Woodland Management Plan-glassco

MANAGED FOREST PLAN

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS January 1, 2007 - December 31, 2026

MANAGED FOREST PLAN GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS Preamble This plan addresses the different natural features on the property and the objectives of the landowners through an integrated resource management approach and within a realistic framework. With some appropriate management this plan can be realized, maintaining a healthy forest to be enjoyed by generations to come. I hereby verify that the following forest management plan has been prepared in accordance with generally accepted sustainable forestry practices.

Chris Gynan, M.Sc.F., R.P.F. MFPA #227 Vice President Operations SILV-ECON Ltd. 913 Southwind Ct. Newmarket, ON L3Y 6J1 Phone: (905) 989-0601 Fax: (905) 898-2722 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.silvecon.com

Date

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

Table of Contents MANAGED FOREST PLAN GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS SECTION 1 : PROPERTY OWNER INFORMATION......................................................... 1 1.1 Registered Property Owners .................................................................................... 1 1.2 Plan Author Information.......................................................................................... 1 SECTION 2 : PROPERTY LOCATION INFORMATION................................................... 2 2.1 Property Location..................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Federal, Provincial and Local Policies and Regulations......................................... 3 SECTION 3 : PROPERTY HISTORY ................................................................................... 4 3.1 Past Activities .......................................................................................................... 4 3.2 The Surrounding Landscape.................................................................................... 4 SECTION 4 : PROPERTY MAP AND SURROUNDING AREA ....................................... 6 4.1 Surrounding Landscape ........................................................................................... 6 4.2 Detailed Administrative Map .................................................................................. 7 SECTION 5 : LANDOWNER OBJECTIVES........................................................................ 8 5.1 General Objectives................................................................................................... 8 5.2 Detailed Property Level Objectives......................................................................... 8 5.3 How Will You Achieve Your Objectives ? .......................................................... 10 SECTION 6 : DETAILED PROPERTY MAP ..................................................................... 11 SECTION 7 : GETTING TO KNOW YOUR UPLAND AND WETLAND AREAS........ 12 7.1 Compartment Number/Name ................................................................................ 13 7.2 Compartment Characteristics ................................................................................ 13 7.3 Compartment History ............................................................................................ 13 7.4 Inventory ................................................................................................................ 16 7.5 Wildlife .................................................................................................................. 22 7.6 Upland and Wetland Objectives............................................................................ 25 SECTION 8 : TEN YEAR ACTIVITY SUMMARY........................................................... 28 SECTION 9 : REPORT OF ACTIVITIES ............................................................................ 29 SECTION 10 : CONTACTS AND NOTES ......................................................................... 30 SECTION 11 : WHERE TO GO FOR ASSISTANCE ........................................................ 31 SECTION 12 : REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 32

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

MANAGED FOREST PLAN GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

Section 1 : Property Owner Information Plan Period This plan is for the 20-year period January 1, 2007 - December 31, 2026, with a detailed management program for the ten-year period January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2016. A 5-year progress report will be completed by July 31, 2011 and submitted to the Ontario Forestry Association. The Ministry of Natural Resources will mail the property owners a copy of this report to complete. The entire plan will be updated and approved every ten years to meet the most recent program standards. This plan will be updated by July 31, 2016.

1.1

Registered Property Owners

There are four properties making up the managed forest area of this plan. Three of the properties are owned by Jane Lockhart Glassco, while the fourth is owned by John M. Stewart & Susan Elizabeth Slattery in Trust for Jane Glassco. Owner No. 1 Name: Jane Lockhart Glassco Address: 16240 12th Concession, RR#3 Schomberg, ON, L0G 1T0 Phone: (905) 939-7421 Fax: (905) 939-2967 Owner No. 2 Name: Stewart John M Trustee & Slattery Susan Elizabeth c/o Blake Cassels & Graydon Address: P.O. Box 25 STN Commerce Court Toronto, ON, M5L 1A9 Phone: (416) 863-2400 Fax: (416) 863-2653

1.2

Plan Author Information

Name:

Phone (wk): Fax (wk): Email:

Chris Gynan M.Sc.F., R.P.F. 39 Ladyburn Dr. Keswick, ON L4P 3R1 905-989-0601 905-898-2722 [email protected]

1

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

2

Section 2 : Property Location Information 2.1

Property Location Area Summary (acres)

Landowners

Property Location

Assessment Roll Number

Managed Forest

Total

CLTIP

Gordon Elizabeth M Estate C/O Jane L. Glassco

TOWNSHIP OF KING REGIONAL MUNICIPALITY OF YORK 16240 12TH CONCESSION CON 12 PT LOT 28

1949 000 084 48500 0000

53

44.9

6.1

Stewart John M Trustee Slattery Susan Elizabeth c/o Blake Cassels & Graydon

TOWNSHIP OF KING REGIONAL MUNICIPALITY OF YORK 16240 12TH CONCESSION CON 12 PT LOT 27

1949 000 084 37000 0000

99.7

17.64

17.06

Glassco Jane Lockhart

TOWN OF CALEDON REGIONAL MUNICIPALITY OF PEEL MOUNT WOLFE RD W/S CON 10 ALB PT LOT 20

2124 010 001 01300 0000

19.58

12.28

Glassco Jane Lockhart

TOWNSHIP OF KING REGIONAL MUNICIPALITY OF YORK 16540 12TH CONCESSION CON 12 PT LOTS 28 & 29

1949 000 084 55000 0000

195

120.23

7.3 + 2.95 shared

48.87

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

2.2

3

Federal, Provincial and Local Policies and Regulations

The management programs contained in this plan will adhere to all Federal, provincial and local policies and regulations. Tree cutting will conform to the Region of York Woodlands Conservation bylaw. Forest management activities will conform to guidelines noted in professional documents such as “A Silvicultural Guide to Managing Southern Ontario Forests” (OMNR 2000) and the “Ontario Tree Marking Guide, Version 1.1” (OMNR 2004). Some other relevant policies that will help guide stewardship of the property include, • • • • • • • • • •

Federal Fisheries Act Federal Pest Control Products Act Federal Forestry Act Provincial Weed Control Act Provincial Endangered Species Act Provincial Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act Provincial Lakes and Rivers Improvement Act Provincial Professional Foresters Act Provincial Oak Ridges Moraine Conservation Act Municipal Firearms bylaw

In addition to the above policies, the lands will be managed in accordance with the Conservation Agreement between Jane Lockhart Glassco and the Oak Ridges Moraine Land Trust. Three of the properties, except for the most southerly farm, is under a conservation easement with the Trust. The Land Trust shall be consulted with during amendments of this managed forest plan. Forest management practices will also adhere to the Forest Stewardship Council’s certification standards for sound forestry practices in the Great Lakes St. Lawrence Region.

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4

Section 3 : Property History 3.1

Past Activities

The Gordon / Glassco Woodlands are made up of four joining properties, three of which are located in King Township, Regional Municipality of York, and one located in the Town of Caledon, Regional Municipality of Peel. They are situated 25 km east of the Town of Newmarket, about 2.5 kilometers south of Highway 9 on the 12th Concession Rd. All of the properties were purchased by Honourable Walter Gordon and Elizabeth Gordon in 1946 and have been in family ownership ever since. During the late 40’s and early 1950’s the Gordon’s planted approximately 150,000 trees at 1 to 3 cents each to prevent erosion of the sandy, upland soils which make up many parts of the property. In the mid 1950’s an additional 100,000 trees were planted. In total 108 acres of plantations were established to cover 30% of the property. The remaining land consists of natural forests and wetlands (181 acres), and active agricultural fields (78 acres). Management of the forests first commenced in 1993 with intent to restore native forest cover to the plantations, while producing forest products such as sawlogs and pulpwood. The history of management is as follows (see Map 6 for compartment locations), 1993: P-3, P-8 and P-9 received first thinning by Conifer Farms. 1999: P-1 group selection of red pine to create gaps within which planted trees could regenerate. Plantation thinned in January 2000 by Conifer Farms. 2000: First managed forest plan developed and submitted to the Ontario Forestry Association under the Managed Forest Tax Incentive Program. 2002: P-2a, P-4, P-5, P-6, P-10, P-11 and P-13 received first thinning by by Conifer Farms. W-2b marked but never thinned because of poor access. 100 white pine container stock planted in P-1. 200 white birch, 200 butternut, and 75 white ash planted in P-14. 2003-2006: P-14 and P-15 planted various tree species to increase tree cover.

3.2

The Surrounding Landscape

The landscape surrounding the property consists of active farms, woodlands, and provincially significant wetlands. The Gordon / Glassco Woodlands significantly contribute to the diversity of the surrounding landscape by protecting headwaters of the Holland River, providing habitat for a rich array of fauna, a offering a protected refuge for fifteen plants rare to the Greater Toronto Area (Site District 6-7). The property is situated on the Oak Ridges Moraine. The moraine is a prominent glacial landform in southern Ontario which extends from the Niagara Escarpment to the Trent River. It consists mostly of sand and gravel varying in depth from 15 metres to 300 metres, except for a pocket of clay till in King Township. This landform is recognized as performing a number of important ecological functions. Most significantly, the well-drained, coarse-textured soils of the moraine make it an important ground water recharge area for all primary water courses flowing north to Lake Simcoe and south to Lake Ontario.

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

5

The property contains Hall Lake (16 acres), one of 31 kettle lakes on the Oak Ridges Moraine (OMNR 1999). Kettle lakes are uncommon in the province and are considered significant and threatened ecosystems in the Greater Toronto Area. Numerous headwater creeks and wetlands of the Kennifick Wetland complex also exist on the property. The deep sands and assorted vegetation communities serve to purify rain water infiltration, ameliorate surface water runoff, and help to recharge the groundwater aquifer. As a result, many of the wetland areas on the property are considered conservation land under the Conservation Land Tax Incentive Program. The Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority has identified the lands as a Hydrological Environmentally Significant Area. Two types of soil dominate the property. The first which is found in the uplands is a Pontypool series, made of poorly sorted calcareous sands. The sands originated from outwash during the Wisconsinan glaciation. These soils are classified as a brunisolic grey-brown-luvisol with few stones. The parent material is neutral to slightly alkaline in pH and is generically poor in fertility. Soils are generally well drained. In the lowlands, organic soils consisting of sedge peat support plant growth. The woodlands are not only a significant hydrologic resource to the Lake Simcoe watershed, they are also part of a vital landscape feature that attracts an abundance of wildlife. Species of wildlife inhabiting the property are listed in Section 7.7. Hall Lake and its drainage support a diverse aquatic community. Sampling upstream of the lake in 1982 (probably just outside the Glassco property) showed brook trout, redside dace (designated vulnerable by COSEWIC in 1987), blacknose dace, brook stickleback, Johnny darter to be inhabiting this area (McMurtry 1999). Recent sampling has found black bass, perch, pike and sunfish. Over the years, red fox, skunk, raccoons, porcupine, squirrels, grouse and a wide variety of other birds have been noted. Even opossum has been seen, a rare observation since the property is located at the northern limit of its range (Banfield 1974). In 2000, a nesting pair of goshawks was observed on the property in P-5. The property consists of over 28 species of trees and an abundance of fallen logs and snags which serve to attract wildlife to the property. The presence of the Pileated woodpecker in the forest is proof that a rich array of habitat for many wildlife species exists.

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

4.1

Section 4 : Property Map and Surrounding Area Surrounding Landscape

6

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

4.2

Detailed Administrative Map

7

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

5.1

8

Section 5 : Landowner Objectives General Objectives Objectives

Priority for Management Low 1

Environmental Protection Forest Products Investment Recreation Wildlife Nature appreciation

5.2

2

3

4

High 5 x

x x x x x

Detailed Property Level Objectives

Environmental Protection 1. Ecological restoration a. Increase tree cover in P-14, P-15, and M-1 by continuing with annual tree planting. Consider funding sources through the Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority, the Oak Ridges Moraine Land Trust and Trees Ontario. Species to consider for planting include red pine, white pine, white spruce, and European larch. Hardwoods may also be planted but should be protected from deer. Protection may include hanging bars of ivory soap in the tree, distributing logging slash in fields within which trees may be planted, installing fencing around clumps of planted hardwoods. 2. Maintain a healthy and productive forest cover a. Sustaining forest cover on the existing forest by promoting forest growth and encouraging natural forest regeneration through thinning and other silvicultural activities. Maintain a diversity of tree species. Schedule compartments P-1 (portions), P3, P-7, P-8, and P-9 for marking and thinning in 2007/2008 (20 + acres total). Compartments P-2, P-4, P-10, P-11 and P-13 are to be marked for thinning in 2009 (55 acres). Consider thinning P-2b and W-2a,b if access is permitted to the south on the neighbouring property. b. Control invasive and exotic species namely garlic mustard and buckthorn where observed and where possible. Focus on treating isolated plants to prevent new populations from starting. Non-chemical methods such as digging will be considered first. c. Deter deer from feeding on hardwood tree regeneration by leaving crowns of felled trees intact on the ground in certain areas. The intact tops may serve as obstruction to seedlings that regenerate amongst them. d. Plant seedlings of white pine in plantations to restore this once abundant tree to the landscape. Focus planting efforts in P-1, P-8, P-3, P-4, P-10, and P-13 in decreasing order of priority. Plant following thinning activities or in openings.

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

9

Recreation and nature appreciation 1. Provide opportunities to experience nature a. Maintain trail network throughout the property for recreational use by trimming encroaching vegetation, and removing fallen trees or branches. Wood debris will be organized into piles to serve as shelter for small wildlife. Wildlife 1. Retain and conserve wildlife habitat features a. Retain large, long logs in the forest to serve as denning, feeding and escape routes for wildlife and to promote soil development. These logs also help to keep environmental conditions in the forest cool and humid and serve as micro-sites on which specialized plants grow such as mosses. b. Retain stick nests and limit activity around active nests during the nesting period. c. Install bird nesting boxes to increase nesting opportunities for cavity dwelling birds and mammals. d. Maintain a logbook of wildlife observed on the property. 2. Control deer population a. Invite the Ministry of Natural Resources wildlife biologists from the Aurora District office to develop and implement a deer management program that may involve a controlled deer hunt. Investment 1. Maintain forest resource values and property infrastructure. a. Maintain fencing and other assets where necessary. b. Protect tree regeneration from deer browsing by implementing various protection measures (hanging bars of soap, fencing, use of logging debris, etc.) c. Maintain forest health through regular inspections and implementing silvicultural treatments.

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

5.3

10

How Will You Achieve Your Objectives ?

The plan will be implemented by the Glassco family. Environmental protection, wildlife habitat, recreation and nature appreciation and investment are complementary management objectives for the Gordon / Glassco Woodlands. These objectives will be achieved by maintaining the health and productivity of the forest while at the same time protecting the soil, ground water, and ecology of the property. Records of wildlife sightings, plant species observations and management activities will be kept with a copy of the plan (Section 9). Trails will be maintained using simple tools such as loppers, pruning saws, and possibly chainsaws. A course on chainsaw safety and use will be investigated if chainsaws are used. Tree seedlings for tree planting will be purchased from a reputable tree nursery (see Section 10 :Contacts and Notes). Tree planting will be carried out by family and friends and possibly by funding organizations such as the Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority or contractors. European buckthorn and garlic mustard and other alien invasive plants will be controlled when and where appropriate. Routine inspections of the forest will serve to monitor the presence or reoccurrence of these destructive plants. During these same inspections, property boundaries will be checked to ensure fencing and boundary markings are intact where they exist and that trespassing is not occurring. A list of activities proposed for the next ten years is outlined in Section 8.0. This list will be reviewed annually as work is completed and evaluated and as new issues or opportunities arise. Thinning and other management activities will be carried out according to silvicultural guidelines (OMNR 2000; OMNR 2004) and will be implemented over the 10 year operating period. Attending woodlot seminars provided through the local Stewardship Council and Woodlot Association will help to learn more about forestry practices and in implementing this plan. The work that includes monitoring, tree planting, control of invasive plant species, and trail and infrastructure maintenance will be primarily carried out by the Glassco family. Thinning of the forest will be administered by a Registered Professional Forester and implemented by a reputable logging contractor. A deliberate attempt will be made to protect cavity trees, snags and woody debris for wildlife. The proposed management activities will have low impact on the soil, water, and other ecosystem components of the property.

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

Section 6 : Detailed Property Map

11

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

12

Section 7 : Getting to Know Your Upland and Wetland Areas Inventory techniques To assist in the development and implementation of a forest management program, the forest was divided into small, manageable areas called compartments. Compartments are patches of land that are relatively homogeneous in their vegetation composition, age, history and productivity. These land units are shown on Map 6. They have a well-defined boundary, which will help with their identification on the ground. Compartments have been named according to the type of vegetation they contain, and have each been assigned a unique name. The following classification is used: W = natural woodland, P = plantation, M = meadow, and D.A.L = developed agricultural land. The forested compartments were assessed in terms of its approximate composition of tree species, tree sizes, average diameter, average age and height, and stem density. This data was collected from within several sample plots. The inventory procedure involved the use of a forester’s prism.

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

13

Table 1 Description of the forest vegetation types growing at Gordon / Glassco Woodlands.

7.1

Compartment Number/Name

P-1

Area (acre)

General Description

7.2

Compartment Characteristics

11.4

o Red pine plantation

o o o o o

Fine loamy sand Very rapid drainage Upland, rolling topography Rock piles Existing trails

7.3 • • • • • • • •

Compartment History Established 1950 Thinned in January 2000 following group selection marking. Patches 20 m diameter. 100 white pine planted in 2002. Contains some red pine decline at the north end Heavy deer browsing of hardwood seedlings Established 1955 Thinned portions of P-2a in 2002 Heavy deer browsing of hardwood seedlings

P-2a, P2-b

7.93

o White pine plantation

o o o o o o

P-3

5.6

o Red pine plantation

o o o o o

Fine loamy sand Very rapid drainage Upland, rolling topography Rock piles Existing trails Access is limited to a hiking trail on the south side of Hall Lake Fine loamy sand • Very rapid drainage • Upland, rolling topography • Rock piles Existing trails

P-4

17.23

o White pine / white spruce plantation

o o o o o

Fine loamy sand Very rapid drainage Upland, rolling topography Rock piles Existing trails

• • •

Established 1955 Row thinned in 2002 Heavy deer browsing of hardwood seedlings

P-5

9.0

o Scots pine / larch plantation

o o o o

Fine loamy sand Moderately well drained Flat topography Existing trails

• • •

Established 1950 Goshawk nesting in stand in 2002. Never thinned, regenerating well

P-6

3.9

o White spruce plantation

o o o o

Fine loamy sand Moderately well drained Flat topography Existing trails

• •

Established 1955 Row thinned in 2002

P-7

4.5

o European larch plantation

o o o o o

Fine loamy sand Very rapid drainage Upland, rolling topography Rock piles Existing trails

• •

Established 1955 No past management Well established regeneration layer

•

Established 1955 Thinned in 1993 row removal + selection Heavy deer browsing of hardwood seedlings

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

14

Table 1 Description of the forest vegetation types growing at Gordon / Glassco Woodlands.

7.1

Compartment Number/Name

Area (acre)

General Description

7.2

Compartment Characteristics

7.3

P-8

9.2

o Red pine plantation

o o o o o

Fine loamy sand Very rapid drainage Upland, rolling topography Existing trails Access off Concession 12 Rd

• •

Established 1955 East portion thinned in 1993 row removal + selection

P-9a, P-9b

1.6

o Red pine plantation

o o o o o

Fine loamy sand Very rapid drainage Upland, rolling topography Existing trails Access from main driveway

• •

Established 1950 Thinned in 1993 row removal + selection

P-10

5.5

o Red pine / white pine plantation

o o o o o

Fine loamy sand Very rapid drainage Upland, rolling topography Existing trails Access from main driveway

• •

Established 1950 Thinned in 1993 row removal + selection Selection thinned in 2002

•

Compartment History

P-11

7.9

o Red pine / white pine / Scots pine plantation

o o o o o

Fine loamy sand • Very rapid drainage • Upland, rolling topography Existing trails Temporary bridge required to access from the west

Established 1950 Selection and row thinned in 2002

P-12

4.9

o Black locust plantation

o o o o

Fine loamy sand Very rapid drainage Upland, rolling topography Existing trails

• •

Established 1980 No past management

P-13

19.8

o Mixed plantation of red pine, white pine, spruce and larch

o o o o

Fine loamy sand Very rapid to imperfect drainage Upland, rolling topography Existing trails

•

Established 1970 Row thinned in 2002 (not completed)

o Mixed plantation

o o o o o

Fine loamy sand. Very rapid drainage Upland, rolling topography Rock piles Existing trails

•

P-14

8.3

•

Naturally regenerating with supplemental tree planting in 2002 - 2006

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

15

Table 1 Description of the forest vegetation types growing at Gordon / Glassco Woodlands.

7.1

Compartment Number/Name

Area (acre)

General Description

7.2

Compartment Characteristics

7.3

Compartment History

P-15

4.5

o Mixed plantation

o o o o o

Fine loamy sand. Very rapid drainage Upland, rolling topography Rock piles Existing trails

•

Naturally regenerating with supplemental tree planting in 2002 - 2006

M-1

3.3

o Meadow

o o o o o

Fine loamy sand. Very rapid drainage Upland, rolling topography Rock piles Existing trails

•

No past management

W-1

23.55

o Bottomland mixedwood

o o o o o

Fine loamy sand. Some organic deposits. Imperfectly drained Bottomland, high watertable Ephemeral ponds Watercourses present

•

No past management

W-2a, W-2b

7.5

o Upland hardwood

o o o o o

Fine loamy sand. Very rapid drainage Upland, rolling topography Existing hiking trails, no vehicle access Many seeps

• • •

Trees marked by MNR many years ago Marked by Silv-Econ in 2002 No silvicultural activity because of poor access

W-3a, W-3b

12

o Bottomland mixedwood

o o o o o

Fine loamy sand. Some organic deposits. Imperfectly drained Bottomland, high watertable Ephemeral ponds and streams Watercourses present

•

No past management

W-4

14.74

o Bottomland mixedwood

o o o o o

Fine loamy sand. Some organic deposits. Imperfectly drained Bottomland, high watertable Ephemeral ponds and streams Watercourses present

•

No past management

Wetland

3.4

o Marsh with emergent and submerged vegetation

o o o o

Deep, organic sedge peat Poorly drained, saturated Flat lowlands Open water areas

•

No past management

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

7.4

16

Inventory

Tree Regeneration

Compartment Totals

Individual Species Totals

COMPARTMENT ID

ACRES

DESCRIPTION / COMPOSITION *

DBH (CM)

AGE

HT (M)

P-1

11.4

Pr10

21

58

21

Density (stems/ha) 752

Sq m/ha

Species

26

Pr

92% AGS

Total

Avg. DBH (cm)

Density (stems/ha)

Basal Area (m2/ha)

21

752

26.0

-

752

26.0

BA distribution/ha: Poles (20), Small (6), Medium (0), Large (0), Extra large (0)

Regeneration composition

ADVANCED

ABUNDANCE

ABSENT

-

-

Aw8 Mh2

yes

Adequately stocked

Aw9 Pw1

yes

Understocked

Aw7 Sw2 Cc1

No

Understocked

Aw5 Mh3 Ce1 Cb1

yes

Adequately

35 cords /ac

P-2

7.93

Pw9 La1

34

53

20

156

14

100% AGS BA distribution/ha: Poles (0), Small (14), Medium (), Large (0), Extra large (0)

136

12.0

36

20

2.0

-

156

14

23

932

40.0

-

932

40.0

Pw

34

La

Total

21 cords fuelwood or pulp /ac

P-3

5.6

Pr10

23

53

22

932

40

100% AGS

Pr

Total

BA distribution/ha: Poles (28), Small (12), Medium (0), Large (0), Extra large (0) 43 cords fuelwood or pulp /ac

P-4

17.23

Pw8 Sw3

24

53

20

441

20

95% AGS BA distribution/ha: Poles (9), Small (8), Medium (3), Large (0), Extra large (0)

375

14.0

34

66

6.0

-

441

20

21

577

20.0

Pw

22

Sw

Total

26 cords fuelwood or pulp /ac

P-5

9.0

Ps8 Mh2 (Cb)

18

58

22

1010

26

Ps

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

7.4

17

Inventory

Tree Regeneration

Compartment Totals COMPARTMENT ID

ACRES

Individual Species Totals

DESCRIPTION / COMPOSITION *

DBH (CM)

AGE

HT (M)

Density (stems/ha)

Sq m/ha

Species

Sw10

21

53

20

854

30

100% AGS BA distribution/ha: Poles (30), Small (0), Medium (0), Large (0), Extra large (0) 34 cords fuelwood or pulp /ac

P-7

4.5

La8 Ew2

12

354

4.0

Cb

18

79

2.0

-

1010

26

21

854

30.0

9.2

Pr10 (Pw)

854

21

53

24

752

27

1.6

Pr10

5.5

Pr8 Pw2 100% AGS BA distribution/ha: Poles (4), Small (18), Medium (1), Large (0), Extra large (0)

ADVANCED

ABUNDANCE

La

30 Aw10

No

Understocked

yes

Adequately stocked

yes

Adequately stocked

Aw6 Cc1 Mh1 Pw1 ( Ce Sw )1

yes

Adequately stocked

Aw8 Mm2 ( Pw )

yes

Adequately stocked

-

32

257

21.0

El

Total 25

53

20

714

36

Pr

Pw

Total 25

53

20

714

12

495

6.0

-

752

27

25

691

35.0

24

22

-

714

Aw6 Cc1 Mh1 Pw1 ( Ce Sw )1 1.0 36

36

97% AGS BA distribution/ha: Poles (13), Small (23), Medium (0), Large (0), Extra large (0) 52 cords fuelwood or pulp /ac

P-10

Regeneration composition

Aw6 Mh2 Cc2

97% AGS BA distribution/ha: Poles (13), Small (23), Medium (0), Large (0), Extra large (0) 52 cords fuelwood or pulp /ac

P-9

Sw

Total

96% AGS BA distribution/ha: Poles (8), Small (11), Medium (8), Large (0), Extra large (0) 33 cords fuelwood or pulp /ac

P-8

Basal Area (m2/ha)

Mh

Total 3.9

Density (stems/ha)

stocked

85% AGS BA distribution/ha: Poles (24), Small (2), Medium (0), Large (0), Extra large (0) 4 cords fuelwood or pulp /ac

P-6

Avg. DBH (cm)

25

53

22

451

23

Pr

27

318

18.0

Pw

22

133

5.0

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

7.4

18

Inventory

Tree Regeneration

Compartment Totals COMPARTMENT ID

ACRES

Individual Species Totals

DESCRIPTION / COMPOSITION *

DBH (CM)

AGE

HT (M)

Density (stems/ha)

Sq m/ha

33 cords fuelwood or pulp /ac

P-11

7.9

Pr8 Ps2

Total 24

58

22

470

22

91% AGS BA distribution/ha: Poles (10), Small (12), Medium (0), Large (0), Extra large (0) 26 cords fuelwood or pulp /ac

P-12

4.9

Ps6 Lb4

Species

Pr

Ps

28

16

1030

16

19.8

Pr4 Pw3 La2 Sw1

20

38

18

920

29

99% AGS BA distribution/ha: Poles (26), Small (2.8), Medium (4), Large (0), Extra large (0) 35 cords fuelwood or pulp /ac

Basal Area (m2/ha)

-

451

23

24

393

18.0

77

4.0

-

470

22

Ps

16

533

9

Lb

14

496

7

-

1030

16

Pr

20

427

12.8

Pw

21

269

9.2

La

20

187

5.6

Sw

23

37

1.6

-

920

29

Total P-13

Density (stems/ha)

26

Total 15

Avg. DBH (cm)

Total

Regeneration composition

ADVANCED

ABUNDANCE

Ce8 Aw2

yes

Adequately stocked

Ce8 Aw2

yes

Understocked

Aw6 Cb3

No

Understocked

P-14

8.3

Regenerating meadow / young plantation

Ps5 Pw3 Ce 1 Aw1 (Bw, Bn)

No

Adequately stocked

P-15

4.5

Regenerating meadow / young plantation

Ps7 Pw2 Aw1

No

Adequately stocked

W-1

23.55

Aw3 Mr2 He1 Mh1 OH1 ( Be Bw Ce Pt )2

Aw6 Mh1 Be1 ( Ce Bf )2

yes

Understocked

88% AGS BA distribution/ha: Poles (11), Small (9), Medium (5), Large (0), Extra large (0)

21

78

18

690

25

Aw

19

291

8.0

Mr

29

90

6.0

Mh

16

147

3.0

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

7.4

19

Inventory

Tree Regeneration

Compartment Totals COMPARTMENT ID

ACRES

Individual Species Totals

DESCRIPTION / COMPOSITION *

DBH (CM)

AGE

HT (M)

Density (stems/ha)

Sq m/ha

12 cords fuelwood or pulp /ac

Species

3.8

Ce4 He3 Mh3

39

128

22

115

14

57% AGS BA distribution/ha: Poles (0), Small (6), Medium (2), Large (4), Extra large (2) 16 cords fuelwood or pulp /ac

3.7

Mh7 He2 By1

32

128

28

295

24

75% AGS BA distribution/ha: Poles (4), Small (10), Medium (8), Large (0), Extra large (2) 30 cords fuelwood or pulp /ac

18

2.0

He

37

19

2.0

Ce

34

11

1.0

Bw

26

19

1.0

Be

12

88

1.0

Pt

40

8

1.0

-

690

25

Ce

36

59

6.0

He

64

12

4.0

Mh

34

45

4.0

-

115

14

Mh

39

133

16.0

He

25

118

6.0

By

24

44

2.0

-

295

24

25

983

50.0

983

50

Total W-3(a,b)

12.0

Ce10

25

58

18

983

50

92% AGS BA distribution/ha: Poles (26), Small (18), Medium (4), Large (0), Extra large (2) 47 cords fuelwood or pulp /ac

W-4

14.74

W1 Po1 Ag1 Mm1 (Aw, Ps, Bn, Cb)4

Ce

Total

26

58

22

310

16

Basal Area (m2/ha)

38

Total W-2b

Density (stems/ha)

OH

Total W-2a

Avg. DBH (cm)

Regeneration composition

ADVANCED

ABUNDANCE

Aw10

yes

Adequately stocked

Mh3 Be3 He2 Aw1 Cb1

yes

Adequately stocked

-

-

yes

Adequately stocked

Absent

-

W

46

20

3.3

Po

28

30

1.8

Ag

36

20

2.0

Aw6 Cc1 Cb1 Ps1 Ce1

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

7.4

20

Inventory

Tree Regeneration

Compartment Totals COMPARTMENT ID

M-5

•

•

ACRES

3.4

Individual Species Totals

DESCRIPTION / COMPOSITION *

Meadow

DBH (CM)

AGE

HT (M)

Density (stems/ha)

Sq m/ha

Species

Avg. DBH (cm)

Density (stems/ha)

Basal Area (m2/ha)

Mm

16

40

0.8

Other

18

200

5.1

Total

-

310

13.1

Regeneration composition

Aw

ADVANCED

yes

ABUNDANCE

Understocked

Ab – Black ash, Aw – White ash, Be – American beech, Ba – basswood, Ce – white cedar, Mh – sugar maple, Lb – black locust, Pt – trembling aspen, Pb – balsam poplar, Mr - red maple, Ps – Scots pine, Aw – white ash, Or – red oak, Ta – tamarack, Cb – black cherry, Cp – pin cherry, Pw – white pine, He – hemlock, Bf – balsam fir, Sw – white spruce, Pr – red pine, Cc – choke cherry, El – elm, Bw – white birch, La – larch, Bn – butternut, Mm – Manitoba maple, Po – poplar, Ag – green ash, By – yellow birch, Mr – red maple, [AGS = acceptable growing stock, UGS = unacceptable growing stock]

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

21

Other Vegetation Assessment (Not an exhaustive inventory of ‘other’vegetation. Just a list of plants occasionally identified) Tree Species Non-Tree Vascular plants Plants rare to Site District 6-7 (see report by Mike McMurtry Sept 2, 1999) Alder sp. Alternate leaved dogwood Apple sp. Black raspberry American beech Blue cohosh Prairie sedge Basswood Bluebead lily Northern manna grass Flat-stemmed pondweed Balsam fir Bunch berry Needle spikerush Black cherry Canada may lily Black locust Cattail Golden saxifrage Black ash Choke cherry Sage-leaved willow Marsh timothy Butternut Colts foot Lesser panicled sedge Eastern hemlock Eastern bracken fern European larch European buckthorn American brooklime Skunk currant Green ash Field horsetail Marsh speedwell Ironwood Foam flower Bristly crowfoot Large-tooth aspen Garlic mustard Manitoba maple Ground pine Red maple Hazelnut Red pine Honeysuckle Red oak Honeysuckle Sugar maple Indian hemp Trembling aspen Jack-in-the-pulpit White ash Milkweed White birch Nannyberry White cedar Orange hawkweed White elm Prickly gooseberry White oak Red-osier dogwood White pine Riverbank grape White spruce Sensitive fern Willow sp. Solomon’s seal Yellow birch Spotted jewelweed Star flower Trillium spp, Virginia creeper Virginia waterleaf White baneberry Wild current Wild sarsaparilla Wood nettle Wood violet

21

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

7.5

22

Wildlife

The forest cover on the property consists of mature hardwood and mixed wood forests. The forests provide important roosting and nesting habitat for wild turkey and winter thermal cover for deer. There are approximately 7 species of trees including black cherry and beech that provide important mast for wildlife. Species of wildlife observed on the property include deer, coyote, rabbits, turkey among many others. Additional species likely present on the property are provided in the following table. The Gordon / Glassco Woodlands provide wildlife populations with a complex network of forest habitat features. To ensure the property continues to provide wildlife with the essential survival elements, their habitat features must be thoughtfully conserved or created in any forest management program. The following is a brief description of these habitats. Coarse Woody Debris Many wild animals are generalists and are able to thrive in a variety of forests and other types of habitat but there are some species that have special needs and specific habitat requirements. For example, a number of creatures rely on networks of wind thrown trees and fallen logs for shelter, travel, denning, breeding displays, hunting and foraging. Grouse, woodcock, rabbits, mice, voles, shrews and a variety of amphibians including wood frogs, toads and salamanders all benefit from horizontal structures (logs) in forests. These structures also promote biodiversity by serving as micro-sites on which mosses and tree seedlings become established and they help to keep the forest cool and humid during the summer. Small mammals and amphibians are attracted to woody debris not just because of the shelter it provides but also because they feed on the insects and fungi, which decompose the fallen logs. Foxes, redshouldered hawk and goshawks also benefit from this type of habitat because they prey on the small animals that utilize these structures. Snags The role of dead wood in forest ecosystems should not be understated. It is thought that as much as 30% of all wildlife utilize dead wood at some stage of their life cycle (Naylor 1994; OMNR 2004). The standing dead tree or snag is no exception. Approximately 1 in 4 animals, or over 40 species of birds and mammals, use this type of vertical structure for nesting, foraging or shelter (Goodburn & Lorimer 1998). The southern flying squirrel and the pileated woodpecker are perfect examples of this type of habitat specialist. Maintenance of a healthy bird population through snag retention in managed forests is an effective approach to promoting a healthy forest, since foraging birds are part of nature’s way of controlling forest insect populations. Interestingly, snags become very important to foraging birds in the winter when fallen logs and the insects in them are covered with snow, reducing the availability of food (Goodburn & Lorimer 1998). Cavity Trees A similar proportion of mammals and birds that use snags, also use cavities in standing living or dead trees. About 25 percent of all birds and mammals use holes or cavities in trees for nesting, denning, roosting, resting, feeding, or hibernating. These include animals that make their own holes such as woodpeckers and those that cannot such as saw-whet owls, wood ducks, bluebirds, squirrels, martens, fishers, raccoons, and black bears. 22

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

Wildlife Habitat Inventory Habitat Feature Standing Dead Snags • •

Can provide habitat for many species Can be a safety hazard during logging operations

Cavity Trees •

A standing tree, dead or live, that has a hole or holes where wildlife can make nests or dens or escape predators

Stick Nests •

Nest made of sticks located in a tree

Fallen Dead Trees •

Logs on the forest floor used by wildlife for foraging and escape

Mast Trees • • • •

The fruit and seeds produced by trees and shrubs An important source of food for wildlife Soft mast are fleshy fruit such as berries Hard mast are shelled nuts such as acorns

Super-canopy Trees • • •

A cluster of vegetation composed of tall trees that poke through the canopy Usually conifers, such as white or red pines Provides landmarks and nesting spots for birds more cuts

Conifer Thickets •

Berries, cones etc that serve as forage for wildlife

Surface Water •

Present in all compartments. Average diameter 22 cm. Very abundant in W-2 where most snags exceed 38 cm dbh.

Numerous nesting, feeding and escape trees observed in W-1 and W-2. Pileated woodpecker activity is high. Poplar and old maple trees provide most of this habitat type. Generally lacking on the property. Goshawk observed nesting in P-5 in 2000. No nest found in 2007 inspection. Coarse woody debris in all compartments, average diameter 26 cm. Very abundant in W-1 and W-2. Least abundant in spruce plantations. Beech, black cherry, and planted red oak trees provide important mast for wildlife on the property. The meadows contain wild apple.

White pine 58 years old, 35 m tall. Abundant in W-1b on hill. Average diameter 42 cm.

W-2 provides this habitat type.

Elderberry fruit, birch, poplar and alder catkins, wild grape and Virginia creeper fruit, nannyberry fruit, hazelnut and conifer seed from various species. Many small woodland pools, seasonal streams in all compartments.

Sources of drinking water for wildlife

Dens or Dug Holes •

Notes & Comments

A cluster of conifer trees that provide shade, reduced snow depth and thermal shelter for wildlife

Other Food Sources •

23

Ground holes used for denning or escape

Raccoon den observed in W-1b. Ground dens likely present in the forest but not observed. Porcupine den in W-1b. Coyote dens located in meadow surrounding P-13.

23

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

24

Wildlife Species Noted Herpetofauna Eastern garter snake Bull frog Milk snake American toad Chorus frog Green frog Grey tree frog Spring peeper Northern leopard frog Salamander sp.

Mammals Coyote Eastern chipmunk Eastern cotton-tail rabbit Northern flying squirrel Little brown bat Mice, meadow voles Porcupine Raccoon Red fox Red squirrel Striped skunk White-tail deer Opposum

Birds American crow American robin Belted kingfisher Black and white sparrow Black-capped chickadee Blue jay Bobolink Brown creeper Canada goose Cedar waxwing Chickadee Chipping sparrow Common crow Downy woodpecker Goldfinch Grackle Great blue heron Hairy woodpecker House finch House sparrow House wren Indigo bunting Juncos Mallards Morning dove Northern cardinal Ovenbird Pileated woodpecker Red breasted nut hatch Red-eyed vireo Red-tailed hawk Red-winged blackbird Robin Rose breasted grosbeak Ruby throated hummingbird Sapsucker Song Sparrow Starlings Tree swallow Turkey vulture Vireo Warblers Water thrush White breasted nut hatch Wild turkey Wood thrush

Fish Blacknose dace Brook stickleback Brook trout Johnny darter Redside dace Black bass Perch Pike Sunfish

(This list is not complete and likely exceeds 200 species)

* not a complete list

24

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

7.6

25

Upland and Wetland Objectives

Long and short-term management objectives are developed for each vegetation type to guide future activities. The long term objectives serve as the landowner’s vision for each vegetation type for the next 20 years. The short term objectives serve to guide activities to implement over the next 10 years. Five vegetation types are associated with the Gordon / Glassco woodlands: 1) plantation, 2) bottomland mixedwood, 3) upland hardwood, 4) meadow, and 5) wetlands. Plantation Area 121.26 ac

Compartments: P-1 to P-15

Long Term (20 years) To achieve a healthy, diverse community of planted conifer and hardwood trees that serves as a nurse crop to restore native forest vegetation, provides a variety of habitat features, trail walking and wildlife viewing opportunities. The objectives that guide management will include: • Environmental Protection • Recreation & nature appreciation • Wildlife habitat • Investment Short Term (5-10 years) 1. Maintain existing walking trails. 2. Record wildlife sightings. 3. Mark trees and implement thinning in compartments P-1 (portions), P-3, P-7, P-8, and P-9 in 2007/2008 (20 + acres total). 4. Mark trees and implement thinning in compartments P-2, P-4, P-10, P-11 and P-13 in 2009 (55 acres). 5. Consider thinning P-2b and W-2a,b if access is permitted to the south on the neighbouring property. 6. Protect naturally regenerating and planted trees from feeding deer by leaving the tops of felled trees intact on the ground. These tops may serve as a protective area within which seedlings may regenerate. 7. Plant seedlings of white pine in plantations where there is adequate light availability. Focus planting efforts in P-1, P-8, P-3, P-4, P-10, and P-13 in decreasing order of priority. Plant following thinning activities and logging debris. 8. Enhance tree cover in P-14 and P-15 by continuing with the family’s annual tree planting activities. Consider funding sources through Trees Ontario, the Oak Ridges Moraine Land Trust, and the Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority.

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

26

Bottomland mixedwood Area 50.29 ac Compartments: W-1, W-3a,b and W-4a,b

Long Term (20 years) To achieve a healthy, diverse community of lowland forest vegetation that protects wet soils and watercourses, and provides a variety of habitat features, trail walking and wildlife viewing opportunities. The objectives that guide management will include: • Environmental Protection • Recreation & nature appreciation • Wildlife habitat • Investment Short Term (5-10 years) 1. Maintain existing walking trails. 2. Record wildlife sightings. 3. Respond to storm events by planting trees where openings in the forest canopy are created by wind throw and where advanced tree regeneration is lacking. 4. Install nest boxes for cavity dwelling birds and mammals. Upland hardwood Area 7.5 ac

Compartments: W-2a,b

Long Term (20 years) To achieve a healthy, diverse community of high quality hardwood trees that provides a variety of habitat features, trail walking and wildlife viewing opportunities. The objectives that guide management will include: • Environmental Protection • Recreation & nature appreciation • Wildlife habitat • Investment Short Term (5-10 years) 1. Maintain existing walking trails. 2. Record wildlife sightings. 3. Investigate potential access to the compartments via the neighbouring property to the south. Should access be granted, consider implementing a thinning in these stands to enhance growth in established tree regeneration and remove trees having infectious diseases such as Eutypella canker.

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS Meadow Area 3.3 ac

27

Compartments: M-1

Long Term (20 years) To increase forest cover on the property. The objectives that guide management will include: • Environmental Protection • Recreation & nature appreciation • Wildlife habitat • Investment Short Term (5-10 years) 1. Plant conifer trees to increase forest cover on the property. Include this area as part of the annual tree planting event. Wetlands Area 12.7 ac

Compartments: Hall Lake and Wetlands not under the CLTIP

Long Term (20 years) To sustain the biological health and environmental function of wetlands. The objectives that guide management will include: • Environmental Protection • Recreation & nature appreciation • Wildlife habitat • Investment Short Term (5-10 years) 1. Minimize activities that may cause erosion or pollution on the property. 2. Record wildlife sightings 3. Maintain vegetation cover surrounding the wetlands.

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

28

Section 8 : Ten year activity summary These activities will be reviewed at the beginning of each year and modified as necessary to address new issues and opportunities that arise. Compartment

Activity

Proposed Quantity

Quantity Completed

Comments

P-1 (portions), P-3, P-7, P-8, and P-9

Consult with Registered Professional Forester to mark and thin plantations. Implement in 2007/2008

20 acres

Contact Silv-Econ Ltd.

All

Regularly maintain trail infrastructure. Maintain fencing where necessary.

Maintenance activities and costs recorded. Implement a yearly inspection.

Terrafix supplies page wire fencing if required. Tel. (416) 674-0363

All

Maintain a record of wildlife sightings and forest management activities. Learn more about the flora and fanua on the property by taking photographs of plants and wildlife and researching species on the internet. Mark the location of rare or unique plants such as orchids on Map 6. Consult with Registered Professional Forester to mark and thin plantations. Implement in 2009/2010

Records kept with plan.

Use Section 9 of the plan and the notes section or create an electronic record noting species, date and comments, management activity, costs etc. Contact Silv-Econ Ltd.

P-14, P-15, M-1

Implement an annual tree planting event with family and friends.

500 to 1000 trees planted annually. The quantity may vary depending on funding.

Consider funding sources through Trees Ontario, the Oak Ridges Moraine Land Trust, and the Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority.

P-1, P-8, P-3, P4, P-10, and P13 in decreasing order of priority.

Plant seedlings of white pine in plantations where there is adequate light availability. Plant following thinning activities. Protect trees from deer by planting amongst logging debris.

1000 trees planted following thinning activities. The quantity may vary depending on funding.

Consider funding sources through Trees Ontario, the Oak Ridges Moraine Land Trust, and the Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority.

W-1, W-3a,b and W-4a,b

Respond to storm events by planting trees where openings in the forest canopy are created by wind throw and where advanced tree regeneration is lacking.

Trees planted if necessary,

Consider building nest boxes for wood ducks and flying squirrels.

Install nest boxes for cavity dwelling birds and mammals.

5 nest boxes.

P-2, P-4, P-10, P-11 and P-13

50 acres

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

29

Section 9 : Report of Activities Comp

Date

Activity

Proposed Target

Completed Target

Costs

Revenues

Comments

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

Section 10 : Contacts and Notes

30

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

31

Section 11 : Where To Go For Assistance Native Tree and Shrub Suppliers Somerville Seedlings (conifer trees)

Consultants Chris Gynan

P.O. Box 70, Alliston, Ontario. L9R 1T9. (705) 435-6258, fax (705) 435-4230

Registered Professional Forester, Certified Arborist Native hardwood seedlings and saplings. 39 Ladyburn Dr, Keswick, ON. L3Y 6J1. 905-989-0601

Government / NGO support services Mark Heaton

Ontario Forestry Association / Trees Ontario

Fish and Wildlife Biologist OMNR - Aurora 905-713-7406 York Environmental Stewardship Coordinator OMNR - Aurora 905-713-7395 416-493-4565

Lake Simcoe Conservation Authority

905-895-1281

Oak Ridges Moraine Land Trust

905-833-3171

Brian Peterkin

Rodent Guards Quest plastics Page wire fencing Terrafix

Chainsaw safety course Gord Rhoner

2475 Tedlo Street, Mississauga, ON L5A 4A8 905-270-4438 178 Bethridge Road Toronto, ON M9W 1N3 (416) 674-0363 (705) 487-3576

GORDON / GLASSCO WOODLANDS

32

Section 12 : References Ecologistics Limited. 1982. Environmentally Significant Areas Study. South Lake Simcoe Conservation Authority, Newmarket, Ontario. v + 314 pp. Goodburn, J.M., and C.G. Lorimer. 1998. Cavity trees and coarse woody debris in old-growth and managed northern hardwood forests in Wisconsin and Michigan. Can. J. For. Res. 28: 427-438. Historic Resource Management Ltd. 1994. A Cultural Heritage Resources Assessment study for the Oak Ridges Moraine Area. Background study No. 7. to the Oak Ridges Moraine Area planning study. 131pp. 61 Lonsdale Dr. London ON, N6G 1T4. (519) 657-1851. Lee, H.T., W.D. Bakowsky, J. Riley, J. Bowles, M. Puddister, P. Uhlig and S. McMurray. 1998. Ecological Land Classification for Southern Ontario: First Approximation and its Application. Ontario Ministry o Natural Resources, Southcentral Science Section, Science Development and Transfer Branch. SCSS Field Guide FG-02. Ministry of Natural Resources 1997. Do you have a healthy woodlot? Extension Notes LRC 30. Landowner Resource Centre, Manotick, ON. 6p. Ministry of Natural Resources 1997. Forestry Talk: A Glossary of Common Terms. Extension Notes LRC 31. Landowner Resource Centre, Manotick, ON. 8p. Ministry of Natural Resources. 2000. A Silvicultural Guide to Managing Southern Ontario Forests. Ont. Min. Nat. Resour. Queen’s Printer for Ontario, Toronto, Ontario. 648p. Ministry of Natural Resources. 2004. Ontario Tree Marking Guide, Version 1.1. Ont. Min. Nat. Resour. Queen’s Printer for Ontario. Toronto. 228p. Ministry of Natural Resources. 1996. Restoring old-growth features to managed forests in southern Ontario. LandOwner Resource Centre LRC 27. Ont. Min. Nat. Resour. Queen’s Printer for Ontario. Toronto. 8p. Mott, R.J. and Farley-Gill, L.D. 1978. A late-quaternary pollen profile from Woodstock, Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 15:1101-1111.

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Naylor, B.J. 1994. Managing wildlife habitat in red pine and white pine forests of central Ontario. For. Chron. 70:411-419. Naylor, B.J., J.A. Baker, D.M. Hogg, J.G. McNicol, and W.R. Watt. 1996. Forest Management Guidelines for the Provision of pileated Woodpecker Habitat. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Version 1.0. Schroeder, R.L. 1982. Habitat suitability index models: pileated woodpecker. U.S. Dept. Int., Fish Wild. Serv. FWS/OBS-82/10.39 15pp. Szuba, K, and Naylor, B. 1998. Forest Raptors and Their Nests in Central Ontario. Southcentral Sciences Section Field Guide FG-03. Ontario Ministry Natural Resources. Queen’s Printer for Ontario. 78 pp. Tyrrell, L.E., and Crow, T.R. 1994. Dynamics of dead wood in old-growth hemlock-hardwood forests of northern Wisconsin and northern Michigan. Can. J. For. Res. 24(8): 1672-1683.