Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Rutherfordβs πΌ- Particle scattering experiment
page-01
Rutherfordβs πΆ-Particle scattering experiment (Geiger β Marsden experiment) A schematic arrangement of Rutherfordβs πΌ-particle scattering experiment (Geiger-Marsden experiment) is shown below.
214 A source of πΌ βParticles 222 86π
π or 83π΅π is enclosed in a thin lead block, provided with a narrow opening. πΌ βParticles from this source are collimated as a beam and then allowed to fall on a very thin gold foil (of thickness 2.1 X 10-7 m)as shown. Scattered πΌ- particles in different directions are observed by a rotating detector consisting of ZnS screen and a microscope. The entire apparatus is enclosed in a vacuum chamber to avoid scattering of πΌ βParticles by air molecules.
Observations and conclusions (i) Most of the πΌ-particles passed through gold foil undeviated, it indicates that most of the space in an atom is empty. (ii) πΌ-particles are scattered through all angles. Some particles (nearly 1 in 2000) suffers scattering through angles more than 900, while a still smaller number (nearly 1 in 8000) scattered at 1800. This implies that when fast moving positevely charged πΌ β particles come near gold atom, then a few of them experience such a strong repulsive force that they turn back. On this basis Rutherford concluded that, whole of the positive charge of atom is cocentrated in a small centre core, known as nucleus. (iii) Scattering of πΌ-particles by heavy nuclei is in accordance with coulombβs law. Rutherford observed that number of πΌ-particles scattered is given by
Nβ
1 π ππ4 πβ 2
Distance of closest approach : Estimation of size of nucleus K.E. of electron = P.E.
Β½ m v2 =
π0 =
1
ππ π 2π
4ππ0
π0
1 ππ π 2π 4ππ0 1 m π£ 2 2
N
π½
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Rutherfordβs πΌ- Particle scattering experiment
page-02
Impact Parameter (b) The impact parameter is defined as the perpendicular distance of the velocity vector of the πΌ- particle from the centre of the nucleus, when it is far away from the atom, and is given by
b
ππ 2 cotπ β2
=
(i) For large value of b, cot
1 2
4ππ0 ( π π’2 )
π 2
is large and the scattering angle
(ΞΈ) is small. i,e, πΌ- particles travelling far away from the nucleus suffer small deflections. (ii) For small value of b, cot πβ2 is small and the scattering angle (ΞΈ) is large. i,e, πΌ- particles travelling close to the nucleus suffer large deflections. (iii) for the πΌ- particles directed towards the centre of the nucleus, b = 0, then cot πβ2 = 0 or πβ2 = 900 or ΞΈ = 1800 The πΌ- particle retrace its path.
Rutherfordβs atomic model (i) An atom is a hollow sphere consists of a small massive central core in which entire positive charge and almost the whole mass of the atom are concentrated. This core is called the nucleus. (ii) The size of the nucleus (β 10β15 π) is very small as compared to the size of the atom(β 10β10 π). (iii) Electrons revolve around the nucleus in various circular orbits, for which the necessary centripetal force is provided by the electrostatic force of attraction between electron and nucleus. (iv) Number of electrons in an atom is such that it neutralises the positive charge so that the atom remains neutral.
Drawbacks or limitations of Rutherfordβs atomic model (i) According to electromagnetic theory, an accelerated charged particle always radiates energy.The negatively charged electron revolving around the nucleus posseses centripetal acceleration and would lose its energy continously. The radius of its orbit, therefore, would go on decreasing and it would finally spiral in to the nucleus, resulting in an ultimate collapse of the atom. (ii) An electron can revolve in any orbit, according to electromagnetic theory, it must emit continous radiations of all Wavelengths (frequencies). But an atom like hydrogen, always emits a descrete line spectrum.
Bohrβs atomic model (i) An atom is a hollow sphere (β 10β10 π) consists of a small massive central core in which entire positive charge and almost the whole mass of the atom are concentrated. This core is called the nucleus (β 10β15 π). (ii) Electrons revolve around the nucleus in various circular orbits, for which the necessary centripetal force is provided by the electrostatic force of attraction between electron and nucleus. (iii) Electrons can revolve only in those circular orbits in which the angular momentum of an electron is an integral multiple of
β 2π
;
h being the Planckβs constant. i,e,
mvr = n
β 2π
where n = 1,2,3,4,------------- & is principal quantum number.
This is called Bohrβs quantisation condition of angular momentum. While revolving in these permissible orbits , an electron does not radiate energy. These non-radiating orbits are are called stationary orbits. (v) An atom can emit or absorb radiation in the form of descrete energy photons only when an electron jumps from a higher to a lower orbit or from a lower to a higher orbit respectively. i,e, βπ = πΈ2 β πΈ1 where h is called Planckβs constant.
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Bohrβs Theory of hydrogen atom
Bohrβs Theory of Hydrogen Atom Let an electron of mass βmβ is revolving around the nucleus with velocity βvβ as shown in figure. The electrostatic force of attraction between electron and nucleus provides the necessary centripetal force ππ£ 2
i,e,
=
π
1
(ππ)(π)
4ππ0
π2
1
π π2
4ππ0
π
ππ£ 2 =
β¨
-----------------------(1)
Now according to Bohrβs quantum condition mvr = n v =n
β¨
β
where n = 1,2,3,4, --------------------------
2π β
----------------------(2)
2πππ
On putting this value of v in equation (1) we get m (n
2 1 π π2 β ) = 2πππ 4ππ0 π
ππ2 β2
β¨
=
4π 2 π2 π 2
π β π
4ππ0 π 2
(4π π0 )π2 β2
π=
β¨ β¨
π π2
1
4π 2 π ππ 2
------------------(3)
2
For hydrogen atom Z = 1, and for innermost orbit, n=1
β¨ from eqn (3) we get, π0
=
(4π π0 )β2 4π 2 π π 2
= 0.53 A0
This is called Bohrβs orbit. On putting the value of r from equation (3) in eqn (2) we get, πβ V= (4π π0 ) π2 β2 2ππ 2 2 4π
π ππ
2
β¨
v
=
2π ππ 2 (4π π0 )π β
β¨ β¨
v β v = Where πΌ =
For innermost orbit n =1, β¨ π£0
-----------------------(4)
1
π 2π ππ 2 (4π π0 )π β
π
2π ππ 2 1 = 137 (4π π0 )π β π
=
π
Xπ= πΌπ is called fine structure constant.
137
Thus the speed of electron in the innermost orbit of hydrogen atom is
1 137
of the speed of light in vacuum
page-03
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Bohrβs theory of hydrogen atom
page-04
Energy of electron Kinetic energy of electron 1
πΈπΎ =
ππ£ 2
2
On putting the value of mv2 from eqn (1) we get,
β¨
πΈπΎ =
1 2
(
1
π π2
4ππ0
π
)
and potential energy of electron U=
1
(ππ)(βπ)
4ππ0
π
=β
1
(π π 2 )
4ππ0
π
1
(π π 2 )
4ππ0
π
β¨ total energy of electron in nth orbit is En = Ek + U 1
β¨
En =
β¨
En =
β¨
En = β
2
(
1
π π2
4ππ0
π
) β
(π π 2 ) 1
1 4ππ0
(2 - 1)
π
1
1
(π π 2 )
2
4ππ0
π
On putting the value of r from eqn (3) in above eqn we get,
En = β
1
(π π 2 )
1
2 4ππ0 (4π π0 )π2 β2 4π2 π ππ2
β¨
β¨
En = β
1
1
(π π 2 ) 4π2 π ππ 2
2
4ππ0
(4π π0 )π2 β2
En = β En = β En = β
β¨
En = β
π π π ππ π
( )
ππΊππ ππ ππ π π π ππ π
πβ
ππΊππ ππ ππ
πβ
( )x
π π π ππ
En = β
Where
R=
ππ πΉππ ππ
ππ
8π02 πβ3
En = β
--------------------------(6)
πΉππ
π π4
β¨
ππ
( )
ππΊππ πππ ππ
For hydrogen atom Z =1
β¨
-----------------------(5)
ππ.π ππ
= 1.097 X 107 m-1 and is called Rydbergβs constant. eV
----------------------------(7)
The negative sign of total energy shows that electron is bound with the nucleus by electrostatic force and some work is to be done to pull it away from the nucleus.
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Spectral series of hydrogen atom
page-05
Spectral Series of Hydrogen Atom
We know that from Bohrβs theory of hydrogen atom, energy of an electron in nth orbit is given by π π2π4 1
En = β
( )
-------------------------(1)
8π02 β2 π2
According to Bohrβs quantum condition when an electron makes a transition from higher orbit n2 lower orbit n1, then the frequency of emitted photon is given by
hπ = πΈπ2 β
πΈπ1
Using eqn (1) we get, π π 2π 4
hπ = β
β¨ β¨ β¨
Where
h
8π02 β2 π π 2π 4
π π
=
1 π
=
1 π
=
R=
8π02 β2 π π 2π 4 8π02
πβ3
1
π π 2π 4
2
8π02 β2
(π 2) β [β 1
1
1
π2 2
1
1
1
π2 2
[π 2 β
[π 2 β 1
1
1
π2 2
π2 π
[π 2 β
π π4 8π02 πβ3
or where πΜ
is called wave number.
1 π
=
πΜ
=
1
] ]
-----------------------------(2)
= 1.097 X 107 m-1 is called Rydbergβs constant.
For hydrogen atom Z = 1,
β¨
]
1
(π 2 )]
1
1
1
π2 2
π
[π 2 β
]
1
1
1
π2 2
π
[π 2 β
]
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Spectral series of hydrogen atom
page-06
(i) Lyman Series When an electron jumps from any higher energy level n2 =2,3,4,--- to a lower energy level n1=1, we get a set of spectral lines, called Lyman series.This series is given by 1 π
1
1
= π
[12 β
π2
where n = 2,3,4,---------
]
This series belongs to ultraviolet region (UV region) and so it is not visible. Obviously, 1 ππππ₯
β¨
=
1
1
π
[12 β
3
22
] = 1.097 X 107 [1 β 14] = 1.097 X 107 X 4
ππππ₯ = 1215 A0
&
β¨
1 ππππ
=
1
π
[12 β
1 β2
] = 1.097 X 107 [1 β 0] = 1.097 X 107
ππππ = 912 A0
(ii) Balmer Series When an electron jumps from any higher energy level n2 =3,4,5--- to a lower energy level n1=2, then the spectral series obtained is called Balmer series.This series is given by 1 π
1
1
= π
[22 β
π2
where n = 3,4,5---------
]
This series lies in visible region and so it is visible. Obviously, 1 ππππ₯
β¨ &
β¨
=
1
π
[22 β
1 32
5
] = 1.097 X 107 [14 β 19] = 1.097 X 107 X 36
ππππ₯ = 6563 A0 1 ππππ
=
1
π
[22 β
1 β2
] = 1.097 X 107 [14 β 0] = 1.097 X 107 X 14
ππππ = 3646 A0
(iii) Paschen Series When an electron jumps from any higher energy level n2 =4,5,6--- to a lower energy level n1=3, then the spectral series obtained is called Paschen series.This series is given by 1 π
=
1
π
[32 β
1 π2
where n = 4,5,6---------
]
This series lies in Infrared region and so it is not visible. Obviously, 1 ππππ₯
β¨ &
β¨
=
1
π
[32 β
1 42
] = 1.097 X 107 [19 β
1 16
] = 1.097 X 107 X
7 116
ππππ₯ = 18752 A0 1 ππππ
=
1
π
[32 β
1 β2
] = 1.097 X 107 [19 β 0] = 1.097 X 107 X 19
ππππ = 8204 A0
(iv) Brackett Series When an electron jumps from any higher energy level n2 =5,6,7--- to a lower energy level n1=4, then the spectral series obtained is called Brackett series.This series is given by 1 π
=
1
π
[4 2 β
1 π2
]
where n = 5,6,7---------
This series lies in Infrared region and so it is not visible
(v) Pfund Series When an electron jumps from any higher energy level n2 =6,7,8--- to a lower energy level n1=5, then the spectral series obtained is called Pfund series. It is given by 1 π
=
1
π
[52 β
1 π2
]
This series lies in far infrared region and not visible.
where n = 6,7,8---------
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Spectral series of hydrogen atom
page-07
Energy level diagram for hydrogen atom It is a diagram in which the energies of the different stationary states of an atom are represented by parallel horizontal lines, drawing acording to some suitable energy scale. We know that for hydrogen atom, energy of an electron in nth orbit is given by
En = β β¨
E1 = β E2 = β E3 = β E4 = β E5 = β
13.6 eV π2 13.6 = β 13.6 eV 12 13.6 = β 3.4 eV 22 13.6 = β 1.51 eV 32 13.6 = β 0.85 eV 42 13.6 = β 0.54 eV 52
-------------------------------Eβ = β
13.6 β2
= 0 eV
Note- If electron gets excited to nth state, then the number of spectral lines in the emission spectrum = For example β if electron gets excited to n=4 state,then total number of spectral lines in emission spectrum=
π(πβπ) π
=
π (πβπ) π
=
ππΏπ π
=6
π(πβπ) π
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Atoms
page-08
Excitation,Excitation nergy & Excitation potential The Process of absorption of energy due to which an electron in an atom, raises from lower energy level to higher energy level is called excitation. The potential difference through which an electron in an atom has to be accelerated,so that it raises from a lower energy state to higher energy state(or the atom just raises from ground state to an excited state), is called excitation potential. The minimum energy required so as an electron in an atom just raises from a lower energy level to higher energy level (or the atom just raises from ground state to an excited state), is called excitation energy.
Ionisation, Ionisation energy & Ionisation potential The Process of knocking out of an electron from an atom is called ionisation. The potential difference through which an electron in an atom has to be accelerated,so that it is knocked out from the atom is called ionisation potential. The minimum energy required so that an electron in an atom just knocked out from it , is called ionisation energy.
Limitations of Bohrβs atomic model (i) It explains spectra of atoms having one electron only (H-atom) and it fails in explaining the spectra of atoms having more than one electron. (ii) It fails to explain fine structure of spectral lines. (iii) It can not explain Stark & Zeeman effect in spectral lines. (iv) It does not explain the relative intensities of spectral lines.
NOTE-
Bohrβs quantisation condition of angular momentum
Let us consider the motion of an electron in a circular orbit of radius r around the nucleus of the atom. According to de-Broglie hypothesis, this electron is also associated with wave character. Hence a circular orbit can be taken to be a stationary energy state only if it contains an integral number of de-Broglie wavelengths i,e, we must have
2ππ = nΞ»
------------------(1)
β
But
Ξ» =
β¨
2ππ = n
β¨
ππ£π = n 2π,
ππ£ β ππ£ β
This is famous Bohrβs quantisation condition for angular momentum.
n= 1,2,3 -----------------
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Atoms
page-09
Q.No. 01- Draw a schematic arrangement of the Geiger β Marsden experiment for studying πΌ βparticle scattering by a thin foil of gold. Describe briefly, by drawing trajectories of the scattered πΌ βparticles, how this study can be used to estimate the size of the nucleus ? (F-2010) Q.No. 02- Draw a schematic arrangement of the Geiger β Marsden experiment .How did the scattering of πΌ βparticle by a thin foil of gold provide an imporatant way to determine an upper limit of the size of the nucleus. Explain briefly. (AI-2009) Q.No. 03- Draw a schematic arrangement of the Geiger β Marsden experiment .Describe briefly how the information on the size of the target nucleus was obtained by studying the scattering of πΌ βparticles on a thin foil of gold ? (F-2008) Q.No. 04- Draw a labelled diagram of experimental set-up of Rutherfordβs πΌ βparticle scattering experiment. Write two important inferences drawn from this experiment. (AIC-2005, D-2005) Q.No. 05-Draw a labelled diagram for πΌ βparticle scattering experiment .Give Rutherfordβs observations & discuss the significance of this experiment. Obtain the expression which helps us to get an idea of the size of a nucleus, using these observations. (F-2003) Q.No. 06-In the Rutherfordβs scattering experiment the distance of closest approach for an πΌ βparticle is d0. If πΌ βparticle is replaced by a proton, how much kinetic energy in comparison to πΌ βparticle will it require to have the same distance of closest approach d0 ? [Ans. Β½] (F-2009) Q.No. 07-What is the ratio of radii of the orbits corresponding to first excited state and ground state in a hydrogen atom ? [Ans. 4:1] (D-2010) Q.No. 08-The radius of innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is 5.3 X 10-11 m. What is the radius of orbit in the second excited state ? (D-2010) Q.No. 09-Write the expression for Bohrβs radius in hydrogen atom. (D-2010) Q.No. 10-In hydrogen atom, if the electron is replaced by a particle which is 200 times heavier but have the same charge, how would its radius change ? (F-2008) Q.No. 11-Define ionisation energy. What is its value for a hydrogen atom ? [Ans. 13.6 eV] (AI-2010) Q.No. 12-Find the ratio of energies of photons produced due to transition of an electron of hydrogen atom from its β (i) second permitted energy level to the first level, and
[Ans.
51 68
] (AI-2010)
(ii) the highest permitted energy level to the first permitted level. Q.No. 13-Calculate the ratio of energies of photons produced due to transition of electron of hydrogen atom from its(i) second permitted energy level to the first level and [Ans. 3] (SP-2010) (ii) highest permitted energy level to the second permitted level. Q.No. 14-The spectrum of a star in the visible and the ultraviolet region was observed and the wavelength of some of the lines that could be identified were found to be (SP-2010) 824 A0, 970 A0, 1120 A0, 2504 A0, 5173 A0,6100 A0 Which of these lines can not belong to hydrogen spectrum ? Given Rydberg constant R = 1.03 x 107 m-1 &
1 π
= 970 A0
Support your answer with suitable calculations. [Ans. 970 A0,1120 A0 falls in Lyman series, 5173 A0, 6100 A0 falls in Balmer series and the remaining 824 A0 & 2504 A0 are not the part of hydrogen spectrum as they do not fall in any spectral series.]
Q.No. 15-State Bohrβs postulate for the permitted orbits for the electron in a hydrogen atom. Use this postulate to prove that the circumference of the nth permitted orbit for the electron can contain exactly βnβ wavelengths of the de-Broglie wavelength associated with the electron in that orbit. (SP-2010) Q.No. 16-The value of ground state energy of hydrogen atom is β13.6 eV. (F-2009,AI-2000) (i) what does the negative sign signify ? [Ans (ii) 10.2 eV] (ii) How much energy is required to take an electron in this atom from the ground state to the first excited state ? Q.No. 17-The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is β13.6 eV. (AI-2008) (i) what is the kinetic energy of an electron in the 2nd excited state ? [Ans. (i) -1.51 eV (ii) Ξ» = 1.02 X 10-7 m] (ii) If the electron jumps to the ground state from 2nd excited state, calculate the wavelength of the spectral line emitted.
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Atoms
page-10
Q.No. 18-The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is β13.6 eV. (AI-2008) (i) what is the potential energy of an electron in the 3rd excited state ? [Ans. (i) -1.75 eV (ii) Ξ» = 970 A0] (ii) If the electron jumps to the ground state from 3rd excited state, calculate the wavelength of the photon emitted. Q.No. 19-The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is β13.6 eV. What are the kinetic and potential energies of electron in this state ? [Ans. K.E. = 13.6 eV, P.E. = β27.2 eV] (AI-2000) Q.No. 20-The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of hydrogen atom is - 3.4 eV. What is its kinetic energy ? [Ans. 3.4 eV] (D-1995,90) Q.No. 21-The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of hydrogen atom is - 3.4 eV. What is potential energy of the electron in this state ? [Ans. -6.8 eV] (D-1995,DC-1993) Q.No. 22-(a) The energy levels of an atom are as shown below. Which of them will result in the transition of a photon of wavelength 275 nm ? [Ans. B] (D-2009,D-1997,AI-1999,DC-1993) (b) Which transition corresponds to emission of radiation of maximum wavelength ? [Ans. A] A B 0 eV -2.0 eV C
-4.5 eV
D
-10 eV
Q.No. 23- The energy levels of an element are given below : Identify, by doing necessary calculations, The transition, which corresponds to the emission of a spectral line of wavelength 482 nm ? [Ans. C] (D-2008) -0.85 eV A -1.5 eV C -3.4 eV B
D
-13.6 eV
Q.No. 24- The energy level diagram of an element is given below. Identify, by doing necessary calculations, which transition corresponds to the emission of a spectral line of wavelength 102.7 nm ? [Ans. D] (D-2008) A B -0.85 eV -1.5 eV -3.4 eV D
-13.6 eV Q.No. 25-The energy levels of an atom of an element are as shown in the following diagram. Which of thelevel transitions will result in the emission of photons of wavelength 620 nm ? Support your answer with mathematical calculations. A B C [Ans. D] (D-1997) 0 eV -1 eV D -3 eV
E
-10 eV
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Atoms
page-11
Q.No. 26-The diagram shows the energy levels for an electron in a certain atom. Which transition shown represents the emission of a photon with the most energy ? [Ans. III] (AIEEE-2005) n =4 n =3 n =2
n =1 I
II
III
IV
Q.No. 27-Photons, with a continous range of frequencies, are made to pass through a sample of rarefied hydrogen. The transitions, shown in figure below indicate three of the spectral absorption lines in the continous spectrum. [Ans. (ii) III] (DC-2009)
(i) Identify the spectral series, of the hydrogen emission spectrum,to which each of these three lines correspond. (ii) Which of these lines corresponds to the absorption of radiation of maximum wavelength ? [Ans. (i) line I-Lyman series, line II- Balmer series, Line III- Paschen series (ii) III]
Q.No. 28-The transition from the state n =4 to n= 3 in a hydrogen like atom results in ultraviolet radiation . Infrared radiation will be obtained in the transition , [Ans (d) ] (IIT JEE-2001) (a) 2 1 (b) 3 2 (C) 4 2 (d) 5 4
NCERT PROBLEMS Q.No. 01-A difference of 2.3 eV separates two energy levels in an atom. What is the frequency of radiation emitted when the atom make a transition from the upper level to the lower level. [ Ans. 5.6 X 1014 Hz.] Q.No. 02-The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is β 13.6 eV. What are the kinetic and potential energies of the electron in this state ? [Ans. K.E. = 13.6 eV, P.E.= - 27.2 eV] Q.No. 03-A hydrogen atom initially in the ground level absorbs a photon, which excites it to the n=4 level. Determine the wavelength and frequency of photon. [Ans. Ξ» = 974.4 A0 , π = 3.078 X 1015 Hz] Q.No. 04-(a) Using the Bohrβs model calculate the speed of the electron in a hydrogen atom in the n=1,2 and 3 levels. (b) Calculate the orbital period in each of these levels. [Ans.(a) v1 = 2.186 X 106 m/s , v2 = 1.093 X 106 m/s, v3 = 0.729 X 106 m/s (b) T1 = 1.52 X 10-16 s, As Tn = n3 T β¨ T2 = 1.22 X 10-15 s, T3 = 4.10 X 10-15 s] Q.No. 05-The radius of the innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is 5.3 X 10-11m. What are the radii of the n=2 and n=3 orbits ? [Ans. as rn = n2 r, r2 = 2.12 X 10-10 m, r3 = 4.77 X 10-10m ] Q.No. 06-A 12.75 eV electron beam is used to bombard gaseous hydrogen at room temperature. What series of wavelength will be emitted ? [Ans. 970.6 A0, 4852.9 A0, 6547.6 A0, 1023.6 A0, 1213.2 A0, 28409 A0] Q.No. 07-The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of the hydrogen atom is about β3.4 eV. (a) What is the kinetic energy of the electron in this state ? (b) What is the potential energy of the electron in this state ? (c) Which of the answers above would change if the choice of the zero of potential energy is changed ? [Ans. (a) 3.4 eV (b) -6.8 eV (c) K.E. does not change but P.E. and total energy will change.] ------------------------------------------------------
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Atomc Nuclei
page-01
Atomic Mass Unit (u) One atomic mass unit is defined as i,e,
1u=
1 12
1 12
th of the actual mass of c-12 atom.
X mass of C-12 atom =
1 12
X 1.992678 X 10-26 kg = 1.66 X 10-27 kg.
Electron Volt (eV) It is the energy acquired by an electron when it is accelerated through a potential difference of 1 volt. 1 eV = 1.6 X 10-19 J & 1 MeV = 1.6 X 10-13 J
Relation Between amu & MeV We know, 1 u = 1.66 X 10-27 kg According to Einstienβs mass energy relation E = m c2 = 1.66 x 10-27 x (3 x 108)2 = 1.66 X 9 X 10-11 J =
1.66 π 10β11 1.6 π 10β19
β 931 MeV
Nuclear Size
It has been found that, the radius of nucleus is given by R β A1/3 R = R0 A1/3 Where R0 = 1.1 X 10-15 m Nuclear size is measured in Femi, and 1 Fermi (f) = 10-15 m
β¨
Nuclear Density (π) The ratio of mass of the nucleus to its volume is called nuclear density. i,e,
π= = = =
π π π΄(πππ’) 4 3
π π3
π΄ π 1.66 π 10β27 4 3
π ( π
0 π΄1/3 )3
π΄ π 1.66 π 10β27 4 3
π π
03 π΄
=
3 π 1.66 π 10β27 4 π π
03
=
3 π 1.66 π 10β27 4 π 3.14 π (1.1 π 10β15 )3
= 2.3 X 1017 Kg/m3 obviously, nuclear density is independent of mass number A. NoteDensity of ordinary matter is 103 Kg/m3
β¨
π·πππ ππ‘π¦ ππ ππ’πππππ πππ‘π‘ππ π·πππ ππ‘π¦ ππ ππππππππ¦ πππ‘π‘ππ
=
2.3 π 1017 103
= 1014 : 1
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Atomc Nuclei
page-02
Isotopes The atoms of an element, which have the same atomic number but different mass numbers are called isotopes. For examples Hydrogen has three isotopes 11π» , 21π» & 31π» Lithium has two isotopes 63πΏπ & 73πΏπ 37 Chlorine has two isotopes 35 17πΆπ & 17πΆπ
Isobars
The atoms having the same mass number but different atomic numbers are called isobars. 40 40 3 3 37 37 For examples 1π» & 2π»π , 17πΆπ & 16π , 20πΆπ & 18π΄π
Isotones The nuclids having the same number of neutrons are called isotones. 39 198 197 37 For examples 17πΆπ & 19πΎ , 80π»π & 79ππ’
Isomers These are the nuclei having the same atomic number & same mass number but existing in different energy states. For example A nucleus in its ground state and the identical nucleus in metastable excited state, are isomers.
Nuclear Forces The strong attractive forces,which firmly holds the nucleons together in a tiny nucleus of an atom, are called nuclear forces. Properties of nuclear Forces (i) Nuclear forces are very short range attractive forces. (ii) Nuclear forces are charge independent. (iii) Nuclear forces are non-central forces. (iv) Nuclear forces do not obey inverse square law. (v) Nuclear forces are dependent on spin or angular momentum. Difference between Nuclear force & Coulombβs Force S.No. 1 2 3 4
It It It It
Nuclear Force is a force between two nucleons. is the strongest force in nature. is a very short range (2-3 fermi) force. does not obey inverse square law.
It It It It
Coulombβs Force is a force between two charged particles. is 10-2 times weaker than the nuclear force. is a very long range (β) force. obeys inverse square law.
Nuclear force as a separation between two nucleons
(i) Nuclear forces are very short range forces (nearly 2-3 fermi) (ii) Nuclear forces are negligible if r > 10 fermi.
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Atomc Nuclei
page-03
Potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a separation between two nucleons
Important conclusions drawn from above potential energy curve(i) Nuclear forces are repulsive when r < r0 and attractive when r > r0. (ii) Nuclear force between two nucleons falls rapidly to zero as their distance is more that a few fermis. This explains constancy of the binding energy per nucleon for large size nucleus. (iii) Negative potential energy shows that binding force between the nucleons is strong. Nuclear Forces are exchange forces : Nature of nuclear forces According to Yukavaβs theory nuclear forces arise due to continous exchange of particles (called mesons) between nucleons. All nucleons consists of identical cores surrounded by a cloud of one or more than one type of mesons. Mesons have the charges as π + ,π β or π 0 . The difference between proton and neutron is due to difference in composition of their respective meson clouds. Mesons are continously emitted of absorbed by every nucleon. The transfer of momentum associated with the shift of mesons is equivalent to the action of a force, called nuclear force. A neutron becomes a proton inside the nucleus by emitting π β meson. Similarly a proton becomes a neutron by absorbing a π β meson. n p + πβ and p + πβ n
Also,
p
n + π+
and
n + π+
n
nβ + π 0
and
p
p pβ + π 0
Where nβ and pβ are neutrons and protons of different states respectively. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q.No. 01- Define mass number βAβ of an atomic nucleus. Assuming the nucleus to be spherical, give the relation between mass number (A) and radius (R) of the nucleus. (SP-2005) Q.No. 02- How does the size of a nucleus depend upon its mass number ? Hence explain why the density of a nuclear matter should be independent of size of the nucleus? (AIC-2004) Q.No. 03- Calculate the density of nuclear matter. Radius of nucleus of 11π» = 1.1 X 10-5 A0, what is the ratio of order of magnitude of density of nuclear matter and density of ordinary matter ? (SP-2005)
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Atomc Nuclei
page-04
Q.No. 04- Prove that the density of matter of a nucleus is independent of mass number A.
(AIC-1997)
Q.No. 05- Group the following nucleides in to three paires of (i) isotopes (ii) isotones & (iii) isobars.
(AIC-2004)
198 197 12 4 3 14 6πΆ , 2π»π , 80π»π , 1π» , 29π΄π’ , 6πΆ
Q.No. 06- Compare the radii of two nuclei with mass numbers 1 and 27 respectively.
(AI-2000)
Q.No. 07- Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 1:8. What is the ratio of their nuclear densities ?
(F-2001)
Q.No. 08- Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 1 : 8. What is the ratio of their nuclear radii ?
(AI-2009)
Q.No. 09- Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 8:125. What is the ratio of their nuclear radii ?
(AI-2009)
Q.No. 10- Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 27:125. What is the ratio of their nuclear radii ?
(AI-2009)
Q.No. 11- Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 1:2. What is the ratio of their nuclear densities ?
(D-2009)
Q.No. 12- Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 1:3. What is the ratio of their nuclear densities ?
(D-2009)
Q.No. 13- Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 2:5. What is the ratio of their nuclear densities ?
(D-2009)
Q.No. 14- Draw a plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation. Write two important conclusions which you can draw regarding the nature of nuclear forces. (AI-2010) Q.No. 15- Plot a graph showing the variation of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation. (AI-2009) Q.No. 16- Draw a graph showing the variation of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation. Indicate the regions in which nuclear force is- (i) attractive , and (ii) repulsive. (AI-2007,D-2005) Q.No. 17- Draw a plt of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation. What is the significance of negative potential energy in the graph drawn ? (F-2006,D-2005) Q.No. 18- (a) State two properties of nuclear forces. (b) State four characteristics of nuclear forces.
(DC-2007,2003) (AI-2008,SP-2010)
(c) Write two characteristic features of nuclear force which distinguish it from Coulombβs force. (D-2007,AIC-2003) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Atomc Nuclei
page-05
Mass Defect (βπ) It is defined as the difference between the sum of masses of protons and neutrons forming a nucleus and actual mass of the nucleus. i,e, mass difference = [Mass of protons + Mass of neutrons] β [Mass of nucleus] βπ = [Z mp + (A β Z) Mn ] β MN
Packing fraction (P.F.) It is defined as the mass defect per nucleon. i,e,
P.F. =
βπ π΄
Nucleus is stable if P.F.>1 & unstable if P.F.< 1
Binding Energy (B.E.) The binding energy of a nucleus may be defined as the energy required to break up a nucleus in to its constituent protons and neutrons and to separate them to such a large distance that they may not interact with each other.It is equivalent energy of mass defect. i,e,
B.E. = βπ X c2
β¨
B.E. = [{Z mp + (A β Z) Mn} β MN ] x c2
Binding Energy per nucleon It is the average energy required to extract one nucleon from the nucleus to infinite distance and is given by the total binding energy divided by the mass number of the nucleus. i,e,
B.E. per nucleon =
= =
π΅.πΈ. π΄ βπ π 2 π΄
[{Z mp + (A β Z) Mn} β MN ] x c2 A
Note(i) A nucleus is more stable if, it has (a) high value of B.E./A (b) greater n/p ratio, and (c) even-even nucleus. For example- Out of two nuclei 73π & 43π, nucleus 73π is more stable because n/p ratio for 73π is more than that for 43π. (ii) Why is the mass of a nucleus is always less than the sum of the masses of its constituent,neutrons & protons ? [Ans. When nucleons approach each other to form a nucleus, they strongly attract each other. As a consequence their potential energy decreases and becomes negative. It is this potential energy which holds the nucleons together in the nucleus. The decrease in potential energy results in the decrease in the mass of the nucleons inside the nucleus.]
(iii) If the total number of neutrons & protons in a nuclear reaction is conserved, how is then the energy is absorved or evolved in the reaction ? [Ans. Since certain mass disappears in the formation of a nucleus (mass defect), it appears in the form of energy according to the relation E = βπ c2. Thus the difference of B.E. of the two sides appear as energy released or absorbed in a nuclear reaction.]
(iv) If the nucleons of a nucleus are separated far apart from each other, the sum of the masses of all these nucleons is larger than the mass of the nucleus. Why ? [Ans. For the separation of nucleons to a distance far apart from each other, an energy equal to B.E. of the nucleus is given to these nucleons. From E = βπ c2, this mass difference comes.] Q.No.01- The binding energies of deutron ( 21π» ) & πΌ-particle ( 42π»π ) are 1.25 & 7.25 MeV/ nucleon respectively. Which nucleus is
more stable & why ? [Ans. ( 42π»π) is more stable as it has more B.E./nucleon.
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Atomc Nuclei
page-06
Binding Energy Curve The value of binding energy per nucleon of a nucleus gives a measure of the stability of that nucleus. greater is the binding energy per nucleon of a nucleus, more stable is that nucleus.
Salient features of binding energy curve (i) Light nuclei like 11π» , 21π» & 31π» have small values of binding energy per nucleon. (ii) For mass numbers from 2 to 20, there are sharp peaks corresponding to nuclei having mass numbers in multiple of 4 (i,e, containing equal numbers of protons & neutrons) e,g, 42π»π , 84π΅π & 126πΆ , 168π, 20 10ππ . Peaks shows more B.E. per nucleon, it means these nuclei are more stable. (iii) For mass numbers 30 to 120, B.E. curve has a broad maximum. Average binding energy per nucleon corresponds to this range is 8.5 MeV. Peak value is 8.5 MeV for πΉπ 56 . Elements belonging to this range are highly stable & nonradioactive. (iv) After the mass number 120, binding energy per nucleon decreases gradually to 7.6 MeV per nucleon(π 238 ). Coulomb repulsion between the protons starts dominating the nuclear force as a result heavy nuclei are always less stable. Imortance of binding energy curve This curve can be used to explain the phenomenon of nuclear fission & fusion. (i) Nuclear Fission There is overall gain in the binding energy per nucleon, when we move from heavy to medium range nuclei, hence release of energy. This indicates that energy can be released when a heavy nucleus is broken in to small fragments. This is called nuclear fission. (ii) Nuclear Fusion Similarly there is overall gain in the binding energy per nucleon, when we move from lighter to medium range nuclei, hence release of energy. This indicates that energy can be released when two or more lighter nuclei fuse together to form a heavy nucleus. This is called nuclear fusion.
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Atomc Nuclei
page-07
Q.No. 01- Draw a plot showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number for a large number of nuclei, 2 β€ A β€ 240. How do you explain the constancy of binding energy per nucleon in the range 30
Q.No. 02- Draw a plot showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon versus the mass number A. Explain with the help of this Plot the release of energy in the processes of nuclear fission & fusion. (AI-2009) Q.No. 03- Sketch the graph showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number A, for large number of nuclei. State briefly,from which reason of the graph,can release of energy in the process of nuclear fusion can be explained ? (F-2008) Q.No. 04- Draw a graph showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon with mass number for different nuclei. Explain with the help of this graph release of energy in the process of nuclear fusion. (D-2006) Q.No. 05- Draw a curve showing the variation of binding energy / nucleon with mass number for different nuclei. Briefly state how nuclear fusion & nuclear fission can be explained on the basis of this graph ? (AIC-2006,2004) Q.No. 06- Draw a plot showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon with mass number for different nuclei. Write two important conclusions , which you can draw from this plot.Explain with the help of this plot, the release of energy in the process of nuclear fission & fusion. (F-2005) Q.No. 07- Draw a diagram to show the variation of binding energy per nucleon with mass number for different nuclei. State why heavy nuclei undergo fission & light nuclei usually undergo fusion. (AI-2001,D-2004) Q.No. 08- Draw the graph showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon with mass number for different nuclei. Give reason for the decrease of binding energy per nucleon for nuclei with high mass number. (DC-2006, D-2004) Q.No. 09- Draw a diagram to show the variation of binding energy per nucleon with mass number for different nuclei. State two inferences drawn from this graph. (DC-2006, D-2004) Q.No. 10- Binding energy per nucleon Vs. mass number curve for nuclei is shown in the figure. W,X,Y & Z are four nuclei indicated on the curve. [Ans. (c) ] (IIT JEE-1999)
The process that would release energy is β (a) Y 2Z (b) W
X+Z
(c) W
2Y
(d)
X
Y+Z
Q.No. 11- Given below is a plot of binding energy per nucleon Eb, against the nuclear mass M; A,B,C,D,E,F correspond to different nuclei. Consider four reactions : [Ans. (a) ] (AIEEE-2009) (i) A + B C+π (ii) C A+B+π (iii) D + E F+π (iv) F D+E+π
Where π is the energy released. In which reactions is π positive ? (a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) and (iv) (c) (i) and (iii)
(d) (ii) and (iii)
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Atomc Nuclei
page-08
Q.No. 12- Binding energy per nucleon plot against the mass number for stable nuclei is shown in the figure. Which curve is correct ? (a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D [Ans. (c) ] (DCE-2003,IPUEE-2004)
Q.No. 13- The dependent of binding energy per nucleon (BN) on the mass number A is represented by [Ans. (a) ]
(AIIMS-2004)
Q.No. 14- Assume that the nuclear binding energy per nucleon (B/A) versus mass number (A) is as shown in figure.
Use this plot to choose the correct choice(s) given below. [Ans. (b), (d) ] (a) Fusion of two nuclei with mass numbers lying in the range of 1 < A < 50 will release energy.
(IIT JEE-2008)
(b) Fusion of two nuclei with mass numbers lying in the range of 51 < A < 100 will release energy. (c) Fision of a nucleus lying in the mass range of 100 < A < 200 will release energy when broken in to two equal fragments. (d) Fision of a nucleus lying in the mass range of 200 < A < 260 will release energy when broken in to two equal fragments. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Numericals Q.No. 01- Calculate the binding energy per Given, Mass of Mass of Mass of Mass of
nucleon (in MeV) for 42π»π & 1 1π» = 1.00783 u 1 0π = 1.00867 u 3 2π»π = 3.01664 u 4 2π»π = 4.00387 u
3 2π»π .
(DC-2005) [Ans. 6.78 & 2.39 MeV]
Q.No. 02- Calculate the binding energy per nucleon of 40 20πΆπ nucleus. Given, Mass of 40 πΆπ = 39.962589 u 20 Mass of proton = 1.007825 u Mass of neutron = 1.008665 u & 1 u = 931 MeV/c2
(AI-2007,2004,2002,D-2002) [Ans. 8.547 MeV]
Q.No. 03- Calculate the binding energy per nucleon of. 56 26πΉπ nucleus. Given, Mass of 11π» = 1.00783 u Mass of 10π = 1.00867 u 2 Mass of 56 26πΉπ = 55.934939 u , & 1 u = 931 MeV/c
(AI-2004,AIC-2000,DC-2005) [Ans. 8.79 MeV]
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Atomc Nuclei
Q.No. 04- Calculate the binding energy per nucleon of. 35 17πΆπ nucleus. Given, m ( 35 πΆπ ) = 34.980000 u 17 Mass of proton = 1.007825 u Mass of neutron = 1.008665 u & 1 u = 931 MeV/c2 Q.No. 05- Calculate the binding energy / nucleon of. 209 83π΅π nucleus. Given, m ( 209 π΅π ) = 208.980388 u 83 Mass of proton = 1.007825 u Mass of neutron = 1.008665 u & 1 u = 931 MeV/c2
(AI-1995) [Ans. 7.84 MeV]
Q.No. 06- Calculate the energy released if, π 238 , emits an πΌ-particle. Given,
atomic mass of π
238
page-09 (AI-2002) [Ans. 8.22 MeV]
(AI-2007)
= 238.0508 u
[Ans. 4.24 MeV]
atomic mass of πβ234 = 234.04363 u atomic mass of πΌ-particle = 4.00260 u & 1 atomic mass unit (1u) = 931 MeV/c2 Q.No. 07- Calculate the energy released in MeV in the following nuclear reaction 238 92U
Given,
234 90Th
+ 2He4 + Q
238 92U
= 238.05079 u
mass of
234 90Th
= 234.043630 u
mass of
2He
mass of
4
= 4.002600 u = 931 MeV/c2
& 1u
Q.No. 08- Calculate the amount of energy released in the πΌ- decay of 238 92U
Given,
90Th
atomic mass of
(AI-2008) [Ans. 4.24 MeV]
238 92U
234
(D-2007)
+ 2He4
[Ans. 4.25 MeV]
= 238.05079 u
234 = 234.04363 u 90Th 4 atomic mass of 2He = 4.00260 u
atomic mass of
& 1u
= 931.5 MeV/c2
Q.No. 09- Calculate the energy released in the following nuclear reaction 2 1H
+
Given,
3 1H
mass of mass of mass of mass of
2He 0n
1
2 1H 3 1H
2He
4
4
+ 0n1 + Q
= 1.008665 = 2.014102 = 3.016049 = 4.002603
u u u u
Q.No. 10- Calculate the energy released in the following nuclear reaction 6 3Li
Given,
+
0n
1
2He
4
+ 1H3 + Q
mass of
0n
1
= 1.008665 u
mass of mass of mass of
6 3Li
= 6.015126 u = 3.016049 u = 4.002603 u
1H
3
2He
4
(DC-2003) [Ans.17.59 MeV]
(AI-2002,DC-2003) [Ans.10.41 MeV]
Q.No. 11- A neutron is absorbed by a 3Li6 nucleus with the subsequent emission of an alfa particle. Write the corresponding nuclear reaction. Calculate the energy released in this nuclear reaction. (AI-2006,D-2005,DC-2000) 6 Given, m(3Li ) = 6.015126 u [Ans.10.415 MeV] m(0n1) = 1.008665 u
m(2He4) = 4.0026044 u m(1H3) = 3.016049 u 1u = 931
MeV/c2
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Atomc Nuclei
page-10
Q.No. 12- A nucleus 10Ne23, π½-decays to give the nucleus of 11Na23. Write down the π½-decay equation. Calculate the kinetic energy of electron emitted. (Rest mass of electron may be ignored.) (AI-2004) Given, m(10Ne23) = 22.994466 u [Ans.4.37 MeV] m(11Na23) = 22.9897704 u Q.No. 13- When a deutron of mass 2.0141 u & negligible kinetic energy is absorbed by a Lithium (3Li6) nucleus of mass 6.0155 u, the compound nucleus disingrates spontaneously in to two alpha particles, each of mass 4.0026 u. Calculate the energy in Joules carried by each alpha particle. [Ans. 0.17568 X 10-11 J] (AI-2004) Q.No. 14- A nucleus of an atom of
92Y
235
(SP-2010) [Ans. 1.55 X 107 m/s]
, initially at rest, decays by emitting an πΌ-particle as per the equation
92Y
235
231 90X
+ 2He4 + energy
It is given that the binding energies per nucleon of the parent & daughter nuclei are 7.8 MeV & 7.835 MeV respectively and that of πΌ-particle is 7.07 MeV/nucleon. Assuming the daughter nucleus to be formed in the unexcited state & neglecting its share in the energy of the reaction. Calculate the speed of the emitted πΌ-particle. ( take the mass of πΌ-particle to be 6.68 X 10-27 Kg). [Sol. Energy released = [ m (90X231) + m (2He4) β m (92Y235) ] X c2 = [ (231 X 7.835) + (4 X 7.07) β (235 X 7.8) ] MeV = 8.072 X 10-13 J
β¨
1 2
m v2 = 8.072 X 10-13
v = 1.55 X 107 m/s]
β¨
NCERT PROBLEMS Q.No. 01- Obtain the binding energy (in Mev) of a Nitrogen nucleus (7N14).
[Ans 104.67 MeV]
14
m (7N ) = 14.00307 u
Given,
= 1.00783 u mn = 1.00867 u 209 Q.No. 02- Obtain the binding energy of the nuclei 56 26πΉπ and 83π΅π in nits of MeV from the following datamH
m ( 56 26πΉπ) = 55.934939 u m ( 209 83π΅π ) = 208.980388 u mH
[Ans. B.E. of B.E. of
56 26πΉπ = 492.26 MeV] 209 83π΅π = 1640.3 MeV
= 1.00783 u
mn = 1.00867 u Q.No. 03- A given coin has a mass of 3.0g. Calculate the nuclear energy that would be required to separate all the neutrons & protons from each other. For simplicity assume that the coin is entirely made of 63 29πΆπ’ atoms(of mass 62.92960 u). The mass of proton & neutron are 1.00783 & 1.00867 u respectively. [Ans. 1.58 X 1025 MeV] [Sol. Number of atoms in 3g coin
= (6.023 X 1023 X 3)/63 = 2.688 X 1022
Mass defect of each atom βm = [{Z mp + (A β Z) mn } β MN] = 0.59225 u Total mass defect of all the atoms = 0.59225 X 2.688 X 1022 β¨ required nuclear energy = 0.59225 X 2.688 X 1022 X 931 = 1.58 X 1025 MeV] Q.No. 04- A star converts all its hydrogen to helium achieving 100% helium composition. It then converts helium to carbon via the 12 reaction 3 2He4 + Q (7.27 MeV) 6C
The mass of the star is 5.0 X 1032 Kg & it generates energy at the rate of 5 X 10 3 Watt. How long will it take to convert all the helium in to carbon at this rate ? [Ans. 1.85 X 108 years] [Sol. Mass of each helium atom
= 4 amu = 4 X 1.66 X 10-27 Kg
Number of helium atoms in given mass Number of reactions β¨
= 5.0 X 1032 / 4 X 1.66 X 10-27 = =
1 3
X
5 6.64
5 6.64
X 1059
X 1059
Now given that energy released in each reaction = 7.27 MeV = 7.27 X 1.6 X 10-13 J Total energy released (E) = No. of reactions X energy relesed in one reaction = Required time t =
1 3 πΈ π
X
5 6.64
X 1059 X 7.27 X 1.6 X 10-13 = 2.96 X 1046 J
= 2.96 X 1046/ 5 X 103 = 1.85 X 108 years]
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Radioactivity
page-01
Radioactivity The phenomenon of spontaneous and continuous distintegration of the nucleus of an atom of a heavy element on its own with the emission of certain type of radiations, is called radioactivity.
Main features of phenomenon of radioactivity (i) It is a spontenuous nuclear phenomenon.i,e, it does depend on temperature, pressure or chemical reactions. (ii) It is a statistical process ; we can not precisely predict the timing of a particular radioactivity of a particular nucleus. The nucleus can disintegrate immediately or it may take infinite time. We can predict the probability of the number of nuclei being disintegrate at an instant. (iii) The energy liberated during radioactive decay comes from within individual nuclei. (iv) when a nuclei undergoes πΌ or π½ decay its atomic number changes and it transforms in to a new element. (v) It obeys exponential decay law.
Why heavy nucleus show the phenomenon of radioactivity ? A nucleus becomes unstable when it has too many protons in relation to the number of neutrons. Under such situation, the electrostatic repulsive force between the protons exceeds the nuclear force holding the nucleons together. The nucleus corrects this excess proton instability by emitting suitable radiations. This is radioactivity.
Why radioactivity is considered to be a nuclear phenomenon ? As we know the radioactive elements decay spontaneously to attain stability. This disintegration of radioactive elements is not affected by external conditions such as temperature, pressure, chemical reactions etc, because the energy in any physical or chemical process changes by 1-2 eV, while the energy librated in nuclear disintegration is of order of 10 6 eV. This automatically implies that the radioactivity is a nuclear phenomenon.
πΆ βparticles,π·-particles & πΈ βrays When radiations emitted by a radioactive element is placed under electric field or magnetic field, radiations split in to three rays, classified as πΌ βparticles, π½-particles & πΎ βrays.
πΆ βparticles An πΌ βparticle is the nucleus of helium or it is a doubly ionised He- atom. It is denoted by 42π»π. Charge on πΌ βparticle = + 2e =3.2 X 10-19 C. Mass of πΌ βparticle = 6.645 X 10-27 Kg.
π· βparticles π½ βparticles are fast moving electrons. It is denoted by Charge on π½ βparticle = - 1.6 X 10-19 C. Mass of π½ βparticle = 9.1 X 10-31 Kg.
0 β1π
or
0 β1π½ .
πΈ βrays πΎ βrays are electromagnetic waves of wavelength 0.01 A0. Obviously these are not having any charge.
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Radioactivity
page-02
Properties of πΆ βparticles (i) πΌ βparticles are positively charged Helium nuclei or doubly ionised He-atom. (ii) πΌ βparticles have velocity nearly
1 10
of velocity of light.
(iii) πΌ βparticles are deflected by electric & magnetic fields. (iv) πΌ βparticles have highest ionising power & lowest penetrating power. (v) πΌ βparticles affect photographic plate. (vi) πΌ βparticles produce flourence on ZnS. (vii) πΌ βparticles cause burn on human body.
Properties of π· βparticles (i) π½ βparticles are fast moving electrons of nuclear origin. (ii) π½ βparticles have velocity nearly
3 10
to
9 10
of velocity of light.
(iii) π½ βparticles are deflected by electric & magnetic fields. (iv) π½ βparticles have ionising power less than that of πΌ βparticles but more than that of πΎ βrays. (v) π½ βparticles have penetrating power more than that of πΌ βparticles but less than that of πΎ βrays. (vi) π½ βparticles affect photographic plate. (vii) π½ βparticles produce flourence on ZnS.
Properties of πΈ βrays (i) πΎ βrays are electromagnetic radiations of very high frequency. (ii) πΎ βrays have velocity equal to velocity of light. (iii) πΎ βrays are not deflected by electric & magnetic fields. (iv) πΎ βrays have lowest ionising power. (v) πΎ βrays have highest penetrating power. (vi) πΎ βrays affect photographic plate. (vii) πΎ βrays produce flourence on ZnS.
Difference between πΈ βrays & X-rays πΎ βrays & X-rays, both are electromagnetic radiations but they have the following differences(i) origin of πΎ βrays is nuclear but origin of X-rays is atomic de-excitation. (ii) frequency of πΎ βrays is much more than that of X-rays & hence penetrating power of πΎ βrays is much higher than that of X-rays.
Can a single nucleus emit πΆ βparticle, π· βparticle & πΈ βrays together ? No, a nucleus either emit an πΌ βparticle or π½ βparticles and if left excited it may emit πΎ βrays.
A radioactive substance emits either πΆ βparticle or π· βparticle only, then why is radioactive radiation divided in to three parts on applying an electric or magnetic field ? The radioactive decay occurs in series where daughter product give rise to grand daughter product and so on. Some of them are emitters of πΌ βparticles while others are emitters of π½ βparticles. If after πΌ- emission or π½- emission, nucleus is left in the excited state it may emit πΎ βrays. Therefore radioactive sample give out πΌ βparticle, π½ βparticles and πΎ βrays together.
Why does πΆ-decay occur ? A nucleus becomes unstable when it has too many protons in relation to the number of neutrons. Under such situation, the electrostatic repulsive force between the protons exceeds the nuclear force holding the nucleons together. The nucleus corrects this excess proton instability by emitting an πΌ βparticle i,e, two protons & two neutrons bound together.
Why does π·-decay occur ? A nucleus becomes unstable when it has too many neutrons in relation to the number of protons. Such a nucleus attains a more stable state when one of its neutrons changes in to a proton and an electron. When this happens, an electron is emitted as a π½ βparticle followed by emission of an antineutrino.
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Radioactivity
page-03
How is πΈ βray emitted ? In both πΌ and π½ emission, the parent nucleus undergoes a change in atomic number and therefore, becomes a nucleus of another element. The new nucleus is called daughter nucleus. In many cases this daughter nucleus is in excited state when it is formed. In such a case this nucleus reaches in ground state by emitting a πΎ βray. If daughter nucleus is in ground state when it is formed then there is no emission of πΎ βrays.
Why do πΆ βparticles have high ionising power ? Because of their large mass & large nuclear cross section πΌ βparticles have highest ionising power.
The ionising power of π· βparticles is less than that of πΆ βparticles but their penetrating power is more than that of πΆ βparticles. Why ? Since π½ βparticles are emitted at very high speed as compared to that of πΌ βparticles, they spend very little time in the vicinity of a single atom and, therefore, produce much less ionisation than πΌ βparticles. Because π½ βparticles move quickly through the medium, the loss of energy is very slow and they can penetrate a cosiderable distance through the medium.
How do π· βparticles differ from electrons obtained in photoelectric emission ? (i) π½ βparticles is an electron that is emitted from nucleus when a neutron changes in to proton. In photoelectric effect, the emitted photoelectrons are the outer electrons of the atoms. (ii) π½ βparticles emitted from the nucleus have very high speed and therefore very high kinetic energy. However, electrons obtained in photoelectric effect have very small kinetic energy.
Explanation of process of πΆ-decay πΌ -decay is a process in which an unstable nucleus transforms itself in to a new nucleus by emitting an πΌ βparticle. For example238 92U
234 90Th
+ 2He4 + Q
In general, A ZX
+ 2He4 + Q Where Q is the energy released in πΌ-decay and is shared by daughter nucleus and πΌ βparticle. During the πΌ βdecay ratio
Z-2Y
A-4
π increases. π
Theory A characteristic feature of πΌ βdecay is that the K.E. of emitted πΌ βparticles varies from 4-9 MeV. However the surface of the nucleus of πΌ βemitters presents a barrier of 25 MeV. Classically, this can not happen because the energy of emitted πΌ βparticles is not enough to overcome the potential barrier at the nuclear surface. If it happens, it would violet the law of conservation of energy. This is explained by quantum mechanics. According to Gamow, Congdon & Gurney, the nuclei decay spontaneously by actually passing through the barrier in a process known as tunneling. Uncertainity principle tells us that energy conservation can be violated by an amount βE for a length of time βt given by (βE) (βt) β€
β 2π
Thus quantum mechanically, there is a small but finite probability that the πΌ βparticle may pass through the barrier even its energy is insufficient to cross the barrier height.
Explanation of process of π·-decay The process of spontaneous emission of an electron (e-) or a positron (e+) from a nucleus is called π½ βdecay. For example15P
32
16S
32
+
-1e
+
-1e
0
+ π
In general, or
A ZX
Z+1Y
ZX
Z-1
A
π During the π½ βdecay ratio decreases. π
A
YA +
+ π
0
+1e
0
+ π
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Radioactivity
page-04
Theory In π½-decay, a neutron inside the nucleus converted in to a proton & an electron. This electron comes out of the nucleus immediately as π½-particle. n
p+
-1e
0
+ π
similarly during π½ + decay a proton converted in to a neutron as given below. p
n+
+1e
0
+ π
Clearly a π½- decay process involves the conversion of a neutron in to a proton or vice-versa. These nucleons have nearly equal masses. That is why, mass number of a nuclide undergoing π½-decay does not change. It is found experimentally that energy of π½ βparticle emitted by the nucleus varies continously from zero to a maximum value, while energy of daughter nucleus remains constant. Hence result does not show the validity of both conservation of energy and conservation of momentum. This problem was solved by Pauli by postulating the existance of a new particle having zero rest mass, zero charge and spin equal to Β½. Fermi called this particle as neutrino.It is found that both neutrino & antineutrino are involved in π½ βdecay. Thus energy shared by π½ βparticle and antineutrino randomly. In π½- decay the disintegrating energy is shared in all proportionals between all the three particles (i,e, daughter nucleus, e0 & π ). As a result kinetic energy of e0 is not fixed, it varies from 0 to a max value. Hence π½ emission has a continous energy spectrum as shown.
Explanation of process of πΈ-decay The process of spontaneous emission of a πΎ-ray photon during the radioactive disintegration of a nucleus is called πΎ-decay.
In general, A ZX
Z
XA + πΎ
Theory After an πΌ or π½ decay the daughter nucleus is usually left in excited state. It attains the ground state by emitting one or more photons. As the nuclear states have energies of order of several MeV, therefore photons emitted by the nuclei also have the energies of several MeV.The wavelength of such high energy photons is very small. These short wavelength electromagnetic radiations emitted by nuclei are called πΎ-rays. An example of a πΎ-decay is shown through an energy level diagram. In it an unstable 60 27πΆπ is transformed by a π½-decay in to an 60 excited 28ππ nucleus, which in turn reaches the stable ground state by emitting photons of energies 1.17 MeV and 1.33 MeV, in two successive πΎ-decay processes.
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Radioactivity
page-05
Radioactive decay The spontaneous emission of radiation from a radioactive element is called radioactive decay.
Decay Law The number of nuclei disintegrating per second of a radioactive sample at any instant is directly proportional to the number of undecayed nuclei present in the sample at that instant. i,e,
β¨
ππ ππ‘
β N
ππ ππ‘
=βΞ»N
---------------------(1)
Where Ξ» is constant of proportionality & is called decay constant. From equation (1) we have ππ ππ‘
=βΞ»N
ππ π
= β Ξ» dt
β¨ Integrating on both sides we get,
β«
β¨
ππ
= β Ξ» β« ππ‘
π
log π π = β Ξ» t + C
But, when
-------------------------(2)
t= 0, N= N0, therefore from equation (2) we get
N0
log π π0 = β Ξ» X 0 + C
β¨
log π π0 = C
On putting this value of C in equation (2) we get
log π π = β Ξ» t + log π π0
β¨
N
log π π β log π π0 = β Ξ» t
β¨
log π
β¨
π π0
β¨
π π0
= βΞ»t
= π βππ‘
N = N0 π βππ‘
t
-----------------------(3)
This equation is known as decay equation.
N = N0 π βππ‘
From eqn (3) we have Substituting
t=
1 π
in the above equation we get
N = N0 π β1 1
β¨
N = N0 ( π )
Thus decay constant of a radioactive element may be defined as the reciprocal of the time in which number of undecayed nuclei of that radioactive elemnt falls to
1 times of its initial value. π
S.I. unit of decay constant is sec-1.
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Radioactivity
page-06
Half Life Period (T) The time interval in which one βhalf of the radioactive nuclei originally present in a radioactive sample disintegrate, is called half-life of that radioactive substance. S.I. unit of half life is second.
Relation between decay constant (π)& Half Life Period (T) We know that,
N = N0 π βππ‘ When
t =T,
-------------------------(1)
π0 N= , therefore, from equation (1) we get 2 π0 = N0 π βππ 2
β¨
1 2
= π βππ
β¨
2
= π ππ
β¨
ππ =
β¨
π =
----------------------------(2) N0
log π 2 logπ 2 π
N β¨
π =
2.303 π log10 2 π
β¨
π =
2.303 π 0.3010 π
β¨
π =
0.6931 π
Note-
π0 2 π0 4
t
We know that,
N = N0 π βππ‘ When
t =T,
-------------------------(1)
π0 N= , therefore from equation (1) we get 2 π0 = N0 π βππ 2
β¨
1 2
= π βππ
----------------------------(2)
Let total time beβ tβ then the number of half lives in this time n
=
π‘ π
therefore from eqn (1) we can write,
N = N0 π (βππ)π β¨
N = N0 π ( βππ)
β¨
N = N0 ( 2)π
1
π‘/π
π
[β΅
1 2
= π βππ ]
Significance of Half Life Period (T) Significance of half life is that , it gives an idea of the relative stability of that isotope. The determination of half life of a radioactive substance is very useful for geologists in estimating the ages of mineral deposits, rocks, earth etc.
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Radioactivity
page-07
Mean Life(π) The average time for which the nuclei of a radioactive sample exist is called mean life or average life of that sample. It is equal to the ratio of the combined age of all the nuclei to the total number of nuclei present in the given sample. i,e,
Mean life (π)
π π’π ππ π‘βπ πππ£ππ ππ πππ π‘βπ ππ’ππππ
=
π‘ππ‘ππ ππ’ππππ ππ ππ’ππππ
Now let, at t=0, N = N0 . After time t, this number reduces to N. Also let dN nuclei disintegrates in time from t to t + dt.As dt is very small so the life of each of the dN nuclei can be approximately taken equal to t. β΄
Total life of dN nuclei
= t dN
β¨
Total life of all the N0 nuclei
= β«0 0 π‘ ππ
mean life
or
(π)
π
π = As
β¨
πππ‘ππ ππππ ππ πππ π‘βπ π0 ππ’ππππ
=
π0 1 π0 β« π‘ ππ π0 0
------------------------------(1)
N = N0 π βππ‘ dN = β π N0
Also when t= 0 , N = N0 and when N = 0, t = β
π =
π βππ‘ dt changing limits of integration in terms of time we get,
1 β β« π‘ π N0 π0 0
π βππ‘ dt
π = π β«0β π‘ π βππ‘ dt βππ‘
β
π = π [{ π‘ πβπ }0 π = π [0 +
βππ‘
β β«0β ( πβπ ) dt ]
1 β βππ‘ dt ] β« π π 0
π = β«0β π βππ‘ dt π βππ‘
π = [ ] βπ
β¨ β¨
β 0
π =β
1 π
[π βπβ β π β0 ]
π =β
1 π
[0 β 1]
π =
1 π
π =
1 0.6931/π
π =
π 0.6931
π = 1.44 T
Mean life is also given as the reciprocal of its decay comstant. S.I. unit of mean life is second.
[β΅ π =
0.6931 π
]
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Radioactivity
page-08
Activity or Decay rate (R) The activity or the rate of decay of a radioactive sample may be defined as the number of radioactive disintegrations taking place per second in the sample. ππ ππ‘
R=β
i,e,
R=β
π ππ‘
(N0 π βππ‘ )
R = β N0
π
[β΅ N = N0 π βππ‘ ]
( π βππ‘ )
ππ‘
R = β N0 (βΞ» π βππ‘ )
R0
R = Ξ» N0 π βππ‘
R
R=πN
β¨ β¨
R = π N0 π βππ‘
β¨
R = (π N0) π βππ‘
t
β¨ R = R0 π βππ‘
[β΅ π
0 = π N0 ]
Note R= πN
(i)
R= [
β¨ (ii)
We know,
β¨
logπ 2 ] π ππ ππ‘
R= ππ
ππ‘
= =
π ππ‘ π ππ‘
=π
(
N = πN
ππ ππ‘
[β΅ π =
logπ 2 ] π
---------------------(1)
)
(π N) π ππ‘
(N)
= π (π N) = π2 N logπ 2 2 ] π
=[
β¨
ππ
ππ‘
β
N
1 π2
Units of activity (1) Becquerel (Bq) One Becquerel is defined as the decay rate of one disintegration per second. i,e, 1 Bq = 1 decay/sec S.I. unit of activity is Becquerel. (2) Curie (Ci) One curie is the decay rate of 3.7 X 1010 disintegration per second. i,e, 1 Curie = 3.7 X 1010 decays/sec (3) Rutherford (Rd) One Rutherford is the decay rate of 106 disintegration per second. i,e, 1 Rutherford = 106 decays/sec
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Radioactivity
page-09
Q.No.01- Explain with the help of a nuclear reaction in each of the following cases, how the neutron to proton ratio changes during(i) πΌ-decay (ii) π½-decay. (D-2006,2004,AI-2003,F-2002) Q.No.02- Will the neutron to proton ratio increase or decrease in nucleus when (i) an electron (ii) a proton emitted ? Q.No.03- (i) what is π½-decay ? (ii) Write the nuclear decay process of π½-decay
(D-2003)
(F-2002) (AI-2010,2004,D-2004)
32 15π
Q.No.04- Write the nuclear reactions for the following(i) πΌ-decay of
204 84ππ
(ii) π½-decay of
32 15π
(DC-2005)
(iii) π½+ -decay of
11 6πΆ .
Q.No.05- What is meant by the term radioactive decay ? 235 92π
decays successively to form
(AIC-2002)
230 226 234 231 92π, 91ππ, 90πβ, 88π
π .
Find the radiations emitted in each case.
Q.No.06- In a series of radioactive disintegration of π΄ππ first an πΌ-particle and then a π½- particle is emitted. What is the atomic number and mass number of new nucleus formed by the successive disintegrations. (D-2003) Q.No.07- Which of the following radiations πΌ-rays, π½-rays, πΎ-rays(i) are similar to X-rays (ii) are easily absorbed by the matter (iii) travel with greatest speed (iv) are similar in nature to cathode rays.
(AI-2001)
Q.No.08- Explain how radioactive nuclei can emit π½- particles even though atomic nuclei do not contain these particles ? Hence explain why the mass number of a radioactive nuclei does not change during π½-decay ? (DC-2004) Q.No.09- (a) Draw the energy level diagram, showing the emission of followed by πΎ-rays by a
60 27πΆπ
nucleus.
(AI-2005)
(b) Plot the distribution of kinetic energy of π½-particles and state why the energy of spectrum is continous ? Q.No.10- A radioactive nucleus A decays as given below0 -1e A
(AIC-2003) πΌ A1
A2
If the mass number and atomic number of A are 180 & 72 respectively, find the mass number & atomic number of A 2. Q.No.11- A radioactive nucleus decays as follows -
(AI-1999) +1e
176 71π΄
0
πΌ A1
A2
If the mass number and atomic number of A are 176 & 71 respectively, What are the mass number & atomic no. of A 1 & A2 ? Which of these elements are isobars ? Q.No.12- A radioactive nucleus βAβ undergoes a series of decays according to the following schemeπΌ π½ πΌ πΎ A A1 A2 A3 A4
(D-2009,AIC-2002)
If the mass number and atomic number of A are 180 & 72 respectively, What are these numbers for A 4 ? Q.No.13- The sequence of stepwise decays of a radioctive nucleus is πΌ π½ πΌ D D1 D2
(AIC-2005) D3
If the nucleon number and atomic number for D2 are 176 & 71 respectively, What are the corresponding values of D & D3 ? Justify your answer in each case. Q.No.14- The sequence of stepwise decays of a radioctive nucleus is (AI-1998) πΌ π½ πΌ πΌ D D1 D2 D3 D4 If the nucleon number and atomic number for D2 are 176 & 71 respectively, What are the corresponding values of D & D4 ? Justify your answer in each case.
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Radioactivity
Q.No.15- A radioactive isotope D decays according to the sequence 1 πΌ 0π D D1 D2
page-10 (AI-1998)
If the mass number and atomic number for D2 are 176 & 71 respectively, find the mass number and atomic number of D. Amongest D, D1, & D2, do we have any isotope or isobar ? Q.No.16- The sequence of stepwise decays of a radioctive nucleus is πΌ π½β D D1 D2
(D-2010)
If the atomic number and mass number of D2 are 71 & 176 respectively, What are their corresponding values for D ? Q.No.17- A radioactive nucleus βAβ undergoes a series of decays according to the following schemeπΌ π½ πΌ πΎ A A1 A2 A3 A4
(D-2009)
If the mass number and atomic number of A are 190 & 75 respectively, What are these numbers for A 4 ? Q.No.18- Define the terms half life period & decay constant of a radioactive substance. Write their S.I. units. Establish the relation between them. (AI-2006,04, D-2005,01) Q.No.19- State the law of radioactive decay. Establish a mathematical relation between half life period & disintegration constant of a radioactive nucleus. (F-2007) Q.No.20- Use the basic law of radioactive decay to show that , radioactive nuclei follow an exponential decay law. Hence obtain a formula for the half life of a radioactive nuclei in terms of its disintegration constant. (DC-2004) Q.No.21- Derive an expression for the average life of a radionuclide. Give its relationship with the half life.
(AI-2010)
Q.No.22- Define the activity of a radioactive nuclide. Write its S.I. unit. Give a plot of the activity of a radioactive species versus time. How long will a radioactive isotope, whose half life is T years, take for its activity to reduce to 1/8 th of its initial value. (AI-2009) Q.No.23- Define the term activity of a radioactive substance. State its S.I. unit. Two different radioactive elements with half lives T1 and T2 have N1 and N2 (undecayed) atoms respectively present at a given instant. Determine the ratio of their activities at this instant. (SP-2010) Q.No.24- Prove that the instanteneous rate of change of the activity of a radioactive substance is inversely proportional to the square of its half life. (SP-2010) Q.No.25- (a) Define activity of a radioactive material and write its S.I. unit. (b) Plot a graph showing variation of activity of a given radioactive sample with time.
(D-2010)
Q.No.26- Complete the following decay process for π½-decay of phosphorous -32.
(F-2004)
32 15π
S + ------------------
The graph shows how the activity of a radioactive nucleus changes with time. Using the graph determine(i) half life of the nucleus , and (ii) its decay constant. [Ans. (i) T = 40 sec. (ii) Ξ» = 0.0173 S-1]
Worksheet β XII (Physics) Unit- VIII (Atoms & Nuclei )
Topic- Radioactivity
page-11
Q.No.27- The graph shows how the activity of a sample of radon-220 changes with time. Use the graph to determine its half life. Also calculate the value of decay constant of radon -220. [Ans. (i) T = 16 days. (ii) Ξ» = 0.043 day-1] (D-2004)
Q.No.28- Show that the decay rate βRβ of a sample of a radioactive nuclide is related to the number of radioactive nuclei βNβ at the same instant by the expression R = Ξ» N. (D-2005) Q.No.29- (a) Define the activity of a radioactive nucleus and state its S.I. unit. (F-2005) (b) Two radioactive nuclei X and Y initially contain equal number of atoms. The half life is 1 hr & 2hr respectively. Calculate the ratio of their rates of disintegration after two hours. Q.No.30- Draw a plot representing the law of radioactive decay. Define the activity of a sample of a radioactive nucleus. Write its S.I.unit. (F-2008) Q.No.31- The activity of a radioactive element drops to
1 16
th of its initial value in 32 Years. Find the mean life of the sample.
[Ans. π = 11.2 yrs] (AIC-1997) 20 against πΌ-decay is 1.5 X 1017 sec. What is the activity of a sample of 238 92π having 25 X 10 atoms ? 4 [Ans. R = 1.15 X 10 Bq ] (D-2005) 238 9 Q.No.33- The half life of 238 92π against πΌ-decay is 4.5 X 10 years. What is the activity of 1g sample of 92π ? 4 [Ans. R = 1.23 X 10 Bq ] (AI-2005,F-2006,NCERT) Q.No.32- The half life of
238 92π
Q.No.34- A radioactive sample contains 2.2 mg of pure 116πΆ which has half life period of 1224 sec. Calculate(AI-2005) 20 (i) the number of atoms present initially [Ans. (i) π0 = 1.2 X 10 (ii) R = 1.55 X 1014 Bq ] (ii) the activity when 5 ππ of the sample will be left. Q.No.35- (a) what is meant by half life of a radioactive element ? (b) the half life of a radioactive substance is 30 s. Calculate (i) the decay constant, and (ii) time taken for the sample to decay by 3/4th of its initial value. Q.No.36 A radioactive material is reduced to 4X
10-3
1 16
(F-2009,D-1999) [Ans. (i) Ξ» = 0.00231 s-1 (ii) 60 s]
th of its original amount in 4 days. How much material should one begin with so that
Kg of the material is left after 6 days ?
[Ans. π0 = 0.256 Kg ] (SP-2010)
Q.No.37- The decay constant for a given radioactive nuclide has a value of 1.386 day-1. After how much time will a given sample of this radionuclide get reduced to only 6.25 % of its present number ? [Ans. t = 2 days] (AIC-2004) Q.No.38- The half life of a given radioactive nuclide is 138.6 days. What is the mean life of this nuclide ? After how much time will a given sample of this radioactive nuclide will get reduced to only 12.5 %, of its initial value ? [Ans. π = 199.58 days, t= 415.8 days] (AIC-2004) ---------------------------------------------------x------------------------------------------------------------
Q.No. 01- The mass of a nucleus in its ground state is always less than the total mass of its constituents β neutrons and protons. Explain. (AI-2009) [Ans. When the neutrons and protons group to form a nucleus, energy is needed. This energy comes from mass defect created.]
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