Wireless Communications Reference Book

1. Wireless Communications, Principles and Practice (2nd Ed.), 2. 3. 4. 5.

T. S. Rappaport, Prentice Hall, 2002. Wireless Communications and Networking, J. W. Mark & W. Zhuang, Prentice Hall India, 2006. WCDMA for UMTS, Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile Communications (3rd Ed.), Editors: H. Holma & A. Toskala, Wiley, 2004. Digital Communications (5th Ed.),//4th edition J. G. Proakis & M. Salehi, McGraw Hill, 2008. Error Control Coding (2nd Ed.), S. Lin & D. J. Costello, Jr., Prentice Hall, 2004.

1. http://rs31.rapidshare.com/files/6184726/Lin_Shu__Costello_D.J._1983_. pdf 6. Location Management Routing in Mobile Networks, A. Mukherjee, Artech House Books, UK, April 2003.

7. Internet Protocols, Advances, Technologies, and Applications, S. Goswami, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.

8. Designing and Developing Scalable IP Networks, 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

G. Davies, Wiley, 2004. Satellite Communications & Networks: Systems, Techniques and Technology (2nd Ed.), G. Maral & M. Bousquet, Wiley, 1995. Wireless Communications & Networks (2nd Ed.), W. Stallings, Prentice Hall, 2005. Location-Based Services, Fundamentals and Operation, A. Kupper, Wiley, 2005. WCDMA (UMTS) Deployment Handbook, Planning and Optimization Aspects, Editors: C. Chevallier, C. Brunner, A. Garavaglia, K. P. Murray, & K. R. Baker, Wiley, 2006. UMTS Performance Measurement, A Practical Guide for KPI's for the UTRAN Environment, R. Kreher, Wiley, 2006. HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS, H. Holma & A. Toskala, Wiley, 2006.

1. http://xinio.info/?http://ifile.it/wobn6t/wiley.hsdpa.hsupa.for.umts.ebookspy.rar 15. RF and Wireless Technologies, B. Fette, R. Aiello, P. Chandra, D. M. Dobkin, A. Bensky, D. Miron, D. A. Lide, F. Dowla, & R. Olexa, Elsevier-Newness, 2008.

1. http://xinio.info/?http://ifile.it/kzrfn1w/0750676957.rar 16. Wireless Information Networks (2nd Ed.), K. Pahlavan & A. H. Levesque, Wiley, 2005.

1. http://xinio.info/?http://ifile.it/8b67id/winformn2.rar 17. Electronic Communications Systems, Fundamentals through Advanced (5th Ed.), W. Tomasi, Prentice Hall, 2004.

18. Fundamentals of WiMAX: Understanding Broadband Wireless Networking, J. Andrews, A. Ghosh, & R. Muhamed, Prentice Hall, 2007.

19. Converged Multimedia Networks, 20.

J. Bates, C. Gallon, M. Bocci, S. Walker, & T. Taylor, Wiley, 2006. The Mobile Communications Handbook (2nd Ed.), J. D. Gibson (Editor-in-Chief), CRC Press, 1999.

1. http://xinio.info/? http://ifile.it/5a1qdb/mobile_communications_handbook.rar 21. Digital Communications, Fundamentals and Applications (2nd Ed.), 22. 23.

B. Sklar, Prentice Hall, 2002. Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach Featuring the Internet, J. Kurose & K. Rose, Addison Wesley, 2007. Internetworking With TCP/IP Volume 1: Principles Protocols, and Architecture, (5th Ed.), D. Comer, Prentice Hall, 2006.

1. http://xinio.info/?http://ifile.it/mpoldtn/0130183806.rar 24. Smart Antennas for Wireless Communications, J. Liberti & T. Rappaport, Prentice Hall, 1999.

1. http://xinio.info/? http://ifile.it/dt8o74g/76794___smart.antennas.for.wireless.communicatio ns.rar 25. 802.11 Wireless LAN Fundamentals, 26.

P. Roshan & J. Leary, Cisco Press, 2004. Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS, J. Laiho, A. Wacker, & T. Novosad, Wiley, 2006.

1. http://www.filefactory.com/file/59bf2c/n/0471486531_zip 27. OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications, R. Van Nee & R. Prasad, Artech House Publishers, 2000.

1. http://dl1.s22.mihd.net/hcrvsje7/artech__ofdm.for.wireless.communications.systems.pdf 28. DC Power System Design for Telecommunications, W. D. Reeve, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006.

1. http://xinio.info/?http://ifile.it/fivu37x/047168161X.zip 29. GSM Switching, Services and Protocols, J. Eberspacher, H-J Vogel & C. Bettstetter, Wiley, 2001.

1. http://dc38.4shared.com/download/26061958/3b8e650f/GSM_Switching_ Services_and_Protocols.rar?tsid=20081103-122524-6bc8db21 30. Wireless Communications, A. F. Molisch, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2007.

31. The cdma2000 System for Mobile Communications: 3G Wireless Evolution, V. Vanghi, A. Damnjanovic, B. Vojcic, Prentice Hall, 2004.

32. CDMA 2000 Evolution: System Concepts and Design Principles, K. Etemad ,Wiley, 2004.

33. Handbooks of the International Telecommunications Union 34.

Radiocommunications Sector (ITU-R), e.g., Land Mobile Handbook, Satellite Communications Handbook. Fundamentals of Wireless Communications, D. Tse, P. Viswanath, Cambridge University Press, 2005.

IEEE WCET Glossary TERM

DESCRIPTION

3DES 3G 3GPP 3GPP2 A5 AAA AAD ACK ACM ADC AES AF AGC AMC AMPS ANM ANSI AR ARIB AS ASCII ASN ASN.1 ASP ATIS ATM AuC AUT AUTN AUTS AWS BCMCS BE BSC BSS BTS CBC CBC-MAC CC CCCH/BCCH CCI CCM CCMP CCSA CDMA CGM CID CIR CM CMA COMP128 CP CP CQI CRC

Encryption Standard Metropolitan Area Network 3rd Generation Partnership Project 3G Partnership Project 2 Encryption algorithm Authentication Authorization Accounting Additional authentication data Acknowledge Address Complete Message Analog to Digital Converted Advanced Encryption Standard Diffserv Assured Forwarding Automatic Gain Control Adaptive Modulation and Coding Advanced Mobile Phone System Answer Message American National Standards Institute Axial Ratio for Elliptical Polarization Association of Radio Industries and Business Application Server American Standard code for Information Interchange Access Service Network Abstract Syntax Notation One Application Service Provider Association Telecommunications Industries Standards Asynchronous Transfer Mode Authentication Center Antenna Under Test Network authentication token Token used in resynchronization Advanced Wireless Services Broadcast and Multicast Services Best Effort Base Station Controller Basic Service Set Base Transceiver Station Cipher Block Chaining Message Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Call Control Common Control Channel Broadcast Control Channel Co Channel Interference CTR Mode with CBC-MAC Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol China Communications Standard Association Code Division Multiple Access Conjugate Gradient Method Connection ID Carrier to Interference Ratio Connection Management Constant Modulus Algorithm Algorithm Cyclic Prefix Circular Polarization Channel Quality Indicator Cyclic Redundancy Check

CRC-32 CS CSCF CSMA/CA CSN CST CTIA CTS DARPA dBi dBm dBr DCH DECT DES DiffServ DIFS DL DMB DNS DRA DRC DSL DSS1 DVB-H EAP EAP-FAST EAPoL EAP-TLS EAP-TTLS E-DCH EDGE EF EGPRS EIA EIRP EM EP ERP ESS eTOM ETSI FA FACA FBSS FCC FCC FDD FDMA FDMA FDTD FEM FFT FSO FSS

Cyclic Redundancy check 32 bits Coding Scheme Call Session Control Function Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance Connectivity Service Network Computer Simulation Technology International Association for the Wireless Telecommunications Industry Clear To Send Defense Advanced Research Projects Decibel Isotropic Decibel milliwats Decibel Relative Dedicated Channel Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephony Data Encryption Standard Packet Classification Distributed Inter Frame Space Down Link Digital Multimedia Broadcasting Domain Name System Dielectric Resonator Antenna Data Rate Control Digital subscriber Line Digital Subscriber Signaling System 1 Digital Video Broadcast Handheld Extensible Authentication Protocol EAP Flexible Authentication via Secure Tunneling EAP Over LAN EAP Transport Layer Security EAP Tunneled TLS Enhanced Dedicated Channel Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution Diffserv Expedited Forwarding Enhanced GPRS Electronic Industries Alliance Effective Isotropic Radiated Power Electromagnetic Elliptical Polarization Effective Radiated Power Extended Service Set Enhanced Telecom Operations Map European Telecommunications Standard Institute Foreign Agent US Federal Advisory Committee Act Fast Base Station Switching Federal Communications Commission Federal Communications Commission Frequency Division Duplex Frequency Division Multiple Access Frequency Division Multiple Access Finite Difference Time Domain Finite Element Method Fast Fourier Transform Free Space Optics Frequency Selective Surfaces

G.711 GGSN GKH GMSC GPRS GPRS GPS GSM GTC H.263 H.264 HARQ HARQ HE HFSS HHO Hi-Cap HLR HLR/AUC HN HO HSDPA HS-DSCH HSPA HSS HSUPA HTTP IBSS I-CSCF ICV IDEN IEC IETF IF IFFT IK IKE IMS IMSI IMT-2000 IP IP v4 IP v6 IP-CAN IPSec IS-136 IS-95 ISM ISO ISUP ISUP IAM ITIL ITU ITU-R KA

Encoder Gateway GPRS Support Node Group Key Hierarchy Gateway Mobile Switching Centre General Packet Radio service General Packet Radio Service Global Positioning System Global System for Mobile Communications Generic Token Card Video Codec Low-Bit rate Video Codec MPEG-4 Advanced Video Codec Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request Home Agent Home Environment High Frequency Structure Simulator Hard Handoff High Capacity Home Location Register Home Location Register/Authentication Center Home Network Handoff High Speed Down Link Packet Access High Speed Downlink Shared Channel High Speed Packet Access Home Subscriber Server Enhanced Uplink E-DCH Hypertext Transfer Protocol Independent Basic Service Set Interrogating CSCF Integrity Check Value Integrated Digital Enhanced Network International Electro technical Commission Internet Engineering Task Force Intermediate Frequency Inverse Fast Fourier Transform integrity key Internet Key Exchange IP Multimedia System International Mobile Subscriber Identity International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 ITU standard Internet Protocol Internet Protocol Version 4 Internet Protocol Version 6 IP Connectivity Access Networks Protocols for Security Interim Standard 136 Interim Standard 95 CDMA ONE Industry Science and Medical RF Band International Standard Organization ISDN User Part ISUP Initial Address Message Information Technology` Infrastructure Library International Telecommunication Union International Telecommunication Union Radio Knowledge Area

KC KCK KEK LAN LDPC LH LMS Lo-Cap LOS LOS LP LS-CMA LTE LTE MAC MAC MAC-S MAN MAP MBMS MCW MD5 MDHO MDS MEdiaFLO MGCF MGW MIB MIC MIMO MIP MISO MM MMUSIC MoM MOS MPDU MPEG MPLS MRF MS MSC MSC/VLR MU-MIMO NACK NAS NAV NEBS NEC NF NFC NGMC NGMN NGN NIC

Ciphering Key EAPoL Key Communication Key EAPoL Key Encryption Key Local Area Network Turbo Code Left Hand Circular Polarization Least Mean Square Low Capacity Line of Sight Local Oscillator Linear Polarization Least Squares Constant Modulus Algorithm Long Tern Evolution Long Term Evolution Media Access Control Message Authentication Code Authentication token used in resynchronization Metropolitan Area Network Mobile Application Part Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service Multi Codeword Message digest 5 Macro Diversity Handover Minimum Discernible Signal Forward Link Only Technology Media Gateway Control Function Media Gateway Management Information Base Message Integrity Code Multiple Input Multiple Output Mobile IP Multiple Input Single Output Mobility Management Multiparty Multimedia Session Control Method of Moments Mean Opinion Score MAC Protocol Data Unit Moving Picture Expert Group Multiprotocol Label Switching Media Resource Function Mobile Station Mobile Switching Center Mobile Switching Center/Visitor Location register Multiple User MIMO Not Acknowledge Network Access Server Network Allocation Vector Network Equipment Building Systems standard Numerical Electromagnetics Code Noise Figure Near Field Communication Next Generation Mobile Committee Next Generation Mobile Networks New Generation Network Network Interface Card

NIST NLOS NMHA NRSC NSP NSS NSTAC OATS OFDMA OGC OSA OSI OSPF OSS/BSS OTA OTP PAN PAPR P-CSCF PDC PDSN PDSN PDU PEAP PFDM PHY PIFA PIN PKH PL PLMN PN PO PPP PSK PSTN PSTN QAM QoS QPSK RACH RADIUS RAN RAND RC4 RET RF RFC RFC RFID RHCP RLS RNC ROAMOPS ROHC

National institute of Standards and Technology Non Line of Sight Normal Mode Helical Antenna Network Reliability Steering Committee Network Service Provider Network Subsystem National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee( US) Open Area Test Site Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access Office of Government Commerce Opportunistic Spectrum Address Open Systems Interconnect Open Shortest Path First Routing Protocol Operational and Business Support Systems Over The Air Programming One Time password Personal Area Network High Peak to Average Power Ratio Proxy CSCF Personal Digital Cellular Packet Data Serving Node Packet Data serving Node Protocol Data Unit Protected EAP Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Physical Planar Inverted F Antenna Personal Identification Number Pairwise Key Hierarchy Path Loss Public Land Mobile Networks Pseudo Noise Physical Optics Point to Point Protocol Phase Shift Keying Public Switched Telephone Network Public Switched Telephone Network Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Quality of Service Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Random Access Channel Remote Access Dial In User Server Radio Aces Network Random RC4 Cipher Algorithm Remote Electrical Tilt Radio Frequency Request For Comment Request for Change Radio Frequency Identification Right Hand Circular Polarization Recursive Least Squares Radio Network Controller IETF Roaming Operations Robust Header Compression

RR RRC RSA RSN RSNA RTP RTS RTT S/N SA SCP S-CSCF SCTP SCW SDCCH SDMA SDR SEGF SF SFDR SFID SGSN SGW SID SIG SIM SIMO SIP SIR SISO SLF SMI SMS SM-SC SMTP SNMP SPC SQN SRES SRTP SS7 SSB SSID STA T2P TCAP TCH TCH/FS TCH/HS TCP TCP/IP TD-CDMA TDD-HCR TDMA TD-SCDMA

Radio Resource Radio Resource Control Rivest Shamir Alderman Robust Security Networks Robust Security Network Associations Real Time Protocol Request to Send Round Trip Time Signal to Noise Ratio Security Association ETSI Smart Card Platform Serving CSCF Stream Control Transmission Protocol Single Codeword Stand Alone Dedicated Channel Space Division Multiple Access Software Defined Radio Security Gateway Function Spreading Factor Spurious Free Dynamic Range Service Flow ID Serving GPRS Support Node Signaling Gateway System Identification Number Special Interest Group of WWRF Subscriber Identity Module Single Input Multiple Output Session Initiation Protocol Signal to Interference Ratio Single Input Single Output Subscriber Location Function Structure of Management Information Short Message Service Short Message Service Center Simple Message Transfer Protocol Simple Network Management Protocol Single Parity Check Sequence Signed Response Secure RTP Signaling System 7 Single Sideband Service Set Identifier Stations Traffic To Pilot Transaction Capabilities application Part Traffic Channel Traffic Channel Full Rate Speech Traffic Channel Half Rate Transmission Control Protocol Suite of Protocols Time Division CDMA Time Division Duplex Time Division Multiple Access Time Division Synchronous CDMA

TIA TK TKIP TMF TS TSC TSG CT TSG GERAN TSG RAN TSG SA TTA TTC UDP UE UMB UMTS UMTS AKA URA USGS USIM UTRA UTRA TDD-HCR UTRA TDD-LCR UTRAN UWB VLR VN VoIP VSWR WAN W-CDMA WEP WERT WG WiFi WiMAX WINNER WLAN WMN WPA2 WRC WWRF XG XMAC (PG 26) XOR

Telecommunications Industry Association Temporal Key Temporary Key Integrity Protocol TM Forum Time Slot TKIP Sequence Counter TSG Core Network & Terminals TSG GSM EDGE Radio Access Network TSG Radio Access Network ETG Services & System Aspects Telecommunications Technology Association of Korea Telecommunications Technology Committee User Datagram Protocol User Equipment Ultra Mobile Broadband Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Protocol used in 3G Universal Terrestrial Radio Access United States Geological Survey UMTS SIM Universal Terrestrial Radio Access TD-CDMA UTRA MODE TD-SCDMA UTRA MODE UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network Ultra Wideband Visitor Location Register Visited Network Voice Over IP Voltage Standing Wave Ratio Wide Area Network Wideband CDMA Wireless Encryption Protocol Wireless Emergency Response Team Working Group of WWRF Wireless Fidelity Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access Wireless World Initiative New radio Wireless LAN Wireless Mesh Network Wi-Fi Protected Access World Radio Communication Conference Wireless World Research forum Next Generation Cryptographic primitive in the 3GSM Key Generation Process Exclusive Or

Sample Examination Questions The following questions are typical of those that will be used on IEEE WCET certification examinations. An answer key may be found at the end of this Appendix.

1. A mobile terminal moving at a speed of 30 m/sec is receiving a signal with a center frequency of 2 G, having a bandwidth of 5 MHz. The received signal has a delay spread of 2 µsec. The Doppler shift of the received signal is approximately: 1. 200 Hz 2. 400 Hz 3. 0.5 MHz 4. 2.5 MHz 2. In a CDMA cellular system, the coverage region of a cell located in a dense urban environment at 5:00 PM (busy hour) is most likely to be: 1. smaller than the coverage of 3:00 AM (dead hour) because of higher cell loading. 2. the same as the coverage at 3:00 AM (dead hour) because propagation remains the same. 3. the same as the cover at 3:00 AM (dead hour) because transmit power remains the same. 4. smaller than the coverage at 3:00 AM (dead hour) because of more signal fading due to more cars on the street. 3. A wireless channel has a 10 KHz Doppler spread and a 10 ms delay, and the over-the-air data rate with BFSK modulation is 1 Kbps. Which of the following is the best description of this channel? 1. Fast fading and frequency selective fading 2. Slow fading and frequency nonselective fading 3. Slow fading and frequency selective fading 4. Fast fading and frequency nonselective fading 4. In 802.11 using RTS/CTS as an access scheme where the duration of RTS, CTS, and an ACK are all equal to T, the Short Interframe Spacing duration equals S and the data packet duration of the transmitting source is D, the total period allocated to the transmitting terminal and no others is: 1. 3T+2S+D 2. 3T+3S+D 3. 3T+4S+D 4. 3T+S+D 5. The choice of a duplexing method depends on the 1. nature of the available spectrum and of the traffic in uplink/downlink. 2. modulation type. 3. chosen multiple access technology. 4. modulation type and the multiple access technology.

6. The relationship among the IEEE 802.11 timing parameters is: 1. SIFS‹DIFS‹PIFS. 2. PIFS‹SIFS‹DIFS. 3. SIFS›PIFS›DIFS. 4. SIFS‹PIFS‹DIFS. 7. Which of the following OSI layers is responsible for error recovery and reliability? 1. Data link 2. Session 3. Application 4. Physical 8. The main function of the TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) in an internet networking environment is to provide:

1. reliable communication for end systems. 2. fragmentation and synchronization services. 3. error recovery between adjacent nodes. 4. a transparent routing among subnets. 9. A fundamental architectural difference between Mobile IPv4 and Mobile IPv6 is that: 1. Mobile IPv4 dynamic home agent discovery returns a single reply to the mobile node. 2. Mobile IPv6 provides secure but less optimized routes than Mobile IPv4. 3. Mobile IPv6 does not require Foreign Agent (FA). 4. Mobile IPv6 does not require Home Agent (HA).

A Guide to the Wireless Engineering Body of Knowledge (WEBOK) TABLE OF CONTENTS 2008 edition Section 1 – Wireless Engineering Framework INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 5 Section 2 – Wireless Engineering Knowledge Areas Chapter 1 - WIRELESS ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 1.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 8 1.2 CONTENTS ................................................................................................................... 9 1.3 DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS ............................................................................................10 1.4 MOBILITY MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................17 1.5 WIRELESS ACCESS TECHNOLOGY STANDARDIZATION ..............................................22 1.6 DIGITAL MOBILE CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTION—2G TO 3G ............................26 1.7 LOCAL, PERSONAL AND NEAR-FIELD COMMUNICATIONS ...........................................46 1.8 BEYOND 3G AND FUTURE TRENDS .............................................................................53 CHAPTER 2 - NETWORK AND SERVICE ARCHITECTURE

2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................67 2.2 CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................67 2.3 CIRCUIT-SWITCHED CELLULAR NETWORK ARCHITECTURE ........................................68 2.4 TCP/IP IN PACKET SWITCHED NETWORKS .................................................................71 2.5 VOIP/SIP FOR IP MULTIMEDIA .....................................................................................74 2.6 PACKET-SWITCHED MOBILE NETWORKS AND IMS .....................................................78 2.7 ALTERNATIVE NETWORK ARCHITECTURES—MESH NETWORKS ................................86 2.8 ALTERNATIVE NETWORK ARCHITECTURES—MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS ................90 2.9 SERVICE ENABLER EVOLUTION ..................................................................................91 2.11 FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING .............................................................97 2.12 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................99 Chapter 3 - NETWORK MANAGEMENT AND SECURITY 3.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 103 3.2 CONTENTS ................................................................................................................. 103 3.3 THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE LIBRARY ................................. 103 3.4 THE ENHANCED TELECOM OPERATIONS MAP .......................................................... 107 3.5 THE SIMPLE NETWORK MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL (SNMP) ...................................... 111 3.6 SECURITY REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................................ 114 3.8 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 135 CHAPTER 4 - RADIO FREQUENCY ENGINEERING, PROPAGATION AND ANTENNAS 4.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 137 4.2 CONTENTS ................................................................................................................. 137 4.3 ANTENNAS ................................................................................................................. 137 4.4 PROPAGATION ........................................................................................................... 150 4.5 RF ENGINEERING........................................................................................................ 167

4.6 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 179 Chapter 5 - FACILITIES INFRASTRUCTURE 5.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 183 5.2 CONTENTS .................................................................................................................183 5.3 AC AND DC POWER SYSTEMS ..................................................................................183 5.4 ELECTRICAL PROTECTION ........................................................................................ 185 5.5 HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING ...................................................... 189 5.6 EQUIPMENT RACKS, RACK MOUNTING SPACES, AND RELATED HARDWARE .......... 189 5.7 WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION LINES ................................................................ 190 5.8 TOWER SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS .............................................................. 192 5.9 DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEMS AND BASE STATION HOTELS............................... 193 5.10 PHYSICAL SECURITY, ALARM AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS ................................ 194 5.11 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS ....................... 195 5.12 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 197 Chapter 6 - AGREEMENTS , STANDARDS, POLICIES, AND REGULATIONS 6.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 198 6.2 CONTENTS ................................................................................................................. 198 6.3 AGREEMENTS ............................................................................................................ 199 6.4 STANDARDS ................................................................................................................ 201 6.5 POLICIES ..................................................................................................................... 204 6.6 REGULATIONS ............................................................................................................. 207 6.7 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 211 Chapter 7 - FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE 7.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 213

7.2 CONTENTS ................................................................................................................... 213 7.3 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING BASICS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS .................... 214 7.4 SIGNAL PROCESSING AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS ............................................. 217 7.5 RF ENGINEERING......................................................................................................... 220 7.6 INSTRUMENTS AND MEASUREMENTS [WIT02] ............................................................. 223 7.7 COMMUNICATION NETWORKS ..................................................................................... 224 7.8 OTHER COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS ............................................................................ 229 7.9 GENERAL ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS ......................................... 231 7.10 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 233 SECTION 3 – APPENDICES APPENDIX A – CREATION OF THE WEBOK ......................................................................... 234 A.1 DEVELOPMENT OF KNOWLEDGE AREAS FOR THE WIRELESS INDUSTRY ................... 234 A.2 CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS ............................................................................................. 235 APPENDIX B – FUTHER RESOURCES .................................................................................. 237 APPENDIX C – SUMMARY OF THE KNOWLEDGE AREAS ..................................................... 244 APPENDIX D – GLOSSARY ................................................................................................. 250 APPENDIX E – ABOUT THE IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SOCIETY ............................................ 256 ABOUT THE IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SOCIETY ................................................................... 256

A Guide to the Wireless Engineering Body of Knowledge (WEBOK) 2008 Edition Introduction

Wireless technology has provided connectivity and communications for well over a century, providing consumers with previously unknown flexibility and mobility. Wireless coexists with, extends, and even competes with wired communication links. In recent years, the role of wireless technology has broadened significantly and to serve an increasingly mobile society wireless will need to grow many times over in the years ahead. The total knowledge dealing with the many aspects of the wireless technology will grow accordingly. This Wireless Engineering Book of Knowledge (WEBOK) outlines the technical areas with which practitioners should be familiar, and offers suggestions for further information and study. Fundamentally, wireless communication technology depends upon generic communication system principles, and yet, it has its own unique attributes. These include: • • • • • • • •

radio engineering wireless link design the wireless infrastructure spectrum and frequency allocations networking and mobility management services user devices and interfaces regulatory and compatibility requirements

The goal of any communication system is to connect and transmit between two or more points, be they persons, premises, or machines. A layered architecture stitches together the applications and user interactions, which are being met by increasingly uniform services and service delivery architectures. A broad range of services exist and continues to grow, enabled by wireless networks, be they fixed or mobile, satellite or terrestrial, conversational or interactive. The primary mobile communication service has been the voice call, enabled by cellular systems that have traditionally been circuit-switched and optimized for voice. Mobile data services have, however, grown significantly so that by 2008, 30% or more of mobile business in a variety of global markets depends on non-voice services. The evolution of packet/IP-based networks enables efficient development, control, integration and delivery of IP multimedia services. At the same time, a converging service framework allows services to be created and delivered while providing access that is both open and secure. Goals of future systems beyond 3G are straightforward—to provide wireless services to an increasingly mobile society that are dependable and enhanced, while minimizing their cost (per megabyte). Such systems will require higher speeds, higher performance and higher capacity. There has been a flurry of activity to standardize, test and implement the next-generation systems beyond 3G. Each of these systems has relied on similar technology breakthroughs, which include advanced coding and modulation (such as adaptive space/time coding and 16 or 64 QAM), sophisticated antenna technologies (MIMO), high6 capacity multiple-access mechanisms (OFDM), fast scheduling, and dynamic bandwidth and resource allocation. The notions of spectral efficiency, multiple smart beams, dynamic carrier structure, and dynamic resource allocation are all designed to provide much more capacity at lower cost. Who is a Wireless Professional? Each year, hundreds of schools in dozens of countries graduate thousands of wireless professionals. The education these institutions provide equips their graduates with varying levels of wireless system knowledge. Some provide basic and some provide advanced training, while others provide an in-depth education within a narrow specialty. Unfortunately, there is no common set of educational requirements that dictates the level of training.

Today, more than ever, the dynamic growth and globalization of the wireless communications industry brings to the forefront the need for all practitioners to rely on a common language and set of tools. The intent of the WEBOK is to serve as a tool to help develop common technical understanding, language, and approach among wireless professionals whose careers have developed in different parts of the world. The Wireless Engineering Body of Knowledge The WEBOK is the product of a large international group of professionals, experts from both academia and industry. It was produced by the IEEE Communications Society. The information presented in the following chapters is a general overview of the evolution of wireless technologies, their impact on the profession, and common professional best practices. Many wireless professionals may also find the WEBOK to be a useful tool for keeping pace with evolving standards. Appendix C includes a large number of references to books and articles that readers are encouraged to consult to enhance their knowledge and understanding of wireless technologies. Chapters need not be read in any particular order; rather, readers are encouraged to focus on those topics in which they do not feel they are up to date nor have a good command of the technology. The WEBOK should not be viewed as a study guide for a wireless certification exam; it does not address all the topics that may be covered there. It is rather an outline of the technical areas with which a wireless practitioner employed in industry should be familiar, and offers suggestions as to where to turn for further information and study. Organization The WEBOK is organized into seven chapters: •

•

•

•

• •

Chapter 1: Wireless Access Technologies Focuses on the radio-access architectures and standards, and comments on the newest developments in wireless that are currently being used. It analyzes and compares many alternatives for radio access and classifies the different options according to the desired performance of the wireless solution. Chapter 2: Network and Services Architectures Focuses on the core network, supporting the access technologies described in the previous chapter. Concepts like switching, routing, and mobility management are among the chief topics covered. Chapter 3: Network Management and Wireless Security Summarizes common tools used to manage, control, and keep secure a wireless network. Concepts include service level agreements, configuration management, alarm handling, and providing security for a wireless network. Chapter 4: Propagation and Antennas Includes the central topics of radio frequency engineering propagation budget calculations as a. Also presented are the architectures of many RF coding schemes along with their relative advantages and disadvantages. Chapter 5: Facilities and Wireless Infrastructure Describes the common practices and the recognized international, standards which need to be considered when designing a facility for active equipment. Chapter 6: Agreements, Standards, Policies, and Regulations Focuses on the agreements (for example, licensing), standards, policies and practices needed to design, maintain, operate, and optimize wireless infrastructures, as well as on the variety of regulations that must be observed.

•

Chapter 7: Wireless Engineering Fundamentals Lists the broad and basic technical knowledge that may be expected of a wireless practitioner.

The WEBOK is intended for a practicing wireless professional who has acquired at least the basic knowledge described in chapter 7, Wireless Engineering Fundamentals. If, on the other hand, a reader is aware of gaps in his or her skills and knowledge base, chapter 7 is an excellent way to begin addressing those deficiencies.