01621-afg Ras 2006

Government of Afghanistan Ministry of Counter Narcotics

AFGHANISTAN Opium Rapid Assessment Survey

February 2006

Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2006

Abbreviations ANP CPEF GPS ICMP MCN MoI ORAS RAS UNODC

Afghan National Police Central Poppy Eradication Force Global Positioning System Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme (UNODC) Ministry of Counter-Narcotics Ministry of the Interior Opium Rapid Assessment Survey Research and Analysis Section (UNODC) United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

Acknowledgements The following organizations and individuals contributed to the implementation of the 2006 Opium Rapid Assessment Survey in Afghanistan and to the preparation of the present report:

Ministry of Counter-Narcotics: Ibrahim Azhar (Director, Survey and Monitoring Section), Zafer Zafar (Deputy Director, Survey and Monitoring Section), Kiali Jan (Survey Coordinator for the central region), Mateen (Survey Coordinator for the Nangarhar region), Abdul Latif (Survey Coordinator for the Herat region), Fida Mohammad (Survey Coordinator for the Balkh region), Mohammed Ishaq Anderabi (Survey Coordinator for the Badakhshan region), Ahmad Qais Aamir (database expert), Zuhra Saddiqe (data clerk), Nooria Khairandish (data clerk), Zia Ulhaq (data clerk). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Kabul)

Doris Buddenberg (Representative), Hakan Demirbüken (Regional Illicit Crop Monitoring Expert for South-West Asia and Survey Project Manager, RAS/ICMP), Shirish Ravan (Remote Sensing Expert, RAS/ICMP), Nazir Ahmad Shah (National Project Coordinator), Ziauddin Zaki (Database Expert), Fazal Mohammad Fazli (Coordinator for the Kandahar region), Mohammad Alam Ghalib (Coordinator for the Nangarhar region), Altaf Hussain Joya (Coordinator for the Herat region), Mohammed Alem Yaqubi (Coordinator for the Badakhshan region), Lutfi Rahman Lutfi (Coordinator for the Balkh region), Abdul Basir Basiret (Survey Coordinator for the Nangarhar region), Abdul Latif Ehsan (Survey Coordinator for the Herat region), Abdul Jalil Hussain Khel (Survey Coordinator for the Balkh region), Abdul Qadir Palwal (Survey Coordinator for the Kandahar region), Fawad Alahi (Survey Coordinator for the Herat Region), Abdul Mannan Ahmadzai (Administration/Finance Assistant). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Vienna)

Anja Korenblik (Programme Manager, RAS/ICMP), Thibault le Pichon (Chief, RAS), Martin Raithelhuber (Programme Officer, RAS/ICMP).

The survey would not have been possible without the dedicated work of the field surveyors. Implementation of the UNODC Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme in South-West Asia and of the Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey in 2006 was made possible thanks to financial contributions from the Governments of the United Kingdom, Italy and Finland.

1

Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February, 2006

Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 3 1.

METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................. 5

2.

FINDINGS................................................................................................................................................ 7 2.1. GENERAL FINDINGS ........................................................................................................................... 7 NORTH-EASTERN ZONE ................................................................................................................................ 18 BADAKHSHAN PROVINCE ................................................................................................................... 18 TAKHAR PROVINCE.............................................................................................................................. 18 EASTERN ZONE ............................................................................................................................................ 20 NANGARHAR PROVINCE ..................................................................................................................... 20 KUNAR PROVINCE................................................................................................................................ 20 NURISTAN PROVINCE .......................................................................................................................... 22 NORTHERN ZONE ......................................................................................................................................... 23 BAGHLAN PROVINCE........................................................................................................................... 23 BALKH PROVINCE ................................................................................................................................ 23 BAMYAN PROVINCE ............................................................................................................................. 25 FARYAB PROVINCE .............................................................................................................................. 25 KUNDUZ PROVINCE............................................................................................................................. 26 JAWZJAN PROVINCE ............................................................................................................................ 26 SAMANGAN PROVINCE ........................................................................................................................ 27 SARI PUL PROVINCE ............................................................................................................................ 27 CENTRAL ZONE............................................................................................................................................ 28 GHAZNI PROVINCE .............................................................................................................................. 28 KHOST PROVINCE ................................................................................................................................ 28 LOGAR PROVINCE................................................................................................................................ 29 PAKTIKA PROVINCE............................................................................................................................. 29 PAKTYA PROVINCE .............................................................................................................................. 30 PARWAN PROVINCE ............................................................................................................................. 30 KAPISA PROVINCE ............................................................................................................................... 31 WARDAK PROVINCE............................................................................................................................. 31 SOUTHERN ZONE ......................................................................................................................................... 32 KANDAHAR PROVINCE ........................................................................................................................ 32 HELMAND PROVINCE.......................................................................................................................... 33 URUZGAN PROVINCE .......................................................................................................................... 34 ZABUL PROVINCE................................................................................................................................. 35 WESTERN ZONE ........................................................................................................................................... 36 HERAT PROVINCE ................................................................................................................................ 36 FARAH PROVINCE ................................................................................................................................ 36 NIMROZ PROVINCE.............................................................................................................................. 37 GHOR PROVINCE.................................................................................................................................. 37 BADGHIS PROVINCE............................................................................................................................ 38

Maps Map 1: Expected opium poppy cultivation trends in 2006 (by province) ......................................... 11 Map 2: Expected opium poppy cultivation trends in 2006 (by district) ............................................ 12 Map 3: Opium poppy planting calendar in 2006 ............................................................................. 13 Map 4: Expected opium poppy flowering time in 2006 ................................................................... 14 Map 5: Expected opium poppy harvest time in 2006 ...................................................................... 15 Map 6: Dry opium prices (USD) ...................................................................................................... 16 Map 7: ORAS 2006 sampling frame and selected villages............................................................. 17

2

Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2006

INTRODUCTION Within the framework of its global Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme (ICMP), UNODC cooperates with the Afghan Government to operate an opium monitoring system and to conduct annual opium surveys in Afghanistan, the largest centre of illicit opium production in the world. To ensure effective and continuous monitoring of the opium production problem in the country, the system includes three distinct but interrelated components:

1. OPIUM RAPID ASSESSMENT SURVEY (DECEMBER-JANUARY) The objective of the Opium Rapid Assessment Survey (ORAS) is to assess the situation at the middle of the cultivation cycle in order to guide the preparation of the Annual Opium Survey. Implemented over a three-week period beginning in early December, the ORAS collects information on the geographical distribution and dynamics of opium poppy cultivation and anticipated harvest times. It also attempts to gather information on other factors likely to influence the implementation of the Annual Opium Survey, such as eradication activities and the security situation on the ground. It does not give a quantitative forecast of the forthcoming opium harvest. The ORAS 2006 was conducted earlier than the ORAS of previous years in order to make the relevant results available to the Afghan Government and main stakeholders in good time, i.e. before the opium poppy flowering period. The early scheduling of the survey has the added advantage that the field work can be completed before weather conditions become unfavourable.

2. ANNUAL OPIUM SURVEY (MARCH-AUGUST) Implemented from April to August, the Annual Opium Survey combines ground-level and remote sensing activities to create a robust yet flexible opium monitoring instrument. It provides quantitative estimates and detailed maps of the geographical distribution and levels of opium poppy cultivation and opium production during the year. The report of this survey is published around September. The 2006 Survey will comprise the following elements: Opium Poppy Cultivation Survey Estimates of areas under opium poppy cultivation in the provinces of Badakhshan, Nangarhar, Kunar, Laghman, Kandahar, Uruzgan, Helmand, Farah, Nimroz, Faryab, Jawzjan, Badghis, Sari Pul, Samangan, Daykundi, Ghor, Herat, Zabul and Balkh will be drawn up using satellite images (in 19 of Afghanistan’s 34 provinces). A village survey will monitor opium poppy cultivation in those provinces which are not covered by satellite imagery. In addition, the Village Survey for 2006 will cover issues relating to cannabis cultivation, poverty, drug trafficking and a variety of socio-economic factors affecting villages and farmers. Crop Development Survey In order to gain a better understanding of crop development over the year and its associated phenological patterns in different ecological zones, surveyors take photos of fields with opium poppy, wheat and a number of other crops in strategically selected villages every 15 days over a period of two and a half months. The location of the photographs is recorded with a GPS device. This information helps to optimize the timing of the field work of the Opium Poppy Cultivation Survey and facilitates a more detailed interpretation of the satellite images.

3

Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February, 2006

Yield Survey A capsule measurement survey is carried out during harvest time to estimate opium poppy yield. A village survey will be carried out in 320 villages, in each of which three fields will be visited. Eradication Verification Survey Eradication activities in 2006 will be carried out by Governors, the Afghan Eradication Forces (AEF) and the Afghan National Police (ANP). The Ministry of Counter-Narcotics and UNODC will jointly verify all eradication activities, using village survey visits, aerial photographs and satellite images.

3. MONTHLY PRICE COLLECTION As a proxy indicator of opium market dynamics in Afghanistan, opium prices are collected every month throughout the year in various provinces of Afghanistan (Helmand, Kandahar, Nangahar, Badakhshan, Balkh and Herat). In 2006, price collection will be extended to other selected provinces such as Farah, Ghor and Faryab. This report presents the findings of the 2006 Opium Rapid Assessment Survey. The results of the ORAS provide important inputs for planning the forthcoming Annual Opium Survey, inter alia with respect to security provided for the surveyors, trends in and the importance of opium poppy cultivation, eradication levels, expected harvest time, etc. The survey reports are available at: http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop_monitoring

4

Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2006

1. METHODOLOGY The Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, including training and deployment, was conducted from 4 December 2005 to 8 January 2006 by 70 local field surveyors. It was jointly supervised by the Ministry of Counter-Narcotics (MCN) and UNODC. The surveyors were selected on the basis of their experience in opium poppy surveys, knowledge of local customs and their acceptance by local communities. The surveyors conducted structured interviews with the ‘headmen’ of selected villages in each district. A total of 469 villages in 266 districts were surveyed across all provinces.1 A stratified sampling method was used to select the villages. The results of previous surveys show that opium poppy cultivation is most successful at altitudes below 1500m, where it is significantly more widespread than in areas of higher elevation, whereas opium poppy cultivation above 2500m is comparatively rare. In view of the uneven distribution of opium poppy cultivation at different elevations, a stratified sampling method was used to select the sample villages. The villages in the sampling frame were divided into three groups (strata) according to their elevation: Group 1: Villages located at an elevation of less than 1500m Group 2: Villages located at elevations between 1500m and 2500m Group 3: Villages located at an elevation of more than 2500m Villages were selected from each group using a systematic random selection technique. The total sampling ratio was 1.5 per cent. The design and size of the sample facilitate the establishment of cultivation trends. The sample is not designed for calculating quantitative areas or production estimates. In addition to the sample villages, the surveyors, using their knowledge of the local situation, visited other areas in the province to complement their assessment both of opium poppy cultivation trends and the security situation throughout the province. Surveyor training and data collection A total of 70 surveyors, together with nine survey coordinators, were given training in the use of the survey form and survey techniques over a four-day period prior to the survey by local UNODC staff in Kabul. In Afghanistan, opium poppy cultivation is illegal and considered to be forbidden under Islam. The collection of information on such a sensitive subject is therefore difficult and can be dangerous. Surveyors are selected from different regions of Afghanistan through a very careful selection process. UNODC and MCN regional offices and coordinators recruit surveyors according to the survey specifications and the surveyors’ skills. Most of the selected surveyors already have experience in conducting UNODC surveys. Surveyors were trained in techniques for approaching local community members and conducting interviews. Following intensive theoretical and practical training, they were deployed to the field, where inter alia they interviewed headmen of villages. UNODC and MCN coordinators monitored both the surveyors and the progress of the survey closely. Fortunately, the surveyors did not face any security problems.

1

In 2005, the Afghan Government reorganized the country's administrative division into 34 provinces. However, for technical reasons, the ORAS 2006 was designed, and its results are presented, according to the previous administrative division of 32 provinces.

5

Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February, 2006

On a trial basis, the surveyors also collected information relating to crime and the justice system. The data collected and experience gained will provide useful information for the further development of crime-related data collection activities. Photo: Surveyors during training

Photo: Data collection (surveyor interviews village headman)

6

Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2006

2. FINDINGS 2.1.

GENERAL FINDINGS

Opium poppy cultivation The Opium Rapid Assessment Survey (ORAS) for 2006 shows an increasing trend in opium poppy cultivation in 13 provinces, a decreasing trend in three provinces and no change in 16 provinces as compared to the results of the Annual Opium Poppy Survey 2005. At the end of February 2005, the Ministry of Counter-Narcotics and UNODC announced an expected decrease in opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan, which was confirmed by the survey results reported in August 2005. In 2005, the main reason for that decrease was non-cultivation in major opium poppy-growing provinces such as Nangarhar, Uruzgan, Laghman, Badakhshan and Kunar. However, ORAS results for 2006 indicate that the situation is different this year. Villagers have already planted crops on a scale equal to or exceeding that of 2005, on the basis of which opium poppy cultivation in the majority of Afghanistan’s provinces is not expected to decrease in 2006. This situation may change, however, depending on the eradication campaign scheduled for 2006. No major eradication activity was reported in Afghanistan between the beginning of the planting period (October-November 2005) and the end of December 2005. A comparison of provincial trends expected in 2006 and opium poppy cultivation levels in the same provinces in 2005 indicates an increase in cultivation in 13 of 32 provinces in 2006. Farmers in those provinces are aware of the Government’s ban on opium poppy cultivation and the planned eradication campaign, but do not believe that those measures will be enforced. In the Helmand, Badakhshan, Zabul, Ghor and Uruzgan provinces, which together accounted for 40 per cent of the total area under opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan in 2005, a sharp increase in cultivation is expected. Whilst in 2005 there was a steep decrease in cultivation (by 58 per cent in Uruzgan and 53 per cent in Badakhshan) compared to 2004, most villagers have now resumed opium poppy cultivation in the majority of districts in those provinces. In Nangarhar province, in districts close to the centre — where the provincial police have strong control — villagers have avoided opium poppy cultivation, whereas in remote districts most farmers are cultivating opium poppy at much higher levels than in 2005. An expected decrease in opium poppy cultivation is reported in only three provinces where opium poppy cultivation is neither traditional nor intensive (Nuristan, Sari Pul and Samangan). In 16 provinces, the same level of cultivation as in 2005 is expected in 2006. Both the 2005 Annual Opium Survey and the 2006 Opium Rapid Assessment Survey confirm that opium poppy grows more successfully in villages at elevations below 1500m than in those at higher elevations. Cultivation at elevations above 2500m is very limited due to poor weather conditions. Opium poppy may still be planted in upland areas of the northern and central provinces until midMarch, particularly in rain-fed areas, potentially leading to a further increase in opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan as a result of good snow coverage and water availability. Eradication The Opium Rapid Assessment Survey did not assess the implementation of the eradication campaign, but collected general information on eradication activities in those districts visited. Limited eradication was reported in the Balkh, Kandahar, Sari Pul, Samangan and Laghman provinces by the beginning of January 2006.

7

Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February, 2006

Eradication activities will be implemented largely from mid-January 2006 by Governors in Afghanistan, following which the Afghan Eradication Forces (AEF), the Afghan National Police (ANP) and Governors will carry out eradication jointly in opium poppy-growing provinces. The Ministry of Counter-Narcotics and UNODC will jointly verify eradication activities carried out in 2006. Reasons for opium poppy cultivation Respondents reported the following reasons for opium poppy cultivation (Table 1): Table 1: Reasons for opium poppy cultivation in 2006

Reasons for cultivation Poverty alleviation (provision of basic food and shelter) High sale price of opium No aid received from Government or other sources Purchase of luxury items (e.g. vehicle, television, etc.) Greater profit in relation to area of land cultivated External pressure (e.g. from traders or local commanders) Lack of water during summer High price of food Low prices for wheat and cotton Demand among addicts Lack of land Total

Number of observations Percentage 225 37.2% 178 29.4% 122 20.2% 40 6.6% 18 3.0% 13 2.1% 3 0.5% 2 0.3% 2 0.3% 1 0.2% 1 0.2% 605 100.0%

Opium poppy farmers earn up to 10 times more per hectare cultivated than cereal farmers, which makes opium poppy cultivation an attractive option for farmers (see Afghanistan Opium Survey 2005 (UNODC)). Some 20 per cent of those farmers interviewed complain of lack of aid or assistance. Interestingly, 6.6 per cent gave “purchase of luxury items” such as televisions, vehicles, refrigerators, etc., as their reason for growing opium poppy. Unemployment is a persistent problem in Afghanistan. The ORAS reports that some 23 per cent of the male population (age 15 and above) in the survey sample are unemployed. The rural population expects more employment opportunities from the government – an expectation that is often not fulfilled. In villages visited in the Badakhshan, Helmand, Kandahar, Uruzgan, Zabul and Nimroz provinces, farmers reported that they had received advance payments from drug traffickers to grow opium poppy. Groups such as drug smugglers are encouraging villagers to grow opium poppy, particularly in Helmand province. They give villagers guarantees for the protection of land on which opium poppy is cultivated, and in some areas use threats and intimidation to force those farmers that have not yet cultivated opium poppy to do so. Prices In addition to the monthly collection of price information for key provinces, the ORAS 2006 collected price information in all 469 villages surveyed. The average farm-gate price of dry opium is US$144 per kilogramme, whilst fresh opium costs US$113 per kilogramme (prices as at time of survey). An overview of dry opium prices by province shows that prices are higher in southern, western and eastern provinces, whilst generally lower in the northern provinces.

8

Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2006

Graph 1: Average farm-gate prices for dry opium (US$/kg)

250

222

US$/kg

200

187 170 161 167171161 152145150 147139 137 123

180 154 136

150 124 107 100 50

De c-05

No v-05

Oc t-0 5

Se p-05

Au g-05

Ju l-05

Ju n-0 5

Ma y-0 5

Ap r-05

Ma r-0 5

Feb-0 5

Ja n-0 5

De c-04

No v-04

Oc t-0 4

Se p-04

Au g-04

Ju l-04

Ju n-0 4

0

Source: UNODC Monthly Opium Price Report for Afghanistan, December 2005 High prices are found inter alia in Nangarhar and Nimroz. In Nangarhar, where law enforcement is strong, the price of dry opium per kilogramme is US$207. In Nimroz, a border province that is used as a major trafficking route to Iran and Pakistan, prices reach US$205 per kilogramme. Map 6 illustrates these regional price differences for dry opium. Farmers in Afghanistan usually cultivate crops twice a year in irrigated areas, typically growing maize, rice, vegetables or cotton following the opium poppy or wheat harvest. Some grow cannabis following the first harvest during the summer. ORAS results indicate that farmers earn a net per hectare income of US$540 from cotton, US$665 from vegetables and US$1,650 from maize. A wheat farmer can earn a net income of US$450 per hectare. None of Afghanistan’s agricultural products can currently match per hectare income from opium poppy, which is estimated at US$4000. External assistance Of the 469 villages visited, 429 received external assistance (91 per cent). A total of 927 assistance activities were reported in those 429 villages. The distribution of external assistance is presented in Table 2:

9

Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February, 2006

Table 2: Distribution of external assistance activities 2005

Assistance received GOVERNMENT Medical (including vaccinations) 165 Agricultural inputs (including fertilizers) 98 Education/school 48 Construction (roads/other) 32 Cash for labour 11 Electricity 6 Drinking water Food Dam construction 2 Cash as credits Carpet-weaving machines Digging of deep wells Household appliances Tents Wheat as payment for labour Total 362

NGOs (Including USAID) 86 46 54 70 35 4 5 1 1 2 1 1 1

307

Provincial Reconstructio n Team RED Total as (PRT) CROSS UN USAID WHO Total percentage 3 1 130 1 12 398 42.8% 5 8 7 167 18.0% 2 36 8 148 15.9% 5 16 5 128 13.8% 5 5 1 57 6.1% 1 11 1.2% 5 0.5% 1 3 5 0.5% 1 4 0.4% 2 0.2% 1 0.1% 1 0.1% 1 0.1% 1 1 0.1% 1 1 0.1% 21 3 200 22 12 930 100.0%

In those villages visited, 21 per cent of assistance activities were provided by the United Nations. External assistance provided between January 2005 and January 2006 was largely nonagricultural. In 2004, agricultural assistance activities accounted for 11 per cent of the total assistance provided, as compared to 18 per cent in 2005. Field security Security was good in most provinces during the Opium Rapid Assessment Survey. However, it was a concern in most areas of Kandahar, Zabul, Farah, the border districts of Nangarhar, Paktya, Paktika and Khost and northern and southern areas of Helmand. This situation may worsen as the opium poppy flowering or harvesting period approaches, since most of these areas report that villagers and certain groups are prepared to resist eradication.

10

Afghanistan: Expected opium poppy cultivation trends in 2006 (by province -at the time of the Survey, 10th December 2005 - 4th January 2006)

UZBEKISTAN TAJIKISTAN

Jawzjan 2665

275 Mazar-E-Sharif #

Takh ar

Kunduz

Balkh

Badakshan

1364

Sam angan

3227

Fary ab

Baghlan

3874

Sari Pu l

2563

2967

1554

0

Parwan Kapisa

Badghis

115

Bamy an 126

Herat

#

0 106

Wardak

2689

0

4605

Uruzgan

#

Kabul

Nuristan

0 Pakt ya

1059

274

Kunar Lagh man 1093

#

Jalalabad

Nangarha r

Loga r

Ghor

1924

7370

TURKMENIS TAN

Fayz Abad #

10837

1748

Peshwar #

0

Khost

0

10240

Ghazni Fara h

#

Zabu l

0

Legend

Pakt ika

#

2053

Main Cities

Province Boundaries

1690

Nimroz

26500

IRAN

12989

#

International Boundaries

Kandahar

2005 Cultivation level (ha)

PAKISTAN

Helm and Quetta #

Cultivation trend as compared to 2005

¯

0

50 100 Kilometers

Geographic Projection Datum: WGS 84

Decrease (-50% < and < -10%) No Change (-10% < and < 10%) Increase (10% < and < 50% ) Strong Increase (> 50%)

Source: MCN - UNODC Afghanistan Rapid Assesment Survey 2006 (http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop_monitoring.html) Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

Afghanistan: Expected opium poppy cultivation trends in 2006 (by province- At the time of the Survey, 10th December 2005 -4th January 2006) Legend #

Main Cities

UZBEKISTAN

Province Boundaries

Darwaz

TURKMENIS TAN

International Boundaries

TAJIKISTAN

Khwahan Ragh Shighnan Darqad Chah Ab Shahri Buzur Yangi Qala Fayz Abad # Imam Sahib Khwaja GharRustaq Fayz Abad Baharak Kunduz Archi Qalay-I- Zal Ishkashim Kalafgan

Cultivation trend as compared to 2005 Khamyab

Shortepa Qarqin Khani Chahar Kaldar Mingajik Dawlat AbadNahri Shahi Andkhoy Wakhan Khwaja Du Ko Mardyan Balkh Mazar-E-Sharif Aqcha Qaramqol Increase (10% < and < 50% ) Fayz Abad # Khulm Kishim Bangi Taluqan Chahar Dara Strong Increase (> 50%) Dawlat Abad Chimtal Ali Abad Shibirghan Chal Farkhar Jurm Chahar Kint Baghlani Jad Ishkamish Sholgara Sari Pul Zebak Shirin Tagab Aybak Baghlan Burka DarzabSayyad Sozma Qala Warsaj Khuram Wa Sabagh Khwaja Sabz Maymana Puli Khumri Nahrin Khost Wa Firing Almar Kishindih Kuran Wa Munjan Sangcharak Bargi Matal Dara-I- Suf Ghormach Bilchiragh Andarab Ruyi Du Ab Qaysar Pashtun Kot Dushi Hisa-I-Awali Kamdesh Wama Balkhab Murghab Khinjan Kohistan Kohistanat Panjsher Tala Wa Barfak Mandol Salang Nari Muqur Kahmard Nijrab Jawand Ghorband Waygal Bar Kunar Gulran Qadis Ab Kamari Nuristan Pech Asad Abad Kushk Yakawlang Shibar Dangam Qalay-I- Naw Bamyan Shekh Ali Alingar BagramKohi Safi Tagab Surkhi Parsa Kushki Kuhna an Bamy Nurgal Sirkanay Kohsan Dih SabzSurobi Hisa-I- Awali Bihsud JalrezNirkh Chaghcharan Lal Wa Sarja # Goshta Karukh Panjab Qarghayi # Chishti Shar Zinda Jan Injil Bagrami Markazi Bihs Hirat # RodatJalalabad Obe Hisarak Lal Pur Day Mirdad Azra Peshwar Ghoryan GuzaraPashtun Zarghun Waras Shahrak Chaki Wardak Dur Baba Day Kundi # Achin Jaji Dih Bala Khogyani Tulak Sayd AbadPuli Alam Chamkani Farsi Nawur Jaghatu Charkh Shahristan Adraskan Sabari Ghazni Gardez BakJaji Maydan Pasaband Bahrami Shah Ajristan Saghar Taywara Dih Yak Zurmat Shwak Tere Zayi Jadran Kijran Malistan Gizab Qarabagh Andar Mata Khan Ziruk SperaTani Gurbuz Shindand Jaghuri Sharan Pur Chaman Giro Baghran Shahidi Hass Sar HawzaUrgunGayan ChoraKhas Uruzgan Anar Dara Omna MuqurAb Band Kamdesh Hisa-I-Awali Sarobi Daychopan Gelan Tirin Kot Zarghun Shah Barmal Panjsher Afghanistan Eastern Khaki Safed Bala Buluk Wama Mandol Dihrawud Arghandab Nari Gulistan Waygal Hisa-I-Duwum Musa Qala Bar Kunar Pusht Rod Dila Shahjoy NURISTAN Naw Zad Nesh # Kajaki Qalay-I-Kah Kohistan Koh BandPARWAN Bakwa Nijrab Farah Nawa Nuristan Gomal Qalat Dawlat Shah Asad Abad Shib Koh Shah Wali Ko Mizan Waza Khwa Mahmud Raqi Washer Dangam SanginGhorak Khakrez Chapa Dara Pech Bagram Alasay Tarnak Wa Ja Shinkay Wor Mamay Shamulzayi Nahri Sarraj KUNAR Marawara Arghandab Lash Wa Juwa Kohi Safi Tagab Atghar Alingar Khash Rod Alishing Narang # Daman Arghistan Maywand Kandahar Chawkay Sirkanay KAPISA Nad Ali LAGHMAN Dara-I-Nur Lashkar Gah Nurgal Maruf Dih Sabz Mihtarlam Naway i Barakzayi Khas Kunar Kang

Decrease (-50% < and < -10%)

No Change (-10% < and < 10%)

Kunduz

Jawzjan

Takh ar

Badakshan

Balkh

Sam angan

Fary ab

Baghlan

Sari Pu l

Nuristan

Parwan Kapisa

Badghis

Hirat

Kabul

Wardak

Kunar Lagh man Nangarha r

Loga r

Ghor

Pakt ya Khost

Uruzgan

Ghazni

Fara h

Pakt ika

Zabu l

Kandarhar

IRAN

#

Panjwayi

Chakhansur

Spin Boldak

Zaranj

Reg

PAKISTAN

Garmser Chahar Burja

Reg

Shorabak

Jalal AbadKama Surkh Rod # Hisarak

LOGAR

Quetta #

Khushi

Dishu

¯

Azra Jaji

50 100 Kilometers

Geographic Projection Datum: WGS 84

Source: MCN - UNODC Afghanistan Rapid Assesment Survey 2006 (http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop_monitoring.html) Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

Lal Pur Chaparhar Bati Kot Rodat ShinwarMuhmand Dara Nazyan Dur Baba Dih Bala Achin

NANGARHAR

Dand Wa Pata Lija Mangal Chamkani Sayid Karam

KHOST PAKTYA Jani Khel Jaji Maydan Gardez

Goshta

Sherzad Khogyani Pachir Wa Agam

Puli Alam

0

Kuz Kunar

Qarghayi

Khaki Jabbar

Hilm and

Nimroz

KABUL Surobi

Bagrami

Musa KhelSabari Bak

#

Afghanistan: Opium poppy planting calendar in 2006 UZBEKISTAN

Darwaz

TAJIKISTAN

Khwahan

TURKMENIS TAN Khamyab Qarqin Shortepa Kaldar Khani Chahar MingajikMardyan Dawlat Abad Andkhoy Nahri Shahi Khwaja Du Ko Aqcha Chahar BolakBalkh Mazar-E-Sharif Qaramqol Fayz Abad Marmul # Khulm

Jawzjan

Dawlat Abad

Darzab

Ghormach Qaysar

Fary ab

Pashtun Kot

Kushk Kohsan Injil Zinda Jan

Hirat #

Hirat

Guzara

Ghoryan

Jawand

Badghis

Shahrak

Tulak Farsi Adraskan Saghar

Taywara

Pur Chaman

Kabul

Washer

Khash Rod

Daychopan Arghandab

Zabu l

Nesh

Maywand

# Kandahar

Nuristan

September October November December

Nangarha r

Dila

March October/March October/February November/March International Boundaries

Nawa

Waza Khwa Shamulzayi

KAPISA

KUNAR

Wor Mamay

Atghar

LAGHMAN

Maruf

# Daman

NURISTAN

Pakt ika

Panjwayi

Chakhansur

PARWAN Eastern Afghanistan

Sarobi Barmal

Gomal

Arghistan

Kandarhar

Lashkar Gah Naway i Barakzayi

Zarghun Shah

Gelan

Shahjoy

Shah Wali Ko Mizan Qalat Sangin Ghorak Khakrez Tarnak Wa Ja Shinkay Nahri Sarraj Arghandab

Kang

Zaranj

Province Boundaries

Planting Dates

Pakt ya Khost

Uruzgan

Bakwa

Nad Ali

IRAN

Main Cities

Kamdesh

Wama

Kunar Lagh man

Loga r

Musa Qala Kajaki Naw Zad

Shib Koh

Lash Wa Juwa

Mandol

Salang Panjsher Nijrab Hisa-I-Duwum

Tala Wa Barfak

Ghor

Dihrawud Tirin Kot

Fara h Farah

Andarab

Parwan Kapisa

Gulistan

#

Qalay-I-Kah

Khinjan

#

Bargi Matal Hisa-I-Awali

Nari Waygal Bar Kunar Nuristan Asad Abad Pech Shibar Shekh Ali Yakawlang Dawlat Shah Dangam Bamyan Marawara BagramKohi SafiTagab Alishing Alingar Surkhi Parsa Istalif Nurgal Shakardara Dih SabzSurobi Chaghcharan Khas Kunar Lal Wa Sarja Hisa-I- Awali Bihsud Jalrez NirkhPaghman # Goshta Panjab Qarghayi Bagrami # Markazi Bihs Jalalabad Muhammad Agh Hisarak Sherzad Rodat Lal Pur Waras Day Mirdad Azra Peshwar Chaki Wardak Dur Baba Day Kundi # Dih BalaAchin Khushi Jaji Khogyani Puli Alam Sayd Abad Sayid Karam Lija MangalDand Wa Pata Shahristan Jaghatu Nawur Jani Khel Charkh Zana Khan SabariJaji Maydan Pasaband Gardez Ghazni Bahrami Shah Bak Ajristan Shwak Dih Yak Zurmat Kijran Gizab Tere Zayi Jadran Malistan Khost(Matun) Qarabagh Andar Mata Khan Nika ZirukSpera Tani Gurbuz Jaghuri Sharan Giro Sar Hawza Khas Uruzgan Baghran Shahidi Hass Urgun Gayan Chora MuqurAb Band Omna

Bala Buluk Pusht Rod

Legend

Ghazni

Anar Dara

Khaki Safed

Zebak

Kuran Wa Munjan

Baghlan

Wardak

Chishti Shar

Pashtun Zarghun

Shindand

Jurm

Warsaj

Bamy an

Karukh Obe

Wakhan

Ghorband Shinwari

Qadis

Qalay-I- Naw Kushki Kuhna

Dushi

Kohistanat Kahmard

Muqur

Baharak

Nahrin Khost Wa Firing

Puli Khumri

Dahana-I- Ghori

Chal

Burka

Baghlan

Ruyi Du Ab

Balkhab

Ishkamish

Baghlani Jad Aybak

Dara-I- Suf

Sari Pu l

Fayz Abad

# Fayz Abad

Khwaja Ghar Rustaq Archi

Ishkashim

Sam angan

Kishindih

Bilchiragh

Qalay-I- ZalKunduz

Khuram Wa Sabagh

Sangcharak

Kohistan

Ab Kamari

Sayyad

Khwaja SabzMaymana

Murghab

Gulran

Chahar Kint Sholgara

Sari Pul Sozma Qala

Imam Sahib

Kunduz Takh ar Kalafgan Kishim Badakshan Balkh Hazrati Sultan Chahar DaraAli Abad Bangi TaluqanFarkhar

Chimtal

Shibirghan Shirin Tagab Almar

Shighnan

Ragh Darqad Chah Ab Shahri Buzur Yangi Qala

KABUL #

Spin Boldak

Reg

Hilm and

Nimroz

PAKISTAN

Garmser Chahar Burja

Reg Dishu

Shorabak

Quetta #

NANGARHAR LOGAR

¯

0

50 100 Kilometers

#

PAKTYA

Geographic Projection Datum: WGS 84

KHOST Source:MCN - UNODC Afghanistan Rapid Assessment Survey 2006 (http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop_monitoring.html) Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

Afghanistan: Expected opium poppy flowering time in 2006 UZBEKISTAN

TAJ IKIS TAN Ragh Darqad Shortepa

Qarqin Khani Chahar Andkhoy

TURKMENIS TAN

Kaldar

Mingajik Mardyan

Balkh !Mazar-E-Sharif Khulm

Chahar Balkh Bolak Dihdadi

Qaramqol Aqcha Fayz Abad

Shibirghan

Dawlat Abad

Jawzjan Faryab Darzab Khwaja Sabz

Almar

Pashtun Kot

Qaysar

Sangcharak

Kishindih

Samangan

Bilchiragh

Sari Pul

Kushk

Yakawlang Qadis

Kohsan

Chaghcharan Injil

Hirat !

Ghoryan

Shibar

Bamyan

Jawand Lal Wa Sarja

Karukh

Bamyan

Guzara

Shahrak

Ghor

Tulak

Wardak

Chaki Wardak

Uruzgan

Farsi

Pasaband Taywara Gizab

Kijran Shindand Pur Chaman Baghran

Shahidi Hass

Late March

! Jalalabad

Late April Early May

Azra

Logar

Ghazni

Kunar

Surobi

Muhammad Agh

Paktya

Flowering Calendar

Early April

Kabul !

Zana Khan

Ajristan

Saghar

Anar Dara

Kamdesh

Nuristan

Mandol

Kapisa Laghman

Shahristan

International Boundaries

Bargi Matal Andarab

Parwan

Sayd Baraki Barak Abad

Adraskan

Province Boundaries Kuran Wa Munjan

Maydan Shahir Nirkh

Waras

Main Cities

Nahrin

Panjsher Salang Shinwari Jabalussaraj Ghorband Chaharikar Bagram Shekh Ali Guldara

Obe Pashtun Zarghun

! Warsaj

Dushi

Panjab

Chishti Shar

Legend

Jurm

Khinjan

Gulran

Zinda Jan

Farkhar

Tala Wa Barfak

Kahmard

Qalay-I- Naw

Chal

Burka

Baghlan

Kohistan

Kushki Kuhna

Puli Khumri Dahana -I- Ghori

Ruyi Du Ab

Balkhab

Ishkashim

Ishkamish

Baghlan

Khuram Wa Sabagh

Dara-I- Suf

Baharak

Badakshan

Kishim Bangi

Ali Abad

Aybak

Fayz Abad

Takhar

Baghlani Jad

Sozma Qala

Sayyad

!

Rustaq

Taluqan Kalafgan

Khan Abad

Chahar Dara

Hazrati Sultan

Kohistanat

Badghis

Kunduz

Marmul

Chahar Kint

Maymana

Qalay-I- Zal

Shahri Buzur

Khwaja Ghar

Archi

Sholgara

Sari Pul

Shirin Tagab

Nahri Shahi

Chimtal

Yangi Qala

Imam Sahib

Dawlat Abad

Khwaja Du Ko

Chah Ab

Nangarhar

Jaji Dand Lija Mangal Wa Pata Chakmani Jaji Jani Khel Maydan Musa Khel Qalandar Nadir Shah K Mando Zayi Gurbuz Tani

! Peshwar

Late May Early June Late June

Khost

Early July

Chora

Bala Buluk

Andarab Khaki Safed

Qalay-I-Kah

!

Tirin Kot

Daychopan

Musa Qala

Pusht Rod

Naw Zad

Farah

Kajaki

Zabul

Nesh

Shib Koh

Ghorak

Washer

Sangin

Shah Wali Ko Khakrez

Arghandab Nad Ali

Lashkar Gah Naway i Barakzayi

Hilmand

Maywand

!

Salang Panjsher

Mandol

Arghistan

Bagram

Kandarhar

Kapisa

Chapa Dara

Alishing Tagab

Alingar

Dara-I-Nur Nurgal

Mihtarlam

Spin Boldak Daman

PAKISTAN

Kabul

Surobi

Hisarak

Shorabak

!

Quetta

¯

0

50 100 Kilometers

Geographic Projection Datum: WGS 84

Muhammad Agha

Logar

Azra

Sherzad Khogyani

Pachir Wa Agam Dih Bala

Goshta

Achin

Nazyan Dur Baba

Jaji Lija Mangal

Dand Wa Patan

Paktya Chamkani

Jaji Maydan

Source: MCN - UNODC Afghanistan Rapid Assesment Survey 2006 (http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop_monitoring.html) Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

Kama

Lal Pur Chaparhar Bati Kot Rodat Shinwar Muhmand Dara

Garmser Reg

Marawara Narang Sirkanay Chawkay Khas Kunar

Jalal Abad

Nari

Asad Abad Dangam

Kuz Kunar

Qarghayi Surkh Rod

Chahar Burja

Pech

Laghman

Panjwayi

Reg

Bar Kunar

Kunar

Nuristan

Dawlat Shah

Alasay

Maruf

Nimroz

Waygal

Nuristan

Koh Band Kohistan Nijrab Chaharikar

Tarnak Wa Ja Shamulzayi

Khash Rod

IRAN

Paktika

Qalat

Nahri Sarraj

Lash Wa Juwa

Wama

Shahjoy

Bakwa Mizan

Kamdesh

Panjsher Eastern Hisa-I-Awali Afghanistan

Arghandab

Dihrawud

Gulistan

Nangarhar

Afghanistan: Expected opium poppy harvest time in 2006 UZBEKISTAN

TAJ IKIS TAN Ragh Darqad Shortepa

Qarqin Khani Chahar Andkhoy

TURKMENIS TAN

Kaldar

Mingajik Mardyan

Balkh !Mazar-E-Sharif Khulm

Chahar Balkh Bolak Dihdadi

Qaramqol Aqcha Fayz Abad

Shibirghan

Dawlat Abad

Jawzjan Faryab Darzab Khwaja Sabz

Almar

Pashtun Kot

Qaysar

Sozma Qala

Sayyad

Sangcharak

Kishindih

Khuram Wa Sabagh

Dara-I- Suf

Samangan

Bilchiragh

Sari Pul

Ruyi Du Ab

Balkhab

Yakawlang Qalay-I- Naw Qadis Chaghcharan

Hirat !

Ghoryan

Shibar

Bamyan

Jawand

Kohsan Zinda Jan

Lal Wa Sarja

Karukh

Bamyan

Ghor

Wardak

Chaki Wardak

Ajristan

Saghar Taywara

Pur Chaman Baghran

Anar Dara

Shahidi Hass

Mandol

District Boundaries

Harvest Calendar

Kunar

No Data Early April

! Jalalabad

Late April Early May

Azra

Logar

Ghazni

Shindand

Nuristan

Surobi

Muhammad Agh

Paktya

Gizab

Kijran

International Boundaries

Kamdesh

Kabul !

Zana Khan

Province Boundaries

Bargi Matal

Kapisa Laghman

Shahristan Pasaband

Main Cities

Andarab

Parwan

Uruzgan

Farsi

! Kuran Wa Munjan

Sayd Baraki Barak Abad

Adraskan

Legend

Nahrin

Maydan Shahir Nirkh

Waras

Shahrak Tulak

Jurm

Warsaj

Panjsher Salang Shinwari Jabalussaraj Ghorband Chaharikar Bagram Shekh Ali Guldara

Panjab

Chishti Shar

Guzara

Farkhar

Dushi

Obe Pashtun Zarghun

Chal Ishkamish

Burka

Khinjan Kahmard

Kushk

Ishkashim

Badakshan

Kishim

Tala Wa Barfak

Gulran

Injil

Puli Khumri Dahana -I- Ghori

Baharak

Bangi

Baghlan

Kohistan

Kushki Kuhna

Ali Abad

Baghlan

Fayz Abad

Takhar

Baghlani Jad Aybak

!

Rustaq

Taluqan Kalafgan

Khan Abad

Chahar Dara

Hazrati Sultan

Kohistanat

Badghis

Kunduz

Marmul

Chahar Kint

Maymana

Qalay-I- Zal

Shahri Buzur

Khwaja Ghar

Archi

Sholgara

Sari Pul

Shirin Tagab

Nahri Shahi

Chimtal

Yangi Qala

Imam Sahib

Dawlat Abad

Khwaja Du Ko

Chah Ab

Nangarhar

Jaji Dand Lija Mangal Wa Pata Chakmani Jaji Jani Khel Maydan Musa Khel Qalandar Nadir Shah K Mando Zayi Gurbuz Tani

! Peshwar

Late May Early June Late June Early July

Khost

Late July

Chora

Bala Buluk

Andarab Khaki Safed

Qalay-I-Kah

!

Tirin Kot

Daychopan

Musa Qala

Pusht Rod

Naw Zad

Farah

Kajaki

Zabul

Nesh

Shib Koh

Ghorak

Washer

Sangin

Shah Wali Ko Khakrez

Arghandab Nad Ali

Lashkar Gah Naway i Barakzayi

Hilmand

Maywand

!

Salang Panjsher

Mandol

Arghistan

Bagram

Kandarhar

Kapisa

Chapa Dara

Alishing Tagab

Alingar

Dara-I-Nur Nurgal

Mihtarlam

Spin Boldak Daman

PAKISTAN

Kabul

Surobi

Hisarak

Shorabak

!

Quetta

¯

0

50 100 Kilometers

Geographic Projection Datum: WGS 84

Muhammad Agha

Logar

Azra

Sherzad Khogyani

Pachir Wa Agam Dih Bala

Goshta

Achin

Nazyan Dur Baba

Jaji Lija Mangal

Dand Wa Patan

Paktya Chamkani

Jaji Maydan

Source: MCN - UNODC Afghanistan Rapid Assesment Survey 2006 (http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop_monitoring.html) Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

Kama

Lal Pur Chaparhar Bati Kot Rodat Shinwar Muhmand Dara

Garmser Reg

Marawara Narang Sirkanay Chawkay Khas Kunar

Jalal Abad

Nari

Asad Abad Dangam

Kuz Kunar

Qarghayi Surkh Rod

Chahar Burja

Pech

Laghman

Panjwayi

Reg

Bar Kunar

Kunar

Nuristan

Dawlat Shah

Alasay

Maruf

Nimroz

Waygal

Nuristan

Koh Band Kohistan Nijrab Chaharikar

Tarnak Wa Ja Shamulzayi

Khash Rod

IRAN

Paktika

Qalat

Nahri Sarraj

Lash Wa Juwa

Wama

Shahjoy

Bakwa Mizan

Kamdesh

Panjsher Eastern Hisa-I-Awali Afghanistan

Arghandab

Dihrawud

Gulistan

Nangarhar

Afghanistan: Dry opium prices (USD) UZBEKISTAN TAJIKISTAN Fayz Abad #

TURKMENIS TAN

Mazar-E-Sharif #

Jawzjan

Takh ar

Kunduz

Badakshan

Balkh

Sam angan Fary ab

Baghlan

Sari Pu l

Nuristan Parwan Kapisa

Badghis #

Bamy an #

Hirat

Wardak

Kabul

Loga r

Ghor

Kunar Lagh man #

Jalalabad

Nangarha r

Peshwar #

Pakt ya Khost

Uruzgan Ghazni Fara h

#

Zabu l

Pakt ika

Legend #

Main Cities Province Boundaries

#

Kandarhar

International Boundaries

Dry Opium Price

IRAN

(USD/kg)

Nimroz

PAKISTAN

Hilm and

No data 88 - 106

Quetta #

¯ Source: MCN - UNODC Afghanistan Rapid Assesment Survey 2006 (http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop_monitoring.html) Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

107 - 156

0

50 100 Kilometers

Geographic Projection Datum: WGS 84

157 - 190 191 - 207

Afghanistan: ORAS 2006 Sampling frame and selected villages

UZBEKISTAN TAJIKISTAN

TURKMENIS TAN

Jawzjan Takhar

Kunduz Balkh

Badakshan

Samangan Faryab Baghlan

Sari Pul

Nuristan

Badg his

Kapisa

Parwan

Bamyan

Kunar

Kabul Laghman

Hirat Wardak

Ghor

Nangarhar

Logar

Paktya Uruzgan

Khost

Ghazni

Farah

Zabul

Paktika

Legend

IRAN

Nimroz

Hilmand

Province Boundaries

Kandarhar

PAKISTAN

International Boundaries

2006 Village Sampling Frame Villages

¯ Source:MCN - UNODC Afghanistan Rapid Assessment Survey 2006 (http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop_monitoring.html) Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

<= 1500 m

0

50 100 Kilometers

Geographic Projection Datum: WGS 84

>1500 m and <= 2500 m >2500 m 2006 RAS selected villages

Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February, 2006

NORTH-EASTERN ZONE BADAKHSHAN PROVINCE Cultivation Interviews with village headmen indicated that cultivation levels in 2006 may increase sharply. In 2005, fear of eradication led to an increase in opium poppy cultivation in rain-fed and remote areas. In 2006, a sharp increase is expected in both rain-fed and irrigated areas. The main opium growing areas in Badakhshan are the Faizabad, Jurm, Kishm and Baharak districts. Eradication Farmers are aware of the threat of eradication and the Government ban and are closely following eradication activities in southern Afghanistan to assess the degree of risk that they may incur by cultivating opium poppy. Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

7 369 Irrigated and rain-fed Strong increase Very high None Autumn/spring End of June Good 132

The total number of villages in Badakhshan province is 1,822. The ORAS collected information in 34 villages.

TAKHAR PROVINCE Cultivation Respondents reported either no change or a slight increase in opium poppy cultivation in all districts in 2006. Takhar lies on a major trafficking route to Tajikistan (via the Chah Ab, Yangi Qala, Darqad and Rustaq districts).

18

Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2006

Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

1 364 Irrigated and rain-fed No change/slight increase Low None Autumn/spring Mid-June Good 106

The total number of villages in Takhar province is 672. The ORAS collected information in 11 villages.

19

Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February, 2006

EASTERN ZONE NANGARHAR PROVINCE Cultivation An increase in cultivation was reported in Nangarhar province. Whilst farmers in central Nangarhar follow the eradication campaign and observe the Government ban, farmers in remote districts disregard the ban and are already cultivating opium poppy on a significant scale. Eradication No eradication was reported until the end of December 2005. Opium Poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

1 093 Irrigated Strong increase Moderate No Autumn Mid-April Good 207

The total number of villages in Nangarhar province is 972. The ORAS collected information in 27 villages.

KUNAR PROVINCE Cultivation Respondents reported the same level of cultivation in 2006 as in 2005. A slight increase is expected in remote areas of the province. Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

1 059 Irrigated No change Moderate Limited Autumn Mid-April Good 175

The total number of villages in Kunar province is 457. The ORAS collected information in 13 villages.

20

Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2006

Photo : Opium poppy fields in Kunar (date: 21/12/2005)

LAGHMAN PROVINCE Cultivation Opium poppy cultivation in Laghman province decreased sharply in 2005 but is expected to increase in 2006, particularly in remote districts such as Alingar and Dawlat Shah. Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

274 Irrigated Increase Moderate Limited Autumn Beginning of April Good 191

The total number of villages in Laghman province is 464. The ORAS collected information in 11 villages.

21

Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February, 2006

NURISTAN PROVINCE Cultivation A decrease in cultivation is expected in 2006, following a sharp increase in 2005. Nuristan is located high in the mountains, and most planting will begin in mid-March, by which time villagers may have opted to cultivate alternative crops. Opium poppy cultivation may match levels reported in 2005.

Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

1 554 Irrigated Decrease Low Limited Autumn Beginning of April Good 190

The total number of villages in Nuristan province is 170. The ORAS collected information in eight villages.

22

Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2006

NORTHERN ZONE BAGHLAN PROVINCE Cultivation Cultivation in Baghlan province increased considerably in 2005 (as compared to 2004), and the same level of cultivation as in 2005 is expected in 2006. Opium poppy cultivation is reported in all districts of Baghlan, but particularly in the Andarab and Khost Wa Firing districts. An overall increase is expected. Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

2 563 Irrigated/rain-fed Increase Moderate None Autumn/spring End of May to mid-June Good 106

The total number of villages in Baghlan province is 902. The ORAS collected information in 15 villages.

BALKH PROVINCE Cultivation In 2005, opium poppy cultivation increased sharply in Balkh province with respect to levels in 2004 (by 334 per cent). Like other provinces in northern Afghanistan, Balkh is becoming a major opium poppy-growing province. According to ORAS results, cultivation could remain at the same high levels or decrease slightly in 2006. Mazar-i-Sherif, Chimtal, Sholgara and Char Bolak are the main opium poppy-growing districts in this province. Eradication Surveyors did not report any eradication at the time of the survey, but at the beginning of January 2005 some eradication activities were reported to the Government by local authorities in Balkh province.

23

Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February, 2006

Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

10 837 Irrigated and rain-fed No change/slight decrease High Limited Autumn End of April Good 100

The total number of villages in Balkh province is 772. The ORAS collected information in 14 villages. Photo : Opium poppy in Balkh province (date: 17/12/2005)

Photo: Greenhouse construction in Balkh (date: 18/12/2005)

24

Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2006

BAMYAN PROVINCE Cultivation The majority of farmers in Bamyan province prefer not to cultivate opium poppy. No increase in opium poppy cultivation is expected in 2006.

Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

126 Irrigated Decrease/no change Low Limited Spring Late July Good 100

The total number of villages in Bamyan province is 1,543. The ORAS collected information in 12 villages.

FARYAB PROVINCE Cultivation Following a reported decrease in 2005, opium poppy cultivation is expected to increase in 2006. Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

2 665 Irrigated Increase Moderate None Autumn Mid-May Good 101

The total number of villages in Faryab province is 635. The ORAS collected information in 11 villages.

25

Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February, 2006

KUNDUZ PROVINCE Cultivation Kunduz province is neither a major nor a traditional opium poppy-growing region. In 2005, only 275 hectares of opium poppy were reported. The same level of cultivation is expected in 2006. Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

275 Irrigated No change Very low None Autumn Mid-May Good N/A

The total number of villages in Kunduz province is 377. The ORAS collected information in six villages.

JAWZJAN PROVINCE Cultivation Jawzjan province was not a significant opium poppy-growing area until 2002. Since 2002, however, opium poppy cultivation has increased sharply. In 2006, a further increase is expected. Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

1 748 Irrigated Increase Moderate Limited Autumn Late May Good 156

The total number of villages in Jawzjan province is 256. The ORAS collected information in nine villages.

26

Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2006

SAMANGAN PROVINCE Cultivation Key respondents reported that they were expecting a decrease in opium poppy cultivation in 2006. Since planting takes place mainly during March, farmers may yet decide to cultivate opium poppy, depending on the success of eradication in the southern provinces or in provinces at low elevations, such as Balkh. Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

3 874 Irrigated and rain-fed Decrease Low Limited Spring End of July Good 96

The total number of villages in Samangan province is 495. The ORAS collected information in eight villages.

SARI PUL PROVINCE Cultivation Opium poppy cultivation is expected to decrease in Sari Pul province in 2006. Since, depending on weather conditions, some farmers prefer to plant opium poppy in March, the situation may still change after that time. Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

3 227 Irrigated and rain-fed Decrease Low None Spring Late June Good 99

The total number of villages in Sari Pul province is 558. The ORAS collected information in 12 villages.

27

Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February, 2006

CENTRAL ZONE GHAZNI PROVINCE Cultivation Opium poppy cultivation has always been negligible in Ghazni province, and that trend is expected to continue in 2006. Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

9 Irrigated Decrease/no change Negligible None Spring Late July Good N/A

The total number of villages in Ghazni province is 2,645. The ORAS collected information in 15 villages.

KHOST PROVINCE Cultivation In 2005, opium poppy cultivation was negligible. In 2006, however, an increase is expected. Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

Negligible Irrigated Increase Very low None Spring Late May Good 169

The total number of villages in Khost province is 519. The ORAS collected information in 10 villages.

28

Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2006

LOGAR PROVINCE Cultivation The vast majority of villagers in Logar province do not cultivate opium poppy. The same situation is expected in 2006. Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

Negligible Irrigated/rain-fed No change Negligible Limited Spring/autumn May/June Good N/A

The total number of villages in Logar province is 394. The ORAS collected information in six villages.

PAKTIKA PROVINCE Cultivation Opium poppy cultivation in Paktika province has always been negligible, and the same trend is expected in 2006. Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

Negligible Irrigated/rain-fed No change Very low None Spring June Good N/A

The total number of villages in Paktika province is 553. The ORAS collected information in 12 villages.

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Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February, 2006

PAKTYA PROVINCE Cultivation Opium poppy cultivation in Paktya province has always been negligible, and the same trend is expected in 2006. Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

Negligible Irrigated/rain-fed No change Very low None Spring June Good N/A

The total number of villages in Paktya province is 707. The ORAS collected information in 12 villages.

PARWAN PROVINCE Cultivation Opium poppy cultivation was reported for the first time in the province in 2004, and was estimated at 1,310 ha. Cultivation returned to a negligible level in 2005 as a result of the Government ban. The same level is expected in 2006. No opium poppy cultivation was observed in the villages visited. Eradication There were no reports of eradication. Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

Negligible Irrigated/rain-fed No change Negligible None Spring Late June Good 200

The total number of villages in Parwan province is 980. The ORAS collected information in 16 villages.

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Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2006

KAPISA PROVINCE Cultivation Kapisa is not a major opium poppy-growing province, and cultivation decreased to 115 ha in 2005. Cultivation is expected to increase in 2006. Eradication There were no reports of eradication. Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

115 Irrigated Increase Very low None Autumn/spring Late May/early July Good 191

The total number of villages in Kapisa province is 307. The ORAS collected information in eight villages.

WARDAK PROVINCE Cultivation Trends in opium poppy cultivation are not expected to change in 2006. Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

Negligible Irrigated No change Very low None Autumn/spring Late May/early July Good N/A

The total number of villages in Wardak province is 1347. The ORAS collected information in 14 villages.

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Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February, 2006

SOUTHERN ZONE KANDAHAR PROVINCE Cultivation Following a sharp increase in 2005, no change in cultivation levels is expected in 2006. Following the announcement by the Governor of Kandahar in December 2005 of an eradication campaign, a decrease is expected in the central districts of the province, whilst in remote areas an increase is expected. Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

12 990 Irrigated No change High None Autumn Beginning of May Poor 140

The total number of villages in Kandahar province is 1,854. The ORAS collected information in 29 villages. Photo: Opium poppy field in Kandahar (date: 02/02/2006)

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Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2006

HELMAND PROVINCE Cultivation An increase in cultivation is expected in all districts of Helmand in 2006. Helmand province has the highest levels of opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan, and in 2005 a total of 26,500 ha in the province were under opium poppy cultivation. In remote parts of the province, some groups, such as drug smugglers, are encouraging villagers to cultivate opium poppy. Helmand is also the most significant province in terms of heroin processing and trafficking. Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

26 500 Irrigated Strong increase High None Autumn Beginning of May Poor, particularly in northern Helmand 141

The total number of villages in Helmand province is 1,126. The ORAS collected information in 20 villages. Photo: Opium poppy field in Helmand (date: 24/01/2006)

Photo: Wheat field in Helmand (date: 24/01/2006)

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Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February, 2006

URUZGAN PROVINCE Cultivation Uruzgan is one of the major and traditional opium poppy-growing provinces of Afghanistan. In 2005, a sharp decrease in cultivation was reported, but in 2006 most villagers have decided to grow opium poppy. A large increase is therefore expected. Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) 4 605 Type of cultivation Irrigated Projected trends in 2005-2006 Strong increase Cultivation levels High Eradication reported Limited Planting time Autumn Expected main harvest time Mid-May Security situation Poor in northern Uruzgan; good in southern Uruzgan Dry opium price (US$/kg) 135 The total number of villages in Uruzgan province is 2,492. The ORAS collected information in 34 villages.

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Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2006

ZABUL PROVINCE Cultivation Respondents predict a strong increase in cultivation in Zabul province in 2006. Zabul province is one of the poorest regions of Afghanistan, and a high level of migration from the province to other areas of Afghanistan is reported.

Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

2 053 Irrigated Strong increase Moderate None Autumn Mid-May Very poor 146

The total number of villages in Zabul province is 1427. The ORAS collected information in 19 villages.

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Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February, 2006

WESTERN ZONE HERAT PROVINCE Cultivation Until 2003, Herat was not a major opium poppy-growing province. However, cultivation began after 2003, reaching 2,531 ha in 2004. Respondents expect cultivation to increase slightly in 2006, particularly in the Shindad district. Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

1 924 Irrigated Increase Low Limited Autumn/spring Late May/late June Good 156

The total number of villages in Herat province is 1,435. The ORAS collected information in 22 villages.

FARAH PROVINCE Cultivation In 2005, cultivation increased by 348 per cent to 10,240 ha compared to 2004. Respondents expected that cultivation levels would remain the same in 2006. Opium poppy cultivation was reported in most districts during the survey.

Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

10 240 Irrigated No change High None Autumn Early May Poor 177

The total number of villages in Farah province is 820. The ORAS collected information in 14 villages.

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Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2006

NIMROZ PROVINCE Cultivation The year 2005 marked a record increase in cultivation from 115 ha to 1,690 ha (1,370 per cent). The same level of cultivation is expected in 2006. Nimroz lies at the country’s borders with Iran and Pakistan, and is therefore one of the major trafficking provinces for the export of Afghan opium. Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

1 690 Irrigated No change Moderate None Autumn Mid-April Good 205

The total number of villages in Nimroz province is 427. The ORAS collected information in nine villages.

GHOR PROVINCE Cultivation Owing to difficult terrain and harsh conditions, agriculture in Ghor province is limited to very narrow valleys. However, cultivation is expected to increase in 2006. Ghor is one of the main opiumtrafficking provinces. Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

2 689 Irrigated Increase Moderate None Spring Late June Good 155

The total number of villages in Ghor province is 1,713. The ORAS collected information in 20 villages.

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Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February, 2006

BADGHIS PROVINCE Cultivation Until 2004, opium poppy cultivation was very limited in Badghis province. In 2005, however, it increased by 383 per cent to 2,967 ha. Key respondents predicted a further increase throughout the province in 2006. Opium poppy cultivation details: Cultivation in 2005 (hectares) Type of cultivation Projected trends in 2005-2006 Cultivation levels Eradication reported Planting time Expected main harvest time Security situation Dry opium price (US$/kg)

2 967 Irrigated/rain-fed Increase Moderate Very limited Spring Mid-June Good 99

The total number of villages in Badghis province is 639. The ORAS collected information in 12 villages.

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Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, February 2006

ANNEX 1 Cultivation levels in 2004 and 2005 and expected trends in 2006

PROVINCE Badakhshan Badghis Baghlan Balkh Bamyan Farah Faryab Ghazni Ghor Helmand Herat Jawzjan Kabul Kandahar Kapisa Khost Kunar Kunduz Laghman Logar Nangarhar Nimroz Nuristan Paktika Paktya Parwan Samangan Sari Pul Takhar Uruzgan Wardak Zabul Total

2004 15,607 614 2,444 2,495 803 2,288 3,249 62 4,983 29,353 2,531 1,673 282 4,959 522 838 4,366 224 2,756 24 28,840 115 764 1,200 1,310 1,151 1,974 762 11,080 1,017 2,977

2005 7,370 2,967 2,563 10,837 126 10,240 2,665 2,689 26,500 1,924 1,748 12,989 115 1,059 275 274 1,093 1,690 1,554 3,874 3,227 1,364 4,605 106 2,053

131,263

103,907

Change in Change in 2004-2005 Cultivation trends in 2004-2005 as 2006 as compared (ha) percentage to 2005 -8237 -53% Strong Increase 2353 383% Increase 119 5% No Change 8342 334% No Change -677 -84% No Change 7952 348% No Change -584 -18% Increase -62 -100% No Change -2294 -46% Strong Increase -2853 -10% Strong Increase -607 -24% Increase 75 4% Increase -282 -100% No Change 8030 162% No Change -407 -78% Increase -838 -100% Increase -3307 -76% No Change 51 23% No Change -2482 -90% Strong Increase -24 -100% No Change -27747 -96% Strong Increase 1575 1370% No Change 790 103% Decrease 0 0% No Change -1200 -100% No Change -1310 -100% No Change 2723 237% Decrease 1253 63% Decrease 602 79% No Change -6475 -58% Strong Increase -911 -90% No Change -924 -31% Strong Increase -27356

-21% Overall Increase

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