Working In Confined Space
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Selva Prakash, Margham Dubai Est. Tel: 00971-50-5516524; Email: [email protected] Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
1
Objective Personnel required to enter into confined or enclosed spaces must know – (a) the hazards involved in Confined Spaces, (b) the necessary precautions to be taken, and (c) the correct procedures for CSE works
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
2
How to Identify Confined Spaces • • •
Limited Openings for Entry and Exit • Openings as small as 18 inches in diameter • Difficult to enter with SCBA or other life-saving equipment Unfavorable Natural Ventilation • Lack of air movement in and out of the space • Deadly gases can be trapped inside Not Designed for Continuous Worker Occupancy • Enclose materials or processes • Storages for products or substances • Occasional worker entry for inspection, repair, cleanup, maintenance, etc.
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
3
Typical Confined Spaces in Power Plants • • • • • • • • • •
Power Generator enclosures Cable Gallery (underground) Gas Pipeline Valve Pits Straight cut excavation over 4 feet deep Fuel Pump Station located within enclosures Boiler, Degreaser, Furnace Vessels Septic Tank, Sewage Digester Silo, Storage Tanks, Floating Roof Sewer, Utility Vault, Manholes
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
4
Typical Hazards in Confined Spaces in Power Plants • Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres
e.g. O2 level <
• Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres
e.g. O2 level >
19.5% in air 22.5% in air
• Flammable Atmospheres e.g. LEL > 0% • Toxic Atmospheres e.g. H2S, CO, Cl2 • Temperature Extremes e.g. hot & humid atmosphere
• Engulfment Hazards e.g. cave-ins
• Electricity
e.g. live power cables
• Noise e.g. DG enclosure • Slick and wet surfaces e.g. slip, trip, fall Thursday, October 16, 2008 Working in Confined Space • Falling Objects e.g. unprotected deep
5
Hazard effect: Oxygen Deficiency Level of Oxygen in Air ~ 20.8 % Normal 19.5 % Minimum acceptable oxygen level. 15 - 19% Decreased ability to work strenuously, impair coordination (early symptoms) 12 - 14% Respiration increases, Poor judgment 10 - 12% Respiration increases, Blue lips 8 - 10% Mental failure, fainting, nausea, unconsciousness, vomiting 6 - 8% 8 minutes - fatal 6 minutes - 50% fatal 4-5 minutes - possible recovery Loss of cabin pressure and consequent pilot 4 - 6% Death or Coma in 40 seconds unconsciousness led Helios Air Crash Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
6
Hazard effect: Oxygen Enrichment • •
Fire or explosion Supports combustion e.g. burns violently the combustible materials • E.g. Hair, clothing, materials, etc. • Oil soaked clothing and materials.
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
Fires from Oxygen Use during Head and Neck Surgery
7
Flammable Atmosphere • Flammable / explosive limits {LEL & UEL} – Gasoline LEL 1.4% - UEL 7.6%
• Flammable gas or vapor or dust may cause fire or explosion • Typical Ignition Sources – Sparking or electrical tools – Welding / cutting works – Smoking • Spontaneous combustion in coal stack • Battery Room • Hydrogen
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
8
Toxic Atmospheres • Natural Gas is toxic (mostly methane) • Gas leak from pipeline or valves may accumulate gas • Substances stored or absorbed in confined spaces may release toxic gas • Hazardous jobs such as welding, gas cutting, painting/coating cause toxic atmosphere • CO in coal stack power plant • Decomposition of materials. Human waste (H2S)Working in Confined Space Thursday, October 16, 2008
9
Carbon Monoxide • Odorless, colorless gas • Combustion by-product • Quickly collapse at high concentrations PPM 50 200 600 1000-2000 1000-2000 1000-2000 2000-2500
Effect Permissible Exposure Level Slight headache, discomfort Headache, discomfort Confusion, nausea, headache Tendency to stagger Slight heart palpitation Unconsciousness
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
Time 8 Hours 3 Hours 1 Hour 2 Hours 1 1/2 Hours 30 Min. 30 Min.
10
Temperature Extremes • Extremely hot or cold temperatures • Steam cleaning in confined spaces • Humidity factors (human tolerance & Heat Index) • Extremely cold liquids • Work processes inside the confined space can increase temperature extremes • Personal protective equipment
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
11
Engulfment Hazards
• Cave-ins (excavation works) • Flooding of confined space. • Water or sewage flow
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
12
Other Hazards •
•
•
•
Noise • Amplified due to acoustics within the space • Damage hearing, affect communication Slick / Wet Surfaces • Slips and falls. • Increased chance of electric shock Falling Objects • Topside openings expose workers inside confined space to falling objects Wildlife • Snakes / insects, scorpions / reptiles
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
13
CSE Safety Checklist •
Work Permit / Authorization / Risk Assessment – Inspection, works may need CSEP only – Information, Instruction, Training and Supervision
• • • • •
Ensure potential energy sources are isolated (ensure LOTO in place) Access and egress e.g. ladder safety Ventilation – the first option to correct problems Use Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) at initial entry, and SCBA is needed if hazardous condition persists Secure life-lines (retrieval line) – Bowline knot – Practice pull-signal communication [single for OK, double to extent, thrice for pull-out, continuous pull when emergency], Intrinsically Safe Equipment use e.g. Radio
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
14
CSE Safety Checklist •
• • •
Gas Test / Continuous Monitoring and Men Entry Record – Furnish Form-012 Gas Test Record – Refer permissible limits Entry watch / Standby person Ensure fall protection devices in place Provide appropriate tag – Danger - DO NOT ENTER tag (holder) if unfit, LEL above 2% cases
• • • •
– FIT TO ENTER tag (holder + insert) if fit Lightings – approved/explosion proof, hand-lamps used in hazardous area must be of <24 volts Warning signposts Warning lights and barriers to excavations > 4 feet deep PPE – Clear glass, safety shoes, coverall, hardhat and safety harness
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
15
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
16
Regulatory requirement •
Refer to DM Technical Guidelines –
ETG-08: Entry into Confined Spaces
•
Refer to Code of Construction Safety Practice
•
Local Order –
Thursday, October 16, 2008
No.61 of 1991 on Environmental Regulation in the Emirate of Dubai, requiring employer(s) to take adequate precautions for the safety and health of workers
Working in Confined Space
17
Best practices • • • • • • • • • •
Job planning and notification for all resources in place in advance Check SCBA air –not less than 80%, no leak Gas detectors – check calibration, battery and probe in nonhazardous area Check radios and arrange necessary tags and lights Ventilation is the first option to correct problems Holes and openings must be closed or guarded when not attended Attendant to remain outside the confined space and be in constant contact with the workers inside A means must be provided for both safe normal entry or exit, and emergency extrication Re-test the confined space before entry Know emergency rescue procedures
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
18
Emergency Procedures •
• •
•
The attendants should attempt to remove the entrant from the confined space using, tripods/hoist, and lifelines Attendants are NOT TO ENTER the confined space Remember, lethal hazards may be present within the confined space Civil Defense should be called for rescue of entrant if needed Call 999
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
19
Question?
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
20
Working in Confined Space
1
Objective Personnel required to enter into confined or enclosed spaces must know – (a) the hazards involved in Confined Spaces, (b) the necessary precautions to be taken, and (c) the correct procedures for CSE works
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
2
How to Identify Confined Spaces • • •
Limited Openings for Entry and Exit • Openings as small as 18 inches in diameter • Difficult to enter with SCBA or other life-saving equipment Unfavorable Natural Ventilation • Lack of air movement in and out of the space • Deadly gases can be trapped inside Not Designed for Continuous Worker Occupancy • Enclose materials or processes • Storages for products or substances • Occasional worker entry for inspection, repair, cleanup, maintenance, etc.
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
3
Typical Confined Spaces in Power Plants • • • • • • • • • •
Power Generator enclosures Cable Gallery (underground) Gas Pipeline Valve Pits Straight cut excavation over 4 feet deep Fuel Pump Station located within enclosures Boiler, Degreaser, Furnace Vessels Septic Tank, Sewage Digester Silo, Storage Tanks, Floating Roof Sewer, Utility Vault, Manholes
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
4
Typical Hazards in Confined Spaces in Power Plants • Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres
e.g. O2 level <
• Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres
e.g. O2 level >
19.5% in air 22.5% in air
• Flammable Atmospheres e.g. LEL > 0% • Toxic Atmospheres e.g. H2S, CO, Cl2 • Temperature Extremes e.g. hot & humid atmosphere
• Engulfment Hazards e.g. cave-ins
• Electricity
e.g. live power cables
• Noise e.g. DG enclosure • Slick and wet surfaces e.g. slip, trip, fall Thursday, October 16, 2008 Working in Confined Space • Falling Objects e.g. unprotected deep
5
Hazard effect: Oxygen Deficiency Level of Oxygen in Air ~ 20.8 % Normal 19.5 % Minimum acceptable oxygen level. 15 - 19% Decreased ability to work strenuously, impair coordination (early symptoms) 12 - 14% Respiration increases, Poor judgment 10 - 12% Respiration increases, Blue lips 8 - 10% Mental failure, fainting, nausea, unconsciousness, vomiting 6 - 8% 8 minutes - fatal 6 minutes - 50% fatal 4-5 minutes - possible recovery Loss of cabin pressure and consequent pilot 4 - 6% Death or Coma in 40 seconds unconsciousness led Helios Air Crash Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
6
Hazard effect: Oxygen Enrichment • •
Fire or explosion Supports combustion e.g. burns violently the combustible materials • E.g. Hair, clothing, materials, etc. • Oil soaked clothing and materials.
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
Fires from Oxygen Use during Head and Neck Surgery
7
Flammable Atmosphere • Flammable / explosive limits {LEL & UEL} – Gasoline LEL 1.4% - UEL 7.6%
• Flammable gas or vapor or dust may cause fire or explosion • Typical Ignition Sources – Sparking or electrical tools – Welding / cutting works – Smoking • Spontaneous combustion in coal stack • Battery Room • Hydrogen
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
8
Toxic Atmospheres • Natural Gas is toxic (mostly methane) • Gas leak from pipeline or valves may accumulate gas • Substances stored or absorbed in confined spaces may release toxic gas • Hazardous jobs such as welding, gas cutting, painting/coating cause toxic atmosphere • CO in coal stack power plant • Decomposition of materials. Human waste (H2S)Working in Confined Space Thursday, October 16, 2008
9
Carbon Monoxide • Odorless, colorless gas • Combustion by-product • Quickly collapse at high concentrations PPM 50 200 600 1000-2000 1000-2000 1000-2000 2000-2500
Effect Permissible Exposure Level Slight headache, discomfort Headache, discomfort Confusion, nausea, headache Tendency to stagger Slight heart palpitation Unconsciousness
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
Time 8 Hours 3 Hours 1 Hour 2 Hours 1 1/2 Hours 30 Min. 30 Min.
10
Temperature Extremes • Extremely hot or cold temperatures • Steam cleaning in confined spaces • Humidity factors (human tolerance & Heat Index) • Extremely cold liquids • Work processes inside the confined space can increase temperature extremes • Personal protective equipment
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
11
Engulfment Hazards
• Cave-ins (excavation works) • Flooding of confined space. • Water or sewage flow
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
12
Other Hazards •
•
•
•
Noise • Amplified due to acoustics within the space • Damage hearing, affect communication Slick / Wet Surfaces • Slips and falls. • Increased chance of electric shock Falling Objects • Topside openings expose workers inside confined space to falling objects Wildlife • Snakes / insects, scorpions / reptiles
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
13
CSE Safety Checklist •
Work Permit / Authorization / Risk Assessment – Inspection, works may need CSEP only – Information, Instruction, Training and Supervision
• • • • •
Ensure potential energy sources are isolated (ensure LOTO in place) Access and egress e.g. ladder safety Ventilation – the first option to correct problems Use Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) at initial entry, and SCBA is needed if hazardous condition persists Secure life-lines (retrieval line) – Bowline knot – Practice pull-signal communication [single for OK, double to extent, thrice for pull-out, continuous pull when emergency], Intrinsically Safe Equipment use e.g. Radio
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
14
CSE Safety Checklist •
• • •
Gas Test / Continuous Monitoring and Men Entry Record – Furnish Form-012 Gas Test Record – Refer permissible limits Entry watch / Standby person Ensure fall protection devices in place Provide appropriate tag – Danger - DO NOT ENTER tag (holder) if unfit, LEL above 2% cases
• • • •
– FIT TO ENTER tag (holder + insert) if fit Lightings – approved/explosion proof, hand-lamps used in hazardous area must be of <24 volts Warning signposts Warning lights and barriers to excavations > 4 feet deep PPE – Clear glass, safety shoes, coverall, hardhat and safety harness
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
15
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
16
Regulatory requirement •
Refer to DM Technical Guidelines –
ETG-08: Entry into Confined Spaces
•
Refer to Code of Construction Safety Practice
•
Local Order –
Thursday, October 16, 2008
No.61 of 1991 on Environmental Regulation in the Emirate of Dubai, requiring employer(s) to take adequate precautions for the safety and health of workers
Working in Confined Space
17
Best practices • • • • • • • • • •
Job planning and notification for all resources in place in advance Check SCBA air –not less than 80%, no leak Gas detectors – check calibration, battery and probe in nonhazardous area Check radios and arrange necessary tags and lights Ventilation is the first option to correct problems Holes and openings must be closed or guarded when not attended Attendant to remain outside the confined space and be in constant contact with the workers inside A means must be provided for both safe normal entry or exit, and emergency extrication Re-test the confined space before entry Know emergency rescue procedures
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
18
Emergency Procedures •
• •
•
The attendants should attempt to remove the entrant from the confined space using, tripods/hoist, and lifelines Attendants are NOT TO ENTER the confined space Remember, lethal hazards may be present within the confined space Civil Defense should be called for rescue of entrant if needed Call 999
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
19
Question?
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Working in Confined Space
20
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