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Assault landing One of the first waves at Omaha Beach as photographed by Robert F. Sargent. Photojournalism is a particular form of journalism (the collecting, editing, and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast) that creates images in order to tell a news story. It is now usually understood to refer only to still images, and in some cases to video used in broadcast journalism or for personal use. Photojournalism is distinguished from other close branches of photography (such as documentary photography, street photography or celebrity photography) by the qualities of: •

Timeliness — the images have meaning in the context of a recently published record of events.

•

Objectivity — the situation implied by the images is a fair and accurate representation of the events they depict in both content and tone.

•

Narrative — the images combine with other news elements to make facts relatable to the viewer or reader on a cultural level.

Like a writer, a photojournalist is a reporter but he or she must often make decisions instantly and carry photographic equipment, often while exposed to significant obstacles (physical danger, weather, crowds).

Contents [hide] •

1 History ○

1.1 Foundations

○

1.2 Golden age

○

1.3 Farm Security Administration

○

1.4 Acceptance by the art world

•

2 Professional organizations

•

3 Ethical and legal considerations

•

4 The impact of new technologies

•

5 See also

•

6 References

•

7 Further reading

•

8 External links

[edit] History [edit] Foundations The practice of illustrating news stories with photographs was made possible by printing and photography innovations that occurred between 1880 and 1897. While newsworthy events were photographed as early as the 1850s, printing presses could only publish from engravings until the 1880s. Early news photographs required that photos be re-interpreted by an engraver before they could be published. The first photojournalist was Carol Szathmari who did pictures in the Crimean War (1853 to 1856). His albums were sent to European royals houses[citation needed]. Just a few of his photographs survived. William Simpson of the Illustrated London News and Roger Fenton were published as engravings. Similarly, the American Civil War photographs of Mathew Brady were engraved before publication in Harper's Weekly. Because the public craved more realistic representations of news stories, it was common for newsworthy photographs to be exhibited in galleries or to be copied photographically in limited numbers. On March 4, 1880, The Daily Graphic (New York) [1] published the first halftone (rather than engraved) reproduction of a news photograph. Further innovations followed. In 1887, flash powder was invented, enabling journalists such as Jacob Riis to photograph informal subjects indoors, which led to the landmark work How the Other Half Lives[2]. By 1897, it became possible to reproduce halftone photographs on printing presses running at full speed.[3] Despite these innovations, limitations remained, and many of the sensational newspaper and magazine stories in the period from 1897 to 1927 (see Yellow Journalism) were illustrated with engravings. In 1921, the wirephoto made it possible to transmit pictures almost as quickly as news itself could travel. However, it was not until development of the commercial 35mm Leica camera in 1925, and the first flash bulbs between 1927 and 1930 that all the elements were in place for a "golden age" of photojournalism.

[edit] Golden age In the "golden age" of photojournalism (1930s–1950s), some magazines (Picture Post (London), Paris Match (Paris), Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung (Berlin), Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung (Berlin), Life (USA), Look (USA), Sports Illustrated (USA)) and newspapers (The Daily Mirror (London), The New York Daily News (New York) built their huge readerships and reputations largely on their use of photography, and photographers such as Robert Capa, Alfred Eisenstaedt, Margaret Bourke-White and W. Eugene Smith became well-known names. Henri Cartier-Bresson is held by some to be the father of modern photojournalism, although this appellation has been applied to various other photographers, such as Erich Salomon, whose candid pictures of political figures were novel in the 1930s

In Migrant Mother Dorothea Lange produced the seminal image of the Great Depression. The FSA also employed several other photojournalists to document the depression. Soldier Tony Vaccaro is also recognized as one of the pre-eminent photographers of World War II. His images taken with the modest Argus C3 captured horrific moments in war, similar to Capa's soldier being shot. Capa himself was on Omaha Beach on D-Day and captured pivotal images of the conflict on that occasion. Vaccaro is also known for having developed his own images in soldier's helmets, and using chemicals found in the ruins of a camera store in 1944. Until the 1980s, most large newspapers were printed with turn-of-the-century “letterpress” technology using easily smudged oil-based ink, off-white, low-quality “newsprint” paper, and coarse engraving screens. While letterpresses produced legible text, the photoengraving dots that formed pictures often bled or smeared and became fuzzy and indistinct. In this way, even when newspapers used photographs well — a good crop, a respectable size — murky reproduction often left readers re-reading the caption to see what the photo was all about. The Wall Street Journal adopted stippled hedcuts in 1979 to publish portraits and avoid the limitations of letterpress printing. Not until the 1980s had a majority of newspapers switched to “offset” presses that reproduce photos with fidelity on better, whiter paper. By contrast Life, one of America’s most popular weekly magazines from 1936 through the early 1970s, was filled with photographs reproduced beautifully on oversize 11×14-inch pages, using fine engraving screens, high-quality inks, and glossy paper. Life often published a United Press International (UPI) or Associated Press (AP) photo that had been first reproduced in newspapers, but the quality magazine version appeared to be a different photo altogether. In large part because their pictures were clear enough to be appreciated, and because their name always appeared with their work, magazine photographers achieved near-celebrity status. Life became a standard by which the public judged photography, and many of today’s photo books celebrate “photojournalism” as if it had been the exclusive province of near-celebrity magazine photographers. The Best of Life (1973), for example, opens with a two-page (1960) group shot of 39 justly famous Life photographers. But 300 pages later, photo credits reveal that scores of the photos among Life’s “best” were taken by anonymous UPI and AP photographers. Thus even during the golden age, because of printing limitations and the UPI and AP syndication systems, many newspaper photographers labored in relative obscurity.

[edit] Farm Security Administration

From 1935 to 1942, the Farm Security Administration and its predecessor the Resettlement Administration were part of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, and were designed to address agricultural problems and rural poverty associated with the Great Depression. A special photographic section, headed by Mark Arnold, was intended merely to provide public relations for its programs, but instead produced what some consider one of the greatest collections[4] of documentary photographs ever created in the U.S. Whether this effort can be called "photojournalism" is debatable, since the FSA photographers had more time and resources to create their work than most photojournalists usually have.

[edit] Acceptance by the art world Since the late 1970s, photojournalism and documentary photography have increasingly been accorded a place in art galleries alongside fine art photography. Luc Delahaye, VII Photo Agency are among many who regularly exhibit in galleries.

[edit] Professional organizations The Danish Union of Press Photographers (Pressefotografforbundet) was the first national organization for newspaper photographers in the world. It was founded in 1912 in Denmark by six press photographers in Copenhagen.[5] Today it has over 800 members. The National Press Photographers Association (NPPA) was founded in 1946 in the U.S., and has about 10,000 members. Others around the world include the British Press Photographers Association (BPPA) founded in 1984, then relaunched in 2003, and now has around 450 members. Hong Kong Press Photographers Association (1989), Northern Ireland Press Photographers Association (2000), Pressfotografernas Klubb (Sweden, 1930), and PK — Pressefotografenes Klubb (Norway).[6] News organisations and journalism schools run many different awards for photojournalists. Since 1968, Pulitzer Prizes have been awarded for the following categories of photojournalism: 'Feature Photography', 'Spot News Photography'. Other awards are World Press Photo, Best of Photojournalism, and Pictures of the Year as well as the UK based The Press Photographer's Year[7]

[edit] Ethical and legal considerations Photojournalism works within the same ethical approaches to objectivity that are applied by other journalists. What to shoot, how to frame and how to edit are constant considerations. Often, ethical conflicts can be mitigated or enhanced by the actions of a sub-editor or picture editor, who takes control of the images once they have been delivered to the news organization. The photojournalist often has no control as to how images are ultimately used. The emergence of digital photography offers whole new realms of opportunity for the manipulation, reproduction, and transmission of images. It has inevitably complicated many of the ethical issues involved. The U.S. National Press Photographers Association, and other professional organizations, maintain codes of ethics to specify approaches to these issues.[8] Major ethical issues are often inscribed with more or less success into law. Laws regarding photography can vary significantly from nation to nation. The legal situation is further complicated when one considers that photojournalism made in one country will often be published in many other countries.

[edit] The impact of new technologies Smaller, lighter cameras greatly enhanced the role of the photojournalist. Since the 1960s, motor drives, electronic flash, auto-focus, better lenses and other camera enhancements have made picture taking easier. New digital cameras free photojournalists from the limitation of film roll length, as thousands of images can be stored on a single memory card. Content remains the most important element of photojournalism, but the ability to extend deadlines with rapid gathering and editing of images has brought significant changes. As recently as 15 years ago, nearly 30 minutes were needed to scan and transmit a single color photograph from a remote location to a news office for printing. Now, equipped with a digital camera, a mobile phone and a laptop computer, a photojournalist can send a high-quality image in minutes, even seconds after an event occurs. Camera phones and portable satellite links increasingly allow for the mobile transmission of images from almost any point on the earth. There is some concern by news photographers that the profession of photojournalism as it is known today could change to such a degree that it is unrecognizable as image-capturing technology naturally progresses.Citizen journalism, and the increase in user contribution and submission of amateur photos to News sites is becoming more widespread. As early as the Crimean War in the mid-19th century, photographers were using the novel technology of the box camera to record images of British soldiers in the field. However, the widespread use of cameras as a way of reporting news didn’t come until the advent of smaller, more portable cameras that used the enlargeable film negative to record images. The introduction of the 35 mm Leica camera in the 1930’s made it possible for photographers to move with the action, taking shots of events as they were unfolding. The age of the citizen journalist and the attainment of news photos from amateur bystanders have contributed to the art of photojournalism. Paul Levinson attributes this shift to the Kodak camera, one of the first cheap and accessible photo technologies that “put a piece of visual reality into every person’s potential grasp” [9]. The empowered news audience with the advent of the Internet sparked the creation of blogs, podcasts and online news, independent of the traditional outlets, and “for the first time in our history, the news increasingly is produced by companies outside journalism”[10].

[edit] See also Journalism portal

•

List of photojournalists

•

Magnum Photos

•

VII Photo Agency

•

Noor Photo Agency

•

The Associated Press

•

ZUMA Press

[edit] References 1. ^ collections.ic.gc.ca/heirloom_series/volume4/14-15.htm

2. ^ How the Other Half Lives complete text and photos online 3. ^ Robert Taft, Photography and the American scene: A social history, 1839–1889 (New

York: Dover, 1964), 446; and W. Joseph Campbell, "1897: American journalism's exceptional year", Journalism History 29 (2004) (also here et seq.) 4. ^ "America from the Great Depression to World War II: Black-and-white photographs

from the FSA-OWI, 1935–1945." Prints and photographs division, Library of Congress. 5. ^ (Danish) Pressefotografforbundet history. 6. ^ British Press Photographers Association; Hong Kong Press Photographers Association; Northern Ireland Press Photographers Association; (Swedish) Pressfotografernas Klubb; (Norwegian) Fotojournalisten. 7. ^ World Press Photo; Best of Photojournalism; Pictures of the Year; The Press

Photographer's Year 8. ^ USNPPA Code of Ethics 9. ^ Paul Levinson. 1997. The Soft Edge: a Natural History and Future of the Information

Revolution, Routledge, London and New York, p. 39 10. ^ Kovach, B. and Rosenstiel, T. 2006. The Elements of Journalism; What Newspeople

Should Know and the Public Should Expect

[edit] Further reading •

Kenneth Kobre, Photojournalism : The Professional's Approach 6th edition Focal Press, 2008.

•

[1], Carol Szathmari

•

Don McCullin. Hearts of Darkness (1980 - much reprinted).

•

Zavoina, Susan C., and John H. Davidson, Digital Photojournalism (Allyn & Bacon, 2002). ISBN 0-205-33240-4

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The Photograph, Graham Clarke, ISBN 0-19-284200-5

[edit] External links •

La Bruja, Cuba - an example of photojournalism

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An example of ethics guidelines for photo-journalism by DigitalCustom

•

Independent photojournalism watchdog organization

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Photo Essay Tips

•

"Photojournalism". Photography. Victoria and Albert Museum. http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/photography/past_exhns/photojournalism/. Retrieved on 2007-06-16. [hide]

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(category) · Print permanence · Vignetting · Visual arts List of photographers · List of most expensive photographs Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photojournalism" Categories: Visual journalism | Photography by genre | Photojournalism | Stock photography | Journalism genres Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Views

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The basic rules (requirements) of photography are exposure, focus and timing. In photography (as in life itself), rules are meant to be broken, but never in ignorance. In this case, these three rules are difficult to break and still have a successful image. It happens, but it's rare. Basic composition and all the other stuff (including legal rules) can be learned or nurtured later. The pros consider skeletal structure, layers, mood, quality of light, etc., but it all comes back to these three elements. We must make sure each image (or set of images) meets these rules, or we have no useful image. I'll try to comment about and refine each component over the next few months. For now, evaluate your favorite images on these elements. I wouldn't be surprised to learn all of them are in focus, properly exposed and have some element of timing (even if it's the time of day). I consider these qualities the same as knowing the alphabet of a language. If we don't know the alphabet, we can't understand words or stories. If we can't focus, properly expose or time the shutter, we can't make an acceptable image or begin to tell a story. For advanced PJs, these technical issues become habitual. However, they're still the first and foremost to every pro PJ. Nothing else can be done until these issues are addressed. Enough for now,

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Photography Photojournalism By: TJ Tierney

Tips for photojournalism photography. Did you every pick up a newspaper or a magazine where a single image is used to tell a story. This is known as photojournalism. Photojournalism can fall under all subjects of photography but the image needs to be news worthy to end up being published. There are two types of photojournalism. The first type is where an image is used to illustrate a story. Many feature journalists work closely with photographers and commission them to produce images that will be published with their articles. There is no limit to how many images can be used. This is usually the photo editors decision. The second is where an image is used to tell a story without any words. One single image may be used or as many as ten images are often used in magazines. If you can write - do so; it will be an advantage when you submit some images.

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One of the most important qualities of a photojournalist is his ability to react quickly when he comes along a scene that may be news worthy.

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Impact pictures. Pictures of the Environment People. New buildings.

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If you are serious about photojournalism build a collection of images from your area. Many of these pictures will not be immediately news worthy but may be down the road. Take pictures of all the factories and buildings in the area. Some day a factory may close and you may not be able to get to the scene. Also have plenty of pictures of local businessmen and politicians. Some photojournalists are lucky enough to get assignments from newspapers or magazines, most have to follow or find the news to make a living. The world of digital photography has made the work of the photojournalist a lot easier. Being able to view, scan and e-mail images to a publisher instantly is

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Photojournalism photography

Freelance Photojournalism tips. Understanding photojournalism.

A freelance photojournalist can be best described as a self-employed photographer who has the ability to tell a story with one or more photographs that are news or press worthy. Freelance photojournalism is one of the toughest and most exciting types of photography - with good rewards for only a few top class photographers. You need to be alert at all times to capture images that are news worthy and you also need to have excellent photography skills. Most images that you take as a photojournalist will have a shelf-life of less than twenty-four hours so you will need to be able to react quickly. This means as soon as you take the images you get them to your publisher so that they are published straight away. If you would like to give this type of photography a go, the following tips will help you get started.

Equipment Needed The first thing needed is good quality equipment. This means having two digital SLRs with a variety of different lenses. The cameras should have a minimum of 12 mega pixels; your lenses should consist of a wide angle, a telephoto and a fast 50-100mm lens. You will also need a 300mm lens for subjects that are far away. A good strobe unit will be needed for indoor images. It is also advisable to carry plenty of memory cards. Most of the great freelance photojournalists will carry their laptop with the ability to email images directly to their photo editors. This is worth considering but is not necessary. The second thing needed is good transport - depending on public transport is a non-runner. You will need to be able to move from A to B at speed. If you arrive at a press conference too late your day could be wasted. What to shoot. News: most news images have a short life span and will need to be sold to the papers the same day that they are taken. News covers every thing from accidents to politicians so you will need to know everything that is happening in your area. Sport: If you're looking to shoot sports, then good all round knowledge of a variety of sports is important. Study sports images on the back page of your local paper to understand what is needed and the quality of images being published. Photographers with an interest in sport generally tend to be the best sports photographers. Subjects of interest: there is a high demand for areas of special interest and general hobby subjects. Publishers tend to publish pictures stories or features so make sure that you take enough images if you are shooting any subject of interest. Research your area You will need to know what’s going on in your own area at all times. This means keeping up with the local news. You should know where all important meetings are being held. Know what important events are being held. If you are shooting sport you may get great photographs in the training ground. Your own mobile digital darkroom You should also have as a minimum Photoshop Elements to alter images and save them to your publishers specs while you are on the move. Processing images quickly while travelling is key to selling images. Images for newspapers will need to be sent to the paper immediately. This will mean that you will have to scan your shots to your computer and email them to your publisher. With today’s technology, opportunity to do this is widely available. Professional photojournalism.

Some of the best freelance photojournalists will have a police scanner. As events happen they rush to the scene capturing images even before emergency services arrive. Be careful not to get in the way. Always be respectful to the emergency services as this will afford you greater lee-way when it matters. Learn how to put pen to paper. You will need to place a caption with each image, but if you can write a brief article it will give you a better chance of selling your images. There are three ways to sell freelance images as a photojournalist. The first is to align yourself with an agency that will handle the sales for you. The second is to deal directly with the publisher. The third is to use a stock agency this will only be suitable for features or stories of special interest. Dealing directly with publishers will mean that you will need to have several different publishers buying your images. Most large press agencies will have a large amount of clients on their books and can get your images published on the international stage if they are good enough and news worthy. .

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Welcome to our Photojournalism photography section. View links and sites in our Photojournalism photography directory .

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Photography web design - Create an online portfolio of your work with a with a website designed by Goldprints.com Photographers directory. Photographers advertise your website for free in our directory

Photojournalism photography

Freelance Photojournalism tips. Understanding photojournalism.

A freelance photojournalist can be best described as a self-employed photographer who has the ability to tell a story with one or more photographs that are news or press worthy. Freelance photojournalism is one of the toughest and most exciting types of photography - with good rewards for only a few top class photographers. You need to be alert at all times to capture images that are news worthy and you also need to have excellent photography skills. Most images that you take as a photojournalist will have a shelf-life of less than twenty-four hours so you will need to be able to react quickly. This means as soon as you take the images you get them to your publisher so that they are published straight away. If you would like to give this type of photography a go, the following tips will help you get started.

Equipment Needed The first thing needed is good quality equipment. This means having two digital SLRs with a variety of different lenses. The cameras should have a minimum of 12 mega pixels; your lenses should consist of a wide angle, a telephoto and a fast 50-100mm lens. You will also need a 300mm lens for subjects that are far away. A good strobe unit will be needed for indoor images. It is also advisable to carry plenty of memory cards. Most of the great freelance photojournalists will carry their laptop with the ability to email images directly to their photo editors. This is worth considering but is not necessary. The second thing needed is good transport - depending on public transport is a non-runner. You will need to be able to move from A to B at speed. If you arrive at a press conference too late your day could be wasted. What to shoot. News: most news images have a short life span and will need to be sold to the papers the same day that they are taken. News covers every thing from accidents to politicians so you will need to know everything that is happening in your area. Sport: If you're looking to shoot sports, then good all round knowledge of a variety of sports is important. Study sports images on the back page of your local paper to understand what is needed and the quality of images being published. Photographers with an interest in sport generally tend to be the best sports photographers. Subjects of interest: there is a high demand for areas of special interest and general hobby subjects. Publishers tend to publish pictures stories or features so make sure that you take enough images if you are shooting any subject of interest. Research your area You will need to know what’s going on in your own area at all times. This means keeping up with the local news. You should know where all important meetings are being held. Know what important events are being held. If you are shooting sport you may get great photographs in the training ground. Your own mobile digital darkroom You should also have as a minimum Photoshop Elements to alter images and save them to your publishers specs while you are on the move. Processing images quickly while travelling is key to selling images. Images for newspapers will need to be sent to the paper immediately. This will mean that you will have to scan your shots to your computer and email them to your publisher. With today’s technology, opportunity to do this is widely available. Professional photojournalism.

Some of the best freelance photojournalists will have a police scanner. As events happen they rush to the scene capturing images even before emergency services arrive. Be careful not to get in the way. Always be respectful to the emergency services as this will afford you greater lee-way when it matters. Learn how to put pen to paper. You will need to place a caption with each image, but if you can write a brief article it will give you a better chance of selling your images. There are three ways to sell freelance images as a photojournalist. The first is to align yourself with an agency that will handle the sales for you. The second is to deal directly with the publisher. The third is to use a stock agency this will only be suitable for features or stories of special interest. Dealing directly with publishers will mean that you will need to have several different publishers buying your images. Most large press agencies will have a large amount of clients on their books and can get your images published on the international stage if they are good enough and news worthy. .

Photography tips Abstract photography tips Advertising photography Amateur photography Architectural photography Baby photography Black and white photography Photography courses Photography competitions Digital photography tips Fashion photography tips Fine art photography Garden photography Glamour photography tips Landscape photography tips Macro photography Nature photography tips Night photography Pet photography Portrait photography tips Stock photography Seascapes photography Travel photography tips Wildlife photography tips

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