Utilitarianism Kritik

1/1 Utilitarianism Kritik (4) B. Link Definition of Utilitarianism Philosophy, School of Philosophy, Divinity and Religious Studies, University of Aberdeen, “Glossary Of Technical Terms”, January 30, 2007, http://www.abdn.ac.uk/philosophy/guide/glossary.shtml (HEG) UTILITARIANISM The doctrine that acts are right solely in so far as their consequences maximise the general happiness (in some versions: maximise the general pleasure; in some versions: maximise the general welfare). It is controversial whether the general happiness must be interpreted as the happiness of the majority. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------C. Impact Utilitarianism justifies unchecked violations of human rights Copyright © 2006 by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong [Professor of PhilosophyHardy Professor of Legal StudiesCoDirector, MacArthur Law and Neuroscience ProjectPh.D., Yale University, 1982], “Consequentialism”, First published Tue May 20, 2003; substantive revision Thu Feb 9, 2006 by the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism/, brackets not in original (HEG) 5. Consequences of What? Rights, Relativity, and Rules Another problem for utilitarianism is that it seems to overlook[s] justice and rights. One common illustration is called Transplant. Imagine that each of five patients in a hospital will die without an organ transplant. The patient in Room 1 needs a heart, the patient in Room 2 needs a liver, the patient in Room 3 needs a kidney, and so on. The person in Room 6 is in the hospital for routine tests. Luckily (for them, not for him!), his tissue is compatible with the other five patients, and a specialist is available to transplant his organs into the other five. This operation would save their lives, while killing the "donor". There is no other way to save any of the other five patients (Foot 1966, Thomson 1976; compare related cases in Carritt 1947 and McCloskey 1965). We need to add that the organ recipients will emerge healthy, the source of the organs will remain secret, the doctor won't be caught or punished for cutting up the "donor", and the doctor knows all of this to a high degree of probability (despite the fact that many others will help in the operation). Still, with the right details filled in, it looks as if cutting up the "donor" will maximize utility, since five lives have more utility than one life. If so, then classical utilitarianism implies that it would not be morally wrong for the doctor to perform the transplant and even that it would be morally wrong for the doctor not to perform the transplant. Most people find this result abominable. They take this example to show how bad it can be when utilitarians overlook individual rights, such as the unwilling donor's right to life. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------D. Alt The alt to utilitarianism is Deontology Philosophy, School of Philosophy, Divinity and Religious Studies, University of Aberdeen, “Glossary Of Technical Terms”, January 30, 2007, http://www.abdn.ac.uk/philosophy/guide/glossary.shtml (HEG) DEONTOLOGY The doctrine that there are acts whose rightness or wrongness is not wholly dependent on the goodness or badness of their consequences. Deontological theories take duty as the basis of morality. The phrase, ‘no matter what the consequences’, is often the sign of a deontological view. The opposite of Deontology is CONSEQUENTIALISM.