01. Modal Verb

Obligation, Necessity, And Prohibition ­ Presentation Transcript 1.

OBLIGATION, NECESSITY, AND PROHIBITION MUST, HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO  o  strong obligation◊AFFIRMATIVE USE   We can use “must”, “have to” and “have got to” to express obligation. 

o o o

Broadly speaking, when “must” is used, the obligation comes from the speaker, (internal obligation): 

2.

I really must stop smoking.  OBLIGATION, NECESSITY, AND PROHIBITION MUST, HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO  If we talk about or report an obligation that comes from “outside” (for example: a regulation or order 

o

from somebody else)   ◊“ must” is possible (especially in written rules)    Cars must not be parked here.   ◊“ have to” is more common    I have to work from 9 a.m till 5 p.m. (an order from the boss)   “ have got to” is usually only used in spoken English or written fiction. It ◊can be used for  “external” and “internal” obligation    I’ve got to post this letter before 7 0’clock.  3. OBLIGATION, NECESSITY, AND PROHIBITION MUST, HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO  o NEGATIVE USE 

In negative sentences “don’t need to”, “needn’t”, “don’t have to” or ◊“haven’t got to” is  used to say that there’s no obligation;    you needn’t work tomorrow if you don’t want to.    mustn’t)◊(NOT    “ Mustn’t” is used to tell people not to do things; means that something is ◊wrong,  dangerous or not permitted    you mustn’t move any paper on my desk.  4. SHOULD AND OUGHT TO  o “ Should” and “ought to” are used to express mild obligation and duty, and ◊in general to say what we 



think it is good for people to do    you shouldn’t work too hard.  In most cases, both “should” and “ought to” can be used with more or less the same meaning. 

o 5.

 You should /ought to go and see your uncle. He’s very ill.  SHOULD AND OUGHT TO  o However, there is a slight difference: 

When we use “should” we give our own subjective opinion;  “ Ought to” has a rather more objective force, and is used when we talk about laws, duties and  regulations.   We ought to go and see your uncle next week, but I don’t think we will.   It would sound strange to use should and then add we are not going to see him.  6. BE ALLOWED TO + infinitive  o It’s used to talk about things you can do or are permitted to do. 

 

It is similar in meaning with “permit”, however “permit” is a little more formal. 

o o

Both verbs can be followed by OBJECT + INFINITIVE 

 We don’t allow people to smoke in class.  It’s worth stating here that when there is no personal object , a gerund ◊(­ing form) is used  

o



We don’t allow smoking in class. 

Auxiliary verbs:

' mood '

Lexical verbs: ( e.g. Listen , eat, talk).

Modals: will - may - can - could - should - ought to - have dare to - need (not) - might - must - would - ( used to )

General characteristics : 1°) No (s) for 3rd person singular present. 2°) Followed by bare infinitive, except: have (to) - ought (to). 3°) For questions you invert the subject and the modal . Can I ? Should he ? Would they ? 4°) Negative: Modal + not

Ability - Obligation/Necessity - Probability - Permission Prohibition - Willingness - Prediction/Certainty

Ability: A) Can is more common in the present: Past: - he could play the piano. - I'm sure you can't do it. - Can you drive ? B) Past ability: could/ be able: 1- When he was young he could/was able to run fast . 2- He fell into trouble and was able to save himself. (ability in a particular situation) C) Could ( in the present) _ condition: 1- I could get you a drink if you want. ( requests: could is more polite than can) 2- Could you open the window please ? 3- He said he could type. (reported speech)

D) 1- Even good students can make mistakes. (occasional) 2- A good car can cost a lot of money. (general characteristics) 3- he could be funny. (sometimes)

Possibility: (can/ could/ may/ might) A) 1- Traditional products can be found anywhere in Morocco. 2- The North can be very cold . (Affirmative present) 3- he can be very arrogant. (occasionally) (general possibility) B) 1-She might ( could ) be right. (present) 2- He might know the answer. (future) 3- They might/could listen to you. (future) - may/might: 50% certainty. - may: reasonable possibility. - might: most strong possibility. 4- It may/might/could snow. (less) 5- It may not be as cold as last years. ( negative possibility) C) Could/can't/couldn't ( for conclusions about the past): 1- It could be true. ( It's possible that it's true) 2- It can't be true. It's impossible. (confident) 3- It couldn't be true. It's impossible. (hesitant) D) May/might instead of will/would: - If you knock on the door, She will (certain) / may (possible) answer.

Permission (can/could/may/might): May I ? Can I ? Could I ? Might I ? A) 1- May I join ? (most confident) 2- Might I join ? ( weakest) 3- Could I possibly join ? (more formal) 4- Do you think I could possibly join ?

B) 1- I can use my brother's car wherever I want .(present _future) 2- He may use the phone.( present_ future) C) Use may to talk about authority: - Police officers may ask people their IDs. (have the right) D) - You can park here. (you're allowed) - You can't park here. E) Past permission: 1- When we were young, we could / were allowed /to stay in the playing ground. 2- She got a visa and was allowed to enter the country. ( permission for a particular action) F) Concessive may: - your job may be demanding, but it's not boring. G) Reported speech: 1- "You may leave". He told her she might leave. 2- " You can decide later". She told him he could decide later.

Necessity/Obligation (must/mustn't/have to/have got to): 1- Must (present & future): a-Obligation: Doctor: "You must take this medicine". b- Strong advice: You must see this film. c- Command: You must phone Mr. Smith ASAP. d- Inner compulsion: I must go now. e- Logical deduction: Ali must have done it. 2- Must/Have to :

Must

Have to

Obligation

Obligation

Internal

External

Personal

Facts

Present/future

All tenses Source of authority

Doctor: " You must take some exercise." Patient: " I have to take some exercise." Have to => I have to read these books . I've had to give up my job . They had to change plans . You will have to work harder . Mustn't / Don't have to : You mustn't do it => prohibition You don't have to do it =>absence of obligation 3-Have got to present/future: He's got to stay in bed . You've got to work harder = you have to work harder . 4-Mustn't = prohibition: - He mustn't leave before I tell him . - Muslims mustn't drink alcohol . - This door must not be left open (notice).

Absence of obligation ( Needn't/ don't need to/ don't have to): 1You needn't come He need study only the first chapter. You needn't wear a uniform. (present) We needn't travel until 4 pm. (future)

2- Semi-modal / Regular verb: Needn't Vs Don't need to You needn't read the whole book . You don't need to see a doctor . I don't have to work afternoon. - Lexical verb: he needs a book. - Semi-Modal: He need work hard. ( need + infinitive without to) Habitual /already planned actions (future): Don't have to / don't need to I don't need to get up until 9 on Tuesdays. We don't have to be there until 1 pm. I haven't had to see a doctor. We may not need to hurry. We wouldn't have to hurry if the film started later. We wouldn't have had to sleep in the car if we ha d booked a room . need John see a doctor ? No, he needn't. Yes, he must.

Should/Ought to: Moral Obligation - Advice - Criticism - Expectation Duty - Future Probability a-Present / Future / Past : You should/ought to to be doing your homework . You should/ ought to apologize to him later. I knew I ought to write/have written . b- Should is common / moral duty: You should obey your parent .

This word is mi-spelt . There should be another F. c- Advice: You should/ ought to practise more . He should / ought to be preparing for his exam. You should / ought to read this book . d- Notices => should : Candidates should answer questions . Passengers should be in possession of this documents. e- Future probability ( should is common): After exercises and revision grammar shouldn't be a problem. fHe should / ought to have done it. I should/ought to have helped them.

Will/Would: Will: 1- Future certainty: He'll be 37 next month. They'll have the result by 10 . 2- Conditional I: It'll go bad if you have it out of the fridge. 3- Request: Will you help me do this exercise? Won't: (refusal / unwillingness) This box is too heavy, it won't move. We won't give up smoking.

Would: 1- Conditional II ; III : If I had known I wouldn't have gone . If he were rich he would help his friend . 2- Polite request: Would you mind not doing that ? 3- Regret: I'd like to have gone. I'd rather not have met her. 4- Preference: I'd like to go. I'd rather stay in . 5- Persistence: The rain went on. It wouldn't stop. 6- After wish & if only: I wish he wouldn't say that again. If only he would listen to me .

Used to + verb/ Didn't use to / did he .. use to: a- When he was young he would sit on the river bank = When he was young he used to sit on the river bank. b- they used to have a Renault 5. Would => used => actions. She used to live in London. She is used to him. (accustomed) adjective

She has become used to winters in London. She is getting used to getting up early . ( to be used to - to become - to get ) => accustomed .

Dare : He dared me to do it . (lexical verb - challenge) I dare to go ( semi-modal) He doesn't dare to come in . She dare not move. - Does he dare ( to walk ) like that ? (verb) - Dare he swear in front of his father ? ( semi-modal ) Dare you answer back ? She dare not say a word in front of him . - I dare say . - How dare you ? (indignation)

Had better ('d better) (advice - warning - threat ) (present - future): We'd better do some extra hours . You'd better not tell him . Hadn't you better do your homework ? (unusual) You'd better fly . She'd better not touch it. You'd better give him the money.

Past modals: May / might / should / must have done . Could have done. Can't have done.

He needn't have done .