Uts-reviewer.docx

CHAPTER 1: DEFINING THE SELF: PERSONAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE ON SELF AND IDENTITY NAME AND THE SELF • •

THE NAME IS NOT THE PERSON ITSELF NO MATTER HOW INTIMATELY BOUND IT IS WITH THE BEARER

•

Body is bound to die on earth and the soul is to anticipate living eternally in a realm of spiritual bliss in communion with God.

•

The goal of every human person is to attain this communion and bliss with the Divine by living his life on earth in virtue.

THOMAS AQUINAS

THE SELF IS SOMETHING THAT A PERSON PERENNIALLY MOLDS, SHAPES, AND DEVELOPS.

•

Said that, man is composed of two parts: matter and form.

SOCRATES AND PLATO

•

Matter , or hyle in Greek, refers to the “ common stuff that makes up everything in the universe”. Man’s body is part of the matter.

•

Form, morphe in Greek refers to the “essence of a substance or thing”

Socrates •

Concerned with the problem of the “Self”

•

The first philosopher who ever engaged in a systematic questioning about the self.

•

Become his life-long mission, the true task of the philosopher is to know oneself.

•

Thought that this is the worst that can happen to anyone: to live but die inside

•

Stated that every man is composed if body and soul. Which mean that every human is dualistic, that is, he is composed of two aspects of his personhood.

•

For Socrates, this means all individuals have an imperfect, impermanent aspects to him, and the body, while maintaining that there is also a soul that is perfect and permanent.

Plato •

Claimed in his dialogs that Socrates affirmed that the unexamined life is not worth living.

•

Supported the idea of Socrates that man is a dual nature of body and soul.

•

3 Components of the Soul – According in his “magnum opus” (“The Republic”) •

Rational Soul – reasons and intellect

•

Spirited Soul- emotion

•

Appetitive Soul- desires (Eating, drinking, sleeping, and having sex)

AGUSTINE & THOMAS AQUINAS AGUSTINE •

View the person reflects the entire spirit of the medieval world when it comes to man.

Following the ancient view of Plato and infusing it with the newfound doctrine of Christianity •

Agreed that man is of a “bifurcated” nature. An aspect of men dwells in the world and is imperfect and continuously yearns to be with the Divine and the other is capable of reaching immortality.

•

The soul is what animates the body; it is what makes us humans

RENE DESCARTES •

Father of Modern Philosophy

•

In his famous treatise, “The Mediations of First Philosophy”, he claims that there is so much that we should doubt.

•

Descartes thought that the only thing that one cannot doubt is the existence of the self, a thing that think and therefore, that cannot be doubted.

•

Cogito ergo sum “I think therefore I am”

•

Self is a combination of two distinct entities, the cogito, the thing that thinks, which is the mind, and the extenza or the extension of the mind, which is the body.

•

In Descartes view, the body is nothing else but a machine that is attached to the mind.

•

“The human person has it but it is not what makes a man a man. If at all, that is all the mind.

•

Descartes says “ But what then am I? A thinking thing. It has been said. But what is a thinking thing? It is a thing that doubts, understands (conceives), affirms, denies, wills, refuse; that imagines also, and perceives” (Descartes 2008)

DAVID HUME •

Scottish philosopher/ Empiricist

•

Empiricism – is the school of thought that espouses the idea of knowledge can only be possible if it is sensed and experienced

•

Believes that one can know only what comes from the senses and experiences, argues that the self is nothing like what is predecessors through of it.

•

To David Hume, the self is nothing else but a bundle of impressions.

•

Experience can be categorized into two: •

Impressions – are the basic objects of our experience or sensation; form the core of our thoughts

• •

Ex. When on touches an ice cubes, the cold sensation is an impression

•

Ideas – copies of impression •

•

They are product of our direct experience with the world

Ex Feeling of being in love

Self according to Hume, is simply “a bundle or collection of different perceptions, which succeed each other with an inconceivable rapidity, and are in a perpetual flux and movement” (Hume and Steinberg 1992)

Is simply a combination of all experience with a particular person

IMMANUEL KANT •

Kant thinks that the things that men perceive around them are not just randomly infused into the human person without an organizing principle that regulates the relationship of all these relationship of all these impressions.

•

For him there is necessarily a mind that organizes the impression that men get from the external world

•

Ex. Time and Space, are ideas that once cannot find in the world, but built in our minds.

•

•

Socrates - every man is composed of body & soul Plato – added 3 components to the soul; rational soul, spirited soul, appetitive soul Agustine - body is bound to die on earth and the soul is to anticipate living eternally in a realm with God Thomas Aquinas - Man is composed of two parts: Matter or hyle Form or morphe Rene Descartes - “I think therefore I am” Two distinct entities Cogito – mind Extenza – body David Hume - Experience can be categorized into two: Impression and Ideas

SELF 

SUMMARY:

ImmanuelKant - There is a mind that organizes impressions that men get from the external world. Gilbert Ryle – denied the self Merleau -Ponty - Dismissed the cartesian dualism

CHAPTER 2: THE SELF, SOCIETY, AND CULTURE

Without the self, one cannot organize the different impressions that one gets in relation to his own existence. Kant therefore suggest that it is an actively engage intelligence in man that synthesizes all the knowledge and experience.

People put a halt on speculative debates on the relationship between the body and soul, eventually renamed the body and mind

•

Thinkers just settled on the idea that there are two components of the human person and whatever relationship these two have is less important than the fact that there is a “Self”.

•

The debate shifter into another locus of discussion. Given the new ways to knowing and the growth of the social science, it became possible for new approaches to examination of the self to come to the fore. E.G. TARZAN

•

Disappointedly, human persons will not develop as human persons without intervention.

•

Our selves are not special because of the soul infused into us. We may be gifted with intellect and the capacity to rationalize thing but at the end of the day, our growth and development and consequentially, our selves are truly products of our interaction with external reality.

Self is not just what gives the personality, it is also seat of knowledge acquisition for all human person.

GILBERT RYLE •

•

Solves the mind-body dichotomy that has been running for a long time in the history of thought by blatantly denying the concept of an internal, nonphysical self.

•

For Ryle, what truly matters is the behavior that a person manifest in his day-to-day life.

•

Ryle suggest that the “self” is not an entity one can locate and analyse but simply that convenient name that people use to refer to all the behavior that people make.

WHAT IS THE SELF?

•

MEARLEAU- PONTY •

A phenomenologist

•

Asserts that the mind-body bifurcation that has been going on for a long time is a futile endeavour and an invalid problem.

•

Mearleau - Ponty insisted says that the mind and body are so intertwined that they cannot be separated from one another.

•

Dismissed the Cartersian Dualism

•

For him, the Cartesian problem is nothing else but plain misunderstanding. The living body, his thoughts, emotions, and experience are all one.

Self is defined by the following characteristics:

•

“Separate, Self-contained, independent, consistent, unitary, and private” •

Separate- self is distinct from other selves, the self is always unique and has its own identity.

ONE CANNOT BE ANOTHER PERSON Self contained and Independent – in itself it can exist; its distinctness allows it to be self-contained with its own thoughts, characteristics, and volition.

•

IT DOES NOT REQUIRE ANY OTHER SELF FOR IT TO EXIST. •

Self is defined by the following characteristics:

• “Separate, Self-contained, independent, consistent, unitary, and private” Consistent – it has a personality that is enduring and therefore can be expected to persist for quite some time. It consistency allows it to be studied, described, and measured.

•

Unitary – is the center of all experiences and thoughts that run through a certain person; it is like the chief command post in an individual where al processes, emotions, and thoughts coverage.

•

•

Private – Each person sorts out information, feelings, and emotions, and thought processes within the self.

•

The self is isolated from the external world. It lives in its own world. However, we also see that this potential clash between the self and external reality is the reason for the self to have a clear understanding of what it might be, what it can be, and what it will be

SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST PERSPECTIVE

•

In the Philippines, Filipinos tend to consider their territory as a part of who they are. This include considering their immediate surrounding as a part of them : “TAPAT KO, LINIS KO”

•

In another country, however, the Filipinos recognizes that he is in a foreign territory where nothing technically belongs to him. He has to follow the rules or else he will be apprehended.

•

Language has something to do with culture

•

It is a salient part of culture and ultimately, has a tremendous effect in our crafting of the self.

•

If a self is born into a particular culture or society, the self will have to adjust according to its exposure

THE SELF AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIAL WORLD •

One is believed to be in active participation in the shaping of the self

•

Recent studies, however indicates that men and women in their growth and development engage actively in the shaping of the self

•

The unending terrain of metamorphosis of the self is mediated by language. “Language as both a publicly shared and privately utilized symbol system is the site where the individual and the social make and remake each other.

Social Constructivist Perspective

•

•

Relationship between self and external reality

•

Argued for a merged view of ‘the person’ and their ‘social context’ where the boundaries of one cannot easily be separated from their boundaries of the other.

Social constructivist argued that the self should not be seen as a static entity that stays constant through and through. Rather, the self has to be seen as something that is in unceasing flux, in a constant struggle with external reality and is malleable in its dealing with society.

•

•

Having these perspectives considered should draw one ito concluding that the self is truly multifacted

•

We our selves play different roles, act in different ways depending on our circumstances.

•

This is not only normal but is also acceptable and expected. The self is capable of morphing and fitting itself into any circumstances it finds itself in.

MEAD AND VYGOTSKY •

For Mead and Vygotsky, the way that human person develop is with the use of language acquisition and interaction with others

•

The way we process information is normally a form of an internal dialogue in our head. Those who deliberate about moral dilemmas undergo this internal dialogue.

•

Both Mead and Vygotsky treat the human mind as something tat is made, constituted through language as experienced in the external world and as encountered in dialogs with others.

•

A young child internalizes values, norms, practices, and social beliefs and more through exposure to these dialogs that will eventually become part of his individual world.

•

For Mead, this takes place as a child assumes the “other” through language and role-play. A child conceptualizes his notion of “self” through this.

•

Vygotsky, for his part, a child internalizes real life dialogs that he has had with others , with his family, his primary caregivers, or his playmates.

The Self and Culture Marcel Mauss – French Anthropologist

• •

Said that every self has two faces: •

Moi – refers to a person’s sense of who he is, his body, and his basic identity, his biological givenness. Is a person’s basic identity

•

Personne Is composed of the social concepts of what it means to be who he is •

•

Has much to do with what it means to live particular institution, a particular family, a particular religion, a particular nationality, and how to behave given expectations and influence from others

This dynamic and capacity for different personne can be illustrated better cross-culturally. An Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) adjusting to life in another country.

SELF IN FAMILIES •

The impact of one’s family is still deemed as a given in understanding the self.

•

The kind of development that we will have will certainly affect us as we go through life.

•

Human persons are one of those being whose importance of family cannot be denied.

•

Human beings are born virtually helpless and the dependency period of a human baby to its parents for nurturing is relatively longer than most other animals.

•

Family initiates a person to become that serves as the basis for this person’s progress

•

Babies – Imitating •

Language of its primary agents of rearing its family, babies learn the language

GENDER AND THE SELF Gender is one of those loci of the self that is subject to alteration, change, and development.

•

•

We have seen in the past years how people fought hard for the right to express, validate, and assert their gender expression.

•

It is important to give one the leeway to find, to express, and live his identity. This forms part of selfhood that one cannot just dismiss

GENDER HAS TO BE PERSONALLY DISCOVERED AND ASSERTED AND NOT DICTATED BY CULTURE AND THE SOCIETY

CHAPTER3: THE SELF AS COGNITIVE CONSTRUCT JOHARI WINDOW

Unknown to self

Known to self Known to others

OPEN SELF Information about you that both you and others know

Unknown to others

HIDDEN SELF Information about you that you know but others don’t

BLIND SELF Information about you that you don’t know but others do know UNKNOWN SELF Information about you that neither you nor others know

“I am who I am” (light and dark; yin yang) Self

 

Is the sense of personal identity and of who we are as individuals (Jhangiani and Tarry 2014)



William James 

One of the earliest psychologist to study the self and conceptualized the self as having two aspects 

“I” – thinking, acting and feeling self



“Me” – is the physical characteristics as well as psychological capabilities that makes who you are

Carl Rogers

 

Self- Schema 

Our organized system or collection of knowledge about who we are



As you grow and adapt to the changes around you, they also change



Is our road map on how we understand things



They actively shape and affect how you see, think, and feel about things



Three other self-schema

Roger’s theory of personality also used the terms 

“I” as the one who acts and decides



“Me” is what you think or feel about yourself as an object







composed of personal characteristics, social roles, and responsibilities, as well as affiliations that define who one is

Self – Concept 

Is what basically comes to your mind when you are asked about who you are



Self, Identity, and Self-concept are not fixed in one time frame



Example 





“I was a varisty player in 5th grade” – Past, “A college student” – present and “a future doctor” - future

Think of a malleable metal, strong and hard but can be bent and molded in other shapes.

Who you are at that moment

Ideal self 

Identity 

Actual self 

Other concepts similar to self 

Water, it can take any shape of the container, but at its core, it is still the same element

Who you like to be

Ought self 

Who you think you should be

Phineas Gage – natusok ng tubo sa utak and his behaviour and how his mind works were affected SIGMUND FREUD Freud saw the self, its mental processes, and one’s behavior as the result of the interaction between the Id, the ego, and superego 

One cannot fully discount the huge and important effects of the environment



Social interaction always has a part to play in who we think we are

Symbolic Interactionism 

G.H. Mead argued that the self is created and developed through human interaction



Three reasons why self and identity are social products





1. We do not create ourselves out of nothing. Society helped in creating the foundation of who we are and even if we make our choices, we still operate in our social and historical context in one way or the other



2. Whether we like to admit it or not, we actually need others to affirm and reinforce who we think we are. We also need them as reference points about our identity.



3. What we think is important to us may also have been influenced by what is important in our social or historical context. (Education and Money)

Upward Social Comparison 

Comparing ourselves with those who are better than us



Can be a form of motivation for some



A lot of those who do this actually felt lower selfesteem as they highlight more of their weaknesses or inequities

Social Evaluation Maintenance Theory 

States that we can feel threatened when someone out-performs us, especially when that person is close to us (friends or family). 

Social Interaction and group affiliation, therefore, are vital factors creating our self-concept especially in the aspect of providing us with our social identity or our perception of who we are based on our membership to certain groups

We usually react in three ways We distance ourselves Reconsider the importance of the aspect or skill in which you were outperformed

SELF-AWARENESS 

Two type of self that we can be aware of 

1. the private self or your internal standards and private thoughts and feelings



2. the public self of your public image commonly geared towards having a good presentation of yourself to others



Self awareness may be positive or negative depending on the circumstances and our next course of action



Can keep you from doing something dangerous



In other instances, self-awareness can be too much that we are concerned about being observed and criticized by others, also known as self-consciousness





Strengthen or resolve to improve that certain aspect of ourselves 

In attempt to increase or maintain self-esteem, some people become Narcissistic. Narcissism is a “trait characterized by overly high self-esteem, selfadmiration, and self-centeredness”



Often look charismatic because how they take care of their image.



Taking care of that image includes their interpersonal relationships thus they will try to look for better partners, better acquaintances, as well as people who will appreciate them a lot

SELF ESTEEM 

At other times, especially with the large crowd, we may experience deindividuation or “the loss of individual self- awareness and individual accountability in groups” A lot of people will attune themselves with the emotions of their group and because the large crowd also provides some kind of anonymity, we lessen our self-control and act in ways that we will not do when we are alone. A common example is a mass demonstration into a riot



Our group identity and self-awareness also has a great impact on our self-esteem



One of the ways in which our social relationship affects our self-esteem is through social comparison. According to the social comparison theory, we learn about themselves, the appropriateness of our behaviors, as well as our social status by comparing aspects of ourselves with other people



Is the more common type of comparing ourselves with others



We create positive self-concept by comparing ourselves with those who are worst off than us



By having the advantage, we can raise our selfesteem



Outgoing



Adventurous



Adaptable in a lot of situations



Initiates activities and build relationships with people

NEGATIVE (High Self-Esteem) 

Bullies



Experiment on abusive behaviors with drugs, alcohol, and sex

CHAPTER 4: THE SELF IN WESTERN AND EASTERN THOUGHTS Confucianism 

Seen as a code of ethical conduct, of how one should properly act according to their relationship with other people.



Focus on having a harmonious life



The identity and self-concept of the individual are interwoven with the identity and status of his/her community or culture, sharing its pride as well as its failures



Chun-tzu, a man of virtue or noble character, is still embedded in his social relationships

Downward Social Comparison 

POSITIVE (High Self-Esteem)



Subdued self- wherein personal needs are repressed (subdued) for the good of many, making Confucianism society also hierarchal for the purpose of maintaining order and balance in society



TAOISM 

Is living in the way of the Tao or the universe



Rejects having one definition of what Tao is



Rejects the hierarchy and strictness brought by Confucianism and would prefer a simple lifestyle and its teaching thus aim to describe how to attain that life



The self is not just an extension of the family or the community; it is part of the universe, one of the forms and manifestations of the Tao

WESTERN Focus on oneself and personal needs More acquisition of material things More acquisition of material things Obsessed with being successful Wealth and poverty is the result of enterprise and hard work Celebrates the youth and being young Subscribes the idea of evolution

BUDDHISM 



Values the wisdom of years and seniority Subscribe the concept of reincarnation

Human beings are attracted to many things about each other – one of which is physical beauty ... After they have had enough experiences together, that first layer of beauty becomes far less important than the other, less visible layers of attraction. Our body image, which includes our perception of ourselves and our own body and the manner in which we feel about our body, is influenced by a variety of factors.

AESTHETICS   

 





The branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of art, taste, and the creation and appreciation of beauty. Cultural Traditions Can Help or Hurt The culture in which we are surrounded by has a significant impact on how we feel about ourselves and the manner in which we think about our body.

This people holds high regards of themselves. Better than the other to the point of underestimating them .

SELF ESTEEM HIGH SELFESTEEM This is a positive self-esteem, which make the person be satisfied of themselves.

LOW SELFESTEEM This person do not value themselves and do not trust their possibilities.

Not all countries feel the same way about the concept of beauty. In fact, cultures around the world have different ideas of what is beautiful. Some cultures in Africa, for example, do not celebrate thinness the way Americans do. (Famously, the country of Mauritania has come to be known as one that idolizes overweight women.) This is most often seen as a sign of wealth and fertility. In Brazil, women want to appear fit and toned, and things like waxing, sculpting massages, and manicures are everyday treatments, not only reserved for the spa. In both Asia and Africa, skin lightening has risen in popularity. Korea, Thailand, and Japan have all been known to champion skincare products that smooth and brighten, as milky, unblemished skin is the ultimate beauty goal.

Skin tone is a proxy for socioeconomic status. 

“We all know that self-esteem comes from what you think of you, not what other people think of you” - GLORIA GAYNORINFLATED SELFESTEEM

The self is seen as an illusion, born out of ignorance, of trying to hold and control things, or humancentered needs; thus the self is also source of all these suffering. It is, therefore, our quest to forget about the self, forget the self, break the attachment you have with the world, and to renounce the self which is the cause of all suffering and in doing so, attain the state of Nirvana

EASTERN Focus on others and the feeling of others Tilted towards less assets (thus the mantra less is more) Tilted towards less assets (thus the mantra less is more) More inclined towards long life; long life is equated with wealth Poverty is the result of fortune and luck.

CHAPTER 5: PHYSICAL SELF 

The ideal self is selflessness but this is not forgetting the self, it is living a balanced life with society and nature, being open and accepting to change, forgetting about prejudice and egocentric ideas and thinking about equality as well as complementarity among humans as well as other beings

In western countries a tan means that you have disposable income to take vacations into sunny climates or have free time away from a desk job to lay on the beach and get a tan. A tan symbolizes wealth.

Beauty in terms of art refers to an interaction between line, color, texture, sound, shape, motion, and size that is pleasing to the senses.

CHAPTER 5.1: SEXUAL SELF Understanding Basic of Sexual Behavior •

Human Sexual behavior is complex and complicated, thus, it is not all different from other species.

•

Men sexual behavior can occur any time, by being arouse to certain stimuli. At puberty, the testes begin to secrete androgens (male sex hormones)

which produces secondary sex characteristics like growth of bodily hair and change in tone of voice. •

Female sexual behavior starts at puberty where the two ovaries begin to produce estrogens and progesterone (female sex hormones)

Male Reproductive System •

Testis- is the most important part of male reproductive organ. It is the source of Spermatozoa (male germ cell)

•

Scrotum it is a sac of skin where the two testes are enveloped

•

Prostate glands – it is a gland that carries out both urine and seminal fluid. It is connected by sperm ducts from sperm duct joining into a single tube called urethra

•

Penis – it is where the ejaculation occur by sending sperm cell from testis and secrete out

•

•

Uterus – (womb) it is a hallow pear-shaped elastic muscular structure where fertilized ovum (zygote) develops into a baby

•

Vagina – it is a tube leading to outside of the body through an opening called vulva

During sexual intercourse, the semen from male is discharge in the vagina. The sperm will begin moving up to the uterus reaching the fallopian tube. During the travel most of the sperm will die while climbing up the fallopian tube, only one sperm will enter the ovum and can remain alive for only 12 hours. In this time, if it meets ovum which will lead to fertilization. The zygote (fertilized egg) will form in an embryo from which will enter gestation period. It is around 9 months in time for the woman o give birth EROGENOUS ZONE •

These are the parts that particularly sensitive to touch, pressure and vibration which contributes to sexual arousal.

•

Identifying erogenous zone (hot spot) give different reaction and effect to a person. For one, these could bring sexual satisfaction, also, improves sexual health and stimulating different spots may produce different reaction to the body.

•

Female and male erogenous zone are reproductive organs (vagina, penis, scrotum and clitoris), mouth (lips), neck, breast (nipples) and ears

Sperm – it is a male gametes, one that is necessary for the egg to develop and become a baby.

Female Reproductive System •

•

Ovary – It is a pair of small, oval organs which produces ova (ovum; female germ cells). Thousands of ova will mature and will be taken up to the fallopian tube through the uterus by the time of puberty. Fallopian Tube – are pair of thin tubes that leads from ovaries to the uterus

Excitement Phase  increase in pulse and blood pressure  a sudden rise in blood supply to the surface of the body resulting in increased skin temperature, flushing, and swelling of all distensible body parts (particularly noticeable in the male reproductive structure and female breast),  more rapid breathing, the secretion of genital fluids, vaginal expansion, and a general increase in muscle tension.  increase to a near maximal physiological level that leads to the next stage.

PHASE OF SEXUAL RESPONSE Plateau Phase Orgasm Phase/ Sexual  It is generally a brief Climax duration. If  intense pleasure, a stimulation is rapid increase in pulse continued, orgasm rate and blood usually occurs. pressure (labas-pasok-repeat)  spasms of the pelvic muscles causing contractions of the female reproductive organ and ejaculation by the male.  characterized by involuntary vocalizations.  Sexual climax may last for a few seconds (normally not over ten), after which the individual enters the next phase

SEXUAL PROBLEMS 

Sexual problems may be classified as physiological, psychological, and social in origin. Any given problems may involved all three categories.

Resolution Phase  last stage  return to a normal or subnormal physiologic state.  Males and females are similar in their response sequence.  Whereas males return to normal even if stimulation continues, but contained stimulation can produce additional orgasms in female. Females are physically capable of repeated orgasms without the intervening “rest period” required by males.

Physiological problems 

are at least among three categories. Only a small number of people suffer from diseases that are abnormal development of the genitalia or that part of the neurophysiology controlling sexual response

1.

Vaginal Infection

a.

Nonhuman objects



Burning, itching, and an unpleasant odor are just some of the common symptoms of vaginal infection

b.

Suffering from humiliation of oneself or one’s partner



Caused by the fungus candida

c.

Children or nonconsenting person



2. Paraphilic Disorders People with paraphillias have recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors that generally involve

Psychological Problems 

Problems in brain; connected in our mind

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE •

Are infections transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person through sexual contact.

•

STDs can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites

•

Examples 1.

Gonorrhea

2.

Genital herpes

NATURAL METHOD  natural family planning methods do not involve any chemical or foreign body introduction into the human body. People who are very conscious of their religious beliefs are more inclined to use the natural way of birth control and other follow such natural method because they are more cost-efficient.

3.

Human papillomavirus infection

4.

Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

5.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

6.

Chalmydia

7.

Syphilis

ARTIFICIAL METHOD  involves any chemical or foreign body introduction into the human body

1. 

ABSTINENCE Refraining from sexual intercourse and is the most effective natural birth control method with ideally 0% fail rate. However, most people find it difficult to comply with abstinence, so only few use this method

1. •

CALENDAR METHOD This method is also called rhythm method. It entails withholding from coitus during the days that women is fertile. The woman needs to record her menstrual cycle to six months in order to calculate the woman’s safe days to prevent conception.

2.TRANSDERMAL PATCH • It is a patch applied in the following areas; upper outer arm, upper torso, abdomen and buttocks for three weeks

BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE Indicates the woman’s temperature at rest. Before the day of ovulation and during ovulation. The woman must record her temperature every morning before any activity. A slight decrease in the basal body temperature followed by a gradual increase in the basal body temperature can be a sign of woman has ovulated.

3.VAGINAL RING • Releases a combination of estrogen and progesterone and surrounds the cervix. It remains in there for 3 weeks. Removed on the fourth week as menstrual period flows. The woman becomes fertile as soon as the ring is removed.

4. •

CERVICAL MUCUS METHOD The change in cervical mucus during ovulation is the basis for this method.

4.SUBDERMAL IMPLANTS • It is a two rod-like implants under the skin of the woman during her menstruation or on the 7th day of her menstruation to make sure that she will not get pregnant

5.

SYMPTOTHERMAL METHOD  Basically a combination of the BBT method and cervical mucus method

5.HORMONAL INJECTION  Prevents ovulation and cause change in the cervical mucus. It has an almost 100% effectiveness. And one of the most popular choice for birth control.

6. •

OVULATION DETECTION The ovulation detection method uses an over-the-counter kit that requires urine sample of the woman. The kit can predict ovulation through surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) that happens 12 to 24 hours before ovulation.

6.INTRAUTERINE DEVICE (IUD) • It is a t-shaped object insisted in uterus thru vagina to prevent fertilization. It is done only by a physician right after the woman’s menstruation to be sure that she’s not pregnant.

7. •

COITUS INTERRUPTS Is one of the oldest method that prevents conception. A couple still goes on with coitus, but the man withdraws the moment he ejaculates to emit the spermatozoa outside of the female reproductive organ. A disadvantage of this method is the pre-ejaculation fluid that contain a few spermatozoa that may cause fertilization.

7.CHEMICAL BARRIERS • These are used to cause death of the sperm before it can enter the cervix of the woman. These spermicides, vaginal gels and creams, and glycerine films .

 2.  

3. • •

ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES Also known as pills, contains synthetic estrogen and progesterone.

8.DIAPHRAGM  Inhibits the entrance of into the vagina . It should not be left in place for more than 24 hours to avoid irritation. It has a failure rate of 16% 9. •

•

CONDOMS Male condoms- is a synthetic rubber sheath that is placed in the erect penis before penetration to avoid the sperm to enter the vagina during ejaculation Female condom- is also a synthetic rubber placed against the vaginal opening to prevent the sperm to enter during ejaculation

10. Surgical Method  Vasectomy- is a procedure done to male through small incision made on each side of the scrotum to block passage of sperms.  Tubal Ligation – is a procedure done to female through cutting, cauterizing, or blocking the fallopian tube to inhibit the passage of both sperm and the ova. ******GOODLUCK AND GODBLESS*****