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§”π” °√≥’°“√ª√–°“»„™â ∑‘ ∏‘‚¥¬√—∞μàÕ¬“∑’¡Ë ’ ∑‘ ∏‘∫μ— √ Û √“¬°“√ §◊Õ¬“‡Õø«‘‡√π´å (Efavirenz) ¬“‚≈æ‘𓇫’¬√å+√‘‚∑𓇫’¬√å (Lopinavir+Ritonavir) ·≈–¬“‚§≈æ‘‚¥‡°√≈ (Clopidogrel) ∑’Ë ≈ß π“¡‚¥¬Õ∏‘∫¥’°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§ ·≈–ª≈—¥°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ „π™à«ß Û ‡¥◊Õπ∑’˺à“π¡“ ‰¥â ¡’ª√–‡¥Áπ§”∂“¡μà“ßÊ ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ ∑—Èß„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬·≈–∑—Ë«‚≈° §”∂“¡ à«πÀπ÷Ë߇°‘¥®“°§«“¡ ‰¡à‡¢â“„® ·≈–‰¡à∑√“∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈§«“¡®√‘ß Õ’° à«πÀπ÷Ë߇ªìπ‡®μπ“„π°“√∑’Ë®– √â“ߧ«“¡‡¢â“„® º‘¥μàÕ —ߧ¡‰∑¬·≈– —ߧ¡‚≈° ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇰‘¥Õÿª √√§„π°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√∑’Ë¡ÿàߪ√–‚¬™πåμàÕ§π ‰∑¬∑—ßÈ ª√–‡∑» ‚¥¬¡ÿßà √—°…“‡æ’¬ßª√–‚¬™πå¢Õß∏ÿ√°‘®¬“‡∑à“π—πÈ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ ‰¥â√«∫√«¡§”∂“¡μà“ßÊ ¢÷πÈ ‡ªìπª√–‡¥Áπ§”∂“¡„À≠àÊ ‰¥â Ò ª√–‡¥Áπ ·≈–®—¥∑”¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈§«“¡®√‘ߪ√–°Õ∫ª√–‡¥Áπ§”∂“¡¥—ß°≈à“« √«¡∑—È߇հ “√∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß ·≈– ®—¥æ‘¡æ凪ìπ‡Õ° “√©∫—∫π’¢È πÈ÷ ‚¥¬¡‘‰¥â¡ßàÿ À«—߇撬߇æ◊ÕË ®–Õ∏‘∫“¬‡Àμÿº≈ ·≈–¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈μà“ßÊ ‡æ◊ÕË §«“¡‡¢â“„®∑’Ë∂Ÿ°μâÕ߇°’ˬ«°—∫°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√¢Õß°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢‡∑à“π—Èπ ·μà¡ÿàß®–„Àâ ‡ªìπ‡Õ° “√∑’®Ë –‡ √‘¡/æ—≤π“»—°¬¿“æ¢ÕßÕߧå°√ ∫ÿ§≈“°√ π—°«‘™“°“√ ∑—ßÈ ¿“§√—∞·≈–‡Õ°™π ‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬à“߬‘Ëß»—°¬¿“æ¢Õß —ߧ¡‰∑¬∑—Èß¡«≈ ∑’Ë®–‡¢â“„®„πª√–‡¥Áπ°“√‡¢â“∂÷߬“®”‡ªìπ ·≈–„π‡√◊ËÕß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√¬“ ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇰‘¥§«“¡¬—Ë߬◊π„π°√–∫«π°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«∑“ß —ߧ¡„π‡√◊ËÕß ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √¬“ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ ¡’§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ¡—ËπÕ¬à“ß®√‘ß„®«à“ °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß∑“ß —ߧ¡∑’Ë®– ‡°‘¥º≈¬—Ë߬◊π ·≈–‡ªìπº≈¥’μàÕª√–‡∑»‰∑¬·≈– —ߧ¡‰∑¬‚¥¬√«¡π—Èπ ®”‡ªìπ®–μâÕß¡’°“√ ‡ √‘¡·≈–æ—≤π“¿Ÿ¡‘ªí≠≠“¢ÕßÕߧå°√¿“§’μà“ßÊ ·≈–‚¥¬‡©æ“–¢Õß —ߧ¡‰∑¬∑—Èß¡«≈ ‡æ◊ËÕ ∑’Ë®–‰¥â√à«¡°—π π—∫ πÿπ ∑â«ßμ‘ß ·≈–μ√«® Õ∫§«“¡‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«‡æ◊ËÕ‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß —ߧ¡∑’Ë ”‡√Á®¬—ßË ¬◊π„π·μà≈–‡√◊ÕË ßμàÕ‰ª °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢À«—߇ªìπÕ¬à“߬‘ßË «à“ °√≥’°“√„™â ∑‘ ∏‘‚¥¬√—∞μàÕ¬“∑’¡Ë ’ ∑‘ ∏‘∫μ— √∑—ßÈ Û √“¬°“√‚¥¬°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢π’È ®–‡ªìπ°√≥’»÷°…“∑’Ë¥’¬‘ËߢÕß —ߧ¡‰∑¬ ‡ªìπμ—«Õ¬à“ߢÕß °“√‡§≈◊ÕË π‰À«∑“ß —ߧ¡‡æ◊ÕË √â“ß —ߧ¡‰∑¬„À⥢’ π÷È °«à“‡¥‘¡μàÕ‰ª
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“√∫—≠ Àπâ“ §”π” ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë Ò : ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë Ú : ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë Û : ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë Ù : ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë ı : ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë ˆ : ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë ˜ : ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë ¯ : ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë ˘ : ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë Ò : ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Ò : ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Ú : ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Û : ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Ù : ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ ı : 2
∑”‰¡μâÕߪ√–°“»„™â ∑‘ ∏‘‚¥¬√—∞·≈–°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√∂Ÿ°μâÕßμ“¡ °ÆÀ¡“¬¿“¬„π·≈–√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»À√◊Õ‰¡à ∑”‰¡∂÷߉¡à¡°’ “√‡®√®“°—∫∫√‘…∑— ¬“ °àÕπ°“√ª√–°“»„™â ∑‘ ∏‘ ¡’À≈—°‡°≥±å·≈–«‘∏°’ “√¬—߉߄π°“√‡≈◊Õ°¬“∑’®Ë –ª√–°“»„™â ∑‘ ∏‘ ·≈–®–¡’°“√ª√–°“»‡æ‘¡Ë Õ’°‰À¡ ¥”‡π‘π°“√·≈â«√—∞ª√–À¬—¥ß∫ª√–¡“≥ ·μàª√–™“™π‰¥âÕ–‰√ °“√¥”‡π‘π°“√®–¡’º≈°√–∑∫μàÕ∫√‘…∑— ¬“ ·≈–°“√ àßÕÕ°¢Õß ‰∑¬Õ¬à“߉√ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢‰¥âª√÷°…“°—∫Àπ૬ߓπÕ◊Ëπ‰À¡ ∑”‰¡ ‡√◊ÕË ßπ’®È ß÷ ‰¡àπ”‡¢â“æ‘®“√≥“„π§≥–√—∞¡πμ√’ °“√ª√–°“»„™â ‘∑∏‘®–∑”„Àâ‰∑¬≈â“À≈—ß„π°“√«‘®—¬æ—≤𓬓 À√◊Õ‰¡à Õߧ尓√Õπ“¡—¬‚≈°¡’§«“¡‡ÀÁπ„π‡√◊ÕË ßπ’ÕÈ ¬à“߉√ ¡’Õߧå°√‰Àπ ∫â“ß∑’‡Ë ÀÁπ¥â«¬°—∫°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√¢Õ߉∑¬ À≈—ߪ√–°“»„™â ∑‘ ∏‘·≈â« ∫√‘…∑— ¬“¢Õ‡®√®“¥â«¬·μà∑”‰¡°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢®÷߉¡à¬Õ¡‡®√®“ ®–·πà„®‰¥â¬—ß‰ß«à“¬“∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√ª√–°“»∫—ߧ—∫„™â ‘∑∏‘®–¡’ §ÿ≥¿“楒‡À¡◊Õπ¬“μâπ·∫∫ æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ ‘ ∑‘ ∏‘∫μ— √ æ.». ÚıÚÚ ·°â‰¢‡æ‘¡Ë ‡μ‘¡‚¥¬ æ.√.∫. ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √ (©∫—∫∑’Ë Û) æ.». ÚıÙÚ Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Properties (TRIPs) article ÛÒ(b) Doha Declaration on the TRIPs Agreement and Public Health ª√–°“»°“√„™â ∑‘ ∏‘‚¥¬√—∞μàÕ¬“‡Õø“«‘‡√π´å (Efavirenz) ª√–°“»°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞μàÕ¬“‚≈æ‘𓇫’¬√å+√‘‚∑𓇫’¬√å (Lopinavir+Ritonavir)
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Àπâ“ ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ ˆ : ª√–°“»°“√„™â ∑‘ ∏‘‚¥¬√—∞μàÕ¬“‚§≈æ‘¥“‡°√≈ (Clopidogrel) ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ ˜ : ®¥À¡“¬®“°Õ∏‘∫¥’°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§∂÷ßÕ∏‘∫¥’°√¡∑√—æ¬å π‘ ∑“ß ªí≠≠“ °√≥’¬“‡Õø“«‘‡√π´å ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ ¯ : ®¥À¡“¬®“°Õ∏‘∫¥’°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§∂÷ß ∫√‘…∑— ‡¡‘√§å ™“√åª ·Õπ¥å ‚¥√å¡ ®”°—¥ (Merck Sharp and Dohme) °√≥’¬“‡Õø“«‘‡√π´å ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ ˘ : ®¥À¡“¬®“°Õ∏‘∫¥’°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§ ∂÷ßÕߧ尓√‡¿ —™°√√¡ °√≥’¬“‡Õø“«‘‡√π´å ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Ò : ®¥À¡“¬®“°Õ∏‘∫¥’°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§∂÷ßÕ∏‘∫¥’°√¡∑√—æ¬å π‘ ∑“ß ªí≠≠“ °√≥’¬“‚≈æ‘𓇫’¬√å+√‘‚∑𓇫’¬√å ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ ÒÒ : ®¥À¡“¬®“°Õ∏‘∫¥’°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§ ∂÷ß∫√‘…∑— ·ÕÁ∫∫Õμ ≈“∫Õ·√μÕ√’ ®”°—¥ (Abbott Laboratories Limited) °√≥’¬“‚≈æ‘𓇫’¬√å+√‘‚∑𓇫’¬√å ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ ÒÚ : ®¥À¡“¬®“°Õ∏‘∫¥’°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§ ∂÷ßÕߧ尓√‡¿ —™°√√¡ °√≥’¬“‚≈æ‘𓇫’¬√å+√‘‚∑𓇫’¬√å ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ ÒÛ : ®¥À¡“¬®“°ª≈—¥°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢∂÷ßÕ∏‘∫¥’°√¡∑√—æ¬å π‘ ∑“ߪí≠≠“ °√≥’¬“‚§≈æ‘‚¥‡°√≈ ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ ÒÙ : ®¥À¡“¬®“°ª≈—¥°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ ∂÷ß∫√‘…—∑ ´“‚πøï ´‘π‡∏Õ≈“‚∫ (ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬) ®”°—¥ °√≥’¬“‚§≈æ‘‚¥‡°√≈ ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Òı : ®¥À¡“¬®“°ª≈—¥°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ ∂÷ßÕߧ尓√‡¿ —™°√√¡ °√≥’¬“‚§≈æ‘‚¥‡°√≈ ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Òˆ : ®¥À¡“¬®“°ºŸâ·∑π°“√§â“ À√—∞œ (USTR) μÕ∫®¥À¡“¬ ¢Õß ¡“™‘°√—∞ ¿“ À√—∞œ ÚÚ ∑à“π ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Ò˜ :μ“√“ßμ—«Õ¬à“ß°“√∫—ߧ—∫„™â ∑‘ ∏‘∫μ— √¥â“π¬“¢Õߪ√–‡∑»μà“ßÊ ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Ò¯ :¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈§«“¡æ¬“¬“¡„π°“√∫—ߧ—∫„™â ‘∑∏‘¢Õߪ√–‡∑»μà“ßÊ „π∑ÿ°Ê ¥â“π ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Ò˘ :§” —Ëß·μàßμ—Èߧ≥–∑”ß“π‡©æ“–°‘®‡æ◊ËÕ‡®√®“μàÕ√Õß√“§“ ¬“®”‡ªìπ∑’¡Ë ’ ∑‘ ∏‘∫μ— √
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Àπâ“ ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Ú : √“¬ß“π‡∫◊ÈÕßμâπ§≥–∑”ß“π‡©æ“–°‘®‡æ◊ËÕ‡®√®“μàÕ√Õß √“§“¬“∑’¡Ë ’ ∑‘ ∏‘∫μ— √ ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ ÚÒ : ®¥À¡“¬Õ∏‘∫¥’°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§∂÷ß ∫√‘…∑— ‡¡‘√§å ™“√åª ·Õπ¥å ‚¥√å¡ ®”°—¥ ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ ÚÚ :®¥À¡“¬Õ∏‘∫¥’°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§∂÷ß ∫√‘…—∑ ·ÕÁ∫∫Õμ ≈“∫Õ·√μÕ√’ ®”°—¥ ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ ÚÛ :®¥À¡“¬®“° ∫√‘…—∑ ‡¡‘√å§ ™“√åª ·Õπ¥å ‚¥√å¡ ®”°—¥ ∂÷ß Õ∏‘∫¥’°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§ ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ ÚÙ :§” —Ëߧ≥–°√√¡°“√À≈—°ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ·Ààß™“μ‘ ‡√◊ËÕß ·μàßμ—ÈßÕπÿ°√√¡°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘μ“¡ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√¥â“𠬓·≈–‡«™¿—≥±å‚¥¬√—∞ (Government Use) ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Úı :·π«∑“ß°“√™’È·®ß°√≥’°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘„π ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√¬“μâ“𠉫√— ‡Õ¥ å-‡Õø“«‘‡√π´å (‚¥¬°√¡‡®√®“°“√§â“√–À«à“ß ª√–‡∑» °√–∑√«ßæ“≥‘™¬å) ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Úˆ :Àπ—ß ◊Õ®“°√—∞¡πμ√’«à“°“√°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢‡ πÕμàÕ π“¬°√—∞¡πμ√’ ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Ú˜: ¢à“« Bangkok Post °√≥’§«“¡‡ÀÁπ¢ÕߺŸâÕ”π«¬°“√„À≠à Õߧ尓√Õπ“¡—¬‚≈° ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Ú¯ :®¥À¡“¬™’·È ®ß¢Õß ºŸÕâ ”π«¬°“√„À≠àÕߧ尓√Õπ“¡—¬‚≈° ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Ú˘ :®¥À¡“¬®“°Õߧ尓√À¡Õ‰√âæ√¡·¥π ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Û : ®¥À¡“¬®“° Consumer Project on Technology ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ ÛÒ : ®¥À¡“¬®“° ºŸÕâ ”π«¬°“√Õߧ尓√ UNAIDS ‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ ÛÚ :®¥À¡“¬®“° ¡“™‘°√—∞ ¿“ À√—∞œ ®”π«π ÚÚ ∑à“π ∂÷ߺŸ·â ∑π°“√§â“ À√—∞œ (United States Trade RepresentativeUSTR)
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ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë Ò °“√∑’°Ë √–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ª√–°“»°“√„™â ∑‘ ∏‘‚¥¬√—∞μàÕ¬“∑’¡Ë ’ ∑‘ ∏‘∫μ— √ Û √“¬°“√π—π È ∑”∂Ÿ°°ÆÀ¡“¬À√◊Õ‰¡à ·≈–¡’‡Àμÿº≈Õ¬à“߉√ ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √ §◊Õ‡Õ° “√∑’√Ë ∞— (‚¥¬°√¡∑√—æ¬å π‘ ∑“ߪí≠≠“ °√–∑√«ßæ“≥‘™¬å) ÕÕ°„Àâ·°à ºŸâ∑’ˉ¥â≈ß∑ÿπ„π°“√«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“‡æ◊ËÕª√–¥‘…∞å ‘Ëß„À¡àÊ ∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥§à“∑“ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡·≈– “¡“√∂𔉪„™â„π‡™‘ßæ“≥‘™¬å‰¥â ‚¥¬√—∞„Àâ ‘∑∏‘ºŸ°¢“¥·°àºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√„π°“√º≈‘μ π”‡¢â“ ®”Àπà“¬ À√◊Õ„™âª√–¥‘…∞°√√¡π—Èπ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ Ú ªïπ—∫·μà«—π¬◊Ë𮥠‘∑∏‘∫—μ√ ‘∑∏‘ºŸ°¢“¥π’È ·≈°°—∫°“√∑’˺Ÿâª√–¥‘…∞å®–μâÕ߇ªî¥‡º¬√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¢Õß ‘Ëߪ√–¥‘…∞åμàÕ “∏“√≥– ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√π’È ∂◊Õ‡ªìπ∑√—æ¬å ‘π∑“ߪí≠≠“™π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß ·μà‡π◊ËÕß®“° ‘∑∏‘ºŸ°¢“¥¥—ß°≈à“«Õ“®∑”„À⇰‘¥ªí≠À“ „π°“√∑’ªË √–™“™π®–‰¥â∫√‘‚¿§ ‘π§â“∑’®Ë ”‡ªìπ À√◊Õ‡°‘¥Õÿª √√§„π°“√®—¥∫√‘°“√ “∏“√≥Ÿª‚¿§ ‡°‘¥°“√¢“¥·§≈πÕ“À“√·≈–¬“ ·≈–‡ªìπÕÿª √√§μàÕ°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√‡æ◊ÕË ª√–‚¬™πå “∏“√≥–μà“ßÊ √«¡∑—È߇ªìπÕÿª √√§„π°“√·°âªí≠À“„π¬“¡©ÿ°‡©‘πÀ√◊Õ ß§√“¡ ¥—ßπ—Èπ„π°ÆÀ¡“¬∑√—æ¬å ‘π ∑“ߪí≠≠“√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑» ·≈–°ÆÀ¡“¬ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√‰∑¬ ®÷ß°”Àπ¥„Àâ¡’¡“μ√°“√¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ∑’Ë ®–„À⺟âÕ◊ËπÀ√◊Õ√—∞ „™â ‘∑∏‘·∑πºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘‰¥â Û ≈—°…≥–¥â«¬°—π (‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Ò, Ú ·≈– Û) §◊Õ Ò. °“√„™â ‘∑∏‘·∑π‚¥¬∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊Ëπ (æ.√.∫. ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√‰∑¬¡“μ√“∑’Ë Ùˆ-ı) À“°ºŸâ„¥ ‡ÀÁπ«à“ ‘Ëߪ√–¥‘…∞å ‡™à𠬓∫“ß™π‘¥ ºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√‰¡à‰¥âπ”‡¢â“ À√◊Õº≈‘μ ·≈–¡’°“√®”Àπà“¬ „πª√–‡∑» À√◊Õ¡’ ·μà‰¡à‡æ’¬ßæÕÀ√◊Õ√“§“ Ÿß‡°‘π‰ª ·≈–μπ¡’§«“¡ª√– ߧ宖º≈‘μÀ√◊Õπ” ‡¢â“‡æ◊ËÕ®”Àπà“¬ °Á “¡“√∂‡®√®“°—∫ºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√‡æ◊ËÕ¢Õ„™â ‘∑∏‘·∑π ‚¥¬‡ ’¬§à“μÕ∫·∑π °“√„™â ‘∑∏‘μ“¡·μà∑’Ë®–μ°≈ß°—π À“°μ°≈ß°—π‰¥â°Á®–‡ªìπ°“√∑’˺Ÿâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√„Àâ„™â ∑‘ ∏‘‚¥¬ ¡—§√„® (Voluntary Licensing) ·μàÀ“°μ°≈ß°—π‰¡à‰¥â ºŸâª√– ߧ宖„™â ‘∑∏‘π—Èπ°Á “¡“√∂ ¬◊Ëπ‡√◊ËÕßμàÕ°√¡∑√—æ¬å ‘π∑“ߪí≠≠“ ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâæ‘®“√≥“§«“¡‡À¡“– ¡„π°“√∫—ߧ—∫„™â ‘∑∏‘ (Compulsory Licensing) ‰¥â‚¥¬°”Àπ¥§à“μÕ∫·∑π°“√„™â ∑‘ ∏‘∑‡’Ë À¡“– ¡ °√≥’πº’È ¢Ÿâ Õ„™â ∑‘ ∏‘·∑π®–μâÕ߇®√®“°—∫ºŸ∑â √ß ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √°àÕπ Ú. °“√„™â ∑‘ ∏‘‚¥¬Àπ૬ߓπ¢Õß√—∞ ·∫à߉¥â‡ªìπ Õß°√≥’§Õ◊ Ú.Ò °√≥’‡æ◊ÕË ª√–‚¬™πå„π°“√ª√–°Õ∫°‘®°“√Õ—π‡ªìπ “∏“√≥Ÿª‚¿§À√◊Õ°“√ Õ—π®”‡ªìπ„π°“√ªÑÕß°—πª√–‡∑» À√◊Õ°“√ ß«π√—°…“À√◊Õ°“√‰¥â¡“´÷ßË ∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“μ‘ À√◊Õ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ À√◊ÕªÑÕß°—πÀ√◊Õ∫√√‡∑“°“√¢“¥·§≈πÕ“À“√ ¬“ À√◊Õ ‘ËßÕÿª‚¿§ 1
∫√‘‚¿§Õ¬à“ßÕ◊πË Õ¬à“ß√ÿπ·√ß À√◊Õ‡æ◊ÕË ª√–‚¬™πå “∏“√≥–Õ¬à“ßÕ◊πË „π°√≥’π√È’ ∞— (æ.√.∫. ‘ ∑ ∏‘ ∫— μ √‰∑¬¡“μ√“ ıÒ) °”Àπ¥„Àâ ‡ ªì π Õ”π“®¢Õß°√–∑√«ß ∑∫«ß °√¡ ∑’Ë ‡ °’Ë ¬ «¢â Õ ß “¡“√∂ª√–°“»„™â ‘∑∏‘μ“¡ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√‰¥â ‚¥¬‰¡àμâÕ߇®√®“°—∫ºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√°àÕπ ·μà®– μâÕß·®âß°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞¥—ß°≈à“«μàÕºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√‚¥¬¡‘™—°™â“ ·≈–®–μâÕ߇ ’¬§à“ μÕ∫·∑π°“√„™â ∑‘ ∏‘μÕà ºŸ∑â √ß ‘∑∏‘·≈–®–μâÕ߬◊πË §”¢Õ‡ πÕ§à“μÕ∫·∑π·≈–‡ß◊ÕË π‰¢ „π°“√„™â ∑‘ ∏‘μ“¡ ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √μàÕÕ∏‘∫¥’°√¡∑√—æ¬å π‘ ∑“ߪí≠≠“¥â«¬ Ú.Ú „π¿“«– ߧ√“¡À√◊Õ„π¿“«–©ÿ°‡©‘π (æ.√.∫. ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√‰∑¬¡“μ√“ ıÚ) °”Àπ¥„Àâ 𠓬°√— ∞ ¡πμ√’ ‚ ¥¬Õπÿ ¡— μ‘ § ≥–√— ∞ ¡πμ√’ ¡’ Õ”π“®ÕÕ°§” —Ë ß „™â ‘ ∑ ∏‘ μ “¡ ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √„¥Ê °Á‰¥â‡æ◊ÕË °“√Õ—π®”‡ªìπ„π°“√ªÑÕß°—πª√–‡∑»·≈–√—°…“§«“¡¡—πË §ß·Ààß™“μ‘ ‚¥¬ ‡ ’ ¬ §à “ μÕ∫·∑π∑’Ë ‡ ªì π ∏√√¡·°à ºŸâ ∑ √ß ‘ ∑ ∏‘ ∫— μ √ ·≈–μâ Õ ß·®â ß „Àâ ºŸâ ∑ √ß ‘ ∑ ∏‘ ∫— μ √∑√“∫‡ªì π Àπ—ß ◊Õ‚¥¬‰¡à™°— ™â“ ∑—ßÈ π’¢È Õâ μ°≈ß∑’¡Ë °’ “√ª√–°“»∑’°Ë √ÿß‚¥Œ“ (Doha Declaration on TRIPs and Public Health) ¿“¬„μâÕߧ尓√°“√§â“‚≈° (‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Û) °”Àπ¥«à“ ª√–‡∑» ¡“™‘° Õߧ尓√°“√§â“‚≈°¡’ ‘∑∏‘°”Àπ¥‡Àμÿº≈·≈–‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢„π°“√∫—ߧ—∫„™â ‘∑∏‘∑È—ß “¡ ª√–‡¿∑‰¥â¥«â ¬μπ‡Õß (‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Û) „π°√≥’π’È °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢‰¥â¥”‡π‘π°“√ª√–°“»„™â ∑‘ ∏‘‚¥¬√—∞μàÕ¬“∑—ßÈ Û √“¬°“√ ‚¥¬∂Ÿ°μâÕßμ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬∑√—æ¬å ‘π∑“ߪí≠≠“√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑» ·≈–μ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√¢Õ߉∑¬ √«¡∑—Èߧ”ª√–°“»‚¥Œ“ ¥—ߪ√“°Ø√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥„πª√–°“»∑—Èß “¡©∫—∫ ·≈–®¥À¡“¬·®âß°√¡∑√—æ¬å ‘π∑“ߪí≠≠“ ∫√‘…—∑¬“ºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√ ·≈–Õߧ尓√‡¿ —™°√√¡ ´÷Ë߉¥â√—∫¡Õ∫À¡“¬„Àℙ⠑∑∏‘·∑π (‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Ù-Òı) ‚¥¬‰¥â¡’°“√ÕÕ°®¥À¡“¬∑—Èß Û ©∫—∫„π«—π‡¥’¬«°—πÀ√◊Õ„π√–¬–‡«≈“∑’Ë„°≈⇧’¬ß°—∫«—π∑’ˉ¥â≈ßπ“¡„πª√–°“√∑—Èß Û ©∫—∫ ∑—Èßπ’ȺŸâ·∑π°“√§â“ À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ (USTR-US Trade Representative) ‰¥â· ¥ß°“√¬Õ¡√—∫‡ªìπ ≈“¬≈—°…≥åÕ°— …√«à“ ç‰¡à‡§¬°≈à“««à“ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â°√–∑”°“√‚¥¬‰¡à Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫°ÆÀ¡“¬é μ“¡Àπ—ß ◊Õ∑’ËμÕ∫®¥À¡“¬¢Õß ¡“™‘°√—∞ ¿“Õ‡¡√‘°—π ÚÚ ∑à“π ∑’Ë¡’∂÷ߺŸâ·∑π°“√§â“ À√—∞œ (‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Òˆ) ∑—Èßπ’È¿“¬„μâ°ÆÀ¡“¬¥—ß°≈à“« ç‰¡à‰¥â®”°—¥«à“®–∫—ߧ—∫„™â ‘∑∏‘/„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞ ‰¥â ‡©æ“–°≈ÿ¡à ¬“μâ“π‰«√— ‡Õ¥ å‡∑à“π—πÈ é ·≈–ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬°Á¡‰‘ ¥â‡ªìπª√–‡∑»‡¥’¬«À√◊Õª√–‡∑» ·√°∑’Ë¡’°“√ª√–°“»∫—ߧ—∫„™â ‘∑∏‘/„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞ ª√–‡∑»∑’Ëæ—≤π“·≈â« √«¡∑—Èß À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ ·≈–¬ÿ‚√ª ·≈–ª√–‡∑»°”≈—ßæ—≤π“Õ◊πË Ê °Á¡§’ «“¡æ¬“¬“¡„π°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√∫—ߧ—∫„™â ∑‘ ∏‘/°“√ 2
„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞¡“™â“π“π·≈â« ·≈–¥”‡π‘π°“√πÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°¬“μâ“π‰«√— ‡Õ¥ å √«¡∑—Èߥ”‡π‘π °“√°—∫ ‘ßË ª√–¥‘…∞åÕπ◊Ë ∑’‰Ë ¡à„™à¬“¥â«¬ (‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Ò˜ ·≈– Ò¯) à«π‡Àμÿº≈ ”§—≠∑’°Ë √–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢μâÕߥ”‡π‘π°“√ª√–°“»„™â ∑‘ ∏‘‚¥¬√—∞ °Á‡π◊ÕË ß®“° μ—ßÈ ·μà æ.». ÚıÙÙ √—∞∫“≈‰∑¬‰¥â°”Àπ¥π‚¬∫“¬À≈—°ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ∂â«πÀπâ“·≈–‰¥â¡°’ “√ÕÕ° æ.√.∫. À≈—°ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ·Ààß™“μ‘„πªï æ.». ÚıÙı ·≈–¡’°“√°”Àπ¥ ‘∑∏‘ª√–‚¬™πå„π °“√‡¢â“∂÷߬“∑’Ë¡’„π∫—≠™’¬“À≈—°·Ààß™“μ‘ ‚¥¬„π√–¬–·√°‰¥â¬°‡«â𬓰≈ÿ࡬“μâ“π‰«√— ‡Õ¥ å ‰«â°àÕπ‡æ√“–‰¡à¡’ß∫ª√–¡“≥‡æ’¬ßæÕ μàÕ¡“°Á‰¥â¡’°“√ª√–°“»π‚¬∫“¬°“√‡¢â“∂÷߬“μâ“𠉫√— ‡Õ¥ å Õ ¬à “ ß∂â « πÀπâ “ μ—È ß ·μà «— π ∑’Ë Ò μÿ ≈ “§¡ ÚıÙˆ ®÷ ß ‡ªì π Àπâ “ ∑’Ë ¢ Õß°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢∑’Ë®–√à«¡°—∫ ”π—°ß“πÀ≈—°ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ·Ààß™“μ‘∑’Ë®–¥”‡π‘π°“√„Àâª√–™“™π ‰∑¬∑ÿ°§π´÷ßË ¡’ ∑‘ ∏‘∑®Ë’ –‰¥â√∫— ¬“μ“¡√“¬°“√∑’ªË √“°Ø„π∫—≠™’¬“À≈—°·Ààß™“μ‘ √«¡∑—ßÈ ¬“Õ◊πË Ê ∑’Ë¡’§«“¡®”‡ªìπ·≈–ª√–™“™π‰∑¬°Á¡’ ‘∑∏‘∑’Ë®–‡√’¬°√âÕß„π°“√‰¥â√—∫¬“¥—ß°≈à“«¥â«¬ ´÷Ë ß √—∞∫“≈°Á‰¥â欓¬“¡®—¥ √√ß∫ª√–¡“≥¥â“π “∏“√≥ ÿ¢„Àâ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß¡“° ‚¥¬„πªï æ.». Úıı ß∫ª√–¡“≥¥â“π “∏“√≥ ÿ¢√«¡°—π∂÷ߪ√–¡“≥ Ò˜, ≈â“π∫“∑ §‘¥‡ªìπ √âÕ¬≈– ÒÚ ¢Õßß∫ª√–¡“≥∑—Èߪ√–‡∑» ·≈–¡’ß∫ª√–¡“≥‡æ◊ËÕ°“√√—°…“ºŸâªÉ«¬‡Õ¥ å∂÷ß °«à“ Û,¯ ≈â“π∫“∑ ·¡â«à“¡’ß∫ª√–¡“≥‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¡“°·≈â«°Áμ“¡ √—∞°Á¬—߉¡à “¡“√∂®—¥∫√‘°“√„Àâª√–™“™π ‡¢â“∂÷߬“μ“¡∫—≠™’¬“À≈—°·Ààß™“μ‘·≈–¬“Õ◊ËπÊ ∑’Ë®”‡ªìπ‰¥â∑ÿ°√“¬°“√‡π◊ËÕß®“°¬“À≈“¬ √“¬°“√¡’√“§“ Ÿß¡“° ‡æ√“–‡ªìπ¬“∑’Ë¡’ºŸâ®”Àπà“¬‡æ’¬ß√“¬‡¥’¬« ‰¡à¡’°“√·¢àߢ—π„πμ≈“¥ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–¬“∑’¡Ë ’ ∑‘ ∏‘∫μ— √∑—ßÈ À≈“¬π—πË ‡Õß πÕ°®“°π’‡È ªìπ∑’¬Ë Õ¡√—∫°—π∑—«Ë ‰ª«à“ ¬“∂◊Õ‡ªìπ ‘π§â“‡™‘ߧÿ≥∏√√¡ ¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠μàÕ™’«μ‘ ®÷ßμâÕß·¬°‡ß◊ÕË π‰¢μà“ßÊ ÕÕ°®“° ‘π§â“∑—«Ë ‰ª ‘∑∏‘¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å∑§’Ë «√®–¡’™«’ μ‘ Õ¬Ÿ¬à Õà ¡‡Àπ◊Õ °«à“º≈ª√–‚¬™π凙‘ß°“√§â“ ¥—ßπ—πÈ °“√¥”‡π‘π°“√„™â ∑‘ ∏‘‚¥¬√—∞¢Õß°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢μàÕ ¬“∑’Ë¡’ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√ ®÷߇ªìπ°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√∑’Ë∑—Èß∂Ÿ°°ÆÀ¡“¬·≈–∂Ÿ°À≈—°¡πÿ…¬∏√√¡ √«¡∑—Èß ‡ªìπ°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√μ“¡Àπâ“∑’Ë∑’Ë®–μâÕß®—¥À“¬“®”‡ªìπμ“¡∫—≠™’¬“À≈—°·Ààß™“μ‘„Àâ·°à§π ‰∑¬∑ÿ°§π∑’„Ë ™â ∑‘ ∏‘μ“¡π‚¬∫“¬À≈—°ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ∂â«πÀπⓥ⫬
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ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë Ú ∑”‰¡°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢®÷߉¡à‡®√®“°—∫∫√‘…—∑¬“°àÕπ∑’Ë®–ª√–°“» „™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞μàÕ¬“∑’Ë¡’ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√ °“√¥”‡π‘π°“√¥—ß°≈à“«∂◊Õ‡ ¡◊Õπ‡ªìπ°“√¬÷¥ ∑√—æ¬å π ‘ ¢Õ߇հ™π¡“‡ªìπ¢Õß√—∞‚¥¬‰¡à∫Õ°°≈à“«À√◊Õ‰¡à μ“¡¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ß·≈â« °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢¥”‡π‘π°“√„™â ∑‘ ∏‘‚¥¬√—∞‡æ◊ÕË ª√–‚¬™πå “∏“√≥– μ“¡‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢°ÆÀ¡“¬∑√—æ¬å ‘π∑“ߪí≠≠“√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»·≈– æ.√.∫. ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√‰∑¬ ¥—ß °≈à“«·≈â«„πª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë Ò ¢âÕ Ú.Ò ´÷ßË °ÆÀ¡“¬¥—ß°≈à“«‰¡à‰¥â°”À𥇪ìπ‡ß◊ÕË π‰¢∑’®Ë –μâÕ߇®√®“ °—∫∫√‘…∑— ¬“‡®â“¢Õß ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √°àÕπ°“√ª√–°“»„™â ∑‘ ∏‘·μàÕ¬à“ß„¥ Õ¬à“߉√°Á¥’ ·¡â°ÆÀ¡“¬¡‘‰¥â°”Àπ¥«à“®–μâÕ߇®√®“°—∫∫√‘…—∑°àÕπ°“√ª√–°“»°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢°Á‰¥â欓¬“¡¥”‡π‘π°“√‡®√®“°—∫ºŸ∑â √ß ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √¡“μ≈Õ¥ ‚¥¬ °“√®—¥μ—ßÈ §≥–∑”ß“π‡©æ“–°‘®‡æ◊ÕË ‡®√®“μàÕ√Õß√“§“¬“®”‡ªìπ∑’¡Ë ’ ∑‘ ∏‘∫μ— √ μ—ßÈ ·μà«π— ∑’Ë Ù ‡¡…“¬π æ.». ÚıÙ¯ ‚¥¬¡’‡≈¢“∏‘°“√§≥–°√√¡°“√Õ“À“√·≈–¬“‡ªìπª√–∏“π ·≈–¡’ºŸâ ·∑π®“°°√¡μà“ßÊ ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß∑—Èß°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢·≈–°√–∑√«ßæ“≥‘™¬å√à«¡Õ¬Ÿà¥â«¬ ·μà °“√¥”‡π‘π°“√‰¡àª√– ∫º≈ ”‡√Á®·μàª√–°“√„¥‡æ√“–‰¡à‰¥â√—∫§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ®“°∫√‘…—∑ºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √ (‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Ò˘ ·≈– Ú) πÕ°®“°π’È„π™à«ßªï æ.». ÚıÙ¯-ÚıÙ˘ °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§ °Á‰¥â‡™‘≠∫√‘…—∑¬“∑ÿ°·Ààß∑’Ë ®”Àπà“¬¬“μâ“π‰«√— ‡Õ¥ å¡“‡®√®“‡æ◊ËÕ¢Õ≈¥√“§“¬“ ·μà°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√‰¥âº≈πâÕ¬¡“° ¡’ ∫“ß√“¬‡∑à“π—πÈ ∑’¬Ë Õ¡≈¥√“§“≈ß¡“∫â“߉¡à¡“°∫“ß√“¬‰¡à¬Õ¡≈¥√“§“‡≈¬ (‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ ÚÒ, ÚÚ ·≈– ÚÛ) ª√– ∫°“√≥å¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬¥—ß°≈à“«‰¡à„™à‡√◊ËÕß„À¡à „πÕ¥’μμÕπ∑’ˬ“√—°…“‡™◊ÈÕ√“∑’Ë ‡ªìπ‚√§μ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ©«¬‚Õ°“ „πºŸâªÉ«¬‡Õ¥ å§◊Õ ¬“ø≈Ÿ‚§π“‚´≈ (Fluconazole) ¬—ß¡’°“√ºŸ°¢“¥ Õ¬Ÿ‚à ¥¬º≈‘μ¿—≥±å‡æ’¬ß√“¬‡¥’¬« °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§μâÕß´◊ÕÈ ¬“¥—ß°≈à“«„π√“§“∂÷߇¡Á¥≈–°«à“ Úı ∫“∑ ·≈–‰¡à«à“®–‡®√®“μàÕ√Õß√“§“Õ¬à“߉√ °Á‰¡à “¡“√∂≈¥√“§“≈߉¥â·¡â·μà ≈÷߇¥’¬« §√—Èπ ‡¡◊ËÕ°“√ºŸ°¢“¥À¡¥‰ª ·≈–¡’º≈‘μ¿—≥±å®“°ºŸâº≈‘μÀ≈“¬√“¬ √“§“¬“¥—ß°≈à“«„πªí®®ÿ∫—π°Á ≈¥≈߇À≈◊Õ‡¡Á¥≈–‰¡à∂ß÷ ı ∫“∑ ª√– ∫°“√≥å¥ß— °≈à“«‡°‘¥¢÷πÈ „π≈—°…≥–‡¥’¬«°—π„πª√–‡∑»Õ◊πË Ê ∑—Ë«‚≈°√«¡∑—Èß À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ ®÷߇ªìπ∑’Ë∑√“∫·≈–¬Õ¡√—∫°—π‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª«à“ °“√‡®√®“°—∫ ∫√‘…—∑¬“ºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√°àÕπ°“√ª√–°“»∑’Ë®– ∫—ߧ—∫„™â ‘∑∏‘/„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞ ®–‰¥âº≈ πâÕ¬¡“° ·≈–∑”„Àâª√–™“™π‰¥â√—∫¬“∑’Ë®”‡ªìπ™â“≈߉ªÕ’° ·μà¿“¬À≈—ß°“√ª√–°“» „™â ∑‘ ∏‘‚¥¬√—∞·≈â« °“√‡®√®“®–‰¥âº≈‡ªìπÕ¬à“ߥ’·≈–√«¥‡√Á« 4
°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞¥—ß°≈à“«‡ªìπ‰ªμ“¡À≈—°°ÆÀ¡“¬ “°≈ ‡æ◊ËÕª√–‚¬™πå “∏“√≥– ¬“ ∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞¥—ß°≈à“«®–𔉪„™â‡©æ“–°—∫ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë√—∞‡ªìπºŸâ√—∫¿“√–§à“¬“‡∑à“π—Èπ ‰¥â·°àºŸâ¡’ ‘∑∏‘μ“¡À≈—°ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ·Ààß™“μ‘ (∫—μ√∑Õß) ºŸâª√–°—πμπμ“¡ æ.√.∫. ª√–°—π —ߧ¡ ·≈–ºŸâ¡’ ‘∑∏‘μ“¡√–∫∫ «— ¥‘°“√°“√√—°…“欓∫“≈¢Õߢâ“√“™°“√·≈–≈Ÿ°®â“ߢÕß√—∞ ºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√¬—ß§ß “¡“√∂®”Àπà“¬¬“∑’Ë¡’ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√¥—ß°≈à“«„ÀⷰຟâªÉ«¬∑’Ë®à“¬§à“¬“ ‡Õ߉¥â ‡ À¡◊ Õ π‡¥‘ ¡ ∑ÿ ° ª√–°“√ ∑—È ß §π‰∑¬·≈–™“«μà “ ߪ√–‡∑»∑’Ë ¡ “√— ∫ °“√√— ° …“ 欓∫“≈„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ √—∞‡æ’¬ß·μà欓¬“¡∑’Ë®–®—¥À“¬“∑’Ë®”‡ªìπ„Àⷰຟâ∑’Ë¡’§«“¡®”‡ªìπ μâÕß„™â¬“·μà√—∞¬—߉¡à “¡“√∂®—¥À“ß∫ª√–¡“≥∑’ˇ撬ßæÕ¡“∫√‘°“√‡∑à“π—Èπ πÕ°®“°π’È √—∞®– μâÕß®à“¬§à“μÕ∫·∑π„π°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘„Àⷰຟâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√μ“¡§«“¡‡À¡“– ¡¥â«¬ ®÷߉¡à„™à°“√ ¬÷¥∑√—æ¬å ‘π¢Õ߇հ™π¡“‡ªìπ¢Õß√—∞·μàª√–°“√„¥ ºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√¬—ߧߡ’ ‘∑∏‘„π ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√ π—Èπ∑ÿ°ª√–°“√ ‡Õ°™π√“¬Õ◊Ëπ®–‰¡à “¡“√∂º≈‘μ π”‡¢â“ ®”Àπà“¬ À√◊Õ„™â¬“∑’Ë¡’ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√ ¥—ß°≈à“«‰¥â Õπ÷ßË æ÷ß√–≈÷°∂÷ߧ«“¡®√‘ß«à“ ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √¡‘„™à∑√—æ¬å π‘ À√◊Õ ¡∫—μ„‘ 𧫓¡À¡“¬∑—«Ë ‰ª ·μà √—∞„Àâ ‘∑∏‘摇»…μàÕºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘°Á‡æ◊ËÕ§«“¡ ¡¥ÿ≈√–À«à“ߪ√–‚¬™πå¢ÕߺŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√°—∫ ª√–‚¬™πå “∏“√≥– Õ¬à“߉√°Áμ“¡°“√„Àâ ‘∑∏‘摇»…¥—ß°≈à“«¢Õß√—∞‡ªìπ‰ªμ“¡‡®μπ“√¡≥å ·≈–‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢μà“ßÊ ´÷Ëß√«¡∂÷߇ß◊ËÕπ‰¢„Àâ¡’°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞‰¥â √—∞∫“≈„πª√–‡∑»μà“ßÊ ∑—Ë« ‚≈°√«¡∑—Èߪ√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“‰¥â¡’°“√∫—ߧ—∫„™â ‘∑∏‘/„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞π—∫§√—È߉¡à∂â«π μ—Èß·μà »μ«√√…∑’Ë Ò˘ ´÷Ëß√«¡∂÷ß°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘„π ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√¬“ ¬‘Ë߉ª°«à“π—Èπª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â∫—≠≠—쑇√◊ËÕß °“√„™â ∑‘ ∏‘‚¥¬√—∞‰«â„π°ÆÀ¡“¬ ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √¡“μ√“ ıÒ ·≈– ıÚ Õ¬à“ß™—¥‡®π ·≈–∫√‘…∑— ¬“∑ÿ° ∫√‘…—∑°Á‰¥â√Ÿâ∂÷ß¡“μ√°“√¥—ß°≈à“«π—∫μ—Èß·μà‰¥â¢ÕÕπÿ≠“μ„™âª√–‚¬™π宓° ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√„π ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ®÷߉¡à„™à‡√◊ÕË ß„À¡à ”À√—∫∫√‘…∑— ¬“ºŸ∑â √ß ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √·μàÕ¬à“ß„¥
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ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë Û °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢¡’°≈‰° °√–∫«π°“√ À≈—°‡°≥±åÕ–‰√ „π°“√ æ‘®“√≥“«à“ ¬“∑’Ë¡’ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√μ—«‰Àπ®–ª√–°“»°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞ ·≈–„πÕπ“§μ®– ¡’°“√ª√–°“»„™â ∑‘ ∏‘‡æ‘¡Ë À√◊Õ‰¡à „π°“√æ‘®“√≥“«à“®–¥”‡π‘π°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞°—∫¬“∑’Ë¡’ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√μ—«„¥π—È𠇪ìπ‰ª μ“¡À≈—°‡°≥±å¢Õߧ≥–Õπÿ°√√¡°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘μ“¡ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√¥â“𬓷≈–‡«™¿—≥±å‚¥¬√—∞ ´÷ßË §≥–°√√¡°“√À≈—°ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ·Ààß™“μ‘®¥— μ—ßÈ ¢÷πÈ (‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ ÚÙ) ‚¥¬¡’‡≈¢“∏‘°“√§≥–°√√¡°“√À≈—°ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ·Ààß™“쑇ªìπª√–∏“π ·≈–¡’ºŸâ·∑π®“° °√–∑√«ßæ“≥‘™¬å ·≈–®“° ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√°ƒ…Æ’°“ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ √«¡∑—Èß ºŸ‡â ™’¬Ë «™“≠μà“ßÊ ‡ªìπÕπÿ°√√¡°“√¥â«¬ ”À√—∫À≈—°‡°≥±å„π°“√§—¥‡≈◊Õ°¬“∑’®Ë –ª√–°“»„™â ∑‘ ∏‘‚¥¬√—∞π—πÈ ∑’ Ë ”§—≠§◊Õ ‡ªì𬓠À√◊Õ‡«™¿—≥±å®”‡ªìπ∑’ËμâÕß„™â‚¥¬Õ¬Ÿà„π∫—≠™’¬“À≈—°·Ààß™“μ‘ À√◊Õ‡ªì𬓷≈–‡«™¿—≥±å∑’Ë ®”‡ªìπ„π°“√·°âªí≠À“ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ À√◊Õ‡ªì𬓷≈–‡«™¿—≥±å∑’Ë®”‡ªìπ„π¿“«–©ÿ°‡©‘π À√◊Õ ‡ªì𬓷≈–‡«™¿—≥±å∑’Ë®”‡ªìπ„π°“√ªÑÕß°—π·≈–§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§√–∫“¥ À√◊Õ‡ªì𬓷≈–‡«™¿—≥±å ∑’Ë®”‡ªìπμâÕß„™â„π°“√™à«¬™’«‘μ ·≈–¬“·≈–‡«™¿—≥±å¥—ß°≈à“«¡’√“§“ Ÿß¡“°®π√—∞‰¡à “¡“√∂ ¡’ß∫ª√–¡“≥‡æ’¬ßæÕ„π°“√®—¥À“¡“∫√‘°“√·°àª√–™“™π‰¥âÕ¬à“߇撬ßæÕ∂â«πÀπâ“ πÕ°®“°π’È ¬—߉¥â¡’À≈—°°“√„π°“√°”Àπ¥§à“μÕ∫·∑π°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘∑’Ë®–μâÕß®à“¬™¥‡™¬ „Àⷰຟâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√ „ÀâÕ¬Ÿà√–À«à“ß√âÕ¬≈– .ı-Ú ¢Õß¡Ÿ≈§à“°“√®”Àπà“¬¬“∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞ Õ—μ√“π’‡È ªìπÕ—μ√“∑’„Ë ™â„πª√–‡∑»°”≈—ßæ—≤π“‚¥¬∑—«Ë ‰ª ∑—ßÈ π’‚È ¥¬°”Àπ¥Õ—μ√“μË” ÿ¥ (√âÕ¬≈– .ı) ”À√—∫¬“∑’¡Ë °’ “√„™â§Õà π¢â“ß¡“° ·≈– Ÿß ÿ¥ (√âÕ¬≈– Ú) „π°√≥’∑¡’Ë °’ “√„™â‰¡à¡“°π—° „π°√≥’¢Õ߬“∑—Èß “¡√“¬°“√∑’˪√–°“»„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞π—Èπ ≈â«π·μà‡ªìπ¬“∑’Ë¡’§«“¡®”‡ªìπ μâÕß„™â®”π«π¡“°∑—Èß ‘Èπ À“°∫√‘…—∑¬“ºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√√“¬„¥‰¡àæÕ„®°—∫§à“μÕ∫·∑π°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘∑’Ë°”Àπ¥ °Á “¡“√∂‡®√®“μàÕ√Õß°—∫°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢‰¥â ·≈–À“°°“√‡®√®“‰¡à‡ªìπ º≈ ”‡√Á®°Á “¡“√∂¢Õ„Àâ°√¡∑√—æ¬å π‘ ∑“ߪí≠≠“‡ªìπºŸæâ ®‘ “√≥“μ—¥ ‘π™’¢È “¥‰¥â °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢¥”‡π‘π°“√ª√–°“»„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞μ“¡§«“¡®”‡ªìπ∑’Ë®–μâÕß®—¥ ∫√‘°“√„Àâ·°àª√–™“™π „Àâ “¡“√∂‡¢â“∂÷ß∫√‘°“√·≈–¬“∑’Ë°”À𥉫â„π ‘∑∏‘ª√–‚¬™πå¢Õß √–∫∫ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ∑—Èß Û ·∫∫ ´÷Ëß√—∞‡ªìπºŸâ√—∫¿“√–§à“„™â®à“¬‡∑à“π—È𠧫“¡®”‡ªìπ„π°“√ ª√–°“»°“√∫—ߧ—∫„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞μàÕ¬“„¥ °Á¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫À≈—°‡°≥±å∑’˧≥–°√√¡°“√À≈—°ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ·Ààß™“μ‘°”Àπ¥ À“°¡’§«“¡®”‡ªìπ·≈–‡¢â“μ“¡À≈—°‡°≥±å¥—ß°≈à“«·≈– ”π—°ß“π §≥–°√√¡°“√À≈—°ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ·Ààß™“쑇 πÕ¡“ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢‚¥¬°√¡μà“ßÊ ∑’Ë ‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß°Á®–æ‘®“√≥“‡ªìπ°√≥’Ê ‰ª °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢¢Õ¬È”«à“ °“√¥”‡π‘π°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘ ‚¥¬√—∞μàÕ¬“∑’Ë¡’ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√π’È ‰¥â¥”‡π‘π°“√·≈–®–¥”‡π‘π°“√μàÕ‰ª‡©æ“–∑’Ë®”‡ªìπ‡∑à“π—Èπ ·≈– ®–¥”‡π‘π°“√¥â«¬§«“¡√–¡—¥√–«—ß ‚¥¬§”π÷ß∂÷ߺ≈°√–∑∫„π∑ÿ°Ê ¥â“π 6
ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë Ù °“√ª√–°“»°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞μàÕ¬“∑’Ë¡’ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√ πÕ°®“°√—∞®– ª√–À¬—¥ß∫ª√–¡“≥·≈â« ª√–™“™π®–‰¥âª√–‚¬™πåÕ–‰√ «—μ∂ÿª√– ߧå„π°“√ª√–°“»„™â ∑‘ ∏‘‚¥¬√—∞‰¡à‰¥â¡ßÿà À«—ß∑’®Ë –ª√–À¬—¥ß∫ª√–¡“≥ ·μà ¡ÿàß„Àâª√–™“™π‰¥â√—∫¬“®”‡ªìπ∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥¿“楒լà“ß∑—Ë«∂÷ß∂â«πÀπⓥ⫬ß∫ª√–¡“≥∑’Ë¡’ Õ¬ŸÕà ¬à“ß®”°—¥ ‡ªì𠔧—≠ ¬“∑’¡Ë °’ “√ª√–°“»„™â ∑‘ ∏‘‚¥¬√—∞‰ª·≈â«∑—ßÈ Û √“¬°“√π—πÈ ‡ªì𬓠∑’Ë√—∞‰¡à¡’ß∫ª√–¡“≥‡æ’¬ßæÕ∑’Ë®–®—¥À“¬“∑’Ë¡’ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√´÷Ëß¡’√“§“ Ÿß¡“° „Àâ·°àºâŸªÉ«¬∑’Ë¡’ §«“¡®”‡ªìπμâÕß„™â¬“‰¥âÕ¬à“ß∑—Ë«∂÷ß ∑”„Àâª√–™“™π®”π«π¡“°‰¡à‰¥â√—∫¬“¥—ß°≈à“« ¥—ßπ—Èπ √—∞®÷ß®”‡ªìπμâÕß„™â¡“μ√°“√ª√–°“»°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞μàÕ¬“∑—Èß Û ™π‘¥ ‰¥â·°à ‡Õø“«‘‡√π´å (Efavirenz) , ‚§≈æ‘‚¥‡°√≈ (Clopidogrel) ·≈– ‚≈æ‘𓇫’¬√å+√‘‚∑𓇫’¬√å (Lopinavir+Ritronavir) ‡æ◊ÕË „À⇰‘¥°“√·¢àߢ—π„πμ≈“¥¬“ ·≈– àߺ≈„Àâ√“§“¬“μË”≈ß ß∫ª√–¡“≥∑’√Ë ∞— ¡’Õ¬Ÿ°à ®Á – “¡“√∂®—¥À“¬“¥—ß°≈à“«‰¥â¡“°¢÷Èπ ª√–™“™π°Á®–¡’‚Õ°“ „π°“√‰¥â√—∫¬“¥—ß°≈à“«¡“°¢÷Èπ ·μà∑ß—È π’È ¬“∑’‰Ë ¥â®“°°“√„™â ∑‘ ∏‘‚¥¬√—∞¥—ß°≈à“«®–∂Ÿ°π”‰ª„™â‡©æ“–ºŸªâ «É ¬∑’ÕË ¬Ÿ„à 𧫓¡√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫ ¢Õß√—∞‡∑à“π—πÈ ‰¡à¡°’ “√𔉪„™â®”Àπà“¬∑“ß°“√§â“∑—«Ë ‰ª∑—ßÈ „π·≈–μà“ߪ√–‡∑» ª√–‚¬™πå∑ª’Ë √–™“™π‰∑¬®–‰¥â√∫— „π°“√ª√–°“»„™â ∑‘ ∏‘‚¥¬√—∞μàÕ¬“∑—ßÈ Û √“¬°“√§◊Õ Ù.Ò °√≥’ ¬“‡Õø“«‘‡√π´å ¢Õß∫√‘…—∑ ‡¡‘√å§ ™“√åª ·Õπ¥å ‚¥√å¡ ®”°—¥ (Merck Sharp & Dohme) ¬“π’‡È ªìπ¬“μâ“π‰«√— ‡Õ¥ å∑¡Ë’ ª’ √– ‘∑∏‘º≈¥’·μà¡æ’ …‘ πâÕ¬°«à“¬“‡π«‘√“æ‘π (Nevirapine) ∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿ„à π Ÿμ√¬“μâ“π‰«√— ‡Õ¥ å∑ÕË’ ߧ尓√‡¿ —™°√√¡º≈‘μ¢÷πÈ §◊Õ¬“®’æ‚’ Õ‡«’¬√å (GPO VIR ) ´÷ßË ª√“°Ø«à“¡’ºŸâ·æ⬓ ∂÷ߪ√–¡“≥√âÕ¬≈– Ú „πª√–‡∑»æ—≤π“·≈â«À√◊Õ·¡â·μàª√–‡∑»°”≈—ß æ—≤π“∑’ˉ¥â√—∫§«“¡™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ®“°μà“ߪ√–‡∑» μà“ß°ÁÀ—π¡“„™â Ÿμ√¬“∑’Ë¡’‡Õø“«‘‡√π´å·∑π ·μà „πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬∑’˺à“π¡“ ºŸâªÉ«¬∑ÿ°√“¬®–μâÕß„™â¬“ Ÿμ√®’æ’‚Õ‡«’¬√å°àÕπ ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’Õ“°“√·æâ∑’Ë √ÿπ·√ß®÷ß®–‡ª≈’Ë¬π‰ª„™â¬“ Ÿμ√‡Õø“«‘‡√π´å´÷Ëß¡’√“§“·æß°«à“∂÷ß°«à“ Ú ‡∑à“ ªí®®ÿ∫—π®÷ß¡’ºŸâ ªÉ«¬®”π«π¡“°∑’Ë¡’§«“¡®”‡ªìπ·μà°Á‰¡à‰¥â√—∫¬“ Ÿμ√π’È °“√„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞μ“¡∑’ËÕ∏‘∫¥’°√¡ §«∫§ÿ¡‚√§ª√–°“» ®–™à«¬≈¥√“§“¬“‡Õø“«‘‡√π´å‰¥â∑—π∑’ ®“°‡¥◊Õπ≈– Ò,Û ∫“∑ ‡À≈◊Õ ‡æ’ ¬ ߇¥◊Õπ≈– ˆı ∫“∑ ∑”„Àâ “¡“√∂„Àâ ¬“·°à ºŸâ ªÉ « ¬‰¥â ‡ æ‘Ë ¡ ®“°‡¥‘ ¡ ∂÷ ß Õ߇∑à “ À“° ¥”‡π‘π°“√μàÕ‰ª°Á¡’·π«‚πâ¡∑’Ë√“§“¬“®–≈¥≈߉¥âÕ’° ´÷ËßÀ“° “¡“√∂≈¥√“§“≈߉¥â‡À≈◊Õ ‡æ’¬ß√âÕ¬≈– Ú ¢Õß√“§“‡¥‘¡ ‡√“°Á®– “¡“√∂®—¥¬“ Ÿμ√‡Õø“«‘‡√π´å„ÀⷰຟâªÉ«¬„À¡à‰¥â ∑ÿ°§π ‰¡àμÕâ ß„À⺪Ÿâ «É ¬‰ª∑¥≈Õ߇ ’¬Ë ß°—∫æ‘…¢Õ߬“‡π«‘√“æ‘π„π Ÿμ√¬“®’æ‚’ Õ‡«’¬√åÕ’°μàÕ‰ª ®
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Ù.Ú °√≥’ ¬ “μâ “ π‰«√— ‡Õ¥ å ∑’Ë ¥◊È Õ ¬“ §◊ Õ ¬“‚≈æ‘𓇫’¬√å+√‘‚∑𓇫’¬√å ¢Õß ∫√‘…∑— ·ÕÁ∫∫Õμ ≈“∫Õ·√μÕ√’ ®”°—¥ (Abbott Laboratories Limited) °√¡§«∫§ÿ ¡ ‚√§»÷ ° …“æ∫«à “ ºŸâ ªÉ « ¬‡Õ¥ å ∑’Ë °‘ 𠬓 Ÿ μ √·√° ( Ÿ μ √®’ æ’ ‚ Õ‡«’ ¬ √å À√◊ Õ Ÿμ√∑’Ë¡’‡Õø“«‘‡√π´å) ®–¡’°“√¥◊ÈÕ¬“‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„π√–¬–‡«≈“‰¡àπ“π ¢÷Èπ°—∫§«“¡ ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ„π°“√ °‘𬓷≈–¢÷Èπ°—∫μ—«‡™◊ÈÕ‰«√— ‡Õ¥ å‡Õß §“¥«à“„π√–¬– Ò-Ú ªï®–¡’ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë°‘𬓠Ÿμ√·√°¡’ °“√¥◊ÈÕ¬“ Ÿß∂÷ß√âÕ¬≈– Ò ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¡’ºŸâμ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õ¥ å√«¡ª√–¡“≥ ı, §π „π √–¬–‡«≈“‰¡àπ“π®–¡’ºŸâμâÕß°“√¬“μâ“π‰«√— Ÿμ√¥◊ÈÕ¬“∂÷ßÕ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ ı, §π ¬“ Ÿμ√ ¥◊ÈÕ¬“∑’Ë ”§—≠μ—«Àπ÷Ëߧ◊Õ ¬“‚≈æ‘𓇫’¬√å+√‘‚∑𓇫’¬√å (À√◊Õ™◊ËÕ°“√§â“«à“ §“‡≈∑√“ : Kaletra) ∑’∫Ë √‘…∑— ·ÕÁ∫∫Õμ ¢“¬„Àâ·°à°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ ¡’√“§“‡¥◊Õπ≈– ˆ, ∫“∑ À√◊Õªï≈–ª√–¡“≥ ˜Ú, ∫“∑ À“°μâÕß„À⬓√«¡ ı, §π ®–‡ªìπß∫ª√–¡“≥∂÷ߪï≈– Û,ˆ ≈â“π∫“∑ ´÷ßË ‰¡à¡∑’ “ß∑’√Ë ∞— ®–®—¥ √√ß∫ª√–¡“≥„Àâ‡æ’¬ßæÕ·°àºªŸâ «É ¬∑ÿ°§π‰¥â ‡π◊ÕË ß®“° ¬—ß¡’¿“√–∑’ËμâÕß„À⬓ Ÿμ√·√°·°àºŸâªÉ«¬‡Õ¥ åÕ’°À≈“¬· π§π ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’ˉ¡à‰¥â√—∫¬“π’È„π‰¡à™â“°Á ®–μ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ©«¬‚Õ°“ ·≈–‡ ’¬™’«‘μ„π∑’Ë ÿ¥ ·≈⫇√“®–ª≈àÕ¬„Àâ§π∑’Ëμ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õ¥ å¥◊ÈÕ¬“‡À≈à“π’È μ“¬‰ª°àÕπ«—¬Õ—π§«√ ∑—ÈßÊ ∑’Ë¡’¬“√—°…“‡¢“‰¥âÀ√◊Õ πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ“‚≈æ‘𓇫’¬√å+√‘‚∑𓇫’¬√å π’È °Á‡ªì𬓄π∫—≠™’¬“À≈—°·Ààß™“μ‘ ´÷ßË §π‰∑¬∑ÿ°§π¡’ ∑‘ ∏‘∑®’Ë –‰¥â√∫— ¥â«¬ Ù.Û °√≥’¬“‚§≈æ‘‚¥‡°√≈ ¢Õß∫√‘…∑— ´“‚πøï-´‘π‡∏Õ≈“‚∫ (ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬) ®”°—¥ ¬“π’ȇªì𬓪ÑÕß°—π°“√·¢Áßμ—«¢Õ߇≈◊Õ¥ ™à«¬ªÑÕß°—π°“√Õÿ¥μ—π¢ÕßÀ≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥ ‚¥¬‡©æ“– À≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥À—«„® ®÷߇ªì𬓠”§—≠∑’Ë®–ªÑÕß°—π‚√§À≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥À—«„®Õÿ¥μ—π∑’Ë𔉪 Ÿà¿“«– À—«„®«“¬·≈–‡ ’¬™’«‘μ‰¥â ¬“π’È¡’√“§“‡¡Á¥≈–°«à“ ˜ ∫“∑ ·μàÀ“° “¡“√∂º≈‘μ„πª√–‡∑» À√◊Õπ”‡¢â“®“°μà“ߪ√–‡∑» ‡™àπ Õ‘π‡¥’¬ ®–¡’√“§“‡À≈◊Շ撬߇¡Á¥≈–‰¡à‡°‘π Ò ∫“∑ ªí®®ÿ∫π— ºŸ¡â ’ ∑‘ ∏‘μ“¡À≈—°ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ·Ààß™“쑉¡à‰¥â√∫— ¬“π’∑È ß—È Ê ∑’ÕË ¬Ÿ„à π∫—≠™’¬“À≈—°·Ààß™“μ‘ ‡æ√“– ‚√ß欓∫“≈‰¡à¡’ß∫ª√–¡“≥‡æ’¬ßæÕ ®÷ßμâÕß„™â¬“·Õ ‰æ√‘π·∑π ´÷Ëß„π∫“ß°√≥’‰¥âº≈πâÕ¬ °«à“·≈–Õ“®¡’æ‘…¢â“߇§’¬ß¡“°°«à“ °“√∑’˪≈—¥°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ª√–°“»„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞ μàÕ¬“¥—ß°≈à“«®–™à«¬„À⺟âªÉ«¬μ“¡π‚¬∫“¬À≈—°ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ·Ààß™“쑇¢â“∂÷߬“¥—ß°≈à“«‰¥â ¡“°¢÷πÈ ¡“° ®“°°√≥’¢Õ߬“ Û √“¬°“√¥—ß°≈à“«¢â“ßμâπ®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â™—¥‡®π«à“ °“√¥”‡π‘π°“√¢Õß °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢„π°“√ª√–°“»°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞ ¡‘‰¥â∑”„Àâ√—∞ª√–À¬—¥ß∫ª√–¡“≥≈ß „π∫“ß°√≥’ ‡™àπ °√≥’¬“‚§≈æ‘‚¥‡°√≈ ∂“π欓∫“≈¢Õß√—∞μà“ßÊ ®–μâÕß√—∫¿“√–‡æ‘¡Ë ¢÷πÈ ¥â«¬´È” ·μà°ÁÕ¬Ÿà„π√–¥—∫∑’ËæÕ®–√—∫‰¥â ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬ ”§—≠∑’Ë ÿ¥§◊Õ ª√–™“™π§π‰∑¬‰¥â√—∫¬“∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ ®”‡ªìπ„π°“√√—°…“ ÿ¢¿“æ·≈–™’«μ‘ ¢Õßμπ¡“°¢÷πÈ 8
ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë ı °“√„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞μàÕ¬“∑’Ë¡’ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√¡’º≈°√–∑∫μàÕ∫√‘…—∑¬“ μ≈“¥¬“ ∑—«Ë ‚≈° ·≈–°“√ àßÕÕ°¢Õß ‘π§â“‰∑¬Õ¬à“߉√∫â“ß μ“¡ª°μ‘ ¬“∑’¡Ë ’ ∑‘ ∏‘∫μ— √®–¡’√“§“ Ÿß¡“° ‡æ√“–¡’°“√ºŸ°¢“¥°“√μ≈“¥ ºŸ∑â ®’Ë –‰¥â√∫— ¬“ ¥—ß°≈à“«®÷߉¥â·°à§π‰∑¬∑’Ë¡’∞“π–¥’·≈–™“«μà“ߪ√–‡∑»∑’Ë¡“√—∫°“√√—°…“欓∫“≈„πª√–‡∑» ‰∑¬‡ªìπÀ≈—° ´÷Ëß∫ÿ§§≈‡À≈à“π’È à«π¡“°°Á®–¬—ߧß∫√‘‚¿§¬“∑’Ë¡’ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√μàÕ‰ª ·¡â®–¡’¬“∑’Ë º≈‘μ¢÷Èπ„πª√–‡∑»À√◊Õπ”‡¢â“®“°μà“ߪ√–‡∑»∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥¿“æ‡∑à“°—π„π√“§“∑’ËμË”°«à“¡“°°Áμ“¡ ∑—ßÈ π’‡È æ√“–√“§“‰¡à‰¥â‡ªìπÕÿª √√§„π°“√‡¢â“∂÷߬“¢Õߧπ°≈ÿ¡à π’È §π°≈ÿ¡à π’πÈ “à ®–¡’‰¡à‡°‘π√âÕ¬≈– Ú ¢Õߪ√–™“™π‰∑¬∑—Èߪ√–‡∑» §π°≈ÿà¡π’È®–¬—ߧ߇ªìπ≈Ÿ°§â“À√◊Õμ≈“¥¢Õ߬“∑’Ë¡’ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√ μàÕ‰ª ¥—ßπ—Èπ∫√‘…—∑¬“ºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘®÷߉¡àπà“®–¡’§«“¡ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬√“¬‰¥â¡“°π—° À√◊ÕÕ“®‰¡à Ÿ≠‡ ’¬ √“¬‰¥â‡≈¬°Á‰¥â à«π§πÕ’°°≈ÿà¡Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë¡’∞“π–∑“߇»√…∞°‘®‰¡à Ÿß ‰¡à “¡“√∂√—∫¿“√–§à“¬“„π√“§“ Ÿß ‰¥â¥â«¬μπ‡Õß ·≈–μâÕßæ÷Ë߬“∑’Ë®—¥À“„Àâ¿“¬„μâ√–∫∫À≈—°ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ·Ààß™“μ‘ ‡¡◊ËÕ√—∞‰¡à “¡“√∂®—¥À“¬“¥—ß°≈à“«¡“„Àâ∫√‘°“√‰¥â ‡æ√“–¡’ß∫ª√–¡“≥‰¡à‡æ’¬ßæÕ °Á®–‰¡à “¡“√∂ ‡¢â“∂÷߬“¥—ß°≈à“«‰¥â ∫√‘…—∑¬“ºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘°Á‰¡à “¡“√∂¢“¬¬“„Àâ·°à§π°≈ÿà¡π’ȉ¥âÕ¬Ÿà·≈â« §π °≈ÿà¡π’È°Á‰¡à‡§¬‡ªìπ≈Ÿ°§â“ À√◊Õμ≈“¥¢Õß∫√‘…—∑¬“ºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘Õ¬Ÿà·≈â« ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞ ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ §π°≈ÿà¡π’È°Á®–¡’‚Õ°“ „π°“√‡¢â“∂÷߬“∑’Ë¡’ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√ ‡ªìπ°“√‡ªî¥μ≈“¥„À¡à„Àⷰଓ∑’Ë ¡’ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√ ‚¥¬√—∞‡ªìπºŸâ®à“¬‡ß‘π·∑πª√–™“™π ·μà¿“¬À≈—ß°“√ª√–°“»„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞ μ≈“¥ „À¡àπ’È®–‡ªìπμ≈“¥∑’ˉ¡àºŸ°¢“¥·≈–¡’°“√·¢àߢ—π‰¥â ∑”„À≥⬓∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥¿“æ‡∑à“°—π„π√“§“∑’Ë μË”°«à“¡“° ·≈–À“°∫√‘…—∑¬“ºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√®–≈¥√“§“¬“¢Õßμπ‡æ◊ËÕ‡¢â“¡“·¢àߢ—π„π μ≈“¥„À¡àπ’È°Á¬àÕ¡∑”‰¥â ‚¥¬∑’ˬ—ß§ß “¡“√∂®”Àπà“¬¬“∑’Ë¡’ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√„π√“§“ Ÿß„πμ≈“¥‡¥‘¡ ”À√— ∫ ºŸâ ¡’ ∞ “π– À“°¡’ ≈— ° …≥–¥— ß °≈à “ «‡°‘ ¥ ¢÷Èπ °Á ‡ ¢â “ ¢à “ ¬∑’Ë ‡ √’ ¬ °«à “ ∫√‘ …— ∑ ¬“¥— ß °≈à “ «¡’ π‚¬∫“¬°”Àπ¥√“§“¬“·μ°μà“ß°—πμ“¡·μà∞“π– (Differential Pricing Policy) πÕ°®“°π’Èμ≈“¥¬“„πª√–‡∑»°”≈—ßæ—≤π“¡’¡Ÿ≈§à“‰¡à∂÷ß√âÕ¬≈– Ò ¢Õß¡Ÿ≈§à“¬“∑’Ë ¢“¬∑—«Ë ‚≈° ·≈–μ≈“¥¬“„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬°Á¡¡’ ≈Ÿ §à“√«¡°—π‰¡à∂ß÷ √âÕ¬≈– .ı ¢Õßμ≈“¥¬“∑—«Ë ‚≈° ‚¥¬‡©æ“–¬“∑’Ë¡’ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√πà“®–¡’¡Ÿ≈§à“√«¡°—π‰¡à∂÷ß√âÕ¬≈– .Ò ¥â«¬´È”‰ª º≈°√–∑∫μàÕ ∫√‘…∑— ¬“·≈–μ≈“¥¬“®÷ß¡’πÕâ ¬¡“° μ√ß°—π¢â“¡ ®–¡’º≈¥’μàÕÕÿμ “À°√√¡¬“„πª√–‡∑» ∑’Ë®–¡’‚Õ°“ ‰¥âæ—≤π“»—°¬¿“æ „π°“√º≈‘μ ·≈–À“°¡’°“√‡®√®“®π°√–∑—Ëß¡’°“√„Àℙ⠑∑∏‘·∑π¥â«¬§«“¡ ¡—§√„® (Voluntary Licensing) °Á®–™à«¬„Àâ¡°’ “√∂à“¬∑Õ¥‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’‡°‘¥¢÷πÈ ¡“°¥â«¬ 9
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ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë ˆ ∑’Ë¡’¢à“««à“°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢¥”‡π‘π°“√‰ª‚¥¬‰¡à¡’°“√ª√÷°…“°—∫ °√–∑√«ßμà“ßÊ ‡™àπ °√–∑√«ßæ“≥‘™¬å ∑”‰¡®÷߇ªìπ‡™àππ—Èπ ∑”‰¡®÷߉¡à¡’°“√‡ πÕ ‡¢â“ Ÿ°à “√æ‘®“√≥“¢Õߧ≥–√—∞¡πμ√’ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢‰¥â√à«¡¡◊Õ‡ªìπÕ¬à“ߥ’°—∫Àπ૬ߓπμà“ßÊ ‚¥¬¡’∑ÿ°Àπ૬ߓπ∑’Ë ‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß √«¡∑—Èß°√–∑√«ßæ“≥‘™¬å ‡¢â“√à«¡„π°≈‰°°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√¥—ß°≈à“«·≈â«„πª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë Ú ·≈– Û πÕ°®“°π’È °àÕπ∑’Ë®–¡’°“√ª√–°“»„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢¬—߉¥â‡™‘≠ºŸâ ·∑π®“°°√¡∑√—æ¬å ‘π∑“ߪí≠≠“ ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√°ƒ…Æ’°“ ·≈– ¿“∑𓬧«“¡ ¡“√à«¡ª√–™ÿ¡„À⧫“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ¥â“π°ÆÀ¡“¬„π°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√√à“ߪ√–°“»œ ¥—ß°≈à“«¥â«¬ ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’°“√ª√–°“»„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞·≈â«·≈–¡’§«“¡‡¢â“„®‰¡àμ√ß°—π√–À«à“ßÀπ૬ߓπ μà“ßÊ „π°“√™’È·®ßμàÕª√–™“™π·≈–μàÕμà“ߪ√–‡∑» °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢¬—߉¥â‡¢â“√à«¡„π °“√ª√–™ÿ¡∑’°Ë √¡‡®√®“°“√§â“√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»‰¥â®¥— ¢÷πÈ ‡æ◊ÕË À“√◊Õ√à«¡°—∫°√¡∑√—æ¬å π‘ ∑“ߪí≠≠“ °√–∑√«ßæ“≥‘™¬å °√¡‡»√…∞°‘®·≈–°√¡Õ‡¡√‘°“·≈–·ª´‘ø°î „μâ¢Õß°√–∑√«ß°“√μà“ߪ√–‡∑» „π°“√√à“ß·π«∑“ß°“√™’·È ®ß„π‡√◊ÕË ß¥—ß°≈à“« (‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Úı) ∑⓬∑’ Ë ¥ÿ ‡¡◊ÕË ¡’°“√‡®√®“°—∫∫√‘…∑— ºŸ∑â √ß ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √ ¿“¬À≈—ß°“√ª√–°“»„™â ∑‘ ∏‘‚¥¬√—∞·≈â« °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢°Á‰¥â‡™‘≠ºŸ·â ∑π®“°°√–∑√«ß°“√μà“ߪ√–‡∑»‡¢â“√à«¡„π°“√‡®√®“¥â«¬ Õπ÷Ëß μ“¡ æ.√.∫. ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√‰∑¬¡“μ√“ ıÒ °“√¥”‡π‘π°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞μ“¡¢âÕ Ú.Ò „πª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë Ò ¥—ß°≈à“«¡“·≈â« ‡ªìπÕ”π“®¢Õß°√–∑√«ß ∑∫«ß °√¡ ∑’‡Ë °’¬Ë «¢âÕß‚¥¬‰¡à ®”‡ªìπμâÕ߉¥â√—∫§«“¡‡ÀÁπ™Õ∫®“°°√–∑√«ßæ“≥‘™¬å ·≈–‰¡àμâÕßπ”‡¢â“æ‘®“√≥“„π §≥–√—∞¡πμ√’ ´÷Ëßμà“ß®“°¡“μ√“ ıÚ §◊Õ °“√„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞„π°√≥’©ÿ°‡©‘πÀ√◊Õ ß§√“¡ ∑’Ë π“¬°√—∞¡πμ√’‚¥¬¡μ‘§≥–√—∞¡πμ√’‡ªìπºŸâ¡’Õ”π“®„π°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘π—Èπ ®÷ß®”‡ªìπμâÕßπ”‡¢â“ æ‘®“√≥“‚¥¬§≥–√—∞¡πμ√’ ‡¡◊ÕË ‰¥â¡°’ “√¥”‡π‘π°“√ª√–°“»°“√„™â ∑‘ ∏‘‚¥¬√—∞·≈–¡’°“√μ—ßÈ §”∂“¡„πª√–‡¥Áπμà“ßÊ ®π‡°‘¥§«“¡ —∫ π·≈–‡¢â“„®º‘¥¢÷πÈ „π —ߧ¡ √—∞¡πμ√’«“à °“√°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢‰¥â¡∫’ π— ∑÷°∂÷ß œæ≥œ 𓬰√—∞¡πμ√’ ‡æ◊ËÕ𔇠πÕ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈§«“¡®√‘ß„πª√–‡¥Áπμà“ßÊ √«¡∑—È߉¥âπ”‡√’¬πμàÕ √—∞¡πμ√’«“à °“√¢Õß°√–∑√«ß∑’‡Ë °’¬Ë «¢âÕ߉¥â·°à °√–∑√«ß«‘∑¬“»“ μ√å·≈–‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ °√–∑√«ß æ“≥‘™¬å ·≈–°√–∑√«ß°“√μà“ߪ√–‡∑»¥â«¬ (‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Ûˆ) ○
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ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë ˜ °“√¥”‡π‘π°“√ª√–°“»„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞¥—ß°≈à“« ®–¡’º≈∑”„Àâ∫√‘…—∑¬“ μà“ߪ√–‡∑»‰¡à≈ß∑ÿπ«‘®—¬æ—≤𓬓„π‰∑¬ ·≈–®–∑”„Àâª√–‡∑»‰∑¬≈â“À≈—ß„π°“√ «‘®¬— ¬“ ®√‘ßÀ√◊Õ‰¡à ªí®®ÿ∫—π‚√ßß“π¬“„π‰∑¬‡°◊Õ∫∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ ‡ªìπºŸâª√–°Õ∫°“√§π‰∑¬ ¢≥–∑’Ë∫√‘…—∑¢â“¡ ™“μ‘„À≠àÊ ‰¥â∂Õπ‚√ßß“πÕÕ°‰ª®“°ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬À¡¥μ—Èß·μà Ò-Ú ªï∑’Ë·≈â« ‡Àμÿπ’È∑”„Àâ ‚√ßß“π¬“„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬≈¥≈ß®“°∑—ßÈ À¡¥ª√–¡“≥ Ò¯ ·Ààß„πªï ÚıÛÚ ‡À≈◊Õ„πªí®®ÿ∫π— ‡æ’¬ß Òˆˆ ·Àà߇∑à“π—Èπ ·¡â«à“ªí®®—¬Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë™—°®Ÿß„À⇰‘¥°“√≈ß∑ÿπ¢Õß∫√‘…—∑¬“§◊Õ ¡“μ√°“√ ‘∑∏‘ª√–‚¬™πå∑“ß¿“…’∑’Ë„Àâ°—∫¿“§Õÿμ “À°√√¡ ´÷Ëßªí®®ÿ∫—π§≥–°√√¡°“√ à߇ √‘¡°“√≈ß∑ÿπ‰¥â ®—¥„ÀâÕμÿ “À°√√¡°“√º≈‘쬓‡ªìπÕÿμ “À°√√¡∑’‰Ë ¥â√∫— °“√ à߇ √‘¡°“√≈ß∑ÿπ·≈⫇¡◊ÕË ªï ÚıÙ˘ ·μà°‡Á ªìπÕÿμ “À°√√¡º≈‘쬓¢ÕߺŸªâ √–°Õ∫°“√¿“¬„πª√–‡∑»‡°◊Õ∫∑—ßÈ À¡¥ μ“¡∑’Ë¡’¢à“««à“°“√ª√–°“»„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞¥—ß°≈à“« ®–∑”„Àâ∫√‘…—∑¬“ߥ°“√≈ß∑ÿπ¥â“π °“√«‘®¬— „πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ´÷ßË ®–∑”„Àâª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‡ªìπª√–‡∑»≈â“À≈—ßπ—πÈ „𧫓¡‡ªìπ®√‘ß ∫√‘…∑— ¬“¡’°“√≈ß∑ÿπ«‘®¬— „πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¡à¡“°π—° à«π¡“°®–‡ªìπ°“√«‘®¬— ∑“ߧ≈‘π°‘ À√◊Õ°“√«‘®¬— μ≈“¥ ‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¡“„™â„π°“√∑”μ≈“¥¬“¡“°°«à“ ´÷ËßÀ“°∫√‘…—∑¬“¬—ßμâÕß°“√∑”°“√ μ≈“¥¬“„À¡àÊ „πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬°Á¬—ß¡’§«“¡®”‡ªìπ®–μâÕß≈ß∑ÿπ«‘®—¬„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬μàÕ‰ª ¥—ßπ—Èπ®÷߉¡àμâÕßÀà«ß°—ß«≈„π¢âÕπ’È¡“°π—° À“°‡√“¡’π—°«‘®—¬∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂ Ÿß ·≈–§à“„™â ®à“¬‰¡à¡“° ¡’√–∫∫°“√∑”ß“π∑’ˉ¥â¡“μ√∞“π ∫√‘…—∑¬“μà“ßÊ ®–‡¢â“¡“≈ß∑ÿπ∑”°“√«‘®—¬„π ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬Õ¬à“ß·πàπÕπ ‡π◊ÕË ß®“°‡√“¡’ºªŸâ «É ¬‡ªìπ®”π«π¡“°„π‚√§μà“ßÊ ·∑∫∑ÿ°™π‘¥ ·≈– ¡’√–∫∫∫√‘°“√ ÿ¢¿“æ∑’ˇ¢â¡·¢Áß ´÷ËߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°°“√«‘®—¬∑’ˉ¥â¡“μ√∞“π„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬®– “¡“√∂𔉪„™â®¥∑–‡∫’¬π¬“„πª√–‡∑»Õ◊πË ‰¥â ¢≥–π’Èß∫ª√–¡“≥∑’Ë„™â„π°“√«‘®—¬æ—≤𓬓·≈–‡«™¿—≥±å ‚¥¬‡©æ“–°“√«‘®—¬æ◊Èπ∞“π ∑’Ë ”§—≠ ‡ªìπß∫ª√–¡“≥∑’ˉ¥â®“°¿“§√—∞ ∑—Èß®“°ß∫ª√–¡“≥¢Õߪ√–‡∑»·≈–®“°§«“¡ √à«¡¡◊Õ√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑» ·∑∫∑—ßÈ ‘πÈ Õ¬Ÿ·à ≈â«
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ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë ¯ ∑’Ë¡’¢à“««à“ºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√„À≠àÕߧ尓√Õπ“¡—¬‚≈°‰¡à‡ÀÁπ¥â«¬°—∫°“√ ¥”‡π‘π°“√¢Õ߉∑¬„π°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞μàÕ¬“∑’Ë¡’ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√ ¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘߇ªìπÕ¬à“߉√ ¡’Õߧå°√√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»„¥∑’ Ë π—∫ πÿπ‰∑¬À√◊Õ‰¡à μ“¡∑’Ë¡’¢à“««à“ºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√„À≠àÕߧ尓√Õπ“¡—¬‚≈°ª√–°“»‰¡à‡ÀÁπ¥â«¬°—∫°“√ ¥”‡π‘π°“√¢Õ߉∑¬π—πÈ ‡ªìπ°“√æ“¥À—«¢à“«∑’‰Ë ¡àμ√ß°—∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®√‘ß (‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Ú˜) π“ß ¡“°“‡√Áμ ™“π ºŸÕâ ”π«¬°“√„À≠àÕߧ尓√Õπ“¡—¬‚≈°æŸ¥‡æ’¬ß«à“ 牡ࡠ’ μŸ √ ”‡√Á®„π°“√™à«¬„Àâ ª√–™“™π‡¢â“∂÷߬“‰¥â μâÕß¡’§«“¡ ¡¥ÿ≈„π°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√∑ÿ°¥â“π ·≈–∫√‘…—∑¬“°Á‡ªìπ à«π ”§—≠„π°“√·°âª≠ í À“ μπ‡Õß°Á π—∫ πÿπ°“√∑’ªË √–‡∑»®–‡®√®“°—∫∫√‘…∑— ¬“Õ¬à“ß √â“ß √√§åé ∑—Èßπ’Èπ“ß¡“°“‡√Áμ ™“π ¡‘‰¥â§—¥§â“π°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞·≈–¡‘‰¥â√–∫ÿ„ÀâμâÕ߇®√®“°—∫∫√‘…—∑¬“ °àÕπ°“√ª√–°“»°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞·μàÕ¬à“ß„¥ ´÷ËßÀ“°æ‘®“√≥“°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√¢Õß°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢∑’˺à“π¡“®–‡ÀÁπ«à“ Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫ ‘Ëß∑’˺ŸâÕ”π«¬°“√„À≠àÕߧ尓√Õπ“¡—¬‚≈°‰¥â · ¥ß‰«â∑ÿ°ª√–°“√ πÕ°®“°π’È √–À«à“ß°“√·∂≈ß¢à“«¿“¬À≈—ß°“√ª√–™ÿ¡√“ß«—≈ ¡‡¥Á®‡®â“øÑ“¡À‘¥≈ ‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë Ú °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å Úıı ≥ ‚√ß·√¡ Õ‘¡æ’‡√’¬≈ §«’π å æ“√å§ √ÕߺŸâÕ”π«¬°“√„À≠àÕߧ尓√Õπ“¡—¬‚≈°∑’Ë√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫¥â“𬓠(Dr. Howard Zucker) ¬—߉¥âª√–°“»Õ¬à“ß ™—¥‡®π«à“ Õߧ尓√Õπ“¡—¬‚≈° π—∫ πÿπ¢âÕμ°≈ßμà“ßÊ ∑’‰Ë ¥â¡°’ “√μ°≈ß°—π„π√–¥—∫æÀÿ¿“§’‰«â·≈â« ‚¥¬‡©æ“–¢âÕμ°≈ߥâ“π∑√—æ¬å ‘π∑“ߪí≠≠“∑’ˇ°’ˬ«°—∫°“√§â“ (TRIPs) ´÷ËßÕ¬Ÿà¿“¬„μâÕߧ尓√ °“√§â“‚≈° ·≈–‚¥¬‡©æ“–¡“μ√°“√¬◊¥À¬ÿàπμà“ßÊ ∑’˪√“°ØÕ¬Ÿà„π¢âÕμ°≈ß TRIPs (´÷Ëß√«¡∂÷ß °“√∫—ߧ—∫„™â ∑‘ ∏‘·≈–°“√„™â ∑‘ ∏‘‚¥¬√—∞μ“¡ TRIPs ¡“μ√“ ÛÒ (b) ¥â«¬) πÕ°®“°π’È ¿“¬À≈—ß®“°∑’Ë¡’¢à“«§≈“¥‡§≈◊ËÕπÕÕ°‰ª Ÿà “∏“√≥– ºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√„À≠à Õߧ尓√Õπ“¡—¬‚≈°°Á‰¥â¡’Àπ—ß ◊Õ™’È·®ß ≈ß«—π∑’Ë ˜ °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å Úıı ´÷Ëß· ¥ß®ÿ¥¬◊π„π°“√ π—∫ πÿπ°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞¢Õ߉∑¬¬◊π¬—π„πª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë«à“‰¡à¡’§«“¡®”‡ªìπμâÕß¡’°“√‡®√®“ °—∫∫√‘…∑— ¬“°àÕπ°“√ª√–°“»„™â ∑‘ ∏‘ (‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Ú¯) °“√¥”‡π‘π°“√¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â√∫— °“√ π—∫ πÿπ®“°Õߧå°√√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»¡“°¡“¬ ‡™àπ Õߧå°√À¡Õ‰√âæ√¡·¥π (‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Ú˘) Consumer Project on Technology ¢Õß À√—∞œ (‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Û) Õߧå°√ Third World Network ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘§≈‘πμ—π ·≈–√«¡∑—Èß Õߧå°√ UNAIDS (‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ ÛÒ) ¥â«¬ ∑’ Ë ”§—≠·¡â·μà ¡“™‘°√—∞ ¿“¢Õߪ√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“°Á¬ß— „Àâ°“√ π—∫ πÿπ°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√ ¥—ß°≈à“« ‚¥¬¡’ ¡“™‘°√—∞ ¿“√«¡ ÚÚ ∑à“π‡¢â“™◊ËÕ°—π∑”Àπ—ß ◊Õ∂÷ߺŸâ·∑π°“√§â“ À√—∞œ ‡æ◊ËÕ π—∫ πÿπ°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√¢Õ߉∑¬ ·≈–‰¡à„À⺷Ÿâ ∑π°“√§â“ À√—∞œ À√◊Õ√—∞∫“≈ À√—∞œ ¥”‡π‘π°“√ ‡¢â “ ·∑√°·´ß°“√¥”‡π‘ π °“√¥— ß °≈à “ «∑’Ë ∑—È ß ∂Ÿ ° °ÆÀ¡“¬·≈–∂Ÿ ° À≈— ° ¡πÿ … ¬∏√√¡¢Õ߉∑¬ (‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ ÛÚ) Àπ—ß ◊Õπ’‰È ¥â𔉪 ŸÀà π—ß ◊ÕμÕ∫®“°ºŸ·â ∑π°“√§â“ À√—∞œ ¥—ß°≈à“«·≈â« 13 „πª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë Ò
ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë ˘ ∫√‘…—∑¬“· ¥ß§«“¡°—ß«≈«à“ ·¡â∫√‘…—∑μâÕß°“√‡®√®“°—∫√—∞ ¿“¬À≈—ß ®“°∑’Ë°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ÕÕ°ª√–°“»°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞μàÕ¬“∑’Ë¡’ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√·≈â« ·μà°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢‰¡à¬π ‘ ¬Õ¡‡®√®“¥â«¬ ‡æ√“–Õ–‰√ ¿“¬À≈—ß°“√ª√–°“»«à“®–„™â ∑‘ ∏‘‚¥¬√—∞·≈â« ¡’°“√‡ªî¥‚Õ°“ „π°“√‡®√®“°—∫∑ÿ°∫√‘…∑— °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢‰¡à‡§¬ªØ‘‡ ∏„π§”¢Õ‡®√®“®“°∫√‘…—∑¬“·¡â·μà∫√‘…—∑‡¥’¬« ‰¡à«à“®– ‡ªìπ°àÕπ·≈–À≈—ß°“√ª√–°“»„™â ‘∑∏‘ ·¡â¿“¬À≈—ß®“°°“√∑’ˉ¥âº≈‘μÀ√◊Õπ”‡¢â“¬“∑’ˉ¥â®“° °“√„™â ∑‘ ∏‘·≈â«°Á¬π‘ ¥’‡®√®“μ≈Õ¥ ∑’ºË “à π¡“°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢°Á‰¥â√∫— °“√μ‘¥μàÕ®“°∫√‘…∑— ‡¡‘√§å ™“√åª ·Õπ¥å ‚¥√å¡ ·≈– ∫√‘…∑— ·ÕÁ∫∫Õμ ≈“∫Õ·√μÕ√’ „π°“√‡¢â“æ∫‡®√®“·≈â« ·μà¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π ‡æ◊ËÕ¡‘„À⇰‘¥°“√¢“¥·§≈π¬“¢÷Èπ„π√–À«à“ß°“√‡®√®“ ·≈–‡æ◊ËÕ ‡ªìπ°“√‡ªî¥μ≈“¥„Àâ¡’°“√·¢àߢ—π°—π ∑”„À≥⬓∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥¿“楒„π√“§“∑’ËμË”≈ß °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢°Á‰¥â¡Õ∫À¡“¬„ÀâÕߧ尓√‡¿ —™°√√¡®—¥´◊ÈÕ¬“™◊ËÕ “¡—≠¢Õ߬“¥—ß°≈à“«‚¥¬ ∑—π∑’¥«â ¬ ¢≥–π’¬È “‡Õø“«‘‡√π´å ™ÿ¥·√°®”π«π Òˆ, ¢«¥ ®“°∫√‘…∑— ·√π·∫°´’ (Ranbaxy) ¢ÕßÕ‘π‡¥’¬ ´÷Ë߉¥â√—∫°“√√—∫√Õߧÿ≥¿“æ·≈–‰¥â√—∫∑–‡∫’¬π¬“®“° ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√ Õ“À“√·≈–¬“¢Õ߉∑¬°Á‰¥â àß¡“∂÷ßÕߧ尓√‡¿ —™°√√¡·≈â« ¬“¥—ß°≈à“«¬—߉¥â√—∫°“√√—∫√Õß ¡“μ√∞“π®“°Õߧ尓√Õπ“¡—¬‚≈°¥â«¬ ®÷ß¡—Ëπ„®‰¥â«à“¬“¥—ß°≈à“«¡’§ÿ≥¿“æ‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“°—∫ ¬“‡Õø“«‘‡√π´å∑’Ë¡’ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√ °“√𔬓¥—ß°≈à“«‡¢â“¡“®“°ª√–‡∑»Õ‘π‡¥’¬ ∑”„ÀâÕߧ尓√ ‡¿ —™°√√¡ “¡“√∂®”Àπà“¬¬“μ—«π’È„Àâ·°à°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢‰¥â„π√“§“‡æ’¬ß¢«¥≈– ˆı ∫“∑ ‡∑’¬∫°—∫√“§“¬“∑’Ë¡’ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√∑’Ë¡’√“§“ Ÿß∂÷ߢ«¥≈– Ò,Û ∫“∑ ´÷Ëß®– àߺ≈„Àâ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ “¡“√∂®—¥¬“„ÀⷰຟâªÉ«¬∑’Ë¡’§«“¡®”‡ªìπμâÕß„™â¬“¥—ß°≈à“«‰¥â‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ Õ’°∂÷ß°«à“ Ú, §π ¥â«¬ß∫ª√–¡“≥‡∑à“‡¥‘¡ ®π∂÷ß«—π∑’Ë Òˆ °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å Úıı ‰¥â¡°’ “√‡®√®“°—∫∫√‘…∑— ‡¡‘√§å ™“√åª ·Õπ¥å ‚¥√å¡ ·≈– ·ÕÁ∫∫Õμ ≈“∫Õ·√μÕ√’ ·≈â«Õ¬à“߇ªî¥‡º¬ ∫√‘…—∑≈– Ú §√—Èß ·≈–¡’°“√‡®√®“Õ¬à“߉¡à‡ªìπ ∑“ß°“√Õ’°¥â«¬ ´÷Ëß°“√‡®√®“‡ªìπ‰ªÕ¬à“ß©—π¡‘μ√ ∑—Èß ÕßΩÉ“¬μà“߇¢â“„®§«“¡®”‡ªìπ·≈– «—μ∂ÿª√– ߧå¢Õß·μà≈–ΩÉ“¬ °≈à“«§◊Õ ΩÉ“¬∫√‘…—∑¬“‡¢â“„®∂÷ߧ«“¡®”‡ªìπ¢Õß√—∞„π°“√∑’Ë®– μâÕß®—¥À“¬“®”‡ªìπ „Àâ·°à§π‰∑¬∑ÿ°§π‡æ◊ËÕ°“√√—°…“ ÿ¢¿“æ·≈–√—°…“™’«‘μ ·≈–‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ‰ª μ“¡√–∫∫À≈—°ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ·Ààß™“μ‘ ·≈–æ√âÕ¡®–æ‘®“√≥“¢âÕ‡ πÕ∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡„π°“√ ™à«¬„Àâ√—∞ “¡“√∂∫√√≈ÿ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬¥—ß°≈à“« à«πΩÉ“¬√—∞°Á‡¢â“„®„𧫓¡°—ß«≈¢Õß∫√‘…—∑∑’Ë®– 14
μâÕß欓¬“¡√—°…“ª√–‚¬™πå¢Õß∫√‘…—∑·≈–®–μâÕß¡’°”‰√∑’Ë®–‰ª™¥‡™¬§à“„™â®à“¬∑’ˉ¥â≈ß∑ÿ𠉪„π°“√«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤𓬓 ·≈–∑—Èß ÕßΩÉ“¬μà“ß¡’§«“¡æ¬“¬“¡∑’Ë®–‡®√®“μàÕ‰ª‡æ◊ËÕ∫√√≈ÿ «—μ∂ÿª√– ߧå¢Õß∑—ßÈ ÕßΩÉ“¬ ¢≥–π’È°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢°Á‰¥â¡Õ∫À¡“¬„Àâ§≥–∑”ß“π‡©æ“–°‘® ‡®√®“≈¥√“§“ ¬“∑’¡Ë ’ ∑‘ ∏‘∫μ— √¥”‡π‘π°“√ „π°“√‡®√®“μàÕ√Õß√“§“¬“∑’¡Ë ’ ∑‘ ∏‘∫μ— √μàÕ‰ªÕ¬à“ßμàÕ‡π◊ÕË ß¥â«¬·≈â«
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ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë Ò ¬“∑’˺≈‘μÀ√◊Õπ”‡¢â“®“°ª√–‡∑»Õ◊Ë𠇙àπ Õ‘π‡¥’¬ ∑’Ë¡’√“§“μË”°«à“¬“ μâπ·∫∫ ®–¡—π Ë „®‰¥âÕ¬à“߉√«à“¡’§≥ ÿ ¿“æ‡∑à“‡∑’¬¡°—∫¬“μâπ·∫∫ ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‚¥¬Õߧ尓√‡¿ —™°√√¡ ‰¥â¡’¢âÕ°”À𥉫â„π —≠≠“°“√®—¥´◊ÈÕ«à“ °√≥’¬“ º≈‘μÀ√◊Õπ”‡¢â“®“°ª√–‡∑»Õ◊Ë𠇙àπ Õ‘π‡¥’¬ π—Èπ À“°Õߧ尓√Õπ“¡—¬‚≈°¡’√–∫∫°“√√—∫√Õß ¡“μ√∞“π¢Õ߬“¥— ß °≈à “ «·≈â « ®–μâ Õ ß¡’ ‡ Õ° “√· ¥ß°“√√— ∫ √Õß«à “ º≈‘ μ ¿— ≥ ±å ‰ ¥â √— ∫ ¡“μ√∞“πμ“¡À≈—°‡°≥±å«‘∏’°“√º≈‘μ∑’Ë¥’¢ÕßÕߧ尓√Õπ“¡—¬‚≈° (WHO GMP certificate) ª√–°Õ∫°—∫‡Õ° “√°“√»÷°…“™’« ¡¡Ÿ≈ (Bioequivalence Study) ´÷Ëß· ¥ßº≈°“√∑¥ Õ∫«à“ ¬“¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“°—∫¬“μâπμ”√—∫∑’Ë¡’ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√ æ√âÕ¡∑—È߇հ “√ª√–°Õ∫Õ◊ËπÊ ‡æ◊ËÕ „Àâ¡π—Ë „®‰¥â«“à º≈‘μ¿—≥±å¥ß— °≈à“«¡’§≥ ÿ ¿“æ¡“μ√∞“π‡∑à“‡∑’¬¡°—∫¬“μâπμ”√—∫∑’¡Ë ’ ∑‘ ∏‘∫μ— √®√‘ßÊ „π°“√π”‡¢â“¬“¥—ß°≈à“« ‰¡à«à“Õߧ尓√Õπ“¡—¬‚≈°®–¡’√–∫∫°“√√—∫√Õߧÿ≥¿“æ ¡“μ√∞“πÀ√◊Õ‰¡à°Áμ“¡ ®–μâÕ߉¥â√—∫°“√√—∫√Õߧÿ≥¿“殓°°√¡«‘∑¬“»“ μ√å°“√·æ∑¬å ·≈–‰¥â√∫— ∑–‡∫’¬πμ”√—∫¬“®“° ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√Õ“À“√·≈–¬“¥â«¬ πÕ°®“°π’È ‡¡◊ËÕ‰¥â√—∫¬“¡“·≈â« ΩÉ“¬§«∫§ÿ¡§ÿ≥¿“æ¢ÕßÕߧ尓√‡¿ —™°√√¡°Á®–μâÕß μ√«® Õ∫§ÿ≥¿“æÕ’°§√—ßÈ Àπ÷ßË °àÕπ àß¡Õ∫¬“„Àâ·°à °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§ À√◊Õ ∂“π欓∫“≈μà“ßÊ μàÕ‰ª ®“°¢—ÈπμÕπ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√μ√«® Õ∫√—∫√Õߧÿ≥¿“æ¡“μ√∞“π¥—ß°≈à“«¢â“ßμâπ ®÷ß ¡—Ëπ„®‰¥â«à“ ¬“∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬√—∞¥—ß°≈à“« ‡ªìπ¬“∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥¿“æ‡∑à“‡∑’¬¡°—∫¬“μâπ μ”√—∫∑’¡Ë ’ ∑‘ ∏‘∫μ— √
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¡’°“√¢“¬º≈‘μ¿—≥±å¥—ß°≈à“«„π√“§“ Ÿß‡°‘π§«√À√◊Õ‰¡àæÕ πÕߧ«“¡μâÕß°“√¢Õߪ√–™“™π ¿“¬„π√“™Õ“≥“®—°√‚¥¬‰¡à¡‡’ Àμÿº≈Õ—π ¡§«√ ∑—Èßπ’È ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ°√≥’μ“¡ (Ò) À√◊Õ (Ú) ºŸâ¢Õ„™â ‘∑∏‘®–μâÕß· ¥ß«à“ºŸâ¢Õ‰¥â欓¬“¡ ¢ÕÕπÿ≠“μ„™â ‘∑∏‘μ“¡ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√®“°ºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√‚¥¬‰¥â‡ πÕ‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢·≈–§à“μÕ∫·∑π∑’Ë ‡æ’¬ßæÕμ“¡æƒμ‘°“√≥å·Ààß°√≥’·≈â« ·μà‰¡à “¡“√∂μ°≈ß°—π‰¥â¿“¬„π√–¬–‡«≈“Õ—π ¡§«√ °“√¢Õ„™â ‘∑∏‘μ“¡ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√„À⇪ìπ‰ªμ“¡À≈—°‡°≥±å «‘∏’°“√·≈–‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑’Ë°”À𥂥¬ °Æ°√–∑√«ß ¡“μ√“ Ùˆ ∑«‘ (¬°‡≈‘°) ¡“μ√“ Ù˜ ∂â“°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘μ“¡¢âÕ∂◊Õ ‘∑∏‘„π ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√„¥Õ“®¡’º≈‡ªìπ°“√≈–‡¡‘¥¢âÕ∂◊Õ ‘∑∏‘„π ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√Õ◊Ëπ ºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√´÷Ëߪ√– ߧ宖„™â ‘∑∏‘¥—ß°≈à“«®–¬◊Ëπ§”¢Õ„™â ‘∑∏‘μ“¡ ‘∑∏‘ ∫—μ√Õ◊πË μàÕÕ∏‘∫¥’°‰Á ¥â ¿“¬„μâÀ≈—°‡°≥±å¥ß— μàÕ‰ªπ’È (Ò) °“√ª√–¥‘…∞å¢ÕߺŸâ¢Õ„™â ‘∑∏‘‡ªìπ°“√ª√–¥‘…∞å∑’Ë¡’§«“¡°â“«Àπâ“Õ¬à“ß ”§—≠∑“ß ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’´ß÷Ë ‡ªìπº≈¥’∑“ߥâ“π‡»√…∞°‘® ‡¡◊ÕË ‡∑’¬∫°—∫°“√ª√–¥‘…∞å¢Õß ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √∑’¢Ë Õ„™â (Ú) ºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√¡’ ‘∑∏‘∑’Ë®–„™â ‘∑∏‘μ“¡ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√¢ÕߺŸâ¢Õ„™â ‘∑∏‘¿“¬„μâ‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑’Ë ‡À¡“– ¡„π°“√¢Õ„™â ∑‘ ∏‘ππ—È (Û) ºŸâ¢Õ„™â ‘∑∏‘‰¡àÕ“®‚Õπ°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘¥—ß°≈à“«„Àâ·°à∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊Ë𠇫âπ·μà®–‡ªìπ°“√‚Õ𠉪æ√âÕ¡°—∫ ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √¢Õßμπ ∑—Èßπ’È ºŸâ¢Õ„™â ‘∑∏‘®–μâÕß· ¥ß«à“‰¥â欓¬“¡¢ÕÕπÿ≠“μ„™â ‘∑∏‘μ“¡ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√®“°ºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√π—Èπ‚¥¬‰¥â‡ πÕ‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢·≈–§à“μÕ∫·∑π∑’ˇ撬ßæÕμ“¡æƒμ‘°“√≥å·Ààß°√≥’·≈â« ·μà ‰¡à “¡“√∂μ°≈ß°—π‰¥â¿“¬„π√–¬–‡«≈“Õ—π ¡§«√ °“√¢Õ„™â ‘∑∏‘μ“¡ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√„À⇪ìπ‰ªμ“¡À≈—°‡°≥±å «‘∏’°“√ ·≈–‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑’Ë°”Àπ¥ ‚¥¬°Æ°√–∑√«ß ¡“μ√“ Ù˜ ∑«‘∂â“°“√„™â ∑‘ ∏‘μ“¡¢âÕ∂◊Õ ‘∑∏‘„π ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √∑’‰Ë ¥â√∫— Õπÿ≠“μ„Àâ„™âμ“¡¡“μ√“ Ùˆ Õ“®¡’º≈‡ªìπ°“√≈–‡¡‘¥¢âÕ∂◊Õ ‘∑∏‘„π ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊πË Õ’° ºŸ¢â Õ„™â ∑‘ ∏‘μ“¡¡“μ√“ Ùˆ ®–¬◊πË §”¢Õ„™â ∑‘ ∏‘μ“¡ ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √Õ◊πË π—πÈ μàÕÕ∏‘∫¥’°‰Á ¥â¿“¬„μâÀ≈—°‡°≥±å¥ß— μàÕ‰ªπ’È (Ò) °“√ª√–¥‘…∞å¢ÕߺŸâ¢Õ„™â ‘∑∏‘‡ªìπ°“√ª√–¥‘…∞å∑’Ë¡’§«“¡°â“«Àπâ“Õ¬à“ß ”§—≠∑“ß ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’´ß÷Ë ‡ªìπº≈¥’∑“ߥâ“π‡»√…∞°‘® ‡¡◊ÕË ‡∑’¬∫°—∫°“√ª√–¥‘…∞å¢Õß ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √∑’¢Ë Õ„™â 18
(Ú) ºŸ¢â Õ„™â ∑‘ ∏‘‰¡àÕ“®‚Õπ°“√„™â ∑‘ ∏‘¥ß— °≈à“«„Àâ·°à∫§ÿ §≈Õ◊πË ∑—Èßπ’È ºŸâ¢Õ„™â ‘∑∏‘®–μâÕß· ¥ß«à“‰¥â欓¬“¡¢ÕÕπÿ≠“μ„™â ‘∑∏‘μ“¡ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√®“°ºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√π—Èπ ‚¥¬‰¥â‡ πÕ‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢·≈–§à“μÕ∫·∑π∑’ˇ撬ßæÕμ“¡æƒμ‘°“√≥å·Ààß°√≥’·≈â«·μà ‰¡à “¡“√∂μ°≈ß°—π‰¥â¿“¬„π√–¬–‡«≈“Õ—π ¡§«√ °“√¢Õ„™â ‘∑∏‘μ“¡ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√„À⇪ìπ‰ªμ“¡À≈—°‡°≥±å «‘∏’°“√ ·≈–‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑’Ë°”Àπ¥ ‚¥¬°Æ°√–∑√«ß ¡“μ√“ Ù¯ ºŸ∑â √ß ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √¡’ ∑‘ ∏‘‰¥â√∫— §à“μÕ∫·∑π„π°“√¢Õ„™â ∑‘ ∏‘μ“¡¡“μ√“ Ùˆ ¡“μ√“ Ù˜ ·≈–¡“μ√“ Ù˜ ∑«‘ ”À√—∫ºŸâ‰¥â√—∫Õπÿ≠“μ·μà‡æ’¬ßºŸâ‡¥’¬«„Àℙ⠑∑∏‘¢ÕߺŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√μ“¡¡“μ√“ Û¯ ¡’ ‘∑∏‘‰¥â√—∫§à“μÕ∫·∑π„π°“√¢Õ„™â ‘∑∏‘μ“¡¡“μ√“ Ùˆ ¡“μ√“ Ù˜ À√◊Õ¡“μ√“ Ù˜ ∑«‘ ‰¥â „π°√≥’πº’È ∑Ÿâ √ß ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √‰¡à¡ ’ ∑‘ ∏‘‰¥â√∫— §à“μÕ∫·∑π ¡“μ√“ Ù˘ „π°“√¬◊Ëπ§”¢Õ„™â ‘∑∏‘μ“¡¡“μ√“ Ùˆ ¡“μ√“ Ù˜ À√◊Õ¡“μ√“ Ù˜ ∑«‘ ºŸâ¢Õ„™â ‘∑∏‘μâÕ߇ πÕ§à“μÕ∫·∑π ‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢„π°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘μ“¡ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√·≈–¢âÕ®”°—¥ ‘∑∏‘¢Õß ºŸ∑â √ß ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √·≈–ºŸ‰â ¥â√∫— Õπÿ≠“μ„Àâ„™â ∑‘ ∏‘¢ÕߺŸ∑â √ß ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √μ“¡¡“μ√“ Ù¯ «√√§ Õß æ√âÕ¡ °—∫§”¢Õ„™â ‘∑∏‘ ”À√—∫°√≥’°“√¢Õ„™â ‘∑∏‘μ“¡¡“μ√“ Ù˜ ºŸâ¢Õ„™â ‘∑∏‘μâÕ߬‘π¬Õ¡Õπÿ≠“μ „Àâº∑Ÿâ √ß ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √∑’μË π¢Õ„™â ∑‘ ∏‘‡ªìπºŸ¡â ’ ∑‘ ∏‘„™â ∑‘ ∏‘μ“¡ ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √¢Õßμπ‡ªìπ°“√μÕ∫·∑π¥â«¬ ‡¡◊ËÕ‰¥â√—∫§”¢Õ„™â ‘∑∏‘μ“¡¡“μ√“ Ùˆ ¡“μ√“ Ù˜ À√◊Õ¡“μ√“ Ù˜ ∑«‘ ·≈â«„Àâæπ—° ß“π‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë·®âß°”À𥫗π Õ∫ «π§”¢Õ‰ª¬—ߺŸâ¢Õ„™â ‘∑∏‘ ºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√·≈–ºŸâ‰¥â√—∫ Õπÿ≠“μ„Àℙ⠑∑∏‘¢ÕߺŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√μ“¡¡“μ√“ Ù¯ «√√§ Õß „π°“√π’È „Àâ àß ”‡π“§”¢Õ ‰ª¬—ߺŸ∑â √ß ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √·≈–ºŸ‰â ¥â√∫— Õπÿ≠“μ„Àâ„™â ∑‘ ∏‘¢ÕߺŸ∑â √ß ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √μ“¡¡“μ√“ Ù¯ «√√§ Õß ¥â«¬ „π°“√ Õ∫ «πμ“¡«√√§ Õß æπ—°ß“π‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë®–‡√’¬°ºŸâ¢Õ„™â ‘∑∏‘ºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√ À√◊ÕºŸ‰â ¥â√∫— Õπÿ≠“μ„Àâ„™â ∑‘ ∏‘¢ÕߺŸ∑â √ß ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √μ“¡¡“μ√“ Ù¯ «√√§ Õß ¡“„Àâ∂Õâ ¬§”™’·È ®ß „Àâ à߇հ “√ À√◊Õ ‘Ëß„¥‡æ‘Ë¡‡μ‘¡°Á‰¥â ‡¡◊ËÕæπ—°ß“π‡®â“Àπâ“∑’ˉ¥â¥”‡π‘π°“√ Õ∫ «π·≈– Õ∏‘∫¥’‰¥â«‘π‘®©—¬·≈â« „Àâ·®âߧ”«‘π‘®©—¬‰ª¬—ߺŸâ¢Õ„™â ‘∑∏‘ºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√·≈–ºŸâ√—∫‰¥âÕπÿ≠“μ„Àâ „™â ∑‘ ∏‘¢ÕߺŸ∑â √ß ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √μ“¡¡“μ√“ Ù¯ «√√§ Õß §”«‘π‘®©—¬¢ÕßÕ∏‘∫¥’μ“¡«√√§ “¡ §Ÿà°√≥’Õ“®Õÿ∑∏√≥åμàÕ§≥–°√√¡°“√‰¥â¿“¬„πÀ° ‘∫«—ππ—∫·μà«π— ∑’‰Ë ¥â√∫— ·®âߧ”«‘π®‘ ©—¬π—πÈ 19
¡“μ√“ ı ‡¡◊ÕË Õ∏‘∫¥’«π‘ ®‘ ©—¬«à“ºŸ¢â Õ„™â ∑‘ ∏‘μ“¡¡“μ√“ Ùˆ ¡“μ√“ Ù˜ À√◊Õ¡“μ√“ Ù˜ ∑«‘ ‡ªìπºŸâ ¡§«√‰¥â√—∫Õπÿ≠“μ„Àℙ⠑∑∏‘μ“¡ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√‰¥â „ÀâÕ∏‘∫¥’°”Àπ¥§à“μÕ∫·∑π ‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢„π°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘μ“¡ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√ ·≈–¢âÕ®”°—¥ ‘∑∏‘¢ÕߺŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√·≈–ºŸâ‰¥â√—∫Õπÿ≠“μ „Àℙ⠑∑∏‘¢ÕߺŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√μ“¡¡“μ√“ Ù¯ «√√§ Õß μ“¡∑’˺Ÿâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√·≈–ºŸâ‰¥â√—∫ Õπÿ≠“쉥âμ°≈ß°—π ·≈–„π°√≥’∑∑Ë’ ßÈ— ÕßΩÉ“¬μ°≈ß°—π‰¡à‰¥â¿“¬„π√–¬–‡«≈“∑’ÕË ∏‘∫¥’°”Àπ¥ „ÀâÕ∏‘∫¥’°”Àπ¥§à“μÕ∫·∑π ‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢„π°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘μ“¡ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√ ·≈–¢âÕ®”°—¥ ‘∑∏‘¥—ß°≈à“« μ“¡∑’ÕË ∏‘∫¥’殑 “√≥“‡ÀÁπ ¡§«√ ¿“¬„μâÀ≈—°‡°≥±å¥ß— μàÕ‰ªπ’È (Ò) ¢Õ∫‡¢μ·≈–√–¬–‡«≈“∑’ÕË πÿ≠“μμâÕ߉¡à‡°‘π°«à“æƒμ‘°“√≥åÕπ— ®”‡ªìπ (Ú) ºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√¡’ ‘∑∏‘∑’Ë®–Õπÿ≠“μ„À⺟â√—∫Õπÿ≠“μ√“¬Õ◊Ëπ„™â ‘∑∏‘μ“¡ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√¢Õß μπ¥â«¬°Á‰¥â (Û) ºŸâ√—∫Õπÿ≠“μ‰¡à¡’ ‘∑∏‘‚Õπ„∫Õπÿ≠“μ„Àâ·°à∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊Ë𠇫âπ·μà®–‚Õπ°‘®°“√À√◊Õ™◊ËÕ ‡ ’¬ß„π∑“ß°“√§â“ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–„π à«π∑’‡Ë °’¬Ë «°—∫°“√Õπÿ≠“μ„Àâ„™â ∑‘ ∏‘ππ—È ¥â«¬ (Ù) °“√Õπÿ≠“μ®–μâÕß¡ÿàß πÕߧ«“¡μâÕß°“√¢Õߪ√–™“™π¿“¬„π√“™Õ“≥“®—°√ ‡ªì𠔧—≠ (ı) §à“μÕ∫·∑π∑’°Ë ”Àπ¥®–μâÕ߇撬ßæÕμàÕæƒμ‘°“√≥å·Ààß°√≥’ ‡¡◊ËÕÕ∏‘∫¥’‰¥â°”Àπ¥§à“μÕ∫·∑π ‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢„π°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘μ“¡ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√·≈–¢âÕ®”°—¥ ‘∑∏‘ ¥—ß°≈à“«·≈â«„ÀâÕ∏‘∫¥’ ß—Ë „ÀâÕÕ°„∫Õπÿ≠“μ„ÀⷰຉŸâ ¥â√∫— Õπÿ≠“μ„Àâ„™â ∑‘ ∏‘μ“¡ ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √π—πÈ §” —ËߢÕßÕ∏‘∫¥’μ“¡«√√§Àπ÷Ëß §Ÿà°√≥’Õ“®Õÿ∑∏√≥åμàÕ§≥–°√√¡°“√‰¥â¿“¬„πÀ° ‘∫ «—ππ—∫·μà«π— ∑’‰Ë ¥â√∫— ·®âߧ”«‘π®‘ ©—¬π—πÈ °“√ÕÕ°„∫Õπÿ≠“μ„Àℙ⠑∑∏‘μ“¡ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√μ“¡«√√§ Õß „À⇪ìπ‰ªμ“¡À≈—°‡°≥±å ·≈–«‘∏°’ “√∑’°Ë ”À𥂥¬°Æ°√–∑√«ß ¡“μ√“ ı ∑«‘ „∫Õπÿ≠“μ„Àℙ⠑∑∏‘∑’ËÕÕ°„Àâ¥â«¬‡Àμÿμ“¡¡“μ√“ Ùˆ Õ“®¬°‡≈‘°‰¥â À“°ª√“°Ø«à“‡Àμÿ·Ààß°“√Õπÿ≠“쉥âÀ¡¥ ‘Èπ‰ª·≈–‰¡àÕ“®‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥âÕ’° ·≈–°“√¬°‡≈‘°¥—ß °≈à“«®–‰¡à°√–∑∫°√–‡∑◊Õπ ‘∑∏‘À√◊Õº≈ª√–‚¬™πå∑’˺Ÿâ‰¥â√—∫Õπÿ≠“μ„Àℙ⠑∑∏‘‰¥â√—∫μ“¡„∫ Õπÿ≠“μ„Àâ„™â ∑‘ ∏‘ππ—È °“√¢Õ„Àâ ¬ °‡≈‘ ° „∫Õπÿ ≠ “μμ“¡«√√§Àπ÷Ë ß „Àâ ‡ ªì π ‰ªμ“¡À≈— ° ‡°≥±å · ≈–«‘ ∏’ ° “√∑’Ë °”À𥂥¬°Æ°√–∑√«ß ·≈–„Àâπ”∫∑∫—≠≠—μ¡‘ “μ√“ Ù˘ «√√§ Õß·≈–«√√§ “¡ ·≈–¡“μ√“ ı ¡“„™â∫ß— §—∫‚¥¬Õπÿ‚≈¡
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°“√„™â ∑‘ ∏‘·∑πºŸ∑â √ß ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬Àπ૬ߓπ¢Õß√—∞ μ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ ‘ ∑‘ ∏‘∫μ— √ æ.». ÚıÚÚ ·°â‰¢‡æ‘¡Ë ‡μ‘¡‚¥¬ æ.√.∫. ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √ (©∫—∫∑’Ë Û) æ.». ÚıÙÚ à«π∑’Ë ı °“√„™â ∑‘ ∏‘μ“¡ ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √ ¡“μ√“ ıÒ ‡æ◊ËÕª√–‚¬™πå„π°“√ª√–°Õ∫°‘®°“√Õ—π‡ªìπ “∏“√≥Ÿª‚¿§À√◊Õ°“√Õ—π ®”‡ªìπ„π°“√ªÑÕß°—πª√–‡∑» À√◊Õ°“√ ß«π√—°…“À√◊Õ°“√‰¥â¡“´÷Ëß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“μ‘À√◊Õ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ À√◊ÕªÑÕß°—πÀ√◊Õ∫√√‡∑“°“√¢“¥·§≈πÕ“À“√ ¬“À√◊Õ ‘ËßÕÿª‚¿§∫√‘‚¿§Õ¬à“ßÕ◊Ëπ Õ¬à“ß√ÿπ·√ß À√◊Õ‡æ◊ËÕª√–‚¬™πå “∏“√≥–Õ¬à“ßÕ◊Ëπ °√–∑√«ß ∑∫«ß °√¡ Õ“®„™â ‘∑∏‘μ“¡ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√Õ¬à“ß„¥Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëßμ“¡¡“μ√“ Ûˆ ‚¥¬°√–∑”°“√¥—ß°≈à“«‡ÕßÀ√◊Õ„Àâ∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊Ëπ °√–∑”·∑π „π°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘¥—ß°≈à“« °√–∑√«ß ∑∫«ß °√¡ ®–μâÕ߇ ’¬§à“μÕ∫·∑π·°àºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√À√◊ÕºŸâ‰¥â√—∫Õπÿ≠“μ„Àℙ⠑∑∏‘¢ÕߺŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√μ“¡¡“μ√“ Ù¯ «√√§ Õß ·≈–®– μâÕß·®âß„À⺟â∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√∑√“∫‡ªìπÀπ—ß ◊Õ‚¥¬‰¡à™—°™â“ ∑—Èßπ’È ‚¥¬‰¡àÕ¬Ÿà¿“¬„μâ∫—ߧ—∫‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢ „π¡“μ√“ Ùˆ ¡“μ√“ Ù˜ ·≈–¡“μ√“ Ù˜ ∑«‘ „π°“√π’È„Àâ¬◊Ëπ§”¢Õ‡ πÕ§à“μÕ∫·∑π·≈–‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢„π°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘μ“¡ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√μàÕÕ∏‘∫¥’ °“√°”Àπ¥§à“μÕ∫·∑π„À⇪ìπ‰ªμ“¡§«“¡μ°≈ß√–À«à“ß°√–∑√«ß ∑∫«ß °√¡ ´÷Ëߪ√– ß§å „™â ‘∑∏‘μ“¡ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√°—∫ºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√À√◊ÕºŸâ‰¥â√—∫Õπÿ≠“μ„Àℙ⠑∑∏‘¢ÕߺŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√ ·≈– „Àâπ”¡“μ√“ ı ¡“„™â∫ß— §—∫‚¥¬Õπÿ‚≈¡ ¡“μ√“ ıÚ „π¿“«– ߧ√“¡À√◊Õ„π¿“«–©ÿ°‡©‘π 𓬰√—∞¡πμ√’‚¥¬Õπÿ¡—쑧≥– √—∞¡πμ√’¡’Õ”π“®ÕÕ°§” —Ëß„™â ‘∑∏‘μ“¡ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√„¥Ê °Á‰¥â‡æ◊ËÕ°“√Õ—π®”‡ªìπ„π°“√ªÑÕß°—π ª√–‡∑»·≈–√—°…“§«“¡¡—πË §ß·Ààß™“μ‘ ‚¥¬‡ ’¬§à“μÕ∫·∑π∑’‡Ë ªìπ∏√√¡·°àº∑Ÿâ √ß ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √ ·≈– μâÕß·®âß„Àâº∑Ÿâ √ß ‘∑∏‘∫μ— √∑√“∫‡ªìπÀπ—ß ◊Õ‚¥¬‰¡à™°— ™â“ ºŸâ∑√ß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√¡’ ‘∑∏‘Õÿ∑∏√≥委 —Ëߥ—ß°≈à“«À√◊Õ®”π«π§à“μÕ∫·∑πμàÕ»“≈¿“¬„πÀ° ‘∫«—ππ—∫·μà«π— ∑’‰Ë ¥â√∫— ·®âߧ” —ßË π—πÈ 21
‡Õ° “√À¡“¬‡≈¢ Ú
AGREEMENT ON TRADE-RELATED ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
Article 31 Other Use Without Authorization of the Right Holder Where the law of a Member allows for other use of the subject matter of a patent without the authorization of the right holder, including use by the government or third parties authorized by the government, the following provisions shall be respected: (a) Authorization of such use shall be considered on its individual merits; (b) Such use may only be permitted if, prior to such use, the proposed user has made efforts to obtain authorization from the right holder on reasonable commercial terms and conditions and that such efforts have not been successful within a reasonable period of time. This requirement may be waived by a Member in the case of a national emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency or in cases of public non-commercial use. In situations of national emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency, the right holder shall, nevertheless, be notified as soon as reasonably practicable. In the case of public non-commercial use, where the government or contractor, without making a patent search, knows or has demonstrable grounds to know that a valid patent is or will be used by or for the government, the right holder shall be informed promptly;
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WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
WT/MIN(01)/DEC/W/2 14 November 2001
MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE Fourth Session Doha, 9 - 14 November 2001 DECLARATION ON THE TRIPS AGREEMENT AND PUBLIC HEALTH 1. We recognize the gravity of the public health problems afflicting many developing and least-developed countries, especially those resulting from HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and other epidemics. 2. We stress the need for the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) to be part of the wider national and international action to address these problems. 3. We recognize that intellectual property protection is important for the development of new medicines. We also recognize the concerns about its effects on prices. 4. We agree that the TRIPS Agreement does not and should not prevent Members from taking measures to protect public health. Accordingly, while reiterating our commitment to the TRIPS Agreement, we affirm that the Agreement can and should be interpreted and implemented in a manner supportive of WTO Membersû right to protect public health and, in particular, to promote access to medicines for all. In this connection, we reaffirm the right of WTO Members to use, to the full, the provisions in the TRIPS Agreement, which provide flexibility for this purpose. 5. Accordingly and in the light of paragraph 4 above, while maintaining our commitments in the TRIPS Agreement, we recognize that these flexibilities include: (a) In applying the customary rules of interpretation of public international law, each provision of the TRIPS Agreement shall be read in the light of the object and purpose of the Agreement as expressed, in particular, in its objectives and principles. 23
(b) Each Member has the right to grant compulsory licences and the freedom to determine the grounds upon which such licences are granted. (c) Each Member has the right to determine what constitutes a national emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency, it being understood that public health crises, including those relating to HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and other epidemics, can represent a national emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency. (d) The effect of the provisions in the TRIPS Agreement that are relevant to the exhaustion of intellectual property rights is to leave each Member free to establish its own regime for such exhaustion without challenge, subject to the MFN and national treatment provisions of Articles 3 and 4. 6. We recognize that WTO Members with insufficient or no manufacturing capacities in the pharmaceutical sector could face difficulties in making effective use of compulsory licensing under the TRIPS Agreement. We instruct the Council for TRIPS to find an expeditious solution to this problem and to report to the General Council before the end of 2002. 7. We reaffirm the commitment of developed-country Members to provide incentives to their enterprises and institutions to promote and encourage technology transfer to least-developed country Members pursuant to Article 66.2. We also agree that the least-developed country Members will not be obliged, with respect to pharmaceutical products, to implement or apply Sections 5 and 7 of Part II of the TRIPS Agreement or to enforce rights provided for under these Sections until 1 January 2016, without prejudice to the right of least-developed country Members to seek other extensions of the transition periods as provided for in Article 66.1 of the TRIPS Agreement. We instruct the Council for TRIPS to take the necessary action to give effect to this pursuant to Article 66.1 of the TRIPS Agreement.
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