Viruses, Protist) Part I
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Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Protistans
Microorganisms Single-celled organisms that are too small
to be seen without a microscope Bacteria are the smallest living organisms Viruses are smaller but are not alive
Part I, The Prokaryotes Only two groups Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Arose before the eukaryotes
Prokaryotic Characteristics No membrane-bound nucleus Single chromosome Cell wall in most species Prokaryotic fission Metabolic diversity
Prokaryotic Body Plan
pilus
bacterial flagellum
DNA
plasma capsule cell wall membrane
ribosomes in cytoplasm
Bacterial Shapes
coccus
bacillus
spirillum
Archaebacteria Methanogens Extreme halophiles Extreme thermophiles
Eubacteria Includes most familiar bacteria Have fatty acids in plasma membrane Most have cell wall; always includes
peptidoglycan Classification based largely on metabolism
Metabolic Diversity Photoautotrophs Chemoautotrophs Chemoheterotrophs
Photoautotroph Blue-green bacteria Anabaena is a filamentous, planktonic,
nitrogen fixing cyanbacteria
Pseudomonads Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-
negative, aerobic rod belonging to the bacterial family Pseudomonadaceae. (Pseudomonads); common inhabitants of soil and water and infectious Gram stain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells
Answer 1 1. Prokaryotic refers to the lack of a
nuclear membrane or nucleus.
Answer 2 2. Viruses are infectious agents or
particles, but not “true organisms”.
Answer 3 3. Flagella are used for bacterial
locomotion and pili are employed for cell to cell attachment.
Answer 4 4. Identify this cell shape. Coccus (spherical)
Answer 5 5. Identify this cell shape. Bacillus (rod shaped)
Answer 6 6. Identify this cell type. spirillum
Answer 7 7. Name two major types of
archaebacteria (there are 3 types). Extreme thermophiles, methanogens, and
extreme halophiles (any two)
Bacterial Genes
Bacteria have a single chromosome
Circular molecule of DNA
Many bacteria also have plasmids
Self-replicating circle of DNA that has a few genes
Can be passed from one cell to another
Prokaryotic Fission
Video: E. coli Reproduction
http://www.college.ucla.edu/webproject/micro7
Conjugation
nicked plasmid in donor cell
conjugation tube to recipient cell
The Normal Flora The normal flora of humans is exceedingly
complex and consists of more than 200 species of bacteria. The mixture of organisms regularly found at any anatomical site is referred to as the normal flora.
A Friendly Bacteria: E. coli Commonly inhabits the intestines of
vertebrates E. coli does not normally infect us Many benefits: vitamin K and the B complex are produced by E. coli prevent colonization by pathogens stimulate the production of crossreactive antibodies
E. coli strain O157:H7. A Dangerous Form This mutant can be transmitted in food or
water Think “White Water” and the “Jack in the Box” hamburger incidents Both made national news when many people became ill and some died.
Sewage Pollution Indicator
E. coli in streams, drinking water and surface waters of all kinds may indicate a problem with sewage and or farm runoff.
Testing for unusual levels of these organisms is routinely done by public health officials
Parks, swimming pools, restaurants etc may be closed if E. coli is detected
Park settles last E. coli suit Patricia Guthrie - Staff Friday, December 15, 2000 The last of a dozen lawsuits, filed by families of children sickened in a 1998 E. coli outbreak tied to Cobb County's White Water park, has been settled out of court for an undisclosed sum, attorneys said Thursday. The family of Jordan Faith Shook of Cartersville, whose symptoms were among the most severe of the 26 children sickened by E. coli O157:H7, agreed to an out-of-court settlement. The settlement was sealed in court records and will not be disclosed, said Bill Marler, attorney for James and Judy Shook, Jordan's parents……
http://www.marlerclark.com/news/whitewater10.htm
Necrotizing fasciitis: "The flesheating bacteria" Streptococcus pyogenes strains (as well as others) rarely cause “necrotizing fasciitis” These infections are extremely serious Sometimes necessitate amputation or result in severe disfigurement.
Photomicrograph of Streptococcus pyogenes
http://www.cellsalive.net/photos/images/strep1.jpg
Unexpected Consequences One weekend in June of 1998 while
Cassie Moore was camping with her three children, she obtained a minor cut on her finger, which she bandaged properly. She also injured the left side of her body participating in sports. Not thinking much of either, she bandaged the cut, and went to bed (Moore, 1999).
edu:81/ScienceEd/stories/storyReader$89
Severe Case
http://www.bact.wisc.edu:81/ScienceEd/stories/storyReader$89
Amputee
EPA finds contaminated drinking water on planes
WASHINGTON (Reuters) -- A surprising number of drinking water systems on domestic and foreign commercial aircraft tested this summer by the government did not meet federal standards because they were contaminated with potentially harmful bacteria, regulators said Monday. (Tuesday, September 21, 2004 Posted: 10:46 AM EDT (1446 GMT) )
Prize for Stomach Ulcer Research From: WebMD Medical News “Oct. 3, 2005 -- The 2005 Nobel Prize in medicine has been awarded to two Australian scientists for their research on ulcers in the early 1980s. Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren will share the award. Their discovery paved the way for treating ulcers with antibiotics.”
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005
Answer 8 8. Describe a typical bacterial
“chromosome”. It is composed of a single circular DNA
molecule.
Answer 9 9. What are plasmids? Plasmids are very
small circular bits of DNA which can be transferred from one cell to another via conjugation.
Answer 10 10. The “normal” human flora consists of
about 200 species of bacteria.
Answer 11 11. E. coli normally lives in the intestines
of vertebrates and is beneficial/harmful.
Answer 12 12. Streptococcus pyogenes strains (as
well as others) rarely cause “necrotizing fasciitis”.
Answer 13 13. E. coli strain O157:H7,
a dangerous form, was associated with Jack in the Box hamburgers as well as the White Water incident in Cobb county, GA.
The End of Part I
Microorganisms Single-celled organisms that are too small
to be seen without a microscope Bacteria are the smallest living organisms Viruses are smaller but are not alive
Part I, The Prokaryotes Only two groups Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Arose before the eukaryotes
Prokaryotic Characteristics No membrane-bound nucleus Single chromosome Cell wall in most species Prokaryotic fission Metabolic diversity
Prokaryotic Body Plan
pilus
bacterial flagellum
DNA
plasma capsule cell wall membrane
ribosomes in cytoplasm
Bacterial Shapes
coccus
bacillus
spirillum
Archaebacteria Methanogens Extreme halophiles Extreme thermophiles
Eubacteria Includes most familiar bacteria Have fatty acids in plasma membrane Most have cell wall; always includes
peptidoglycan Classification based largely on metabolism
Metabolic Diversity Photoautotrophs Chemoautotrophs Chemoheterotrophs
Photoautotroph Blue-green bacteria Anabaena is a filamentous, planktonic,
nitrogen fixing cyanbacteria
Pseudomonads Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-
negative, aerobic rod belonging to the bacterial family Pseudomonadaceae. (Pseudomonads); common inhabitants of soil and water and infectious Gram stain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells
Answer 1 1. Prokaryotic refers to the lack of a
nuclear membrane or nucleus.
Answer 2 2. Viruses are infectious agents or
particles, but not “true organisms”.
Answer 3 3. Flagella are used for bacterial
locomotion and pili are employed for cell to cell attachment.
Answer 4 4. Identify this cell shape. Coccus (spherical)
Answer 5 5. Identify this cell shape. Bacillus (rod shaped)
Answer 6 6. Identify this cell type. spirillum
Answer 7 7. Name two major types of
archaebacteria (there are 3 types). Extreme thermophiles, methanogens, and
extreme halophiles (any two)
Bacterial Genes
Bacteria have a single chromosome
Circular molecule of DNA
Many bacteria also have plasmids
Self-replicating circle of DNA that has a few genes
Can be passed from one cell to another
Prokaryotic Fission
Video: E. coli Reproduction
http://www.college.ucla.edu/webproject/micro7
Conjugation
nicked plasmid in donor cell
conjugation tube to recipient cell
The Normal Flora The normal flora of humans is exceedingly
complex and consists of more than 200 species of bacteria. The mixture of organisms regularly found at any anatomical site is referred to as the normal flora.
A Friendly Bacteria: E. coli Commonly inhabits the intestines of
vertebrates E. coli does not normally infect us Many benefits: vitamin K and the B complex are produced by E. coli prevent colonization by pathogens stimulate the production of crossreactive antibodies
E. coli strain O157:H7. A Dangerous Form This mutant can be transmitted in food or
water Think “White Water” and the “Jack in the Box” hamburger incidents Both made national news when many people became ill and some died.
Sewage Pollution Indicator
E. coli in streams, drinking water and surface waters of all kinds may indicate a problem with sewage and or farm runoff.
Testing for unusual levels of these organisms is routinely done by public health officials
Parks, swimming pools, restaurants etc may be closed if E. coli is detected
Park settles last E. coli suit Patricia Guthrie - Staff Friday, December 15, 2000 The last of a dozen lawsuits, filed by families of children sickened in a 1998 E. coli outbreak tied to Cobb County's White Water park, has been settled out of court for an undisclosed sum, attorneys said Thursday. The family of Jordan Faith Shook of Cartersville, whose symptoms were among the most severe of the 26 children sickened by E. coli O157:H7, agreed to an out-of-court settlement. The settlement was sealed in court records and will not be disclosed, said Bill Marler, attorney for James and Judy Shook, Jordan's parents……
http://www.marlerclark.com/news/whitewater10.htm
Necrotizing fasciitis: "The flesheating bacteria" Streptococcus pyogenes strains (as well as others) rarely cause “necrotizing fasciitis” These infections are extremely serious Sometimes necessitate amputation or result in severe disfigurement.
Photomicrograph of Streptococcus pyogenes
http://www.cellsalive.net/photos/images/strep1.jpg
Unexpected Consequences One weekend in June of 1998 while
Cassie Moore was camping with her three children, she obtained a minor cut on her finger, which she bandaged properly. She also injured the left side of her body participating in sports. Not thinking much of either, she bandaged the cut, and went to bed (Moore, 1999).
edu:81/ScienceEd/stories/storyReader$89
Severe Case
http://www.bact.wisc.edu:81/ScienceEd/stories/storyReader$89
Amputee
EPA finds contaminated drinking water on planes
WASHINGTON (Reuters) -- A surprising number of drinking water systems on domestic and foreign commercial aircraft tested this summer by the government did not meet federal standards because they were contaminated with potentially harmful bacteria, regulators said Monday. (Tuesday, September 21, 2004 Posted: 10:46 AM EDT (1446 GMT) )
Prize for Stomach Ulcer Research From: WebMD Medical News “Oct. 3, 2005 -- The 2005 Nobel Prize in medicine has been awarded to two Australian scientists for their research on ulcers in the early 1980s. Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren will share the award. Their discovery paved the way for treating ulcers with antibiotics.”
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005
Answer 8 8. Describe a typical bacterial
“chromosome”. It is composed of a single circular DNA
molecule.
Answer 9 9. What are plasmids? Plasmids are very
small circular bits of DNA which can be transferred from one cell to another via conjugation.
Answer 10 10. The “normal” human flora consists of
about 200 species of bacteria.
Answer 11 11. E. coli normally lives in the intestines
of vertebrates and is beneficial/harmful.
Answer 12 12. Streptococcus pyogenes strains (as
well as others) rarely cause “necrotizing fasciitis”.
Answer 13 13. E. coli strain O157:H7,
a dangerous form, was associated with Jack in the Box hamburgers as well as the White Water incident in Cobb county, GA.
The End of Part I
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