World Political Dynamics

WORLD POLITICAL DYNAMICS

NEED OF REORGANISING THE UNO

T h e U n ite d N a tio n s O r g a n is a tio n w a s fo r m e d to b r in g a b o u t p e a c e in th e

w o r ld . It is in c r e a s in g ly fa ilin g to fu lfil th e o b je c tiv e in th e p r e s e n t c o m p le x w o r ld .

It is a n o r g a n is a tio n w ith o u t a v o ic e to s u p p o r t its w ill, a n d a v o ic e w ith o u t p o w e r

to s u p p o r t it lik e its p r e d e c e s s o r , th e L e a g u e o f N a tio n s th a t h a d b e e n s e t u p a fte r

th e F ir s t W o r ld W a r . T h e L e a g u e o f N a tio n s th e n fu n c tio n e d a k in to th e p r e s e n td a y U n ite d N a tio n s O r g a n is a tio n a n d b a d ly fa ile d to p r e v e n t th e S e c o n d W o r ld

W a r.

T h e fir s t P r im e M in is te r o f In d ia , J a w a h a r la l N e h r u r e s p e c te d th e U N O

h o n o u re d

P a k is ta n

its

c a ll fo r c e a s e fir e

s o ld ie r s b a c k fr o m

w h ile

K a s h m ir in

In d ia n

1 9 4 7

a rm y a n d

in

w a s

th e

s u c c e s s fu lly

a n d

p u s h in g

p r o c e s s , lo s t h a lf o f

K a s h m ir to P a k is ta n b y d e c la r in g c e a s e fir e a n d k e p t th e ir r ita tin g K a s h m ir is s u e

a liv e to th is d a y . N o d o u b t, b y lis te n in g to th e U n ite d N a tio n s O r g a n is a tio n , h e h a d in c r e a s e d th e p r e s t ig e o f I n d ia b u t it r e s u lt e d in t h e m a in c a u s e o f t h e d is p u t e

b e tw e e n

In d ia

a n d

P a k is ta n . B u t th e c a lls a n d

r e s o lu tio n s o f th e

U N O

a n d

its

R e s o lu tio n s a r e ig n o r e d a s a r u le b y o th e r c o u n tr ie s . A b s e n c e o f its o w n a r m e d

fo r c e s to fo r c e its r e s o lu tio n s a n d its c o m p le te d e p e n d e n c e o n o th e r c o u n tr ie s ,

p a r tic u la r ly th e U n ite d S ta te s o f A m e r ic a , r e n d e r e d it w e a k .

In c r e a s in g th e n u m b e r o f m e m b e r s o f th e S e c u r ity C o u n c il to in c lu d e r is in g

p o w e r s o f th e w o r ld in d e c id in g th e w o r ld a ffa ir s m a y b r in g s o m e in itia tiv e s a n d e n e r g y to th e w o r ld b o d y . MILITARY ALLIANCES

M ilita r y

a llia n c e s

a re

v e ry

c o m m o n

th e s e

d a y s . M a n y

w a rs

fo u g h t in th e w o r ld in r e c e n t p a s t. C o u n tr ie s in w a r n e e d to te a m

h a v e

b e e n

u p w ith o th e r

c o u n tr ie s to w in th e w a r . M ilita r y a llia n c e s a r e im p o r ta n t fo r tw o r e a s o n s : p o litic a l

a n d m o r a l s u p p o r t, a n d m ilita r y a n d ta c tic a l s u p p o r t. E v e n in th e M a h a b h a r a ta ,

th e s id e s th a t fo u g h t th e w a r , th a t is , th e K a u r a v a s a n d th e P a n d a v a s , fo u g h t it

w ith th e s u p p o r t o f a llie s , w h o e n h a n c e d th e ir p o w e r .

T h e n e e d o f a llie s is a c u te in c o n flic ts in m o d e r n d a y s . T h e s h r in k in g w o r ld

w ith

th e

fo u n d a tio n

e x p lo s io n o f

o f c o m m u n ic a tio n

th e

m a th e m a tic ia n

m o d e rn

tu rn e d

liv in g .

p h ilo s o p h e r

a n d

T h e o f

tr a n s p o r t fa c ilitie s

fa m o u s

th e

1 9

th

d e c la r a tio n

c e n tu ry

m a k e s

th a t

o f

a

s y m b io s is

re n o w n e d

“ E v e r y th in g

is

e v e r y w h e r e a t a ll tim e s ” h o ld s m o r e tr u e fo r th e m a te r ia l w o r ld o f th e p r e s e n t d a y .

E v e r y th in g e v e r y w h e r e in th is w o r ld is in te r lin k e d . T h e

w o r ld

is

d e v e lo p in g

in to

a

h u g e

n e t o f i n t e r -c o n n e c t i o n s . N o t h i n g

o c c u r r in g in o n e p a r t o f th e w o r ld e s c a p e s th e o th e r p a r t o f th e w o r ld . W a r s a n d

p e a c e , c o n s tr u c tio n s a n d

r ic h e s

a n d

d e s tr u c tio n s , s u c c e s s e s a n d

p o v e rty , p ro g re s s

a n d

n e w

fa ilu r e s , fa lls a n d

fin d in g s , a ll h a v e

a

r is e s ,

c a s c a d in g

e ffe c t

t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r l d . I n t e r e s t s o f n a t i o n s a r e b e c o m i n g i n t e r -r e l a t e d . F i r s t a n d

S e c o n d W o r ld W a r s a r e W o r ld W a r s b e c a u s e o f th is p h e n o m e n o n . B o th A llie s

a n d A x is P o w e r s fo u g h t th e w a r s a s c o n g lo m e r a te s o f n a tio n s a lm o s t d iv id in g th e

w o r ld to tw o o p p o s in g b lo c s . L a te r w a r s lik e t h e K o r e a n W a r , V ie tn a m

W a r, Ira q

W a r a n d

A fg h a n

n a tio n s o f th e p r e s e n t w o r ld .

W a r p ro v e

th is

n e e d

o f a llia n c e

E v e n th e C o ld W a r o f th e tw o s u p e r p o w e r s fr o m

e x c e p tio n

s u p p o r tin g

to

th e

th is

c o m p u ls io n . T h e

U n ite d

S ta te s

w o r ld

o f A m e r ic a

w a s

b e tw e e n

W a r , G u lf w a r r in g

1 9 5 0 s to 1 9 9 0 w a s n o t a n

a lm o s t d iv id e d

r e p r e s e n tin g

to

d e v e lo p e d

tw o

b lo c s

c a p ita lis t

c o u n tr ie s a n d th e S o v ie t U n io n r e p r e s e n tin g th e C o m m u n is t a llia n c e . T h e o n ly

d is tr a c tin g in flu e n c e a g a in s t th e tr e n d a t th e tim e c a m e th r o u g h th e in s titu tio n o f

th e

N o n -A l i g n e d

R e p u b lic a n d

M o v e m e n t (N A M ) b y

Y u g o s la v ia

N a s s e r a n d M a r s h a l T ito .

b y th e

th e

tr iu m v ir a te s

o f In d ia , U n ite d

A ra b

in itia tiv e s o f th e ir le a d e r s , J a w a h a r la l N e h r u ,

T h e v e ry fa c t th a t N A M

h a d o n ly p a r tia l s u c c e s s in

w o r ld a ffa ir s a n d a t its d e a th th r o e s n o w

p r o v e s t h e f u t i l i t y o f t h e n o n -a l i g n m e n t i n

th e p r e s e n t w o r ld .

a

N o c o u n tr y is a fr ie n d o r fo e p e r m a n e n tly in p o litic s a n d d ip lo m a c y . It is a ll

m a t t e r o f s e l f -i n t e r e s t s a n d

U S S R

In d ia

in

s e c u r ity o f a

c o u n tr y . In d ia

p la y e d

c lo s e

to

th e

lib e r a l p o litic a l, d ip lo m a tic , m ilita r y , s c ie n tific

a n d

t ill t h e la t t e r d is in t e g r a t e d in 1 9 9 0 . S o v ie t U n io n w a s r e a lly a lo y a l fr ie n d o f th o s e

d e c a d e s

w ith

e c o n o m ic h e lp s to In d ia . In d ia s u r v iv e d a ll in te r n a tio n a l p r e s s u r e s fo r d e c a d e s in

K a s h m ir is s u e

a n d

r e c u r r in g

I n d o -P a k

s u p p o r t o f th e S o v ie t U n io n .

w a rs

o n ly

b e c a u s e

o f th e

d e p e n d a b le

T h e p e r c e i v e d s t a n c e o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a r e g a r d i n g I n d o -P a k

is s u e a n d its r e a d in e s s to tr e a t In d ia w ith a n e x c e p tio n w ith a n u c le a r d e a l a r e m o v in g

In d ia

c lo s e r to

in te r e s ts th a t g u id e

th e

a

U n ite d

c o u n try to

S ta te s o f A m e r ic a . It is a lw a y s th e

d e c id e

w ith w h o m

to

a lly a n d

n a tio n a l

a g a in s t w h o m .

In d ia is n o t a n e x c e p tio n to th is . T h e s ta tu s o f th e U n ite d S ta te s o f A m e r ic a a s th e

o n ly s u p e r p o w e r o f th e w o r ld a d d e d to th is s la n t. N o t th a t In d ia

a g a in s t a ll a n n a ls

is

to ta lly

o f w is e

a llie d

w ith

a n y

d ip lo m a c y . It is

o n e

c o u n try . S u c h

k e e p in g

its

o p tio n s

a

s ta n c e

is

o p e n . It is

c o n d u c tin g jo in t m ilita r y e x e r c is e s w ith th e U n ite d S ta te s o f A m e r ic a a s w e ll a s

w ith C h in a . It is s e e k in g s p e c ia l r e la tio n s w ith v a r io u s c o u n tr ie s in th e n a m e o f a x is

lik e

a p a rt fro m

I n d i a -B r a z i l -S o u t h

A fr ic a

A x is

a n d

I n d i a -R u s s i a -C h i n a

A x is

e t c e te ra

b e in g m e m b e r o f v a r io u s w o r ld b o d ie s a n d g r o u p s to s tr e n g th e n its

s ta n d in g . In d ia h a s g o t a p o w e r fu l e n e m y in C h in a a n d a h e a d a c h e in P a k is ta n .

In d ia is in n e e d o f p o w e r fu l m ilita r y a llia n c e s w ith th e U n ite d S ta te s o f A m e r ic a a g a in s t th e a m b itio n s o f C h in a in In d ia n b o r d e r s ta te o f A r u n a c h a l P r a d e s h , a n d

w ith R u s s ia a g a in s t th e a m b itio n s o f P a k is ta n o v e r K a s h m ir to fig h t it p o litic a lly . A

b a la n c e d m o v e b e tw e e n is th e d ip lo m a tic n e e d o f In d ia .

THE EUROPEAN UNION

E u r o p e a n U n io n is a U n io n o f s e le c t E u r o p e a n n a tio n s , a d m itte d o n ly o n

m a j o r i t y c o n s e n t o f t h e e x i s t i n g m e m b e r s o f t h e U n i o n . L’ union fait la force. T h i s

is th e p r in c ip le th a t b r o u g h t m o s t d e v e lo p e d n a tio n s o f E u r o p e to g e th e r to fo r m

th e

U n io n . Its

b o u n d a r ie s

In itia l p u r p o s e

a m o n g

in te r e s ts a m o n g

p ro g re s s

th e

n o t o n ly

th e

in

w a s

e c o n o m ic a n d

m e m b e r n a tio n s . In

m e m b e r n a tio n s , th e e c o n o m ic

a n d

tra d e

s p ite

tra d e

E u ro p e a n

c o o p e r a tio n

o f r iv a lr ie s U n io n

a n d

m a d e

c o o p e r a tio n , b u t a ls o

a n d

o p e n

c o n flic ts

o f

c o n s id e r a b le in

s h o w in g

c o m m o n fr o n t in im p o r ta n t w o r ld is s u e s , th e r e b y e x te n d in g th e ir c o o p e r a tio n to

th e p o litic a l fr o n t a ls o . C o n s e n t fo r a c o m m o n c u r r e n c y , E u r o , fo r th e m e m b e r

n a tio n s is a g r e a t s te p in c o n s o lid a tin g th e ir p o s itio n a s th e m e m b e r s ta te s o f th e

E u r o p e a n U n io n .

E u r o p e a n U n io n a s a b lo c h a s g r o w n a s a p o w e r fu l e c o n o m ic fo r c e in th e

w o r ld in th e s p a n o f a fe w

d e c a d e s , a fo r c e to r e c k o n w ith a n d p o s e s s e r io u s

c h a lle n g e to th e d o m in a n c e o f th e A m e r ic a n e c o n o m y in th e w o r ld . It n o w

fo rm s

th e m a in p illa r s o f th e w o r ld e c o n o m y w ith th a t o f th e U n ite d S ta te s o f A m e r ic a

a n d C h in a .

T h e c o m m o n c a u s e o f th e E u r o p e a n U n io n in fa v o u r o f th e K y o to P r o to c o l

is a n e x a m p le o f th e u n ity o f p u r p o s e d e v e lo p e d in th e U n io n in a s p a n o f a fe w

d e c a d e s . It p ro d u c e s

a g re e d

to

a n n o u n c e d

a

c u t

p la n s

u n ila te r a l 2 0 %

o f

a ro u n d

8 %

2 2 %

1 9 9 0 e m is s io n

fo r a E u ro p e a n

r e d u c tio n

o f g lo b a l g r e e n h o u s e

in G H G

U n io n

le v e ls .

e n e rg y

g a s

T h e E u ro p e a n

p o lic y in

e m is s io n s b y 2 0 2 0 . T h e

e m is s io n s

J a n u a ry E U

a n d

C o m m is s io n 2 0 0 7

fo r a

h a s c o n s is te n tly

b e e n o n e o f th e m a jo r n o m in a l s u p p o r te r s o f th e K y o to P r o to c o l, n e g o tia tin g h a r d

to g e t w a v e r in g c o u n tr ie s o n b o a r d .

T h e s u c c e s s o f th e E u r o p e a n U n io n h a s le d to o th e r n a tio n s o f th e E u r o p e

a s p ir in g fo r th e m e m b e r s h ip o f th e E u r o p e a n U n io n .

M u s lim

T u r k e y e v e n th o u g h is a

c o u n tr y is tr y in g to b e c o m e a m e m b e r o f th e E U . B u t th e r e is r e s is ta n c e

to th is m o v e . E a s t E u r o p e a n c o u n tr ie s a r e a ls o e a g e r to m a k e c o m m o n c a u s e w ith th e E u r o p e a n U n io n . B u t, a d m is s io n to th e E u r o p e a n U n io n is p r o v e d to b e

n o t e a s y

in v o lv in g

c ir c u ito u s

p ro c e s s e s

a n d

m a jo r ity

c o n s e n t o f th e

e x is tin g

m e m b e r s . E u r o p e a n U n io n b e lie v e s in c e r ta in id e n tity fo r its e lf b a s e d o n h is to r y

a n d c u ltu r e . T h is b a r s o p e n a d m is s io n to th e E u r o p e a n U n io n . M o s t n o ta b le

G e rm a n y a n d

m e m b e rs

Ita ly . A ll th e s e

o f th e

E u ro p e a n

fo u r n a tio n s a r e

U n io n

a re

E n g la n d , F r a n c e ,

h is to r ic a lly r iv a ls o f e a c h

o th e r.

E n g la n d a n d F r a n c e , F r a n c e a n d G e r m a n y , G e r m a n y a n d F r a n c e , G e r m a n y a n d

E n g la n d , Ita ly a n d F r a n c e , s o g o e s o n th e lis t. T h e r iv a lr ie s s h o w

u p e v e n n o w

in

th e ir p o litic a l d iffe r e n c e s to th e w o r ld is s u e s . E n g la n d w a s a r e lu c ta n t m e m b e r o f

th e E u r o p e a n U n io n in th e b e g in n in g . F r a n c e a n d G e r m a n y r e p e a te d ly c la s h o n

e c o n o m ic a n d p o litic a l is s u e s . Y e t, E u r o p e a n U n io n h a s s u c c e e d e d in r e ta in in g

its u n ity a n d c o m m o n fr o n t to th e w o r ld w ith it s u n iq u e id e n tity a ll th e s e d e c a d e s .

It is n o t a n o r d in a r y a c c o m p lis h m e n t in th e c o m p le x p o litic a l w o r ld o f to d a y .

b onum

T h e s p i r i t o f a c c o m m o d a t i o n s h o w n b y t h e s e c o u n t r i e s f o r t h e com m une o f E u r o p e a n d its p e o p le a n d th e ir e c o n o m ic p r o s p e r ity n e e d s e m u la tio n

b y a l l o t h e r c o u n t r i e s o f t h e w o r l d . B e c a u s e , L’ union fait la force. J o i n i n g t o g e t h e r

is th e

o n ly r o a d a n d m e a n s o f p r o s p e r ity in c o n c e iv a b le

b y in d iv id u a l e ffo r ts o f

n a tio n s . J o in in g to g e th e r le a d s to th e s h e d d in g o f e n m ity a n d r iv a lr y a n d fo r g e s

fr ie n d s h ip a n d c o o p e r a tio n fo r th e c o m m o n g o o d o f th e a ll m a n k in d . T h e E u r o p e a n U n io n h a s s h o w n a r a th e r fir m

a n d g o o d re s p o n s e to th e

d iffe r e n t c r is e s th a t h a v e s tr u c k th e w o r ld o v e r th e la s t fe w

y e a r s . C lim a te c h a n g e

h a s b e c o m e a v e r y im p o r ta n t to p ic a n d it h a s a ls o b e e n fo u n d th a t th e E U

h a s

b e e n ta c k lin g th is c r is is r a th e r w e ll. A n o th e r r a th e r im p o r ta n t c r is is th a t th e E U

h a s ta c k le d r a th e r w e ll h a s b e e n th e e c o n o m ic c r is is . T h u s , th e E U

m u s t ta k e a

r a th e r im p o r ta n t r o le in w o r ld p o litic s in o r d e r to r id u s o f th is tr o u b le th a t it is

s tr ik in g a n d ir r ita tin g o u r w o r ld .

T h e E U

is v e r y b ig g e o g r a p h ic a lly a n d e c o n o m ic a lly a n d th u s m u s t ta k e

th e le a d e r ’s r o le in e r a d ic a tin g th e s e c r is e s fr o m

p ro v e to b e a n e a s y ta s k a n d th e E U

th is w o r ld . H o w e v e r , th is w ill n o t

m u s t w o r k h a r d in o r d e r to ta k e th e in itia tiv e

a n d m a in ta in it. U n d e r th e P r e s id e n c y o f S w e d e n o v e r th e n e x t fe w

w ill tr y its b e s t to

r e s o lv e

th e

p r o b le m s th a t a r e

fa c in g

it a n d

y e a rs , th e E U

th e

w o r ld . T h e

S w e d is h P r im e M in is te r is v e r y d e te r m in e d to m a k e a v e r y s tr o n g m e s s a g e a n d

s ta n d d u r in g th is tim e in w h ic h S w e d e n h a s th e P r e s id e n c y o f th e E U . T h e E U w ill

h a v e to ta k e th e s te p s n e e d e d to r e s o lv e th e e c o n o m ic c r is is .

a n

T h e m e m b e r c o u n tr ie s w ill h a v e to w o r k w ith e a c h o th e r a n d m u s t s e t u p

a d m in is te r in g

e c o n o m ie s

a t th e

b o d y

a n d

m u s t a ls o

e x p e n s e

n o t d a b b le

o f o th e rs , a s

th is

in

w ill o n ly

in

p r o te c tin g th e

e n d

th e ir

m a k e

o w n th e

s itu a tio n in th e w o r ld w o r s e th a n it a lr e a d y is . T h e o th e r c r is is is th a t o f c lim a te

c h a n g e is a ls o s o m e th in g th a t a ll th e c o u n tr ie s w ill h a v e to w o r k to g e th e r o n . T h e

E U m u s t s o m e h o w c o o r d in a te a tte m p ts m a d e a t r e s o lv in g th is c r is is to o .

T h e E u r o p e a n U n io n h a s n o t ta k e n m u c h in itia tiv e in th is r e g a r d till n o w

a n d th u s , it w ill n o t a t a ll b e a n e a s y ta s k to p u s h fo r w a r d n o w , b u t S w e d e n is d e te r m in e d to m a k e its P r e s id e n c y a m e m o r a b le o n e . ISLAM IN WORLD POLITICS

Is la m

is a r e lig io n

t h a t w a s f o u n d e d a b o u t f if t e e n

h o ly p r o p h e t, M o h a m m e d . N o w , Is la m

is th e s e c o n d la r g e s t r e lig io n in th e w o r ld

a fte r C h r is tia n ity in th e n u m b e r o f p e o p le w h o fo llo w

r e lig io n . It b e lie v e s in g lo b a l b r o th e r h o o d o f Is la m

h o ly

P ro p h e t M o h a m m e d

d iffe r e n tia te

w h y M u s lim

o p p o s e d

to

b e tw e e n

th e

c e n tu r ie s b a c k b y th e

fo r e n d u r in g

p e a c e

c o n c e p ts o f n a tio n h o o d

it. Is la m

is a n a g g r e s s iv e

a n d s p r e a d in g th e te a c h in g s o f

in

th e

w o r ld . Is la m

a n d

r e lig io n . It is th e

a t th e

n o t

re a s o n

m a jo r ity c o u n tr ie s te n d to d e c la r e th e m s e lv e s a s Is la m ic c o u n tr ie s a s th e

g lo b a l tr e n d

o f c a llin g

th e m s e lv e s

a s

s e c u la r c o u n tr ie s . T h e

c o n c e p t o f Is la m ic B r o th e r h o o d a n d th e a g g r e s s iv e n a tu r e o f Is la m

a re

d o e s

b a c k o f th e

r is in g

m ilita n c y a n d

u n r e s t in

th e

a s a r e lig io n

p r e s e n t w o r ld . R a b id

m ilita n c y

in

P a k is ta n , A fg h a n is ta n

a n d

Ir a q , p r o b le m s

in

K o s o v o , C h e c h e n

m ilita n ts fig h tin g fo r th e lib e r a tio n o f C h e c h n y a in R u s s ia , p r o b le m s a t X in jia n g in

C h in a a r e a ll s y m p to m s o f th is . T h e

U n ite d

S ta te s

is

a t th e

c r o s s h a ir s o f th e

Is la m ic

m ilita n c y . B y

th e

to

th e

p o p u la r d o c tr in e k n o w n a s th e E is e n h o w e r D o c tr in e o f 1 9 5 0 s , th e U n ite d S ta te s

d e c id e d

to

b e fr ie n d

a n d

u s e

Is la m ic

C o m m u n is t U S S R . It r e le n tle s s ly

c o u n tr ie s

c o n tin u e d

w ith

fo r o il a n d th e

p o lic y

n e u tr a liz e

a n d

g e n e r o u s ly

p o u r e d m o n e y a n d w e a p o n s to P a k is ta n to c r e a te T a lib a n to c h e c k m a te S o v ie t

U n io n a n d g a in c o n tr o l o v e r th e r e s o u r c e s r ic h C e n tr a l A s ia . T h e p r e s e n t tr o u b le s

in X in jia n g a r e a n e x te n s io n o f th is p o lic y in th e c ir c u m s ta n c e s o f th e g a s p ip e p r o je c t p a s s in g th r o u g h R u s s ia a n d X in jia n g in C h in a . If th e th e o r y is tr u e a n d th e

S p e c ia l F o r c e s

o f th e

U n ite d

S ta te s

o f A m e r ic a

s u c c e e d

in

its

M a c h ia v e llia n

m a n e u v e r s , th e fo c u s o f Is la m ic m ilita n c y a n d T a lib a n m a y s o o n s h ift to C e n tr a l

A s ia fr o m

A fg h a n is ta n . T a lk s o f a c c o m m o d a tin g T a lib a n in A fg h a n is ta n a r e th e

h a r b in g e r o f th is

s h ift in

A fg h a n is ta n to C e n tr a l A s ia .

th e

fo c u s

o f th e

U n ite d

S ta te s

o f A m e r ic a

fro m

THE RISE OF TERRORISM

T e r r o r is m

is

v io le n c e

to

te r r o r is e

th e

o b je c tiv e s o f th e p e o p le w h o e m p lo y it. T e r r o r is m

g o v e r n m e n t to

s u b m it it to

th e

is a n im m o r a l p o litic a l to o l a n d

a n t i -h u m a n a c t i v i t y a s i t i s t a r g e t s i n n o c e n t a n d p e a c e -l o v i n g p e o p l e f o r p o l i t i c a l

g a in s . It in v o lv e s

te r r o r is m

m a s s

k illin g

a n d

w id e

a r e h ija c k in g a n d u s e o f b o m b s .

d e s tr u c tio n . T h e

c o m m o n

fo rm s

o f

T h e r e a r e m a n y c a u s e s f o r t e r r o r i s m . T h e y i n c l u d e t h e h i g h -h a n d e d n e s s

o f th e p o w e r fu l, h e lp le s s n e s s o f th e w e a k , u n e m p lo y m e n t, a n d th e in d iffe r e n c e o f

t h o s e i n p o w e r t o j u s t d e m a n d s b y p e a c e f u l a n d n o n -v i o l e n t m e t h o d s T e r r o r is m

is n o t n e w

in s ta n c e s o f te r r o r is m

to m a n k in d . H is to r y a ll o v e r th e w o r ld is r e p le te w ith

b y in d iv id u a ls o r g r o u p s a g a in s t th e

e s ta b lis h e d

p o w e r.

T h e r e a r e in s ta n c e s w h e r e in te r r o r is ts o r te r r o r g r o u p s s u c c e e d in g in th e ir e ffo r ts

a n d e s ta b lis h in g th e ir o w n r u le . M o s t o f th e p o w e r fu l d y n a s tie s o f th e w o r ld h a v e

s m a ll te r r o r is t g r o u p s a s th e ir o r ig in . T e r r o r is m

in th is s e n s e is n o th in g m o r e th a n

a s y m m e tr ic v io le n c e a g a in s t th e s ta te p o w e r to b e n d it to th e g r o u p ’s w ill. It b e

R a n a P r a th a p o r S h iv a ji o r B h a g a t S in g h o f In d ia , o r th e v io le n t fr e e d o m

o f Ir is h

p e o p le

a g a in s t th e

B r itis h

r u le , o r th e

w a rs

o f L T T E

w ith

s tr u g g le

S ri L a n k a

G o v e r n m e n t , o r v i o l e n t d e s i g n s o f A l -Q a e d a f o r I s l a m i c h e g e m o n y o f t h e w o r l d ,

b a s ic a lly

th e y

a re

in c lu d in g

e n e m y

a ll te r r o r is m . M a s s

d e s tr u c tio n s

in v o lv e d

in

p re s e n t d a y s

b e c a u s e o f s o p h is tic a te d w e a p o n s a n d b o m b s a n d s u p p o r t o f o u ts id e e le m e n ts te r r o r is m

s ta te s

in

in s p ir in g , d e s ig n in g

o f p r e s e n t d a y s d iffe r e n t fr o m

C a u s e s fo r th e r is e in te r r o r is m

s u c c e s s e s

a n d

to

P a le s tin e

m a k e

in p r e s e n t d a y s a r e u m p te e n . T h e y in c lu d e o f Is ra e l b y

p r o b le m , h e g e m o n y o f th e

w o r ld p o litic s , p o v e r ty a n d u n e m p lo y m e n t. T h e te r r o r is m

te r r o r is m

th a t o f y o r e a n d m o r e r e p r e h e n s ib le .

o f te r r o r is t m e a n s , m ilita n t Is la m , b ir th

m e a n s le a d in g

e x e c u tin g

le s s

d e v e lo p e d

th a n

ju s t

c o u n tr ie s in

in In d ia h a s a ls o r is e n c o n s id e r a b ly a n d c o v e r s a ll r e g io n s o f

t h e c o u n t r y . I S I o p e r a t o r s i n N o r t h I n d i a , U L F A i n N -E I n d i a , N a x a l i s m

In d ia , r a d ic a l M u s lim s in W e s t In d ia a n d a ll o f th e m

th e w o r s t a ffe c te d c o u n tr ie s o f th e w o r ld in te r r o r is m .

in C e n tr a l

in S o u th In d ia . In d ia is o n e o f

TALIBAN

fro m

T a lib a n

w a s r u lin g

A fg h a n is ta n

a fte r th e

d e p a rtu re

to

A fg h a n is ta n

o f th e

S o v ie t U n io n

th e fie ld till th e fa ll o f th e W o r ld T r a d e C e n tr e in 2 0 0 1 . T h e U n ite d S ta te s o f

A m e r ic a

th ro u g h

b r o u g h t T a lib a n

its

A fg h a n is ta n

c re a to r a n d s u p p o rte d

m ilita n t Is la m ic

“ In fid e ls ” fr o m

o u tfit to

p o w e r in

s u s ta in e r s , P a k is ta n

b y

th e

th e

to

b y m ilita r ily h e lp in g

p u ll d o w n

S o v ie t U n io n . B u t, T a lib a n

c o r e , r e b e lle d

a g a in s t its

th e

b e in g

T a lib a n

G o v e rn m e n t o f

m a k e rs , th e

w h a t it is , a

“ K a ffir s ” o r

th e U n ite d S ta te s o f A m e r ic a . It h a r b o u r e d a n d p r o v id e d h id e o u ts

A l -Q a e d a o u t f i t a n d i t s l e a d e r s , a n d p r o v i d e d i n f r a s t r u c t u r e f o r t h e t r a i n i n g o f t h e

Is la m ic m ilita n ts to o p e r a te a ll o v e r th e w o r ld . A fg h a n is ta n u n d e r T a lib a n b e c a m e

th e p a r a d is e o f th e Is la m ic m ilita n ts fr o m

a ll o v e r th e w o r ld . It w a s fr o m

th is s ta te

s u p p o r t th a t Is la m ic m ilita n c y s p r e a d lik e w ild fir e a ll o v e r th e w o r ld . T h e a s s e ts

a n d

in te r e s ts

o f th e

U n ite d

T h is

a c t o f A l -Q a e d a

S ta te s

its e lf r e p e a te d ly

b e c a m e

ta rg e ts

o f th e s e

te r r o r is ts c u lm in a tin g in th e W o r ld T r a d e C e n tr e in c id e n t o n S e p te m b e r 1 1 , 2 0 0 1 . le a d e r s h ip

c o n c e iv e d

a n d

e x e c u te d

fr o m

A fg h a n is ta n

b r o u g h t c u r ta in s d o w n o n T a lib a n a s th e U n ite d S ta te s o f A m e r ic a a lo n g w ith its

a llie s a c te d

p r o m p tly to

re m o v e

T a lib a n

Q a e d a le a d e r s fle d th e s c e n e to h id in g .

fr o m

p o w e r, a n d

th e

T a lib a n

a n d

A l-

H o w e v e r , n e i t h e r T a l i b a n n o r A l -Q a e d a w a s f u l l y c r u s h e d a n d t h e y s o o n

re s u rfa c e d

a lo n g

th e

ru g g e d

b o rd e rs

b e tw e e n

P o w e r fu l tr ib a ls o f th e a r e a s u p p o r te d th e m

a s y m m e tr ic w a r a g a in s t th e a llie d fo r c e s fr o m

P a k is ta n

a n d

A fg h a n is ta n .

to th e h e e ls . T a lib a n c o n tin u e d its th e b o r d e r a r e a s o f P a k is ta n w ith

t h e a c t i v e s u p p o r t o f t h e A r m y a n d a l l -p o w e r f u l I n t e r -S e r v i c e s I n t e l l i g e n c e ( I S I ) o f

P a k is ta n .

A ll s tr a te g ie s

o f th e

U n ite d

S ta te s

d o lla r s o f e c o n o m ic h e lp to r e c o v e r P a k is ta n fr o m

o v e r P a k is ta n to its s id e fr o m

o f A m e r ic a

a v a ila b le .

T h e

b illio n s

o f

its e c o n o m ic c r is is fa ile d to w in

s u p p o r tin g T a lib a n . U n ite d S ta te s is a w a r e th a t n o

s o lu tio n is p o s s ib le in A fg h a n is ta n till T a lib a n p r o b le m to T a lib a n p r o b le m

in c lu d in g

is s o lv e d , a n d n o s o lu tio n

is p o s s ib le u n til P a k is ta n ’s u n s tin te d s u p p o r t fo r th e c a u s e is

r e c e n t th o u g h ts o f th e

U n ite d

S ta te s o f A m e r ic a

a re

to

in v o lv e

th e

T a lib a n in s o lv in g th e p r o b le m s o f A fg h a n is ta n b y a c c o m m o d a tin g th e T a lib a n in

th e g o v e r n a n c e b y a m e c h a n is m

o f p o w e r s h a r in g b y u s in g P a k is ta n ’s c h a n n e ls

w ith th e T a lib a n . S o , th e U n ite d S ta te s o f A m e r ic a is c o m in g fu ll c ir c le in its p o lic y

to w a r d s th e T a lib a n .

THE NUCLEAR THREAT

a n d

M a n fo r m ille n n iu m s in h a b its th e E a r th n o w . S u r v iv a l is h is b a s ic in s tin c t

s u r v iv a l in

u n c iv ilis e d

w o r ld

m e a n s

fig h tin g

o th e rs

a n d

s u r v iv in g . In

th e

p r o c e s s , h e in v e n te d w e a p o n s fo r b o th d e fe n c e a n d a g g r e s s io n in h is fig h t fo r

s u r v iv a l. A n d

m o re

c o n tin u a lly h e

d e s tr u c tiv e

a n d

im p r o v e d

d e a d ly . M a s s a n d

s o u g h t in th e s e n e w

u p o n

th e

w e a p o n s m a k in g

im m e d ia te

w e a p o n s . H e m o v e d fro m

it m o r e

d e s tr u c tio n s w e r e

a n d

w h a t h e

s tic k s a n d s to n e s to k n iv e s a n d

a x e s a n d s w o r d s , to b o w s a n d a r r o w s a n d m a c e s , to g u n s , ta n k s , m is s ile s a n d

b o m b s n o w . H e

h e lp

o f s c ie n c e

a n d

d e p e n d e d

r a p id ly im p r o v e d

to

p ro d u c e

o n

h is r e c e n t w e a p o n

w e a p o n s o f m a s s d e s tr u c tio n

te c h n o lo g ie s w ith a s r iv a lr y a n d

th e

w a rs

b e c a m e c o m m o n b e tw e e n n a tio n s o f th e p r e s e n t w o r ld a n d s u r v iv a l d e m a n d e d o n

c o u n try p o s s e s s e s .

th e

th e

e ffic ie n c y a n d

d e s tr u c tiv e

c a p a b ilitie s o f th e

w e a p o n s a

N u c le a r b o m b s w e r e p r o d u c e d in th is b a c k d r o p . C o m p e titio n to p r o d u c e

n u c le a r b o m b

s c ie n tis ts

w a s

d is c o v e r e d

th e

in te n s e

in

w e a p o n s

1 9 4 0 s

d u r in g

c a p a b ilitie s

th e

o f th e

S e c o n d

W o r ld

W a r a fte r

n u c le a r e n e r g y

in

th e

p r e v io u s d e c a d e . T h e U n ite d S ta te s s u c c e e d e d in p r o d u c in g th e n u c le a r b o m b s

fir s t a n d d id n o t w a it lo n g in u s in g it a g a in s t J a p a n a t H ir o s h im a a n d N a g a s a k i in

A u g u s t 1 9 4 5 to b r in g c u r ta in d o w n o n th e S e c o n d W o r ld W a r . T h e d e v a s ta tio n s

a n d d e a th s th e tw in n u c le a r b o m b s c a u s e d s h o c k e d th e s e n s ib ilitie s o f th e w o r ld

a n d h e lp e d c o n s e n s u s to s a v e th e h u m a n ity fr o m

to

c o n ta in

th e

s p re a d

o f th e

n u c le a r w e a p o n s

P r o life r a tio n T r e a ty s h o u ld b e r e a d in th is c o n te x t. N u c le a r b o m b

is

b a s e d

o n

n u c le a r a r m s . P r e s e n t a tte m p ts a n d

th e

U r a n i u m -2 3 5 , w h i c h

s ig n ific a n c e

o f N o n -

is

s ta b le

fo rm

o f

u n s ta b le

fo rm

o f

a

U r a n i u m . W h e n a n u c l e a r b o m b i s r e l e a s e d , a n e u t r o n s t r i k e s U r a n i u m -2 3 5 a n d

th a t tra n s fo rm s

th e

U r a n i u m -2 3 5

to

U r a n i u m -2 3 6 , a

v e ry

U r a n iu m , r e le a s in g tr e m e n d o u s e n e r g y a n d a c lu s te r o f n e u tr o n s . T h e r e le a s e d

n e u t r o n s s t r i k e o t h e r a t o m s o f t h e U r a n i u m -2 3 5 a g a i n r e l e a s i n g m o r e e n e r g y a n d

n e u tr o n s , th u s in itia tin g a c h a in r e a c tio n th a t e x p o n e n tia lly r e le a s e e n e r g y , h e a t

a n d fir e th a t c a u s e to ta l d e s tr u c tio n s a n d lo s s o f life . A tte m p ts

to

c o n ta in

th e

s p re a d

p f

n u c le a r

w e a p o n s

a n d

th e

N o n -

P r o life r a tio n T r e a ty c a n o n ly d e la y o r s u p p r e s s th e g lo b a l s p r e a d o f th e n u c le a r

w e a p o n s a n d n o th in g m o r e . M o r e a n d m o r e c o u n tr ie s p r o d u c in g a n d p o s s e s s in g

th e s e d e a d ly w e a p o n s th e s e d a y s in s p ite o f g lo b a l o p p o s itio n a n d th r e a ts o f th e

U n ite d S ta te s p r o v e th is . In d ia a n d P a k is ta n p r o d u c e d a n d p o s s e s s th e m

c o n c lu d in g

y e a rs o f th e

2 0

c e n tu ry ; N o rth

th

K o re a

d e c la r e d

its e lf a s a

in th e

n u c le a r

p o w e r in 2 0 0 9 a n d Ir a n is o n th a t p a th . O n c e a c o u n tr y b e c o m e s a n u c le a r p o w e r ,

n o th in g

e ls e

c a n

b e

d o n e

a b o u t th e

m a tte r b y

a n y b o d y . T h e

m o s t c h illin g

p r o s p e c t o f th e n u c le a r w e a p o n s is it fa llin g to w r o n g h a n d s o f th e te r r o r is ts a n d

d e s tr o y in g th e w o r ld o r d e r . N o n e c a n r u le o u t s u c h a p o s s ib ility . T h is is th e p r ic e

h u m a n ity p a y fo r its th o u g h tle s s p r o g r e s s in th e fie ld o f s c ie n c e . THE ECONOMIC RECESSION

E c o n o m ic r e c e s s io n s tr u c k th e w o r ld in 2 0 0 8 . T h is is th e w o r s t e c o n o m ic

r e c e s s io n th e w o r ld e n c o u n te r e d s in c e th e G r e a t D e p r e s s io n 1 9 2 9 a n d a ffe c te d

a lm o s t a ll c o u n tr ie s o f th e w o r ld .

M a n y c o u n tr ie s h a v e r o lle d o u t p la n s to m in im iz e th e e ffe c t o f th e h o r r ib le

c r i s i s o n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e e c o n o m i e s . I n t e r -d e p e n d e n c e o f c o u n t r i e s i n t h e m o d e r n

g lo b a l v illa g e p r im a r ily in w o r ld tr a d e r e n d e r e d in d e p e n d e n t e ffo r ts o f c o u n tr ie s to

s o lv e th e c r is is im p o s s ib le . C o o r d in a te d a c tio n to a tta c k th e p r o b le m

a t th e g lo b a l

le v e l b e c a m e in e v ita b le a n d le a d e r s o f th e m a jo r e c o n o m ic p o w e r s o f th e w o r ld

a lo n g w ith C h in a a n d In d ia a r e m e e tin g a n d d is c u s s in g a t v a r io u s w o r ld fo r u m s a b o u t h o w to ta c k le th e p r o b le m T h e

U n ite d

S ta te s

a n d s a v e h e w o r ld fr o m

o f A m e r ic a , J a p a n

a n d

th e c r is is .

o th e r e c o n o m ic a lly

p o w e rfu l

in d u s tr ia liz e d c o u n tr ie s w itn e s s e d th e ir e x p o r ts r a p id ly d e c r e a s in g to a ffe c t th e ir

tr a d e b a la n c e a n d fo r e ig n r e s e r v e p o s itio n s . T h e

s o lu tio n

lie s

in

b o o s tin g

th e

e c o n o m y

b y

in c r e a s in g

o r a t le a s t

m a in ta in in g d e m a n d a ll o v e r th e w o r ld . M a in ta in in g w o r ld tr a d e a t p r e s e n t le v e l is

th e k e y to tid e o v e r th is c r is is . F a ll in w o r ld tr a d e in a n y p a r t o f th e w o r ld w o u ld

le a d to a c a s c a d in g e ffe c t to th e r u in o f th e w o r ld e c o n o m ic s tr u c tu r e . A ll n a tio n s

a s r e s p o n s ib le p a r t n e r s o f t h e w o r ld e c o n o m ic s t r u c t u r e a r e c o o p e r a t in g t o s a v e

th e s itu a tio n , b u t it is e a s ie r s a id th a n d o n e .

ENERGY SOURCES

E n e r g y i s d e f i n e d a s t h e c a p a c i t y o f a b o d y t o d o w o r k . I t i s l i f e -g i v e r i n t h e

w o r ld a n d life r e v o lv e s a r o u n d it. E n e r g y r u n s th e w h o le w o r ld . A p p lia n c e s in th e

k itc h e n , r e fr ig e r a to r s , te le v is io n s , c a r s , fa n s , lig h tin g

o r h e a tin g

a p p lia n c e

o r

a n y th in g in th e w o r ld fo r th a t m a tte r r u n w ith th e h e lp o f E n e r g y . E n e r g y is th e fu e l

o f life .

th e y

F u e l is b a s ic a lly c la s s ifie d in to tw o g r o u p s b a s e d o n th e k in d o f s o u r c e s

a re

d e r iv e d

fro m

- a s

C o n v e n tio n a l

a n d

U n c o n v e n tio n a l

E n e rg y .

C o n v e n tio n a l E n e r g y is th e s o u r c e o f e n e r g y th a t h a s b e e n tr a d itio n a lly u s e d b y

th e

w o r ld

fo r a

lo n g

tim e , s a y s in c e

th e

In d u s tr ia l R e v o lu tio n . U n c o n v e n tio n a l

E n e r g y is th e s o u r c e o f E n e r g y th a t is n e w ly d is c o v e r e d a n d n a tu r a lly n e e d s lo ts

o f fu rth e r re s e a rc h

C o n v e n tio n a l E n e r g y

a n d

is

p ro p a g a n d a th o u g h

to

m a k e

it fit fo r m a s s a n d

im p o r ta n t, fa s t d e p le tio n

U n c o n v e n tio n a l E n e r g y is r e n e w a b le a n d th e r e is n o p r o b le m

is

its

A c h ille s ’ h e e l.

o f d e p le tio n in th is

s o u r c e o f e n e r g y a n d it ta k e s a v e r y s h o r t tim e to b e r e n e w e d . A fe w

th e

U n c o n v e n tio n a l E n e r g y

H y d r o e le c tr ic

E n e rg y

in c lu d e s P e tr o le u m

a n d

a re

S o la r

B io m a s s

E n e r g y , W in d

E n e rg y .

p o p u la r u s e .

e x a m p le s o f

E n e r g y , T id a l E n e r g y ,

C o n v e n tio n a l E n e r g y

p r im a r ily

P r o d u c ts lik e P e tr o l, D ie s e l, N a tu r a l G a s a n d C o a l th a t a r e

p r e s e n t o n th e E a r th in lim ite d a m o u n t a n d fa s t d e p le te d b e c a u s e o f th e c o n s ta n t

a n d c o n s ta n tly in c r e a s e d u s e fo r c e n tu r ie s b y th e te c h n o lo g y h u n g r y life s ty le o f

th e m a n k in d .