!! !!! ! !! ! !! !! ! !!!! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !! !! ! !! !! !!! ! !! !!! !!!!! 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Na ona mon o ng sys em suppo ed by UNODC The bounda es and names shown and he des gna on used on h s map do no mp y o c a endo semen o accep ance by he Un ed Na ons

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15 S

16 S 100 km

17 S 18 S

69 W

Land use and coca cultivation, Bolivia 2006

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

2.4

COCA CULTIVATION AND RELATED ISSUES

2.4.1 COCA CULTIVATION AND LAND USE The Bolivian National Authorities of Land Management (‘Ordenamiento Territorial’) released in 2002 a country wide map of major land use, based on the classification of Landsat images. This map was superimposed on the map of coca cultivation since to 2003. This analysis revealed that coca cultivation is found over four main types of land use: Extensive livestock and agriculture with permanent crop; timber forest; timber forest and cattle; non-timber forest and cattle; hunting, fishing and non-timber forest products. In 2006, 79% of coca cultivation took place on land dedicated to extensive livestock and agriculture with permanent crop, and 19% over land where the major land use is classified as timber forest. This last category corresponded mainly to the border of the Isiboro Secure National Park that is now protected, meaning that activities like extensive agricultural or logging are no longer permitted. Table 19. Region

Yungas

Chapare

Apolo

Distribution of 2003 - 2006 coca cultivation by major land use and by region (ha) Major land use Extensive livestock and agriculture with permanent crop timber forest timber forest and cattle Extensive livestock and agriculture with permanent crop timber forest non-timber forest and cattle hunting, fishing and non-timber forest products Extensive livestok, sheep Timber forest Very scattered forest with cattle non-timber forest and cattle

Rounded total

% change 2005 2006

% of 2006 total

2003

2004

2005

2006

14,908 1,069 186

15,878 1,270 189

16,381 1,498 204

17,160 1,534 208

5% 2% 2%

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3,265 3,442 369

3,659 5,433 495

3,366 3,069 298

4,401 3,285 302

31% 7% 4%

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194 50

507 178 11 51 61

277 178 11 51 61

287 178 11 51 61

4% 0% 0% 0% 0%

1% 1% 0% 0% 0%

23,600

27,700

25,400

27,500

8%

100%

The analysis of the location of the new coca cultivation that appears between 2005 and 2006 in the Chapare, showed that most of the new coca cultivation (1,000 ha over a total of 1,300 ha) took place over the land dedicated to extensive livestock and permanent crop. The remaining increase of 300 ha took place at the expense of forested areas, where coca cultivation increased by 8% between 2005 and 2006. Figure 16. Coca cultivation and major land uses in Bolivia

4% 18%

78%

Agricultura y ganaderia extensiva concultivos permanentes

Fiorestal maderable

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Rí

o

Chapare

Arani

Mizque

Tiraque

Rí o

Iviri z

o Rí

R

. Ar r

Carrasco

M iz

Río

R

66°W Bilbao

Arce

Cochabamba

!

Capinota

Quillacollo

C o c h a b a m b a

Chapare

hoa

R ío R ío I c

R ío

o

65°W

Río P a j ta

s os

sas

oO

r ip Ma

é

!

a ch

lu

S ec u r e

i

Rí

67°W

ta m

Arque

Tapacari

Al

Ayopaya

R ío

Rí

r up oI

Río

ch

R ío

Sa

0

Gr

an d

eó

G ua pa Río Yy a pa c

Marban

an i

Ichilo

S a n t a

R ío

jta

Saucari

ío

nta

a en

R

Al

iza r

a

50

i

R ío I b a

re

M

o il

re

e

lo

Pir

ay

100 km

Sara

R ío

P Rí o a ilas

Santiestevan

Guarayos

C ho

Rí o

R ío

R ío I ch

BRAZIL

PARAGUAY

AR GENTINA

C r u z

CHILE

Geographic coordinates, WGS 1984 64°W 1:2,500,000

Caballero

ío

e qu

Ca ine

ya

Source: Government of Bolivia - National monitoring system supported by UNODC. The boundaries and names shown and the designation used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

68°W

Cercado

jes

Sa

Moxos

u am T ij

e

O r u r o

Barron

Inquisivi

Sud Yungas

R ío

u lo

r ene

o ll

Villarroel

D e sa g u ad ero

Aroma

Loayza

P az

Rí o U nd

nic ua

Río C u be

C ocha r ca

Itenez

64°W

Bo li via

Baures

lo

Province boundaries 69°W

Sajama

R í o La

i

oI

Caranavi

Rí

B e n i

Trinidad

!

M

a t eo

Department boundaries

o

ka

Nor Yungas

ng

a Río K

Jose Ballivian

o Rí

nM

International boundaries

e

B

Yungas

e qu

S apaq u

R ío

Rí o

Zo

nd

R ío

Mamore

o Sa

Water bodies

^

ha

ll a na

Murillo La Paz

C Rí o

T ipuani

Qu e

o

65°W

Rí

Coca cultivation

M au ri Río

Ingavi

Los Andes

Omasuyos

R ío

n

Larecaja

R ío C o n s a t a

R ío A te

Rí o

Yacuma

66°W

or í o C hi m

Pacajes High

a pu

cu m a

u

Medium

ari

Ay o p a

Low

ac h

e ni

Ya

spu m

J.M.Pando

M

Franz Tamayo

P a z

Muñecas

Rí o C

Saavedra

Level of intervention of alternative develpment projects

Ti t i c a c a l a k e

PERU

Apolo

Iturralde

R ío

R ío M

on

ta

n d ré s

. Sa nA

14°S

15°S

16°S

o Rí

hi

ot a ca

Río u av

67°W

oE

17°S

eu t a

68°W

ala

gr o

R

i

a

Rí

R ío C

mo

i to

Ca b Río

pe r e oA

Rí

Río o Río Isin ota o

u ic ico a

oro op i

a s am

oC Bo a lp

E ter

Río

. U riu

ey uib ui q El

ir ir i Ar r

Rí

p

R ío C h ip

Ra

a re

Rí o i M

h ap

o Rí so

Río C

ré

R ío

14°S 15°S ab

Us

o am

nP

ab

R Q ío

M

Sa

oZ

Rí o

R ío

Rí

U PE R

ío T

Río N e

n co

16°S

A rr

Río Bla

17°S

69°W

Coca cultivation and alternative development projects, Bolivia 2006

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

2.4.2

COCA CULTIVATION AND ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT

In 2006, the project started the quantification and monitoring of the alternative crops in Chapare and in Yungas of La Paz, generating in this way a complete map of land use in both regions. These new data will be used to analyze the coca cultivation in relation with other crops. Chapare Chapare is the region where alternative development deployed most of its efforts. In the Chapare, the alternative development actions are concentrated in the region Known as Multiple Use Forest or BUM, which covers the central area of the region, not considering the National Parks. The project performed the quantification of licit crops inside this area using satellite imagery since 2003. The following tables compare the area under coca cultivation and under the main exporting alternative crops: Table 20.

Alternative development cultivation and coca cultivation in the BUM area (in ha) Crop Coca Banana * Heart of palm * Pineapple * x

2003 4370 14555 2607 1359

2004 4317 16548 3428 1582

2005 4107 20358 4448 1967

2006 5200 n.a. n.a. n.a.

% of change 2003 - 2006 19% 40% 71% 45%

Since there is not yet data available for 2006 The % of change for alternative crops is calculated for the period 2003-2005

Figure 17. Coca cultivation and exporting alternative cultivation in the BUM area since 2003 25000

20000

hectares

15000

10000

5000

0

2003

2004

coca

banana

heart of palm

2005

píneapple

Although coca cultivation surface has increased in Chapare since 2003, there is no evidence of replacement of alternative crops by coca cultivation. In contrast, the alternative crops experienced a significant increase during the period 2003-2005, and this trend is expected to continue during 2006.

47

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

Yungas of La Paz In the Yungas of La Paz, Bolivian government usually refers to four geographical zones for the implementation of Alternative Development projects: Caranavi North and Alto Beni, Caranavi Centre South, region of La Asunta, Inquisivi, and south-western region. In the Yungas of La Paz, the area of major intervention of alternative development was the Northern part of the municipality of Caranavi and the Alto Beni, representing only 1% of the national total of coca cultivation in 2006. However, the region of South-western Yungas and La Asunta representing the largest proportion of coca cultivation in 2006 received fewer support from alternative development and contain no exporting crops, except scattered coffee plantations. Other crops are only for subsistence, and negligible compared with coca cultivation. These areas can be considered as mono-cultivators, since coca is the predominant crop. Table 21.

Coca cultivation and alternative development in Yungas of La Paz Zone

level of interventions

Coca cultivation 2003

Caranavi North Alto Beni Caranavi Centro South South-western Yungas and La Asunta Inquisivi Total

48

High Medium Low Low

% of change 2005 2006

2004

2005

% of 2006 coca cultivation total

2006

96 478

99 650

96 708

111 986

16% 39%

1% 5%

14,825 801 16200

15,802 807 17358

16,470 809 18083

17012 808 18917

3% 0% 4%

90% 4% 100%

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

Banana is the most successful exporting crop in Chapare.

The picture shows a huge banana plantation with packing facilities inside

In the Alto Beni region of the Yungas of La Paz, coca cultivation is negligible compared with alternative crops like organic cacao and banana, which have an outstanding potential for exportation

Pineapple is another emerging alternative crop in Chapare with exporting quality

49

Coca cultivation and national parks, Bolivia 2006 65°W

60°W

10°S

Ma de ra

!

SOUTH AMERICA

BRAZIL

io s Pando eD

Cobija

dr Ma

10°S

Bolivia

ed

Manuripi Heat

Iten

ez

Ri

oB en

i

PERU

Ri o

Ri o

Ma

Beni

La Paz

a ca

!

Pilon Lajas

15°S

15°S

Tit ic

Apolobamba

e

Est. Biológica del Beni

Apolo

Noel Kempff Mercado

mor

Madidi

Trinidad

Yungas

la k e

Isiboro Secure

Cotapata

^La Paz

Chapare Tunari Cochabamba ! CochabambaCarrasco !

San Matias Amboro

Oruro

Santa Cruz

Toro Toro

Oruro Poopo lake

El Palmar ! !

20°S

!

Kaa Iya del Gran Chaco

Sucre

Otuquis

Potosi

20°S

Sajama

Santa Cruz

Chuquisaca Potosi

lco ma yo

CHILE

Pi

Tarija

Tariquia

o

Tarija

Ri

Cordillera de Sama !

PA R A G U AY

Eduardo Avaroa

Cultivation density (ha/km² ) 0.1 - 1 1.1 - 4.0 >4

ARGENTINA

National parks affected by coca cultivation 0

150 Geographic coordinates, WGS 1984 1:8,000,000

65°W

300

km

Yun... :

60°W

Source: Government of Bolivia - National monitoring system supported by UNODC. The boundaries and names shown and the designation used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

25°S

25°S

National parks

International boundaries Department boundaries Coca growing areas

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

2.4.3

COCA CULTIVATION IN NATIONAL PARKS

There are 21 protected areas and national parks in Bolivia, totaling an area of 165,000 sq km, representing 15% of the national territory. In 2006, once again coca cultivation was found in three national parks: In the national park of Madidi, in the Apolo region, only about 10 ha of coca cultivation were found. A much larger amount of 1,950 ha of coca cultivation was found in the two national parks Isiboro Secure and Carrasco, in Chapare region. Coca cultivation within these two National Parks represented 28% of the coca cultivation of Chapare region. Between 2004 and 2005, coca cultivation decreased by 52% in the areas of the National Parks, nevertheless, between 2005 and 2006, the coca cultivation increase occurred mainly at the Isiboro Secure National Park did not reach the levels of past years. Ecosystems of the National Parks are particularly fragile and the deforestation for the establishment of coca cultivation makes irreversible damages to their environment. Although eradication has been efficient, it should be noted that the damage to the forest due to coca cultivation is irreversible. Table 22.

Coca cultivation estimates by national parks in Chapare 2003 – 2005 (ha)

Area Isiboro Secure Nacional Park Carrasco National Park Madidi National Park Total within National Parks Outside National Parks Rounded Total

2003 1,605 778 n.a. 2,383 4,917 7,300

% change 2004 2005 2006 2005 - 2006 2,807 1,161 1,451 25% 1,257 781 837 7% 10 10 10 0% 4,074 1,952 2,298 18% 6,026 5,053 6,002 19% 10,100 7,005 8,300 18%

% of 2006 total 17% 10% 0% 28% 72% 100%

Figure 18. Distribution of coca cultivation in Chapare region inside and outside national parks, 2004 – 2005 (ha) 7000

6000

hectare

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0 Total within National Parks 2003

Outside National Parks 2004

2005

2006

51

Eradication reported by DIGPROCOCA, Bolivia 2006 Río Cabito

66°0'W

65°30'W

65°0'W

64°30'W

oré Ma m

BRAZIL

15°30'S

15°30'S

PE R

U

Río

pe re

BoAndrés l ivia San Cochabamba

Río Iba

Rí

oA

Loreto S Río

re PARAGUAY

re ecu

CHILE ARG EN TIN A

Beni

San Ignacio

16°0'S

Río Isiboro

16°0'S

El Puente

Río G

iri ipir Ch

pare

Río

Río P

iray

Chimore

16°30'S

Río Ichilo

oa

16°30'S

Ich

u ta Use

pa y ó Gua

Mineros

ni Río Yapaca

a Río Ch

uta Arr. Uri

Río

Río

rande

Santa Cruz

San Carlos

Puerto Patiño

Rí

am a

oM

aso

Yapacaní

era s

alp

Río

Et

Isinuta

Villa 14 de Septiembre

Río Isin ota

Eterazama Chipiriri

R

ha

re pa

Pto. G. Villarroel

osas

ip Arr. Mar

ShinahotaChimore

Tablas Monte

oC

la ba Za

Entre Ríos

Puerto Grether

a

o Rí

Valle Sacta

pum

irizu

Colomi

re Es

oré

Valle Hermoso

Río Iv

ho

Río

Tiquipaya

Rí

Puerto Villarroel Ivirgarzama

Río Chim

17°0'S

Villa Tunari

C ío

17°0'S

chi Río Altama

Villa Tunari

Bulo Bulo

Tiraque Colomi

Río Río

Río

ta

Oso

s

Mo

ile

Río Mo

17°30'S

Cochabamba

Entre Rios (Bulo Bulo) Saj

17°30'S

Sacaba

lle

San Benito Tolata

Ali

zar

o ate

Pocona

Tarata

M an

Río

Vacas

Arani

S Río

Pojo

Arbieto

Buena Vista Totora

Capinota

izq

Pampa Grande

Cie a nag

Trigal

Aiquile Río S

Moro Moro

an P edro

ras Río Temblade

Río

Main road

Saipina

Toro Toro

Potosi

Village center San Pedro de Buena Vista

a ajt

Omereque

Mizque

n Juá

ue

a in e

oP

Cultivation changes 2005 - 2006 Significant decrease Decrease Insignificant changes Increase Significant increase

oC

Rí

Eradication Acasio areas

Rí

San

oM

Vila Vila

18°0'S

Mairana

Río

Rí

Arampampa

. !

Comarapa

Anzaldo

18°0'S

Alalay

Pasorapa

Pocoata Municipality boundaries 66°0'W

0 Poroma

Ravelo 65°30'W

25

50 km

Geographic coordinates, WGS 1984 1 : 1.400.000 65°0'W

Vallegrande Presto

64°30'W

Source: Government of Bolivia - DIGPROCOCA - National monitoring system supported by UNODC. The boundaries and names shown and the designation used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

18°30'S

18°30'S

River Department boundaries

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

2.5

REPORTED ERADICATION

In 2006, the Bolivian Government reported the eradication of 5,070 ha of coca fields. Ninety-nine percent of this total has been eradicated in Chapare, and only one percent in Yungas of La Paz. Eradication decreased by 17% compared to the level of eradication in 2005. This is the lowest level of eradication in the past 10 years. In Bolivia, the eradication of coca cultivation is exclusively manual, and no chemical or spraying agents are used. Figure 19. Reported eradication and coca cultivation in Bolivia, 1995 – 2006 (ha) 60,000 50,000

hectare

40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 Eradication

95

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

5,498 7,512 7,026 11,621 16,999 7,953 9,435 11,853 10,087 8,437 6,073 5,070

Coca cultivation 48,600 48,100 45,800 38,000 21,800 19,600 19,900 24,400 22,800 27,600 25,400 27,500

Sources:

For coca cultivation: UNODC For eradication DIGPROCOCA

Figure 20. Reported monthly eradication in Bolivia, 2006 (ha)

800 700

Erradication ha

600 500 400 300 200 100 Erradication ha

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

22

44

389

441

297

513

601

686

682

613

598

184

Source: DIGPROCOCA

53

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

The Bolivian government also reported the eradication of 57.5 ha of coca seedlings in the Chapare region, an increase of 9.8% compared to 2005. The increase in the eradication of coca seedlings helps to avoid the replanting of eradicated coca fields. Table 23.

Reported monthly eradication of coca seedlings, 2003 -2006 (m2)

Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Total

2003 1,460 1,415 4,520 4,013 2,352 2,972 5,962 10,140 6,438 9,978 7,280 3,294 59,823

2004

2005

1,795 2,830 3,296 2,936 2,989 5,411 6,963 4,344 3,156 4,470 5,869 5,488 49,547

Source: DIGPROCOCA

Manual eradication of a coca field in Chapare

54

2,748 4,516 4,320 4,825 3,639 4,737 4,372 5,294 4,010 4,812 4,222 4,862 52,357

2006 444 1,907 2,904 3,764 2,691 5,683 7,328 10,035 7,667 7,083 6,166 1,814 57,486

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

2.6

REPORTED SEIZURE

DIGCOIN controls the trade of coca leaves within the country, which also includes control over the transport of coca leaves. Coca leaves are seized if transported without license or outside the authorized route specified in the license. In 2006, DIGCOIN captured 1,343 metric tons of coca leaves, representing a significant increase of 52% compared to the reported seizure of 886 metric tons in 2005. The increase in seizure of coca leaf can be attributed to the strengthening of DIGCOIN’s special force for the control of coca leaves (Grupo Especial de Control de la Hoja de Coca, GECC), which included the control of additional roads, and improvement in equipment and infrastructure. Table 24.

Reported seizure of coca leaves, 2002 – 2006 (kg)

Department La Paz Cochabamba Santa Cruz Tarija Oruro Potosi Sucre Beni Pando Total:

2002 31,291 214 7,343 1,407 1,205 357 0 728 0 42,544

2003 22,375 11,105 20,828 4,451 4,682 1,321 1,450 600 0 66,811

2004 66,396 37,748 30,441 10,183 6,120 1,942 1,448 904 0 155,182

2005 172,331 591,803 68,508 16,499 24,814 1,509 3,229 7,525 50 886,268

2006 197,854 1,030,834 52,018 19,604 21,913 4,010 11,780 4,778 271 1,343,062

Figure 21. Reported seizure of coca leaves, 2003-2006 (kg) 1,200,000 1,000,000

600,000 400,000 200,000

2002

2003

2004

2005

Beni

Sucre

Potosi

Oruro

Tarija

Santa Cruz

Cochabamba

0 La Paz

kg

800,000

2006

55

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

The Special Force for the Fight against Drugs (FELCN) reports annually on drugs seizures. Between 2005 and 2006, there was a significant increase of 36% in reported seizure of cocaine base. Table 25.

Reported seizure of drugs, Bolivia, 1997 – 2006 (kg)

Product Cocaine base Cocaine HCL Heroin Cannabis

1997 10,848 1,477 2.9 3,617

1998 8,906 2,440 0.8 320

1999 6,905 802 0 2,160

2000 5,044 555 0 3,745

2001 4,280 334 0 7,055

2002 4,741 362 0 8,754

2003 6,934 5,969 0 8,510

2004 8,189 531 0 28,200

2005 10,152 1,300 0 31,390

2006 12,779 1,309 0 125,356

Source: FELCN Figure 22. Reported seizure of cocaine base and cocaine HCL, Bolivia, 1997 – 2006 (kg) 14000

12000

10000

kg

8000

6000

4000

2000

0 1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Cocaine base

2003

2004

2005

2006

Cocaine HCL

The peak in seizure of cocaine HCL in 2003 was due to an exceptional operation conducted by FELCN. The graph also shows that seizure of cocaine base increased steadily since 2001. The same trend can be seen in the report of destruction of maceration pit and clandestine coca paste or cocaine laboratories. Table 26.

Reported destruction of clandestine laboratories and macerations pits

Type Coca paste and/or cocaine laboratories Precursors laboratories cocaine laboratories only Maceration pit

56

1998 1,245 15 4 1,659

1999 925 8 3 1,179

2000 628 3 17 790

2001 1,006 2 3 1,292

2002 1,420 6 1 1,950

2003 1,769 0 0 2,544

2004 2,254 3 4 3,293

2005 2,619 2 3 4,064

2006 4,070 2 3 6,268

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

Figure 23. Reported destruction of clandestine laboratories and macerations pits Correct clandestine laboratories on excel 7,000 6,000 number of destruction

5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Reported destruction of clandestine laboratories in Bolivia 1997 - 2006

1,066

1,245

925

628

1,006

1,420

1,769

2,254

2,619

4,070

Maceration pit

1,481

1,659

1,179

790

1,292

1,950

2,544

3,293

4,064

6,268

57

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

METHODOLOGY 2.7

COCA CULTIVATION

The monitoring of coca cultivation in Bolivia has always been based on the interpretation of satellite images. However, for the 2006 census besides the use of satellite images, the project acquired for the first time digital aerial photographs. In this way the whole Cochabamba Tropics area was surveyed with aerial photos, which meant increased processing time but also improvement in spatial resolution facilitating the visual interpretation. The Yungas of La Paz region was surveyed once again using IKONOS satellite imagery. The photo and imagery interpretation was supported by intensive field verification undertaken through the use of cutting edge technology like aerial geo-referenced videos in addition to field pictures and on site captured GPS control points. In the Apolo region, the land use changes have been verified through a field control mission covering the most relevant areas in the region. The team observed minimal changes in the land use, therefore no imagery was required. 1) Identification and acquisition of the images Table 27. Region Yungas Chapare Total

Satellite images used for the 2006 survey in Bolivia Sensor IKONOS multispectral AIC digital camera

Resolution 4 meter 0.40 meter

Bands Red, Green, Blue, near infrared Red, Green, Blue

Total area in square km 5,900 7,500 13,400

A total of 16 IKONOS scenes were taken over the Yungas, covering an area of 5,900 square kilometers, while 1,700 aerial photos were taken over the Cochabamba Tropics area, covering an area of 7,500 square kilometers. In the previous survey, the Chapare region was surveyed with six SPOT satellite images of fixed size of 60x60km, covering 21,600 square km, but including large areas without agricultural activity. In 2006, the aerial photographs were focused on agricultural areas discarding regions occupied by marsh land and high areas which are not suitable for farming. The cloud cover in all scenes was less than 10%. The digital aerial photos have resolution of 40 centimeters. In 2006, in the Yungas of La Paz, the project included new additional areas of coca cultivation for which the IKONOS coverage was increased to 5,900 sq km. IKONOS multispectral images provided data at a four-meter spatial resolution in four spectral channels: the visible red, green and blue bands, plus one near infrared band. 2) Image pre-processing First, the IKONOS images were ortho-rectified using a Digital Elevation Model derived from contour lines with a 20 meter interval. The ortho-rectification process was supported by ground control points. The aerial photographs were geometrically and radiometrically corrected through photogrammetric procedures. The resulting images were joint in a mosaic creating blocks according to the flight lines.

58

PERU

Camacho

L a

R

Oruro 67°W

nt a

ta m a ch

Cochabamba

b Isi

S ec u r e

r

Rí

R ío a o Ic h o

Rí

o

a

Tiraque

Rí o

Mizque

R

Carrasco

o ré

o Rí

65°W Campero

aj t a

Rí

Rí o P

s

so s

os a

oO

r ip Ma

R ío

Sa

Gr

an d

eó

Gua pa Río Yy a

pac

a ni

Ichilo

S a n t a

R ío

R

Al

iza r

M

Río

Bo li via

R ío

R ío Ic h i

50

Rí o

M

o il

C ho re

e

R ío

Pail a

o

s

Rí o

100 km

Sara

Rí

Santiestevan

R í o I b are

Pa

Guarayos

AR GENTINA

C r u z a

Río

B R A ZBIlaLn co

PARAGUAY

Geographic coordinates, WGS 1984 1:2,500,00064°W

Caballero R 0 o

ío

iz

Bilbao 66°W

Arce

Arani

Iviri z

. Ar r

Chapare

C o c h a b a m b a

Capinota

Quillacollo

Chapare

Río

Marban

í

Río Charca Bolivar

Arque

Tapacari

Al

Rí

Ayopaya

R ío

oI

lu r up

Moxos

R ío

e

Saucari

ío

Sa

a

a t eo

Río Barras 68°W

Cercado

jes

R ío

u lo

m

i

CHILE

Itenez

lo Sa n

Ca

J uá

jta

e qu

ine

ya

Source: Government of Bolivia - National monitoring system supported by UNODC. The boundaries and names shown and the designation used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

Sajama

Barron

Sud Yungas

Inquisivi

nic ua

a Tij

h uc

o ll

Villarroel

i

Loayza

P az

Aroma

S apaq u

R í o La

Río U nd

oI

Caranavi

Rí

r ene Río C u be

Co ch arc a

64°W Baures

Su r u t u

Province69°W boundaries

O r u r o

ak

B

Yungas a

Rí o K

B e n i

Trinidad

R ío

Mamore

M

Department boundaries

o

e

Nor Yungas

ng

e qu

í o C hi m

R ío Des a gua dero

Rí o

Zo

nd

o

65°W

o Rí

an M

International boundaries

Ingavi

a Ch

ll a na

Murillo La Paz

R ío

Tipuani

Qu e

c

Jose Ballivian

Ay o p a

u

oS Rí

Water bodies

Río

n

Larecaja

R ío C o n s a t a

R ío A te

Rí o

Yacuma

66°W

spu m

Satellite coverage

apu

Los Andes

Omasuyos

P a z

Muñecas

a m at a

Saavedra

Rí o C

a ri

Franz Tamayo

ac h

e ni

uma

R ío M

on

riut a

M

Iturralde

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Satellite images and digital aerial photographs coverage, Bolivia 2006

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Source: Government of Bolivia - National monitoring system supported by UNODC. The boundaries and names shown and the designation used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

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Flight reconnaissance lines over Chapare area, Bolivia 2006

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

Detection of large coca fields in isolated regions of Chapare using for the first time digital aerial photographs

The aerial photographs employed by the project enabled to appreciate details not visible in other sensors, like this group of catos representing different stages of coca cultivation, from the recently harvested to the pre-harvest stage

61

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

3) Digital classification of land use and vegetation Over the IKONOS images, the project performed a supervised classification to determine the main land use classes. The automated land cover classification is not used to detect coca cultivation, but rather to study broadly the various land classes present on an image. That initial step helped to identify the areas where coca cultivation could be interpreted visually. The image classification was not performed over the aerial photographs. 4) Visual interpretation of coca fields The classification of coca fields parcel by parcel relies on the visual interpretation of the Ikonos satellite images and the aerial photographs. In this year’s survey, the project started systematizing the interpretation process with the support of the so called decision tree interpretation keys. In 2006, the project team attended a workshop on interpretation key development led by ICMP in cooperation with the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna. Since then, the project has been developing several interpretation keys for satellite imagery interpretation. The same methology will be extended for the interpretation of aerial photographs. Interpretation keys reflect the decision taking process of the interpreter, using typical characteristics like the shape, the texture, the context and the surroundings of the fields. No distinction is made between the different phenological stages of coca bushes. In the traditional coca cultivation area of the Yungas of La Paz, coca is the dominant crop. The large size of parcels and the relative absence of other crops that could create confusion, make the identification of coca fields by visual interpretation less complicated than in areas where other agricultural activities take place. In Chapare, the high resolution of the aerial photographs greatly helped to perform an accurate interpretation of coca fields. The spatial resolution of 0.40 m provided impressive details of the terrain and allowed to detect even small coca fields of 500 square meters. An example of interpretation keys for coca crops in National Parks is explained below

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Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

Category Coca renewing after harvest

Element for interpretation

Description

shape

Regular – Rectangular

size

< 2500 m2 or cato size (1,600m2), with certain exceptions

Tone/Color

Light green, with darker green spots

Pattern

Vertical furrows and plant lines, slightly noted

Texture

Fine

Association

With small dwellings and coca-dryers

Site

Interpretation key for coca crops in National Parks, isolated areas, far away from roads or settlements.

Observation

In this site, the area of the crop trend to be larger than in the most populated areas.

In addition, the interpretation process is substantially supported by the geo-video and georeferenced field pictures obtained by helicopter. When the videos are played back on the computers embedded in the GIS software, the interpreter is able to compare the video with the aerial photos. Since the videos are geo-referenced, the link with the aerial photos is easily performed. For a second year in a row, in 2006, geo-referenced videos were acquired over the whole area of the Cochabamba Tropics. The flight paths, with direction north-south or east –west, are shown on the map 12. A total of 40 hours were flown, covering a distance of 9,700 km and covering a total area of 9,800 sq km. More detailed videos have been taken over the Isiboro Secure National Park, where the most significant coca cultivation increase took place in 2006

63

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

Example of geovideo identifying a coca field of cato size in red over the aerial photo. The small plane Symbol is the flight lane, the camera is located at right of the aircraft, and the interpreter is able to accurately compare the video with the image.

Another example of Geo-video detecting a large coca field of irregular shape

64

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

5) On-site field verification The use of high-resolution satellite images or aerial photos requires field verification. The data collected during the field verification enabled to delineate the survey area, to build the interpretation keys and to correct the confusion between different land cover classes.

Taking a Ground Control Point in a recently established coca field at the southern part of Apolo

In the Yungas of La Paz, the ground control points were obtained directly from the field, taking advantage of the complex topography, which allows obtaining visual information from the high points of hills and interpreting the images in the field. In Chapare, the collection of ground reference data is difficult due to the security situation and difficult access to the coca field areas. Therefore, to a large extend, the project obtained the reference data from helicopter flights using videography. During five years of monitoring, the project obtained a large number of ground reference data, starting in 2002 in the Yungas of La Paz and, as of 2003, extending to Chapare and Apolo. Since 2002, more than 8,000 ground reference data were collected, of which 1,500 in 2006. All these points were obtained directly from the ground, using regular GPS techniques. The visual interpretation was also facilitated by the ground control points of coca fields obtained from DIGPROCOCA eradication campaign and from ground verification. Jointly with the project experts, DIGPROCOCA personnel also participated actively in the visual interpretation of coca fields in the satellite images.

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Bolivia Coca Survey for 2006

2.8

YIELD AND PRODUCTION OF COCA LEAF

In December 2005, UNODC started a new coca yield study in the Yungas of La Paz. The field work was implemented by selected students of Carmen Pampa University, located in the Municipality of Coroico. The knowledge of the terrain and the accessibility to the coca fields for the students was an appreciated advantage for the implementation of the field work. The survey obtained a sample of 100 coca fields randomly selected among six strata. The strata were defined based on altitude and slope ranges, which are two physical factor that have influence in coca yield. The sample was designed by the statistician of the UNODC Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme. The sampling approach used to estimate the average sun-dried coca leaf yield in Bolivia was a multistage stratified area probability sampling design. Sample selection was carried out within strata. The units selected at the first stage with PPS, know in the survey literature as Primary Sampling Units or PSU’s (grids), were constructed on the basis of complete enumeration of areas identified in the coca bush census. The units selected at the second stage with PPS within each selected PSU are referred to as Secondary Sampling Units or SSU’s (fields). In the case of multistage designs, the base weights reflect the probability of selection at each stage. In general, the base weight of a sampled unit is the reciprocal of its probability of selection for inclusion in the sample. Under this scheme of sampling with PPS of sampling units, the coca leaf yield estimation at the hth stratum is calculated as the simple arithmetic mean of all the actual harvested parcels within the stratum. Therefore, in order to calculate the leaf yield for a region, the simple arithmetic means in the strata should be weighted by their area under coca cultivation. The field methodology complies with UNODC standards for coca yield measurement, relying on weighing fresh and sun-dried coca leaves from a sample of harvest. The sample field were at least of 1,000 square meters size, and are distributed in all the Yungas area. The study successfully concluded establishing an average annual yield, after weighing all the harvests that took place during the year. In the Cochabamba Tropics, for the 2006 annual estimate of coca leaf and cocaine production, UNODC continues to rely on information available from other sources. 2.9

PRICES

The project collected coca leaf prices from farmers in the Yungas of La Paz on an ad hoc basis while performing the field verification missions. In the Chapare region, prices of coca leaf were collected by DIGPROCOCA on a monthly basis throughout 2005 in three points of the department of Cochabamba.

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