What Is Chemical Hub

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What is a Chemical Hub:

An' industrial area consisting of a concentration of many chemicals, petrochemicals and related industries is known as a Chemical Hub. It is a combination of many chemical plants, which depend on each other for raw materials, utility companies and logistic service ';.,~onifjaniessituated wi~

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or near the hub. The starting activities in a Chemical hub are

and naphtha/gascracking which are carried out in Refmeries and Naphtha

Crackersor GasCrackersfollowed by a seriesof intermediateproducts,manufacturedby a \

number of downstreamunits. The end products are finished consumer and engineering goods used for varied uses e.g. for packaging, ~hoes, clothing, auto industzy, other household appliances,various plastic products, itrigation use, etc. These linkages of the s'

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industrial units with eachother, the common location, and the common supply of utilities and other services all combine to provide a very com:Petitive environment for the

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manufacturingunits, thereby making the Hub a very atti'activelocation for manufacturing !I~' if,

activities.

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Manufacturingactivitiesin the ChemicalHubareorganizedin a propersequence, creating ~~: ,

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Hub. It is like a relay race where the final product of one unit becomesthe raw material of another unit,~oWing them to benefit from eachother symbiotiCallyin a chain sequence.

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Entire clustersalong a chemical chain are locatedin the ChemiCalHub so that companies along the value chain can interlink their production processesand achieve the benefit of

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vertical integration. The sequentialstructureof industriesand products in a ChemicalHub is shown in Appendix1.

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The basic raw materialsfor a chemical hub are crude oil and naphtha.Thesecommodities are transportedin bulk by sea using large tankers,and therefore a chemical hub has to be located near a 'POrt facility. Crude oil is the raw material for the refinery. The refinery

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produces naphtha (along with other products), Which is the basic raw material for the cracker plants. Naphtha can also be imported directly. There can also be gas crackers,if

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thereis availabi~of natural gas1::a1lY o~can 'i',

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brought:OOOmiCaIlYthrough gas

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;.,&ipelines~:;~,r1Ufr a~~htlia ~cker, the end productswhich can becomeavailablefrom a

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~"gf!tJ~o~), q~~n~ol~e'q~~~ ~f thegas.Thenaphtha cracker plantproduces ethylene

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~cll such as benzeneand butadiene.These products, in " a$~h~mt~s -

turn, arethe raw materialsfor a numberof processingplants, leadingultimately to the units .';

which producevariousplasticsgoodsfor final use.

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A Chemical Hub can provide opportunities for collaboration between industry players to

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reap the benefits of resource sharing to reduce costs, greater marketing power and an

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enabling envirOnment.There are numerousadvantagesof such a Chemical~ub, Some of theseinclude: 'Iii. - co:

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Synergyin function & co-location..

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Assuredsupplyof utilities.

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FDI inflows (throughparticipationof foreign companiesand investors).

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EnvirOnmentfriendly and lesspolluting.

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Efficientiof1owof raw materialsandoutflowof finishedproducts. Cost competitiveness. ;

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of. .Chemical

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The backboneof a ChemicalHub, like any other ~odem industrialhub, is world-class infrastructure development. Thiswouldinclude:

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Highways and Expressways,Railways and Freight Corridors to connectthe region to the rest of the country.

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Suitable deep water Seaport with ship-to-ship transfer and enhancedcontainer facilities, andAirport, to connectto the rest of the world..

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Pipeline corridor to carry crude oil and other productsbetweenthe seaportand the

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chemicalhub. Coal & other raw material linkages.

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Townships, housing, modem hospitals, schools and colleges, banks, hotels and

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environmentallyrefreshingsurroundings. Community service organizations for the well being of the people living and

working~ the region. In addition to the chemical plants, a Chemical Hub attracts third-party companiesthat provide utility and support serviceslike power, water, effluent treatment,waste disposal, warehouses,tankage and tenninal facilities, repair and maintenance.All the chemical plants need utilities like power, steam, tritiogen, oxygen. demineralisedwater, cooling water, etc. In the Hub, the chemical plants can purchaseutilities as per their requirement \

from the utility companies,which are also located within the Hub. Thus, the chemical manufacturingand processingunits do not have to install their own power or water or steamplants, ~d at the sametime, the companieswhich producetheseutilities are able to sell their product to all the chemical units, andthus can generatethe utilities at lower cost due to the econo~es Qf scale and becauseof their specialized expertise in that field. Similarly, a third party logistics companycan centrally,IJlanagethe inbound and outbound logistics andthe storagefacilities of the chemicalplants at lower cost. ~c' if:!!;t

Other types of serviCeslike fire station, eflluent trea1mentplant, ametrities for th "

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recreation)can also be managedcentrally to reduce overhead c<;>sts of the manufacturing

unitsin theChemicalHub.'

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ChemicalHub asan mvestmentdeCISion - - - --

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CompaniesfiIld it attractive to locate manUfacturingunits in the competitive environmen -

of Chemical Hub fof'efficient use of fundSdue to low conversion costs Oow capital an operatingcost). The availability ofirifrastructure and utility serviceswill also attractrelate high;.valuesectorsto the Hub. Specifically,pharmaceuticaland bio'.-Chemicalindustries, will also find it worthwhile to 'grow

at the site for easy availability of resourcesas

mentionedabove.This will further boostinvestmentand employmentopportunities.Hence, successof a Chemical Hub is very important for the overall developmentof the region.

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.This will lead to the entry of other manufacturerskeen to be locatedin this high-growth region, which in turn will feed revenuestreamsto justify creation of more infrastructure. This would result in increasedemploymentopportunitiesandthe economywill grow.

Thus, a ChemicalHub supports the fonIlulation and implementationof overall industrial strategies conducive to stren~ening industrial development and promoting small and medium-sizedenterprises,which playa leadingrole in creatingemployment,income, value addition, and in developing entrepreneurialtalent. Further, they foster social cohesion by reducing developmentgapsand disparities,thus spreadingthe gainsof economicgrowth to disadvan~edpopulation groups and lessdevelopedregions. \ ...:,;i::

A chemical hub like Jurong Island; Singaporeis expectedto attriict investmentover Rs. 70,000 crores..A bigger chemical hub like ShangJIaiin China would attract more investmentand generatemore revenues.Investorsprefer to invest in a chemicalhub rather than in a $!.and-alone location, becausechemical hubs provide the avenuesfor efficient conversationof capital.

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Social and TechnolQ2ical

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of a Chemica! ,Hub

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Inshon, development ofaChemicalHubcanbe expectedto havemanypositivesocialand

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technologicalfu1pacts,such as:

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Employmentopportunitiesfor peopleof all levelsof education; Facilities for education and training of qualified general workers, engineers, ~cialand

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Developmentof economicallyundevelopedregionsina shortperiod of time;

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managementpersonnel;

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fucreas~ competitivenessof the region by producinghigh-qualitygoods; DevelopmeAtof social infraStructurelike educationalinstitutes, hospitals, roads andwatersupply system;

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Useof latestforeign and domestictechnologies;

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Attraction of experienceand scientific achievementof engineeringand technical centers;

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Increasingthe efficiency of productioncapabilitiesand infrastructure.

The economicprospectsof the whole region surroundingthe ChemicalHub would improve remarkably, providing millions of man-daysjob potential. Considering at least 500 companies,small and big, operating in the area,employmentpotential could be more than one lakh directly. Including downstream processing and related support services, the employmentpotential could be of the order of 10 times as large. As the living standardsof the peopleof the region improve, it will openmany avenuesto start businessof many kinds \.

andthe economyof the region will get further boost.

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International Chemical Hubs have developedin Europe and America sincethe early years of the 20mcentury. Theseinclude the chemicalhubs in Port of Rotterdam(Netherlands)~ Port of Antwerp (Belgium), arid Bayport Estatein Houston (USA). The chemicalhubs in ,

Asia,Middle-EastandSEAsia that havedevelopedin the recentpast(1980's)includethe

: ones in China: (Shanghaiand Nanjing), AI Jubail Industrial City in SaudiArabia, and

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developed around refinery/ petrOChemicalcomplexes.'.The recently developedchemiCal hubs in Asia region have bee~ planned with the setting up of refinery / petrochemical complexes. All of them have essentiallydevelopedill regions having well-developedport infrastructure.

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Details of some

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setting up of the

there are three m Nerefco, and a c

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MMTPA (million metric toD!)esper annum).The region also has 44 Chemical&

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Petrochemicalcompaniesincluding Shell Chemical,Shin-Etsu,GE Plastics,Atofina, Akzo

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Nobel, DSM Special Products, Lyondell Chemicals,Huntsman, EastmanChemicalsetc.

Pipelinenetworkshavebeendesignedto transportchemicals& gasesin the PORareaand

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for lease by third

parties. The Ethylene

and Propylene pipeline

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originatesfrom the paR regionandextendsto differentcountriesof WesternEurope.The

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Chemical Hub of paR employs 60000 people.New investmentsare regularly being made in this region and the estimatednew investmentssince 1990 in oil & chemicalind~

in

paR hasbeenaroundRs 5000 crores.

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Jurong Islands: In the late 1960s and early 1970s, three oil companies,viz. Esso, Singapore Refinery Company and Mobil Oil, set.up their refineries in three different

islandsof. Singa~re (including Jurongand two smallerislands)due to availabilityof

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accessto the sea. Subsequently,Shell also setup a refinery in the region.The total refining capacityof JurongIslandsis 0.9 million barrelsof crude oil ~r day, therebyprovi~

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major feedstock for the Petrochemicalsector. The downstream integration from the Refinery sectorto the Petrochemicalsectorstartedin the 1980's. The first naphthacracker was operatiQ~ in 1984,follow~by the next in 1996. The total ethylenecapacityof this chemical hub is 2MMTPA. An aromaticcomplex 0£0.35 MMTPA paraxylene~d 0;096 - c. ..;

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has also beenset-up.Juro~ Islandshouses72 oil&petrochelIricaL -

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companieslike BASF, BP, Celanese,Exxon-Mobil, Dupont, Mitsui Chemicals,Chevron Oronite, Shell and Sumitomo Chemical. These companies are taking the benefits of comprehensiveinftastructure and production synergiesfrom this unique cluster of oil, petrochemicaland specialitychemicals.

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Shanghai Chemical Industry Park (SCIP): SCIP is located on the north bank of Hong

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Zhou Bay, on 3000 hectares,is one of the l~est chemicalhubs developedin China during' the period of "the Tenth-Five-Year Plan". The phase I project is mainly for the developmentofpetrocheinical and natural gas chemical projects. The phasen project is mainly for the development of new ~thetic

materials, fine chemicals and other

petrochemicalprocessmgprojects. In PhaSeI, BP,BASF, Bayer, Huntsman,Air Products -and Chemicals, Ltd., Suez, VOpak, Air Liqwd, Praxair and other multinational

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petrochemicaland utility corporationshavestartedtheir projectsin SCIP.

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"IP Dahej, Gujarat: In India, the largest chemicalclusteris in Dahej in Gujarat. Prominent amongstthe e . . g are the IPCL Plant with a ethylenecracking capacity of 0.4 MI\.frP A manufacturingpe henricals, benzene,butadiene,butyl acrylate and chlor alkali; LNG Petronet- LNG t rminal of capacity 5 MMTPA; GNFC chemical fertilizers; GACL -

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chloralkali; Birla Copper -Sulphuric Acid; and BASF Styrenics Pvt Ltd - polystyrene (60,OOOMT).

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To give a boost 0 the chenrical & petrochemicalindUstriesin Gujarat, and to further develop the exi . g chenricalcluster in Dahej, the Gujarat StateGovernmenthas planned , to setup a PCPIR Dahej, with a SEZ. ONGC is reportedto be an anchor investor in that

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cal hubs essentially require the presenceof refinery and pettochemical

complexes,which gene:ratethe basic feedstockrequired as raw material by all the other chemical & petroc emical units. Various useful chemicals,petrochenricalsand polymers reqUiredfor ourda ~to..;day activities arederivedfrom thesechenricalhubs. :;:::_:-,_::;.,-

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The various appli tions of the productsas derivedfrom thesechemical hubs include (but not limited to): 1.

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trolewn gas (LPG), used as cooking gas, and also used as

auto

and industrial fuel.

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Bitume and asphaltare usedasroadtar.

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Syritheti fibres, AIiti-tteeze fibres, Polyester textiles, which are used for

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manufac e of dressmaterials,tents,anti-fire clothing, life-savirtgjack~ts. 4.

Usedin a.

anufactureof commodityplasticslike lastic bags (milk bags, woven sacks for various co~Oditi~s,

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lasticsheets;tarpaulins

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P kaging materials,

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buckets,mugs)themlowares(e.g. flasks~h:~

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cases),food and milk cratesand other householditems,cups,plates

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Furniture (chair, tables)

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Ro~s & twines,

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Moldedluggage,

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Wires & cables,

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Footwear(shoes,boots),

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Building materials (flooring, doors, window frames, partition walls,

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greenhouses),

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Cassettes, Compact

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discs, credit cards,

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Automotive parts (bum~rs, flash lights, dashboards).

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Medicftl products-injectionsyringes,IV drip bottles, medicinebottles.

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Man~actureof Paints,Enamels,SolventsandThinnersasusedin paints.

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Deter~ents.

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Spo~ goods,toys,"andinflatablematerials.

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Synth~tic leather as used for manufacture of bags, luggage,jackets, and

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S~~~,f?~~berfor -

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aprons.

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filters & coatings.

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Agro chemicalsfor crop growth andprotection. I

LatexIformanufactureof glovesand other medical products. I Acety1eneasusedfor welding. 'BleaChingmaterial. I

MTBfas octanebOosterin ~trol and diesel. Fertiliizers. 1 C&rb9nBlack as used~ormanufactureof tyres. Vario~ drugs(medicines)andinjectables. I Blow Molding Plastics products, Injection Molding, Extrusion Films, Pipes, I

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manufacture oftyres, footwear etc.

Inks,~esins,Coating, Glue.

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Present ~ositi~n in West Benl!al

The Gov~t

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of India has taken a decisionto establishc

the DepartmJ of Chemicals and Petrochemicalsunder Fertilisers of th~ Governmentof India introducedthe conce Estates (MClEt, which are, as the name indicates, che appointedby thf- Department to study and recommendsui I organizationstuilled various locations all along the coast of I

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Bengal, and sh4rtlisted three locations. -Haldia was one 0

other two beingpahej in Gujarat andVisakhapatnamin An ,

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2006,the Government. of India enlarge

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introduced thecpncept of Petroleum, Chemicalsand Pe I

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(PCPIRs). A T¥k Force chaired by the Principal Secretary and recommend~da PCPIR policy. The Policy Objectives, preparedby theT,k Force,states:

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..,.,\ and Petrochemical industry in India is well establishedand has . "The Petrolet.on,fhemicals ! recorded a steady~wth over the years. The industry offers a wide scopefor developmentand ..

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contributespositivclyto economicgrowthandregionQldevelopment.Thefuture outlookfor the

;;J- - ~UStry , To promote invesJent in this sector and makethe country an important hubfor both domesticand international ~kets,

the Governmenthas decidedto attract major investment,both domesticand

foreign, by providmga transparent and investment friendly policy andfacility regime under which integrated Petroleutn. Chemicals & PetroleumInvestmentRegions (PCPIRs) may be set up. The PCPIRs wouldre~ the benefits of co-siting,networking and greater efficiency through the useof commoninfrastructJ!tre, andprovidea competitiveenvironmentconducivefor settingup businesses. They would thusre.tu/t in a boost to manUfacturing,augmentation of exports and generation of employment." ':"'.!.~; !.8

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This Policy wasadbptedby the Government. of India, and very recently, in an eventheld on 8th May in New I!>elhi, the Policy has been formally launched by Union Minister for Chemicalsand Ferlilisers. Gujarat and Andhra Pradeshmade presentationsin that event,

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showing thd lOCationwhich they ,haveidentified and the stepsthey have taken to establish PCPlRs in ilieir States. The PCPIR Policy announced by the Governmentof India envisagesa Chemical Hub I

within a larger region, which is called the InvestmentRegion. The InvestmentRegion should covet an areaof about 250 squarekilometres(62,500 acres),and it will include the manufacturingarea(i.e. the chemical hub) and the surrounding non-industrial area. The Chemical Hub itself should occupy only 40% of the total area of the Region, i.e. it should cover abouti 25,000 acres. The Goverrinient of India will make large investmentsin infrastruc~

in the approvedPCPlRs~in order.to provide top-classinfulStructureattractive \

to investors. Such infrastructure creation will not be confmed only to the manufacturing area,rather it Will cover the entire inveStmentRegion. Thus even the non-industrialpart of the Region, i.e. towns, villages, agricultural~Willgetthe

benefit of the improvements

in infrastiucture. It. is expectedthat.the infrastructureinvestment by Governmentof India in highways, nillways, ports, telecommunicationsetc. will be betweenRs. 5000 and Rs.

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10,000crore$.

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The StateoQvemmenthaSalready approachedGovernmentof hidia for establishmentof a deep sea port in West Bengal.

This is a necessaryrequirement for the induStrial

developmentIof West Bengal~becauseHaldia Dock Complex is a riverine port; and has .::':::-_:0,:_::.:':

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limited di'8ft'lofabout 9 metres. A d~

seaport With a draft of 15 metreswould allow

large ships and tankers ~o come to West Bengal. The deep sea port is an essential .

infrastructure for the Chemical Hub in West Bengal. Government of India haSalready acceptedthe proposalto set up a deepseaport~ The Ministry of Shipping hasinitiated the process of selection:of a consultant agency which will identify the suitable location, estimatethe cost,and managethe projectjm:plementation. The Haldiaregion is a suitable location for a'PCPIR, becauseof the presenceof IDC Refmery, HaldiaPetrochemicals,Mitsubishi Chemicalsand other units, and becauseof the availability of port facilities. Later~if the deepseaport materializes,this will also not be very distant ftom Haldia.

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These were the factors which prompted the consultants

appointedby (jovernment of India to shortlistthe Haldia region. There is no other suitable ,

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Jocationin West BengalbecauseWest Bengalhasa very small coastline~a major portion of 10 ct,. ,., "' ;i ",

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which falls within the protected ecologically frilgile Sundarbans. The PCPIR cannot be located in interior areas.

The subject of setting up a chemical hub (PCPIR) was also examined by the Standing Committeeon Commerceand Industries and Industrial Reconstructionand Public Enterpriseof the 14th West Bengal Legislative Assembly, chaired by Shri Sudip Bandopadhyay,MLA.

The

Committeefelt that "11zelands covering along the side of the Riverfor theproposedprojects with locational advantages.Port facilities to be built up and all requisite infrastructure to be developed ,.

and having enormouspossibilities and bright prospects appear to the Committee viable and feasible for conunissioningprojects. 11ze'Committee thinks: it would add impetus to change

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radically the existingindustrial scenario and with selectionof the site. there would (yery possibiliry of Haldia of becominga successful convenientideal investmentdestination in future and Haldia would be a brand name in India.

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The GovernmeDtiofWest Bengal is keen to establisha PCPIR in West Bengal, becauseit will cataiyse lqe

investments in infrastructureand manufacturing, and genemte huge

employmentopportlmities. In order to implementthe project, the StateGovernmentba') to formally apply to the Governmentof India, in the format prescribedin the PCPIR Policy of the Governmentof India. In the meanwhile,the StateGovernmentba') also identified an anchordeveloperand an anchor investor. ~::' ,-..;.,,:c.

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In orderto developthe internalfufi'astructureinsidethe areaidentifiedasthe chemicalhub

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(which includes land filling, in.temal roads, water supply, power supply, sewerageand drainage, efiluenttreatment, hazardous waste treatment and disposal etc.), the State Government bas entered into an agreementwith a consortium called New Kolkata InternationalDevelopmentPvt. Limited (NKID). The Chemical Hub will be developedas ajoint venturebetweenWBIDC and NKID. '",

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In order to bring in an anchor investor, whosepresencewill attmct downstreaminvestors, the'StateGovernmentba') entered into an agreementwith Indian Oil Corpomtion. In terDlS of that agreement,IOC Will set up anotherrefinery of 15 million tonne capacity(linked to the establishmentofa deep seaport), a paraxyleneplant, and other units. If the Chemical

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reality, the investmentsby IOC alone is expectedto be well

It is in the inter stof the State for the State Governmentto submit its applicationto the I

Governmentof fndia for a PCPIR at the earliest. If West Bengal does not apply to the Governmentof ~dia for establishinga PCPIR, and in addition to Gujarat and Andfu-a Pradesh,'other crastal States like Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Kamataka and Maharashtraalso apply, then PCP~

will come up in those States.. West Bengal will be deprived of the

massiveinvesttn nt in inftastI'uctureby G~ver.nmentof India, and the hugeinveStmentand consequentempl ~ent potential of a chemicalhub.. These investmentswill flow to the "

er States.

17 May 2007

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Appendix-I

~termediat~-llDeriVativesJ

r~~:::-l l product j

Packaging

PoI~ter Fiber! Plastics

Synthetic Rubber

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PhenoVAc

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