Wind Turbines - Design And Components

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Wind Turbines

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Different types of wind turbines • Drag-type turbines – Persian windmill – Chinese wind wheel – Saviounus

• Lift-type turbines – VAWT, Vertical Axis Wind Turbine • Darrieus

– HAWT, Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine • The Danish concept • American multiblade • Grumman windstream

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Drag-type turbines Savonious

The Persian windmill

The Chinese wind wheel

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Drag-type turbines

Ref: www.ifb.uni-stuttgart.de/~doerner/edesignphil.html

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Lift-type turbines VAWT, Darrieus

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Lift-type turbines VAWT, Darrieus

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Ref: www.ifb.uni-stuttgart.de/~doerner/edesignphil.html

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Lift-type turbines HAWT, American Multiblade

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Lift-type turbines HAWT, Grumman

Windstream

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Lift-type turbines HAWT, The

Danish Concept

• The blades upwind the rotor • Constant speed on the rotor • Power output limitation – Stall control

• Brakes – Mechanical – Aerodynamic

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HEIGHT [M]

Development of HAWT

SPEED

n

20

17

13

5 – 15

3 – 10 rpm

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Wind power and energy • Power output from wind turbines: c3 Power = ρ ⋅ ⋅ A ⋅η 2

• Energy production from wind turbines: Energy  Power Time

A

C

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Energy flux for wind turbines 3

c P = ρ ⋅ ⋅ A ⋅η 2 Where: P = Power

ρ

= c = A = η =

Density Velocity Area Efficiency

[W] [kg/m3] [m/s] [m2] [-]

Recommended literature: Wind Turbine Technology, David A. Spera, ISBN no. 0-7918-1205-7

14 The world’s energy potential for land based wind turbines

Estimated energy output in kWh/kW from a wind turbine that are dimensioned for 11 m/s

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Global Installed wind power

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Installed wind power

Source: www.gwec.net

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Wind power capacity global forecast

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Wind Power in Norway per 1st January 2006 •

Energy goal for 2010:

•

Wind farms in operation: – – – –

•

13 165 ca. 320 MW ca. 900 GWh

Planned wind farms (License is given, but not built) – – – –

•

Number of wind farms: Number of wind mills: Installed power: Energy production:

3 TWh

Number of wind farms: Number of wind mills: Installed power: Energy production:

15 439 1214 MW 3866 GWh

Planned wind farms (Applied for License) – Number of wind farms: – Number of wind mills: – Installed power:

36 1444 4496 MW

Hitra

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Norwegian wind farms in operation TILTAKSHAVER

FYLKE

KOMMUNE

Installert Effekt MW

AGDER ENERGI NETT AS

VEST-AGDER

LINDESNES

4

5

12

STATKRAFT ENERGI AS

FINNMARK

LEBESBY

40

120

20

SANDØY VINDKRAFT A/S

MØRE OG ROMSDAL

SANDØY

3,75

11

5

ARCTIC WIND AS

FINNMARK

MÅSØY

40

120

16

HITRA VIND AS

SØR-TRØNDELAG

HITRA

55

150

24

HUNDHAMMERFJELLET-1

NORD-TRØNDELAG ELEKTRISITETSVERK FKF

NORDTRØNDELAG

NÆRØY

2

?

1

HUNDHAMMERFJELLET-2

NORD-TRØNDELAG ELEKTRISITETSVERK FKF

NORDTRØNDELAG

NÆRØY

3

?

1

KVALHEIM KRAFT AS

SOGN OG FJORDAN

VÅGSØY

4,25

13

5

NYGÅRDSFJELLET

NARVIK ENERGI AS

NORDLAND

NARVIK

7

21

3

SANDHAUGEN

NORSK MILJØKRAFT TROMSØ AS

TROMS

TROMSØ

9

20

3

STATKRAFT ENERGI AS

MØRE OG ROMSDAL

SMØLA

150

450

68

UTSIRA

1

5

2

VIKNA

2,2

6

5

321,2

921

165

NAVN FJELDSKÅR GARTEFJELLET HARØY HAVØYGAVLEN HITRA (ELDSFJELLET)

MEHUKEN I

SMØLA

NORSK HYDRO PRODUKSJON AS UTSIRA VIND- OG HYDROGENANLEGG NORD-TRØNDELAG ELEKTRISITETSVERK FKF VIKNA HUSFJELLET

Ref. www.nve.no

ROGALAND NORDTRØNDELAG

Energi Produksjon Antall [GWh] Turbiner

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Norwegian wind farms License is given, but not built NAVN ANDMYRAN BESSAKERFJELLET

TILTAKSHAVER

FYLKE

KOMMUNE

Installert Effekt MW

ANDMYRAN VINDPARK AS

NORDLAND

ANDØY

160

620

64

ROAN

57

150

25

TRØNDERENERGI KRAFT AS SØR-TRØNDELAG

Energi Produksjon Antall [GWh] Turbiner

FAKKEN

TROMS KRAFT PRODUKSJON AS

TROMS

KARLSØY

60

200

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HARBAKSFJELLET

NORSK HYDRO PRODUKSJON AS

SØR-TRØNDELAG

ÅFJORD

90

200

33

NORD-TRØNDELAG ELEKTRISITETSVERK FKF

NORDTRØNDELAG

NÆRØY

51

160

15

JÆREN ENERGI AS

ROGALAND

TIME OG HÅ

80

260

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NORSK HYDRO PRODUKSJON AS

ROGALAND

KARMØY

3

?

1

NORSK MILJØKRAFT TROMSØ AS

TROMS

TROMSØ

200

660

80

LISTA

NORSK MILJØ ENERGI SØR AS

VEST-AGDER

FARSUND

102

280

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NYGÅRDSFJELLET - TRINN 2

NORDKRAFT VIND AS

NORDLAND

NARVIK

40

120

11

STATKRAFT ENERGI AS

FINNMARK

VADSØ

65

190

16

TYSVÆR VINDPARK AS

ROGALAND

TYSVÆR

39

110

13

BJUGN

12

30

4

BJUGN

6

16

3

VIKNA

249

870

99

1 214

3 866

439

HUNDHAMMERFJELLET-3 HØG-JÆREN KARMØY (OFFSHORE) KVITFJELL

SKALLHALSEN TYSVÆR VALSNESET VALSNESET TESTSTASJON YTRE VIKNA

Ref. www.nve.no

TRØNDERENERGI KRAFT AS SØR-TRØNDELAG VIVA AS SØR-TRØNDELAG NORD-TRØNDELAG NORDELEKTRISITETSVERK FKF TRØNDELAG

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HAWT Horisontal-Axis Wind Turbines

SMØLA

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HAWT Main Components • • • • •

Foundation Tower Nacelle Hub Turbine blades

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Towers Lattice tower

Tubular steel towers,

Guyed Pole Tower

Concrete tower

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Tower designs

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Nacelle and Yaw system

Ref. www.windpower.org

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Yaw system

Ref. www.windpower.org

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Nacelle

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Nacelle

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Nacelle Design

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Nacelle Drive Trains

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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VESTAS V90 3 MW 108 TONS

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Multibrid M5000 Power output: 5 MW Diameter: 116 m. Turbine speed: 5,9 -14,8 rpm

Masses: Blade:

16.500 kg

Hub:

60.100 kg

Nacelle: 199.300 kg

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(tons)

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Hydraulic transmission - 5 MW P = Hydraulic pump (Assumed weight 20 ton) M = Variable displacement motor 8 x A4VSO1000 G = Generator placed at the bottom of the wind turbine

Weights in ton

P

M

G

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Hub design

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Hub design

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Hub design

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Blade Design

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Design at different TSR

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Energy Flux in the wind 3

c P = ρ ⋅ ⋅ Area 2 Where: P = Power

ρ

= Density c = Velocity

[W] [kg/m3] [m/s]

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Wind velocity, power and energy 1000 900 800

c3 Power = ρ ⋅ ⋅ A ⋅η 2

Time [h/year]

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0

5

10

15

20

25

Velocity [m/s] 600

2

Energy [kWh/m ]

500

Energy = Power ⋅ Time

400

300 200

100

0 0

5

10

15

Velocity [m/s]

20

25

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Power output 10 000

Wind Power

9 000 8 000

Power [kW]

7 000

Turbine Power

6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 0

5

10

15

Wind Speed [m/s]

20

25

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Aerodynamic brakes

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Stall control

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Turbine blade pitch system

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Turbine blade pitch system

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Links • • • • • • •

www.windpower.org/ www.ewea.org www.nve.no www.hydro.com/no/our_business/oil_energy/new_energy/w www.statkraft.no/pub/vindkraft/index.asp www.gwec.net http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/nn/nn_rt/nn_rt_wind /article_1101_en.htm

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Recommended literature • Wind Power Plants, Fundamentals, Design Construction and Operation – R. gasch, J. Twele, ISBN no. 1-902916-38-7

• Wind Turbine Technology – David A. Spera, ISBN no. 0-7918-1205-7

• Guidelines for design of Wind Turbines – DNV, RISØ, ISBN no. 87-550-2870-5

• Wind Energy Handbook – T. Burton, D. Sharpe, N. Jenkins, E. Bossanyi, ISBN no. 0-471-48997-2

• Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines – Martin O. L. Hansen, ISBN no. 1-902916-06-9