Women In Politics
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POLITICAL SCIENCE PROJECT
GROUP MEMBERS ACC ORD ING TO RO LL NO. ORD ER
PRERNA URVI
KAUR
GOGRI
RAHUL
-13 -18
JETHANI -22
WOMEN IN POLITICS
Beginning in the mid-1960s, women have entered
politics in greater numbers and few women have been elected.
With democracy and multiple-party governments
has given women the opportunity to run for elected office.
In 1980, women held fewer than 10% of
parliamentary seats in advanced democracies of Europe and U.S.
By
2005, seats increased to 15% and now seats held by women reach over 20% in many countries. – 36% of Cuba’s parliamentary seat are held by women, – Costa Rica has 35.1 percent, – Argentina has 34% in the lower house and 33% in the upper house. – The United States has 15% in the lower house and 14% in the senate – Niger 12% – Ethiopia 8% – Chad 6%
FIRST WOMAN PRIME MINISTER IN WORLD HISTORY!
Siri mav o Ban da ran aike (1916-2000)
PRI ME M INISTE R OF SRI LAN KA
PRIME MINISTER OF SRI LANKA 3 TIMES: FROM 21 JUL 1960 TO 27 MAR 1965 FROM 29 MAY 1970 TO 23 JUL 1977 FROM 14 NOV 1994 TO 10 AUG 2000
The oldest female political leader in active by the time of her demise. Widow of Solomon Bandaranaike, prime minister in 1956 and assassinated in office in 1959. She received her third government mandate from her own daughter, Chandrika Kumaratunga, who was to be sworn in as president by then This was the first time in history that a woman succeeded another woman by elections.
INDIRA PRIYADARŚINI GANDHI
Prime minister of India twice, From 19 Jan 1966 to 24 Mar 1977 & From 14 Jan 1980 to her assassination on 31 Oct 1984.
One of the most famous women in 20th century politics. Her father was Jawaharlal Nehru, independent India's first prime minister (1947-64), and Indira spent her life amid Indian politics. In 1959 she was elected to the presidency of the Indian National Congress, and in 1964 she was elected to the parliament. When Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri died in 1966, Gandhi was chosen as a compromise candidate to replace him. She was elected to the office in 1967 and advanced an ambitious program of modernization.
In 1975 she was convicted of violations stemming from the 1971 election and the High Court ordered her to resign. Instead she declared a state of emergency and clamped down on her opposition (the conviction was later overturned). She lost the election of 1977 and was out of office until a comeback in 1980, when she was again elected to be prime minister. In 1984 she used the military to suppress Sikh rebels and ordered an attack on a Sikh shrine in Amritsar; a few months later, Gandhi was assassinated by Sikh conspirators
Her younger son and political heir, Sanjay, had passed away in plane crash in 1980, so elder Rajiv assumed the leadership of the Congress Party and, automatically, the premiership. In 1991 Rajiv, two years after leaving the Government, was assassinated as well. Recently, a BBC poll named Indira Gandhi, the greatest woman of the last 1,000 years Currently the widow of Rajiv and daughter-in-law of Indira, Sonia Gandhi, leads the Congress party.
SONIA GANDHI
The President of the Indian National Congress
Born
Sonia Antonia Maino on December 9, 1946, is an Italian-born Indian politician. She was the Chairperson of the ruling United Progressive Alliance in the Lok Sabha, until she resigned on the 23rd of March 2006.
Sonia led the Congress Party to victory over the ruling BJP.
She
was named the third most powerful woman in the world by Forbes magazine in the year 2004 and currently ranks 13th.
Sonia's victory was aided by anti-incumbency sentiments as well as the large-scale disenchantment of millions of people belonging to the lower classes, who have been mostly left behind in the economic reforms exercise of the BJP. Sonia's rapid rise in the political arena highlights interesting aspect of Indian politics - In a country, where Hindus account for a majority of the population, Indian voters have not hesitated to embrace a Roman Catholic Videshi.
MARGARET THATCHER
PRIME MINISTER OF THE UNITED KINGDOM
•Prime minister of the United Kingdom from 4 May 1979 to 28 Nov 1990. • The only woman to have served as Prime Minister • First woman elected ruler in Europe. •Thatcher was the longestserving British Prime Minister since Lord Salisbury
The
longest continuous period in office since Lord Liverpool in the early nineteenth century. One of only two women to have led a major political party in the UK. One of only two to have held any of the four great offices of state. The most significant British politician in recent political history. She is also one of the most divisive, being loved and loathed on different sides of the political spectrum.
BENAZIR BHUTTO
PRIME MINISTER OF PAKISTAN
Former Prime Minister of Pakistan The eldest child of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, was born on June 21, 1953, at Karachi. In April 1969, she got admission in the U. S. at Harvard University's Radcliffe College. In June 1973, Benazir graduated from Harvard University with a degree in Political Science. After graduating from Harva rd , Benazir joined Ox ford University in the fall of 1973.
At the age of 35, she was the youngest and the first woman Prime Minister to lead a Muslim nation in modern age. During her first term, she started Peoples Program for economic uplift of the masses. Benazir Bhutto also lifted a ban on student and trade unions. The P. P. P. Government hosted the fourth S. A. A. R. C. Summit held in Islamabad, in December 1988.
CH AN DRIKA KUM AR AT UN GA
PRES IDEN T OF SRI LAN KA
•Both her parents were prime ministers of Sri Lanka •At the time of her election she said that politics was in her blood •She was almost killed herself in an attack by a suspected rebel Tamil Tiger bomber on the last day of campaigning in the 2000 presidential elections. •She came to power after pledging to end the war, but several rounds of peace talks came to nothing. Kumaratunga declared a st at e of eme rg ency after the foreign minister was assassinated in August this year. •The government was already severely tested by the Asian tsunami, which killed more than 30,000 Sri Lankans.
Beg um Kh aled a Zia
PRIME MINISTER OF BANGLADESH
As the first women to become Prime Minister of Bangladesh, the most powerful political position in the country, Zia. Zia made history when she became Prime Minister in 1991, serving until 1996. She was elected once again in 2001. As the widow of assassinated prime minister Ziaur Rahman, one of the prominent heroes of Bangladesh's liberation war, Zia also leads her deceased husband's old party, the Bangladesh National Party. Once a shy and withdrawn housewife, Zia has revitalized the education sector, particularly for young girls.
ANGELA MERKEL
FEDERAL CHANCELLOR OF GERMANY
"Germany's Iron Lady"
The first woman to rule Germany since Maria Theresa of the Hapsburgs remains more like the brainy academic she trained to be, despite the makeover by her minders who spruced up her dowdy appearance. She entered politics after being inspired by the prodemocracy movement in eastern Europe, and became Helmut Kohl's youngest minister. After becoming the CDU's candidate for chancellor in the 2005 elections, she saw her lead vanish as the election neared. Her electoral performance was blamed on an economic policy fiasco, and the chances of survival of her "grand coalition" look slim.
CO ND OLEEZZ A R IC E
SECRET AR Y OF STATE UNITED STA TES OF AM ERICA
•The 66th United States Secretary of State, and the second in the administration of President George W. Bush to hold the office. •The first African American woman, second African American and second woman (after Madeleine Albright) to serve as Secretary of State. •Was Bush's National Security Advisor during his first term (2001–2005).
• Before joining the Bush administration, she was a Professor of political science at Stanford University In 2004 and 2005, she was ranked as the most powerful woman in the world by Forbes magazine and number two in 2006. She is also one of only two African Americans to have been repeatedly ranked among the world's 100 most influential people by Times magazine.
Hilla ry Rod ham C li nton
UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NEW YORK
Is the Junior United States Senator from New York. She is married to Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States, and was the First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001. She is a member of the Democratic Party. Clinton was elected to the United States Senate in 2000 On January 20, 2007, Clinton announced the formation of a presidential exploratory committee for the United States presidential election of 2008.
WOMEN… M ORE E FFE CTI VE L EA DER S FO R TO DAY 'S WO RLD!
MAK ING HE AD WAY … TO A BETT ER WO RLD
GROUP MEMBERS ACC ORD ING TO RO LL NO. ORD ER
PRERNA URVI
KAUR
GOGRI
RAHUL
-13 -18
JETHANI -22
WOMEN IN POLITICS
Beginning in the mid-1960s, women have entered
politics in greater numbers and few women have been elected.
With democracy and multiple-party governments
has given women the opportunity to run for elected office.
In 1980, women held fewer than 10% of
parliamentary seats in advanced democracies of Europe and U.S.
By
2005, seats increased to 15% and now seats held by women reach over 20% in many countries. – 36% of Cuba’s parliamentary seat are held by women, – Costa Rica has 35.1 percent, – Argentina has 34% in the lower house and 33% in the upper house. – The United States has 15% in the lower house and 14% in the senate – Niger 12% – Ethiopia 8% – Chad 6%
FIRST WOMAN PRIME MINISTER IN WORLD HISTORY!
Siri mav o Ban da ran aike (1916-2000)
PRI ME M INISTE R OF SRI LAN KA
PRIME MINISTER OF SRI LANKA 3 TIMES: FROM 21 JUL 1960 TO 27 MAR 1965 FROM 29 MAY 1970 TO 23 JUL 1977 FROM 14 NOV 1994 TO 10 AUG 2000
The oldest female political leader in active by the time of her demise. Widow of Solomon Bandaranaike, prime minister in 1956 and assassinated in office in 1959. She received her third government mandate from her own daughter, Chandrika Kumaratunga, who was to be sworn in as president by then This was the first time in history that a woman succeeded another woman by elections.
INDIRA PRIYADARŚINI GANDHI
Prime minister of India twice, From 19 Jan 1966 to 24 Mar 1977 & From 14 Jan 1980 to her assassination on 31 Oct 1984.
One of the most famous women in 20th century politics. Her father was Jawaharlal Nehru, independent India's first prime minister (1947-64), and Indira spent her life amid Indian politics. In 1959 she was elected to the presidency of the Indian National Congress, and in 1964 she was elected to the parliament. When Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri died in 1966, Gandhi was chosen as a compromise candidate to replace him. She was elected to the office in 1967 and advanced an ambitious program of modernization.
In 1975 she was convicted of violations stemming from the 1971 election and the High Court ordered her to resign. Instead she declared a state of emergency and clamped down on her opposition (the conviction was later overturned). She lost the election of 1977 and was out of office until a comeback in 1980, when she was again elected to be prime minister. In 1984 she used the military to suppress Sikh rebels and ordered an attack on a Sikh shrine in Amritsar; a few months later, Gandhi was assassinated by Sikh conspirators
Her younger son and political heir, Sanjay, had passed away in plane crash in 1980, so elder Rajiv assumed the leadership of the Congress Party and, automatically, the premiership. In 1991 Rajiv, two years after leaving the Government, was assassinated as well. Recently, a BBC poll named Indira Gandhi, the greatest woman of the last 1,000 years Currently the widow of Rajiv and daughter-in-law of Indira, Sonia Gandhi, leads the Congress party.
SONIA GANDHI
The President of the Indian National Congress
Born
Sonia Antonia Maino on December 9, 1946, is an Italian-born Indian politician. She was the Chairperson of the ruling United Progressive Alliance in the Lok Sabha, until she resigned on the 23rd of March 2006.
Sonia led the Congress Party to victory over the ruling BJP.
She
was named the third most powerful woman in the world by Forbes magazine in the year 2004 and currently ranks 13th.
Sonia's victory was aided by anti-incumbency sentiments as well as the large-scale disenchantment of millions of people belonging to the lower classes, who have been mostly left behind in the economic reforms exercise of the BJP. Sonia's rapid rise in the political arena highlights interesting aspect of Indian politics - In a country, where Hindus account for a majority of the population, Indian voters have not hesitated to embrace a Roman Catholic Videshi.
MARGARET THATCHER
PRIME MINISTER OF THE UNITED KINGDOM
•Prime minister of the United Kingdom from 4 May 1979 to 28 Nov 1990. • The only woman to have served as Prime Minister • First woman elected ruler in Europe. •Thatcher was the longestserving British Prime Minister since Lord Salisbury
The
longest continuous period in office since Lord Liverpool in the early nineteenth century. One of only two women to have led a major political party in the UK. One of only two to have held any of the four great offices of state. The most significant British politician in recent political history. She is also one of the most divisive, being loved and loathed on different sides of the political spectrum.
BENAZIR BHUTTO
PRIME MINISTER OF PAKISTAN
Former Prime Minister of Pakistan The eldest child of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, was born on June 21, 1953, at Karachi. In April 1969, she got admission in the U. S. at Harvard University's Radcliffe College. In June 1973, Benazir graduated from Harvard University with a degree in Political Science. After graduating from Harva rd , Benazir joined Ox ford University in the fall of 1973.
At the age of 35, she was the youngest and the first woman Prime Minister to lead a Muslim nation in modern age. During her first term, she started Peoples Program for economic uplift of the masses. Benazir Bhutto also lifted a ban on student and trade unions. The P. P. P. Government hosted the fourth S. A. A. R. C. Summit held in Islamabad, in December 1988.
CH AN DRIKA KUM AR AT UN GA
PRES IDEN T OF SRI LAN KA
•Both her parents were prime ministers of Sri Lanka •At the time of her election she said that politics was in her blood •She was almost killed herself in an attack by a suspected rebel Tamil Tiger bomber on the last day of campaigning in the 2000 presidential elections. •She came to power after pledging to end the war, but several rounds of peace talks came to nothing. Kumaratunga declared a st at e of eme rg ency after the foreign minister was assassinated in August this year. •The government was already severely tested by the Asian tsunami, which killed more than 30,000 Sri Lankans.
Beg um Kh aled a Zia
PRIME MINISTER OF BANGLADESH
As the first women to become Prime Minister of Bangladesh, the most powerful political position in the country, Zia. Zia made history when she became Prime Minister in 1991, serving until 1996. She was elected once again in 2001. As the widow of assassinated prime minister Ziaur Rahman, one of the prominent heroes of Bangladesh's liberation war, Zia also leads her deceased husband's old party, the Bangladesh National Party. Once a shy and withdrawn housewife, Zia has revitalized the education sector, particularly for young girls.
ANGELA MERKEL
FEDERAL CHANCELLOR OF GERMANY
"Germany's Iron Lady"
The first woman to rule Germany since Maria Theresa of the Hapsburgs remains more like the brainy academic she trained to be, despite the makeover by her minders who spruced up her dowdy appearance. She entered politics after being inspired by the prodemocracy movement in eastern Europe, and became Helmut Kohl's youngest minister. After becoming the CDU's candidate for chancellor in the 2005 elections, she saw her lead vanish as the election neared. Her electoral performance was blamed on an economic policy fiasco, and the chances of survival of her "grand coalition" look slim.
CO ND OLEEZZ A R IC E
SECRET AR Y OF STATE UNITED STA TES OF AM ERICA
•The 66th United States Secretary of State, and the second in the administration of President George W. Bush to hold the office. •The first African American woman, second African American and second woman (after Madeleine Albright) to serve as Secretary of State. •Was Bush's National Security Advisor during his first term (2001–2005).
• Before joining the Bush administration, she was a Professor of political science at Stanford University In 2004 and 2005, she was ranked as the most powerful woman in the world by Forbes magazine and number two in 2006. She is also one of only two African Americans to have been repeatedly ranked among the world's 100 most influential people by Times magazine.
Hilla ry Rod ham C li nton
UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NEW YORK
Is the Junior United States Senator from New York. She is married to Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States, and was the First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001. She is a member of the Democratic Party. Clinton was elected to the United States Senate in 2000 On January 20, 2007, Clinton announced the formation of a presidential exploratory committee for the United States presidential election of 2008.
WOMEN… M ORE E FFE CTI VE L EA DER S FO R TO DAY 'S WO RLD!
MAK ING HE AD WAY … TO A BETT ER WO RLD
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