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We’re Siemens, a global innovation company helping the needs of businesses and communities right here in the US. One of our specialties is making buildings comfortable, safe, productive and less costly to operate. We focus on improving the performance of our customers’ buildings, so that they can focus on improving their business performance. With an expertise in building controls, fire safety, security systems, and energy performance solutions, we can help your building work for you. But unless you’re one of the 70,000 Americans that we currently employ, you may not know us. We’re Siemens.

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APRIL 10, 2006

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GRADUATE SCHOOLS EXCLUSIVE RANKINGS

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April 10, 2006

Volume 140, Number 13

CHARLIE ARCHAMBAULT FOR USN&WR

One Week 10 For a fleeting moment, life is just a basin of cherry blossoms

Washington Whispers 12 No skin mags at State; no respect for poker players; no chocolate for Pelosi

White House Week 16 Bush outreach program: nice new chief of staff, new niceness to reporters

Cross Country 18 Displaced voters in New Orleans; sexual assault charge at Duke; busting HOV dummy

The World 20 Israelis vote to pull back (maybe); Liberian ex-prez caught (finally); Iran slapped (softly)

Datebook 22 In the week ahead: New Delhi’s new style; Buddha’s birthday; kilts kick it in New York; court-martial for British Air Force doc

Q&A: Glenn Reynolds 24 The law professor and author says blogs and cellphones give power to the little guy NATION & WORLD

The Melting Pot Is Boiling 25 Political debate and street demonstrations point up America’s uneasy ambivalence about immigration.

Baghdad Blues 27 Despite three years of effort by the United States, Iraq’s police force is still a mess

Gloria Borger: Mr. Outside (That’s John McCain) Makes an Inside Move 32

America’s Best

Graduate Schools 47

IT’S ACADEMIA For years, our signature rankings have guided students in their search of post-undergraduate education. But that’s just for starters. This year’s guide looks at the changing landscape of grad schools: tell-all student bloggers, a new push to bring women into biz schools, and questions about the way law is taught. ALI JAREKJI—REUTERS / CORBIS

SPECIAL REPORT

Earth Feels the Heat 34 Even the Bush administration now concedes that global warming is real. But is that enough to bring legislative action? MONEY & BUSINESS

Hedging Their Debts 38 Funds find there’s money to be made in lending to distressed firms and start-ups

Money Watch 40 New Fed chief is treading softly; history says sell [stocks] in May and go away; generation X-box won’t play the 401(k) game Cover: Photograph by Scott Goldsmith—Aurora for USN≀ Princeton University

27

34

JEFFREY MACMILLAN FOR USN&WR

HEALTH & MEDICINE

Depression and Disease 41 Problems with mental health may put you at risk for illnesses from diabetes to cancer

Bird Flu Vaccine Doesn’t Fly 43 A new protective shot comes up short

Health Watch 44 Shush your iPod; smoke and drink contribute to colon cancer; Rx for ADHD: tonsillectomy? COVER

America’s Best Graduate Schools 47 The Unsimple Life 48

38

Grad students blog about what it’s really like to examine a breast, study law, or student teach. How useful are their musings?

CLAYTON J. PRICE—CORBIS

Looking for Ms. M.B.A. 52 Biz schools aim to up paltry female populace

Rethinking Law School 54 It’s been the same for nearly a century. And some experts think it’s time for a change

Behind the Rankings 59 We survey some 9,600 academics and professionals and weigh statistical indicators

The Top Programs 60 Exclusive rankings of schools that offer graduate degrees in business, education, engineering, law, and medicine

Mortimer B. Zuckerman: How Can Harvard Recruit a Reformer? 76

41

BRYAN & CHERRY ALEXANDER—WWW.ARCTICPHOTO.COM

PAUL SAKUMA—AP

44

April 10, 2006

Volume 140, Number 13

NOW @ USNEWS.COM KEVIN HORAN FOR USN&WR

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E-Learning. Learn from your laptop using our detailed directory of online courses, certificates, and degrees. www.usnews.com/elearning

The 2007 rankings are in! The key disciplines include business, law, medicine, engineering, and arts and sciences. Our directory covers more than 1,200 programs: admissions requirements, financial aid info, student-body profiles, starting salaries in your field, and more. Our Premium Online Edition lets you personalize a search for the best grad school and compare results. www.usnews.com/grad

Online Forums. They’re bigger and better. Visit our expanded boards to ask advice from experts or compare notes with other users. www.usnews.com/forums Next Stop: Career. Sign up for our biweekly newsletter designed for college students preparing for careers. www.usnews.com/newsletters

Tech Hype Alert! Bob Seidensticker wants to stick it to the techno-man. Why? Stuff costs too much. New products flop. And when older folks (baby boomers, that means you) are told they need new gizmos to keep up, usually they don’t. Seidensticker talks about Future Hype, his new book about technology, with Alex Kingsbury. www.usnews.com/hype

Home Wrecker Tulane University student Richy Leitner took an ax to the walls of a house, but he wasn’t a frat boy gone wild. Read the latest installment in Leitner’s blog about New Orleans. www.usnews.com/nolablog

a deal, you’ll want to read our advice before signing on the dotted line. www.usnews.com/buyout

Digestive Disorder Irritable bowel syndrome accounts for 3.5 million doctor visits a year. April is IBS Awareness Month; our guide has details on the condition. www.usnews.com/ibs

The Doctor Is In Is marital strife bad for your health? How do you know if you have skin cancer? Dr. Bernadine Healy offers video tips on health dilemmas. www.usnews.com/tips

Buy Me Out? GM is the latest company offering buyouts. If your firm is dangling

Clash Over a Convert Jay Tolson explains why Afghanistan missed a chance to examine Islamic law when it dismissed the case of a Muslim who embraced Christianity. www.usnews.com/rahman

Happy Money Day Don’t just stick a $20 bill in a birthday card for your grandkid. We’ve got a roundup of financial gifts that last for years. www.usnews.com/primetime

Feeling Anxious? Find out what to do when anxiety spins out of control. www.usnews.com/anxiety

Cushy Commuting The Mercedes CLK350 gets its ya-yas out on the open road but is equally at home on crowded city streets. www.usnews. com/auto

Barone Blog. This week, our perspicacious pundit ponders the immigration debate. www.usnews.com/baroneblog America’s Best Colleges. Search our 2006 rankings of the nation’s colleges and universities to find the data for your dream school. www.usnews.com/colleges Biz Buzz. Paul J. Lim keeps a keen eye on Main Street money worries and Wall Street trends. www.usnews.com/buzz Washington Whispers Poll. Critics are bashing Jill Carroll, the reporter just released by Iraqi insurgents, as a terrorist sympathizer for her kind words about the captors. How would you describe her: American hero? Lucky hostage? Or latter-day Patty Hearst? www.usnews.com/wwpoll

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Contact EMI Network to advertise your college or university in America’s premier education issue of the year. Jennifer Wolfe

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Rank/School

BUSINESS • EDUCATI ON • ENGIN EERING • LAW A DIRECT

Assessment ’04 NIH Peer score by ’04 ’04 ’04 research ’04 ’04 ’04 total assessment residency average average ’04 NIH research grants per faculty/ out-of-state medical Overall score directors undergrad MCAT acceptance grants faculty member student tuition school score (5.0 highest) (5.0 highest) GPA score rate (in millions) (in thousands) ratio and fees enrollment

1. Harvard University (MA) 100 2. Johns Hopkins University (MD) 82 3. Washington University in St. Louis 81 4. University of Pennsylvania 80 5. University of California–San Francisco 77 6. Duke University (NC) 75 7. University of Washington 74 8. Stanford University (CA) 73 9. University of Michigan–Ann Arbor 71 10. Columbia U. Col. of Physicians and Surgeons (NY) 70 11. University of California–Los Angeles (Geffen) 69 69 Yale University (CT) 13. Baylor College of Medicine (TX) 68 14. Cornell University (Weill) (NY) 66 University of California–San Diego 66 16. University of Pittsburgh 64 17. U. of Texas Southwestern Medical Center–Dallas 63 Vanderbilt University (TN) 63 19. University of Chicago (Pritzker) 62 20. Case Western Reserve University (OH) 59 Emory University (GA) 59 Northwestern University (Feinberg) (IL) 59 23. Mayo Medical School (MN) 58 University of Alabama–Birmingham 58 University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill 58 26. University of Virginia 56 University of Wisconsin–Madison 56 28. Boston University 55 University of Iowa (Roy J. & Lucille A. Carver) 55 30. U. of Colorado–Denver and Health Sciences Ctr. 53 University of Rochester (NY) 53 32. Mount Sinai School of Medicine (NY) 52 New York University 52 University of Southern California (Keck) 52 35. Dartmouth Medical School (NH) 51 Oregon Health and Science University 51 37. Ohio State University 50 38. University of Minnesota–Twin Cities 49 Yeshiva University (Albert Einstein) (NY) 49 40. Brown University (RI) 48 41. University of Cincinnati 47 Wake Forest University (NC) 47 43. Tufts University (MA) 46 University of Maryland 46 45. Indiana University–Indianapolis 45 46. Georgetown University (DC) 44 University of California–Davis 44 University of California–Irvine 44 University of Florida 44 University of Massachusetts–Worcester 44

4.9 4.9 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.6 4.5 4.3 4.1 4.3 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.3 4.1 4.0 3.7 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.2 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.1 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.2 3.4 2.9 3.1 2.8 3.1 3.0

2006 EDITIO

August 28, 2006

 

U.S.NE WS & WORL D REPO RT

America’s Best Colleges

AMER ICA’S BEST GRADUA TE SC HOOLS

This is the issue to be in!

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4.8 4.8 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.1 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.0 4.3 3.9 4.2 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.1 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.1 3.8 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.8 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.4 3.8 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.6 3.3 3.4 3.7 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1

3.79 3.83 3.86 3.79 3.77 3.80 3.67 3.72 3.73 3.79 3.72 3.73 3.74 3.71 3.73 3.68 3.80 3.74 3.64 3.60 3.73 3.70 3.82 3.70 3.60 3.70 3.73 3.61 3.72 3.70 3.75 3.64 3.70 3.60 3.70 3.63 3.70 3.67 3.67 3.59 3.59 3.60 3.54 3.65 3.68 3.62 3.57 3.65 3.70 3.60

11.7 11.4 12.2 11.5 10.8 11.7 10.4 10.9 11.4 11.7 10.9 11.3 11.1 11.5 10.8 10.7 10.8 11.2 10.5 11.0 11.0 11.1 10.9 9.8 10.4 10.6 10.3 10.4 10.2 10.5 10.5 11.0 11.0 10.9 10.6 10.3 10.7 9.9 10.4 10.4 9.9 10.0 10.2 10.1 9.7 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.4 10.5

4.9% $1,167.6 $171.5 9.5 5.8% $445.6 $204.5 4.5 10.6% $390.9 $268.8 2.6 5.7% $487.9 $239.0 3.4 4.7% $414.4 $262.1 2.6 3.9% $311.3 * $191.7 * 4.3 7.2% $506.2 $262.8 2.4 3.1% $242.5 * $332.1 * 1.6 8.7% $294.0 $162.8 2.6 11.5% $282.5 $123.7 3.7 4.5% $413.3 $198.3 3.0 6.3% $287.4 $190.1 3.4 7.3% $409.6 $225.2 2.7 4.3% $271.1 $144.3 4.7 6.0% $242.9 $302.9 1.6 8.9% $303.3 $177.2 3.0 11.8% $201.8 * $136.0 * 1.7 8.0% $235.9 $159.1 3.6 7.6% $204.0 $263.9 1.8 9.7% $261.8 $154.5 2.8 9.3% $186.7 $112.5 3.7 5.7% $193.4 $112.9 2.5 2.9% $188.2 $90.5 12.5 14.0% $220.9 $216.7 1.5 7.3% $201.5 $167.1 1.9 8.6% $133.2 * $154.5 * 1.6 11.4% $202.4 $191.0 1.7 4.8% $334.8 $279.2 1.9 12.7% $141.3 $163.2 1.5 9.1% $178.5 $125.5 2.6 7.8% $137.6 $109.7 3.0 6.0% $158.2 $72.9 4.5 13.1% $141.6 $89.8 2.2 7.1% $175.9 $147.9 1.8 5.7% $105.5 $117.7 3.0 7.1% $179.3 $167.1 2.4 9.9% $193.7 $101.1 2.3 12.6% $145.6 $111.2 1.4 9.9% $177.0 $70.6 3.4 7.7% $99.6 $147.8 2.0 15.2% $182.4 $141.9 2.1 4.9% $120.5 * $141.6 * 2.0 7.0% $85.2 $67.9 1.8 9.1% $128.5 * $117.7 * 1.8 17.4% $101.5 * $80.1 * 1.1 5.6% $100.4 $70.2 2.1 4.8% $64.8 $111.3 1.4 7.9% $80.3 $158.4 1.4 9.4% $73.0 * $67.6 * 2.4 23.7% $111.6 * $119.5 * 2.2

$37,400 714 $34,732 481 $38,330 570 $37,937 600 $32,716 602 $37,000 382 $31,916 795 $37,366 459 $32,801 682 $39,931 616 $32,028 695 $35,865 442 $22,658 666 $32,300 399 $32,417 508 $37,152 573 $22,807 884 $33,971 411 $33,143 419 $38,604 608 $34,727 454 $38,467 695 $25,500 166 $34,896 689 $34,243 647 $36,574 551 $32,802 612 $38,440 628 $38,355 581 $69,473 552 $36,115 425 $35,320 479 $32,555 702 $38,565 662 $35,250 304 $36,981 446 $27,265 849 $37,134 940 $38,075 735 $35,767 331 $37,965 617 $33,016 427 $41,920 697 $35,143 604 $38,958 1,151 $37,108 685 $33,421 407 $33,145 374 $46,953 458 N/A 419

• ORY OF OVER 1,0 MEDICINE • AND MORE FINDING 00 PROG THE RIGH RAMS T SCHOOL & WHERE THE JOBS GETTING IN ARE

*The school reported only research grants the National Institutes of Health made to the medical school. No grants to affiliated hospitals were reported. Sources: U.S. News and the schools. Assessment data collected by Synovate

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ONE WEEK By Brian Duffy

A Fine Turn of the Calendar

T

he voice of the turtle, as the Song of Solomon (2:11-12) instructs, has not been heard yet in these parts. But the other signs of spring are all sure here—the warbling of the birds, the flowers profligate in their rich hues, and yes, of course, the cherry blossoms in their riot of pink and white profusion down at the Tidal Basin. This is when it finally becomes real, the full stop between winter’s blurry gray and the fresh start of spring’s balmy breezes, robin’s-egg skies, and, soon, long days and mild, starlit nights. In a perplexity of the calendar, winter’s game finally plays itself out, in the ncaa men’s basketball championship game, just hours after the boys of summer finish flexing their muscles amid the pageantry of Opening Day. The world, meanwhile, goes on. A warlord in Africa is brought to justice; a reporter in Baghdad is freed, unharmed, by her captors. The press of news, the duties of work and family, continue unabated. Such is the nature of modern life that most of us rush through it pell-mell, unregarding, unaware. For this one small moment, however, we stop and pause. Beautiful day today, isn’t it? l

Joggers and visitors to the Jefferson Memorial marvel at the annual rite of spring. CHARLIE ARCHAMBAULT FOR USN&WR

By Paul Bedard

Skin Mags? Not at This Department

F

oreign Affairs, the Economist, and certainly U.S.News & World Report are titles you’d expect to see at the two State Department newsstands visited by the public, employees, and their kids, but Playboy and Penthouse? Yikes! Or so thought Condoleezza Rice a while back when she began receiving briefings in Foggy Bottom before her confirmation hearings as secretary of state. Alerted by an aide that the skin magazines, partially clad in brown paper covers, were placed beside newsmagazines and close to candy, nuts, and stuffed animals, she said, “I want them out.” A few weeks later, when she took over from Colin Powell, the eviction began. “The secretary wanted them gone immediately,” says senior adviser Jim Wilkinson. “She didn’t understand how a department that claimed to fight for the rights of women worldwide could sell pornography that degrades women.” And, he adds, the magazines “could be seen as contributing to a hostile work environment.” He teamed with State’s internal manager and several State women who had been campaigning against the publications but had gotten nowhere. Now that they have succeeded, some of those women are eyeing other lad mags like Maxim and FHM. But State News’s Richard Williams isn’t listening. It was no problem banning the xxx fare: It didn’t move very fast. “But Maxim,” he says, “is a bestseller.”

On Deck, Bush Ace Steals a Few Days We probably should have known a White House shake-up was in the works when Joshua Bolten, the dedicated budget boss who’s taking over for Andy Card as chief of staff, sneaked out for a couple of weekdays last month to watch his beloved Washington Nationals. Facing even longer hours toiling in the West Wing, he took a quickie break to feed his love of baseball with two Grapefruit League games, we hear. And he brought the Nats good luck: They beat the Baltimore Orioles and the Atlanta Braves. Considering 12

his new job, Bolten probably won’t get to see many backto-back games in Washington, even though he holds season tickets. But when he goes, he’s likely to see his predecessor: Bolten’s seats are right behind Card’s, just back of the Nats’ dugout.

An Old Warrior May Be Losing the Fight Top American officials who study Cuba and dictator Fidel Castro, 79, now believe that his Parkinson’s disease is so bad that he will be dead in four years. “The Parkinson’s

has gone beyond the stage that it can be controlled,” says a top U.S. official. “He’s not going to live forever.”

Trusting the Media: It’s All in the Politics Americans of all political stripes are remarkably trusting of the media—their media, that is. The Winston Group, a gop polling firm, tells us in new data compiled for the Congressional Institute that each side has national media outlets it believes. No surprise on the conservative side: It’s Fox

The latest Whispers are at www.usnews.com/whispers

U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT • WWW.USNEWS.COM • APRIL 10, 2006

News and Rush Limbaugh in the top. Independents prefer the public outlets pbs and npr. They also like cnn. Only Democrats include broadcast news among their faves, but after cnn and pbs. So what’s it all mean? Myra Miller, Winston senior vice president, says: “Whether you are Republican, independent, or Democrat, cable, public tv, and radio are leading the way in trust of media.”

Poker: As American as Apple Pie Between them, they’ve won millions of dollars and countless poker tournaILLUSTRATION BY JOE CIARDIELLO FOR USN&WR

The real Ambien® story: It shouldn’t keep you up at night. Recent news reports have focused on rare occurrences of sleepwalking and sleep-related eating in patients who may also be taking AMBIEN. But, it’s important to know the facts. AMBIEN prescribing information has always included these events, known collectively as somnambulism, as possible rare side effects. And, patients who experience certain sleep disorders already have an increased propensity to sleepwalk. But the fact is that throughout the 14 billion nights of therapy worldwide provided by zolpidem, the active ingredient of AMBIEN, patient safety always has been and will continue to be of paramount importance to the makers of AMBIEN. So we want to remind you of these key safety tips: • Take the exact dose of AMBIEN prescribed by your healthcare provider. • Do not take AMBIEN for extended periods or with any other medicines without first talking to your healthcare provider. • Always take AMBIEN immediately before you go to bed. • Take AMBIEN only when you can get a full night’s sleep before you need to be active again. • Never take AMBIEN with alcohol.

Sleep well. About AMBIEN® (zolpidem tartrate) CIV AMBIEN is indicated for the short-term treatment of insomnia. There is a low occurrence of side effects associated with the short-term use of AMBIEN. The most commonly observed side effects in controlled clinical trials were drowsiness, dizziness and diarrhea. When you first start taking AMBIEN, use caution in the morning when engaging in activities requiring complete alertness until you know how you will react to this medication. In most instances, memory problems can be avoided if you take AMBIEN only when you are able to get a full night’s sleep (7 to 8 hours) before you need to be active again. As with any sleep medication, do not use alcohol while you are taking AMBIEN. Prescription sleep aids are often taken for 7 to 10 days – or longer as advised by your doctor. All people taking sleep medicines have some risk of becoming dependent on the medicine.

For more information, talk to your doctor or visit www.FactsAboutAmbien.com

Please see brief summary on the adjacent page. © 2006 sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC

USA.ACR.06.03.98 March 2006

Ambien® Ÿ (zolpidem tartrate)

BRIEF SUMMARY INDICATIONS AND USAGE Ambien (zolpidem tartrate) is indicated for the short-term treatment of insomnia. Ambien has been shown to decrease sleep latency and increase the duration of sleep for up to 35 days in controlled clinical studies. Hypnotics should generally be limited to 7 to 10 days of use, and reevaluation of the patient is recommended if they are to be taken for more than 2 to 3 weeks. Ambien should not be prescribed in quantities exceeding a 1-month supply (see Warnings). CONTRAINDICATIONS None known. WARNINGS Since sleep disturbances may be the presenting manifestation of a physical and/or psychiatric disorder, symptomatic treatment of insomnia should be initiated only after a careful evaluation of the patient. The failure of insomnia to remit after 7 to 10 days of treatment may indicate the presence of a primary psychiatric and/or medical illness which should be evaluated. Worsening of insomnia or the emergence of new thinking or behavior abnormalities may be the consequence of an unrecognized psychiatric or physical disorder. Such findings have emerged during the course of treatment with sedative/hypnotic drugs, including Ambien. Because some of the important adverse effects of Ambien appear to be dose related (see Precautions and Dosage and Administration), it is important to use the smallest possible effective dose, especially in the elderly. A variety of abnormal thinking and behavior changes have been reported to occur in association with the use of sedative/hypnotics. Some of these changes may be characterized by decreased inhibition (eg, aggressiveness and extroversion that seemed out of character), similar to effects produced by alcohol and other CNS depressants. Other reported behavioral changes have included bizarre behavior, agitation, hallucinations, and depersonalization. Amnesia and other neuropsychiatric symptoms may occur unpredictably. In primarily depressed patients, worsening of depression, including suicidal thinking, has been reported in association with the use of sedative/hypnotics. It can rarely be determined with certainty whether a particular instance of the abnormal behaviors listed above is drug induced, spontaneous in origin, or a result of an underlying psychiatric or physical disorder. Nonetheless, the emergence of any new behavioral sign or symptom of concern requires careful and immediate evaluation. Following the rapid dose decrease or abrupt discontinuation of sedative/hypnotics, there have been reports of signs and symptoms similar to those associated with withdrawal from other CNS-depressant drugs (see Drug Abuse and Dependence). Ambien, like other sedative/hypnotic drugs, has CNS-depressant effects. Due to the rapid onset of action, Ambien should only be ingested immediately prior to going to bed. Patients should be cautioned against engaging in hazardous occupations requiring complete mental alertness or motor coordination such as operating machinery or driving a motor vehicle after ingesting the drug, including potential impairment of the performance of such activities that may occur the day following ingestion of Ambien. Ambien showed additive effects when combined with alcohol and should not be taken with alcohol. Patients should also be cautioned about possible combined effects with other CNS-depressant drugs. Dosage adjustments may be necessary when Ambien is administered with such agents because of the potentially additive effects. PRECAUTIONS General Use in the elderly and/or debilitated patients: Impaired motor and/or cognitive performance after repeated exposure or unusual sensitivity to sedative/hypnotic drugs is a concern in the treatment of elderly and/or debilitated patients. Therefore, the recommended Ambien dosage is 5 mg in such patients (see Dosage and Administration) to decrease the possibility of side effects. These patients should be closely monitored. Use in patients with concomitant illness: Clinical experience with Ambien in patients with concomitant systemic illness is limited. Caution is advisable in using Ambien in patients with diseases or conditions that could affect metabolism or hemodynamic responses. Although studies did not reveal respiratory depressant effects at hypnotic doses of Ambien in normals or in patients with mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a reduction in the Total Arousal Index together with a reduction in lowest oxygen saturation and increase in the times of oxygen desaturation below 80% and 90% was observed in patients with mild-to-moderate sleep apnea when treated with Ambien (10 mg) when compared to placebo. However, precautions should be observed if Ambien is prescribed to patients with compromised respiratory function, since sedative/hypnotics have the capacity to depress respiratory drive. Post-marketing reports of respiratory insufficiency, most of which involved patients with pre-existing respiratory impairment, have been received. Data in end-stage renal failure patients repeatedly treated with Ambien did not demonstrate drug accumulation or alterations in pharmacokinetic parameters. No dosage adjustment in renally impaired patients is required; however, these patients should be closely monitored (see Pharmacokinetics). A study in subjects with hepatic impairment did reveal prolonged elimination in this group; therefore, treatment should be initiated with 5 mg in patients with hepatic compromise, and they should be closely monitored. Use in depression: As with other sedative/hypnotic drugs, Ambien should be administered with caution to patients exhibiting signs or symptoms of depression. Suicidal tendencies may be present in such patients and protective measures may be required. Intentional overdosage is more common in this group of patients; therefore, the least amount of drug that is feasible should be prescribed for the patient at any one time. Information for patients: Patient information is printed in the complete prescribing information. Laboratory tests: There are no specific laboratory tests recommended. Drug interactions CNS-active drugs: Ambien was evaluated in healthy volunteers in single-dose interaction studies for several CNS drugs. A study involving haloperidol and zolpidem revealed no effect of haloperidol on the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of zolpidem. Imipramine in combination with zolpidem produced no pharmacokinetic interaction other than a 20% decrease in peak levels of imipramine, but there was an additive effect of decreased alertness. Similarly, chlorpromazine in combination with zolpidem produced no pharmacokinetic interaction, but there was an additive effect of decreased alertness and psychomotor performance. The lack of a drug interaction following single-dose administration does not predict a lack following chronic administration. An additive effect on psychomotor performance between alcohol and zolpidem was demonstrated. A single-dose interaction study with zolpidem 10 mg and fluoxetine 20 mg at steady-state levels in male volunteers did not demonstrate any clinically significant pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interactions. When multiple doses of zolpidem and fluoxetine at steady-state concentrations were evaluated in healthy females, the only significant change was a 17% increase in the zolpidem half-life. There was no evidence of an additive effect in psychomotor performance. Following five consecutive nightly doses of zolpidem 10 mg in the presence of sertraline 50 mg (17 consecutive daily doses, at 7:00 am, in healthy female volunteers), zolpidem Cmax was significantly higher (43%) and Tmax was significantly decreased (53%). Pharmacokinetics of sertraline and N-desmethylsertraline were unaffected by zolpidem. Since the systematic evaluations of Ambien in combination with other CNSactive drugs have been limited, careful consideration should be given to the pharmacology of any CNS-active drug to be used with zolpidem. Any drug with CNS-depressant effects could potentially enhance the CNS-depressant effects of zolpidem.

Drugs that affect drug metabolism via cytochrome P450: A randomized, doubleblind, crossover interaction study in ten healthy volunteers between itraconazole (200 mg once daily for 4 days) and a single dose of zolpidem (10 mg) given 5 hours after the last dose of itraconazole resulted in a 34% increase in AUC0»' of zolpidem. There were no significant pharmacodynamic effects of zolpidem on subjective drowsiness, postural sway, or psychomotor performance. A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover interaction study in eight healthy female volunteers between 5 consecutive daily doses of rifampin (600 mg) and a single dose of zolpidem (20 mg) given 17 hours after the last dose of rifampin showed significant reductions of the AUC (–73%), Cmax (–58%), and T1/2 (–36%) of zolpidem together with significant reductions in the pharmacodynamic effects of zolpidem. Other drugs: A study involving cimetidine/zolpidem and ranitidine/zolpidem combinations revealed no effect of either drug on the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of zolpidem. Zolpidem had no effect on digoxin kinetics and did not affect prothrombin time when given with warfarin in normal subjects. Zolpidem’s sedative/hypnotic effect was reversed by flumazenil; however, no significant alterations in zolpidem pharmacokinetics were found. Drug/Laboratory test interactions: Zolpidem is not known to interfere with commonly employed clinical laboratory tests. In addition, clinical data indicate that zolpidem does not cross-react with benzodiazepines, opiates, barbiturates, cocaine, cannabinoids, or amphetamines in two standard urine drug screens. Carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, impairment of fertility Carcinogenesis: Zolpidem was administered to rats and mice for 2 years at dietary dosages of 4, 18, and 80 mg/kg/day. In mice, these doses are 26 to 520 times or 2 to 35 times the maximum 10-mg human dose on a mg/kg or mg/m2 basis, respectively. In rats these doses are 43 to 876 times or 6 to 115 times the maximum 10-mg human dose on a mg/kg or mg/m2 basis, respectively. No evidence of carcinogenic potential was observed in mice. Renal liposarcomas were seen in 4/100 rats (3 males, 1 female) receiving 80 mg/kg/day and a renal lipoma was observed in one male rat at the 18 mg/kg/day dose. Incidence rates of lipoma and liposarcoma for zolpidem were comparable to those seen in historical controls and the tumor findings are thought to be a spontaneous occurrence. Mutagenesis: Zolpidem did not have mutagenic activity in several tests including the Ames test, genotoxicity in mouse lymphoma cells in vitro, chromosomal aberrations in cultured human lymphocytes, unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes in vitro, and the micronucleus test in mice. Impairment of fertility: In a rat reproduction study, the high dose (100 mg base/kg) of zolpidem resulted in irregular estrus cycles and prolonged precoital intervals, but there was no effect on male or female fertility after daily oral doses of 4 to 100 mg base/kg or 5 to 130 times the recommended human dose in mg/m2. No effects on any other fertility parameters were noted. Pregnancy Teratogenic effects: Category B. Studies to assess the effects of zolpidem on human reproduction and development have not been conducted. Teratology studies were conducted in rats and rabbits. In rats, adverse maternal and fetal effects occurred at 20 and 100 mg base/kg and included dose-related maternal lethargy and ataxia and a dose-related trend to incomplete ossification of fetal skull bones. In rabbits, dose-related maternal sedation and decreased weight gain occurred at all doses tested. At the high dose, 16 mg base/kg, there was an increase in postimplantation fetal loss and underossification of sternebrae in viable fetuses. This drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Nonteratogenic effects: Studies to assess the effects on children whose mothers took zolpidem during pregnancy have not been conducted. However, children born of mothers taking sedative/hypnotic drugs may be at some risk for withdrawal symptoms from the drug during the postnatal period. In addition, neonatal flaccidity has been reported in infants born of mothers who received sedative/ hypnotic drugs during pregnancy. Labor and delivery: Ambien has no established use in labor and delivery. Nursing mothers: Studies in lactating mothers indicate that between 0.004 and 0.019% of the total administered dose is excreted into milk, but the effect of zolpidem on the infant is unknown. The use of Ambien in nursing mothers is not recommended. Pediatric use: Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 18 have not been established. Geriatric use: A total of 154 patients in U.S. controlled clinical trials and 897 patients in non-U.S. clinical trials who received zolpidem were ˘60 years of age. For a pool of U.S. patients receiving zolpidem at doses of ¯10 mg or placebo, there were three adverse events occurring at an incidence of at least 3% for zolpidem and for which the zolpidem incidence was at least twice the placebo incidence (ie, they could be considered drug related). Adverse Event Dizziness Drowsiness Diarrhea

Zolpidem

Placebo

3% 5% 3%

0% 2% 1%

A total of 30/1,959 (1.5%) non-U.S. patients receiving zolpidem reported falls, including 28/30 (93%) who were ˘70 years of age. Of these 28 patients, 23 (82%) were receiving zolpidem doses >10 mg. A total of 24/1,959 (1.2%) non-U.S. patients receiving zolpidem reported confusion, including 18/24 (75%) who were ˘70 years of age. Of these 18 patients, 14 (78%) were receiving zolpidem doses >10 mg. ADVERSE REACTIONS Associated with discontinuation of treatment: Approximately 4% of 1,701 patients who received zolpidem at all doses (1.25 to 90 mg) in U.S. premarketing clinical trials discontinued treatment because of an adverse clinical event. Events most commonly associated with discontinuation from U.S. trials were daytime drowsiness (0.5%), dizziness (0.4%), headache (0.5%), nausea (0.6%), and vomiting (0.5%). Approximately 4% of 1,959 patients who received zolpidem at all doses (1 to 50 mg) in similar foreign trials discontinued treatment because of an adverse event. Events most commonly associated with discontinuation from these trials were daytime drowsiness (1.1%), dizziness/vertigo (0.8%), amnesia (0.5%), nausea (0.5%), headache (0.4%), and falls (0.4%). Data from a clinical study in which selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor(SSRI) treated patients were given zolpidem revealed that four of the seven discontinuations during double-blind treatment with zolpidem (n=95) were associated with impaired concentration, continuing or aggravated depression, and manic reaction; one patient treated with placebo (n=97) was discontinued after an attempted suicide. Incidence in controlled clinical trials Most commonly observed adverse events in controlled trials: During short-term treatment (up to 10 nights) with Ambien at doses up to 10 mg, the most commonly observed adverse events associated with the use of zolpidem and seen at statistically significant differences from placebo-treated patients were drowsiness (reported by 2% of zolpidem patients), dizziness (1%), and diarrhea (1%). During longer-term treatment (28 to 35 nights) with zolpidem at doses up to 10 mg, the most commonly observed adverse events associated with the use of zolpidem and seen at statistically significant differences from placebo-treated patients were dizziness (5%) and drugged feelings (3%). Treatment-emergent adverse experiences in placebo-controlled clinical trials: The following are treatment-emergent adverse events from U.S. placebo-controlled clinical trials. Data are limited to data from doses up to and including 10 mg. In short-term trials, events seen in zolpidem patients (n=685) at an incidence equal to 1% or greater compared to placebo (n=473) were: headache (7% vs 6% for placebo), drowsiness (2% vs 0%), dizziness (1% vs 0%), nausea (2% vs 3%), diarrhea (1% vs 0%), and myalgia (1% vs 2%). In long-term clinical trials, events seen in zolpidem patients (n=152) at an incidence of 1% or greater compared to placebo (n=161) were: dry mouth (3% vs 1% for placebo), allergy (4% vs 1%),

back pain (3% vs 2%), influenza-like symptoms (2% vs 0%) , chest pain (1% vs 0%), fatigue (1% vs 2%), palpitation (2% vs 0%), headache (19% vs 22%), drowsiness (8% vs 5%), dizziness (5% vs 1%), lethargy (3% vs 1%), drugged feeling (3% vs 0%), lightheadedness (2% vs 1%), depression (2% vs 1%), abnormal dreams (1% vs 0%), amnesia (1% vs 0%), anxiety (1% vs 1%), nervousness (1% vs 3%), sleep disorder (1% vs 0%), nausea (6% vs 6%), dyspepsia (5% vs 6%), diarrhea (3% vs 2%), abdominal pain (2% vs 2%), constipation (2% vs 1%), anorexia (1% vs 1%), vomiting (1% vs 1%), infection (1% vs 1%), myalgia (7% vs 7%), arthralgia (4% vs 4%), upper respiratory infection (5% vs 6%), sinusitis (4% vs 2%), pharyngitis (3% vs 1%), rhinitis (1% vs 3%), rash (2% vs 1%), and urinary tract infection (2% vs 2%). Dose relationship for adverse events: There is evidence from dose comparison trials suggesting a dose relationship for many of the adverse events associated with zolpidem use, particularly for certain CNS and gastrointestinal adverse events. Adverse events are further classified and enumerated in order of decreasing frequency using the following definitions: frequent adverse events are defined as those occurring in greater than 1/100 subjects; infrequent adverse events are those occurring in 1/100 to 1/1,000 patients; rare events are those occurring in less than 1/1,000 patients. Frequent: abdominal pain, abnormal dreams, allergy, amnesia, anorexia, anxiety, arthralgia, asthenia, ataxia, back pain, chest pain, confusion, constipation, depression, diarrhea, diplopia, dizziness, drowsiness, drugged feeling, dry mouth, dyspepsia, euphoria, fatigue, headache, hiccup, infection, influenza-like symptoms, insomnia, lethargy, lightheadedness, myalgia, nausea, nervousness, palpitation, sleep disorder, vertigo, vision abnormal, vomiting. Infrequent: abnormal hepatic function, agitation, arthritis, bronchitis, cerebrovascular disorder, coughing, cystitis, decreased cognition, detached, difficulty concentrating, dysarthria, dysphagia, dyspnea, edema, emotional lability, eye irritation, eye pain, falling, fever, flatulence, gastroenteritis, hallucination, hyperglycemia, hypertension, hypoesthesia, illusion, increased SGPT, increased sweating, leg cramps, malaise, menstrual disorder, migraine, pallor, paresthesia, postural hypotension, pruritus, scleritis, sleeping (after daytime dosing), speech disorder, stupor, syncope, tachycardia, taste perversion, thirst, tinnitus, trauma, tremor, urinary incontinence, vaginitis. Rare: abdominal body sensation, abnormal accommodation, abnormal gait, abnormal thinking, abscess, acne, acute renal failure, aggressive reaction, allergic reaction, allergy aggravated, altered saliva, anaphylactic shock, anemia, angina pectoris, apathy, appetite increased, arrhythmia, arteritis, arthrosis, bilirubinemia, breast fibroadenosis, breast neoplasm, breast pain, bronchospasm, bullous eruption, circulatory failure, conjunctivitis, corneal ulceration, decreased libido, delusion, dementia, depersonalization, dermatitis, dysphasia, dysuria, enteritis, epistaxis, eructation, esophagospasm, extrasystoles, face edema, feeling strange, flushing, furunculosis, gastritis, glaucoma, gout, hemorrhoids, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, hot flashes, hypercholesteremia, hyperhemoglobinemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension aggravated, hypokinesia, hypotension, hypotonia, hypoxia, hysteria, impotence, increased alkaline phosphatase, increased BUN, increased ESR, increased saliva, increased SGOT, injection-site inflammation, intestinal obstruction, intoxicated feeling, lacrimation abnormal, laryngitis, leukopenia, lymphadenopathy, macrocytic anemia, manic reaction, micturition frequency, muscle weakness, myocardial infarction, neuralgia, neuritis, neuropathy, neurosis, nocturia, otitis externa, otitis media, pain, panic attacks, paresis, parosmia, periorbital edema, personality disorder, phlebitis, photopsia, photosensitivity reaction, pneumonia, polyuria, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, purpura, pyelonephritis, rectal hemorrhage, renal pain, restless legs, rigors, sciatica, somnambulism, suicide attempts, tendinitis, tenesmus, tetany, thrombosis, tolerance increased, tooth caries, urinary retention, urticaria, varicose veins, ventricular tachycardia, weight decrease, yawning. DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE Controlled substance: Schedule IV. Abuse and dependence: Studies of abuse potential in former drug abusers found that the effects of single doses of zolpidem tartrate 40 mg were similar, but not identical, to diazepam 20 mg, while zolpidem tartrate 10 mg was difficult to distinguish from placebo. Sedative/hypnotics have produced withdrawal signs and symptoms following abrupt discontinuation. These reported symptoms range from mild dysphoria and insomnia to a withdrawal syndrome that may include abdominal and muscle cramps, vomiting, sweating, tremors, and convulsions. The U.S. clinical trial experience from zolpidem does not reveal any clear evidence for withdrawal syndrome. Nevertheless, the following adverse events included in DSM-III-R criteria for uncomplicated sedative/hypnotic withdrawal were reported at an incidence of ¯1% during U.S. clinical trials following placebo substitution occurring within 48 hours following last zolpidem treatment: fatigue, nausea, flushing, lightheadedness, uncontrolled crying, emesis, stomach cramps, panic attack, nervousness, and abdominal discomfort. Rare post-marketing reports of abuse, dependence and withdrawal have been received. Individuals with a history of addiction to, or abuse of, drugs or alcohol are at increased risk of habituation and dependence; they should be under careful surveillance when receiving any hypnotic. OVERDOSAGE Signs and symptoms: In European postmarketing reports of overdose with zolpidem alone, impairment of consciousness has ranged from somnolence to light coma, with one case each of cardiovascular and respiratory compromise. Individuals have fully recovered from zolpidem tartrate overdoses up to 400 mg (40 times the maximum recommended dose). Overdose cases involving multiple CNS-depressant agents, including zolpidem, have resulted in more severe symptomatology, including fatal outcomes. Recommended treatment: General symptomatic and supportive measures should be used along with immediate gastric lavage where appropriate. Intravenous fluids should be administered as needed. Flumazenil may be useful. Respiration, pulse, blood pressure, and other appropriate signs should be monitored and general supportive measures employed. Sedating drugs should be withheld following zolpidem overdosage. Zolpidem is not dialyzable. The possibility of multiple drug ingestion should be considered. Rx only

Distributed by: Sanofi-Synthelabo Inc. New York, NY 10016

ZSS-5A

Revised August 2002

Washington Whispers STEVE BRITT / COPLEY NEWS SERVICE / STATE JOURNAL-REGISTER

ments with their tricks and strategy, but when the game’s Big Three storm Washington next week to fight an online gambling ban, they won’t be bluffing about how bad the impact could be. To stop the steamrolling legislation, poker royalty Greg Raymer, Chris Ferguson, and Howard Lederer will meet this week with lawmakers, staff, and even war vets at Walter Reed Army Medical Center to build support for online gambling. “This is a truly American tradition. Truman played. Departed Chief Justice William Rehnquist had games in chambers,” argues Michael Bolcerek of the Poker Player’s Alliance. His compromise with the gambling foes: Regulate it, tax it, “but don’t treat poker players like al Qaeda.”

You Can Pick Your Friends, But… Sen. Harry Reid, the Democratic leader, makes no bones about disliking most of his gop colleagues. “Republicans in the Senate,” he says, “do not represent mainstream Republicans in this country. Mainstream Republicans in this country are more moderate and more thoughtful than the people I work with who are in the majority in the Senate.” Ouch. Well, of the 55 gop-ers, he’s gotta like a few, right? “Someone asked me the other day,” he says, “ ‘Who are the moderate Republicans?’ Hmm. Well, you’ve got Lincoln Chafee [of Rhode Island], sometimes the two senators from Maine [Olympia Snowe and Susan Collins], and Arlen Specter [of Pennsylvania] whenever you don’t need him. That’s it.” Double ouch.

Pollster to Dems: Skip the God Talk Republican pollster Frank Luntz has just returned from New Hampshire and Iowa

OUT LOUD “And this guy has his finger on the nuclear trigger, too— reformed alcoholic, nothing wrong with that.” Ted Turner, CNN founder, sneering at President Bush and calling the war in Iraq a waste of time

“Yes, I know we have made tactical errors, thousands of them.” Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, in England, talking about the war in Iraq while defending the strategy there

“From watching too many episodes of the Sopranos, your staff seems to have acquired the belief that any Sicilian gesture is obscene—especially when made by an ‘Italian jurist.’ (I am, by the way, an American jurist.)” Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia, in a letter to the Boston Herald, which had said that he made an obscene hand gesture to a reporter’s question Sources: AP, Reuters, Boston Herald

with his 2008 review of Democratic presidential candidates, and he has advice for the hopefuls: Stop talking about God. “If voters really cared,” he says, “they’d be Republicans.” He found that Democratic primary and caucus voters want to hear about the issues, not quotes from the Bible. So which Democrat is ahead? Luntz, whose 2004 poll predicted Sen. John Kerry would emerge, likes ex-Virginia Gov. Mark Warner. As for Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton? “She’s going to have trouble if she doesn’t lighten up.”

Showing Off the Lighter Side of Lent The Lenten season, when Roman Catholics give up a vice during the 40 days leading to Easter, is looking pretty good on House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi. By chance we bumped into the California lawmaker last week and complimented her on a new slimmeddown look. “Well,” she says with a smile, “I gave up chocolate for Lent, and it’s killing me.” l

U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT • WWW.USNEWS.COM • APRIL 10, 2006

15

WHITE HOUSE WEEK Edited by Peter Cary CHARLES DHARAPAK—AP

Getting the Warm and Fuzzies for Congress

Q

uietly and methodically, President Bush has been reaching out to lawmakers on Capitol Hill as part of an “insider’s campaign” to lift the administration out of the political ditch. The replacement of White House Chief of Staff Andy Card by budget boss Josh Bolten may be just the start of things to come. The president wants Bolten to review the staff lineup, possibly make some more changes, bring new energy to the West Wing, but, perhaps most important, improve relations 11:15 a.m., March 30, Chichén Itzá, Mexico with Congress. One big reaHe doesn’t normally like to play tourist on foreign trips, but President Bush son for Bolten’s selection, in joined Mexican President Vicente Fox and Canadian Prime Minister Stephen fact, was his relationship with key gop figures on the MOMENT Harper to visit one of Mexico’s archaeological sites. Aides said the outing would show Bush’s appreciation for culture, both to Mexicans and to folks at home. Hill. “The president wants to balance a sense of change with continuity,” says a top Bush aide. After months of complaints from Republicans however, is the proposed exit of Defense Secretary Donald who felt taken for granted and Democrats who felt ignored, Rumsfeld. Some say that would push the Pentagon brass to Bush has begun meeting privately with small groups of lawreconsider the current policies in Iraq and thus foster new makers from both parties to solicit support for his policies. foreign policy ideas. Republicans point out that Condoleezza Rice’s taking over the State Department has led to new thinking and energy there. This has apparently encouraged And Don’t Forget the Nattering Nabobs Bush to heed the recommendations of his new secretary of state more than he accepted the thinking of Colin Powell, he president’s outreach is also extending to a surprising Rice’s predecessor, who tangled often with Vice President group—the White House press corps. At least twice reCheney and Rumsfeld. cently, Bush invited small groups of reporters in for off-therecord chitchat and policy talk. The goal seems to be to show the journalists that Bush is a likable, smart, friendly He’s Not Just an Accidental Tourist guy and not the distant, stumbling caricature that has been drawn by his critics. While several of the invitees are new to resident Bush’s recent trips outside Washington have the White House beat, some veterans were also in the mix, some of his allies wondering if he’s overdoing it, tiring suggesting that a more extensive outreach may be underhimself and his staff, and not doing much to improve his jobway. Much will depend, gop insiders say, on whether the approval ratings or boost support for the Iraq war. In the media’s coverage of the White House gets more positive. past two weeks, Bush has spent five days on the road, visiting several U.S. states and Mexico. White House aides say Bush raising money for Republican candidates and touting his The Personnel Move That Won’t Go Away ispolicies in local tv markets, which will help his sagging poll numbers. But there’s another factor: Bush likes to get out of ome senior Republicans hold the view that too much firWashington. Aides say he is refreshed by these trips and ing at the White House could be a bad thing—that it happy to escape the capital’s hothouse atmosphere. l could deprive President Bush of valued confidants, whose loyalty and company he prizes, and create turmoil in the West Wing at a very sensitive time. One idea that persists, With Kenneth T. Walsh and Paul Bedard

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You can get your own morning E-mail briefing combining exclusive Washington intelligence with daily political news in the U.S. News Bulletin at www.usnewsbulletin.com 16

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A New Meaning to ‘Get Out the Vote’

Audubon Nature Institute. Experts say the effort to mobilize displaced voters might be the largest since the Civil War.

etting to the polls on time can be a hassle—all G the more so if you are stuck in temporary housing in another state on Election Day. The New Orleans city elections will be held on April 22, even though fewer than 200,000 of the city’s preKatrina population of half a million now live within city limits. A legislative committee last week rejected a bill that would have established satellite voting centers in cities outside Louisiana, but officials have relaxed the rules on voting by mail and have set up polls in 10 other cities around the state. The election had been slated for February 4, but officials decided the date was impractical so soon after the storm destroyed about 80 percent of the city. A federal judge, whose

A Storied College Town’s Ugly Blot uke University has been racked with protests from D local residents since a black

NEW ORLEANS. Mayor Ray Nagin is running for re-election.

home was flooded by the storm, rejected a bid to delay the vote. Mayor Ray Nagin, who has been called both adept and inept for his post-storm leadership, is running against nearly two dozen challengers, including Lt. Gov. Mitch Landrieu and Ron Forman, head of the

woman alleged that three white lacrosse players from the school sexually assaulted her at a house party on March 13. The 27-year-old woman, a student at North Carolina Central University, also in Durham, had been hired as an exotic dancer for what she thought was a bachelor party. She alleges that racial slurs were shouted at her and her partner. Durham County District Attorney Michael Nifong said, “I am convinced that there was a rape.” But team captains have called the allegations “trans-

parently false.” No charges have yet been filed, as police await the results of dna tests. The university has temporarily suspended the team from play, and the institution, criticized in the area for being a bastion of wealth in a depressed community, is bracing for the worst.

The Feds Charge One of Their Own was once heralded as a victory in the war Iontsignal terrorism. But last week

DURHAM, N.C. Several hundred people march in a rally against sexual violence at Duke University.

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the United States v. Koubriti took another bizarre turn: The lead prosecutor was himself indicted by the government. The federal indictment says former prosecutor Richard Convertino and Harry Smith, a State Department security officer who was stationed in Amman, Jordan, conspired to mislead a Detroit jury about evidence during the 2003 trial, in which Koubriti and three other North African immigrants were accused of operating a sleeper cell and convicted of a variety of terrorism and fraud charges. The federal judge handling the trial, Gerald Rosen,

FROM TOP: CHRIS GRAYTHEN—GETTY IMAGES; CHUCK LIDDY—THE NEWS & OBSERVER / AP

WESTMINSTER, COLO. Pringle, doing public penance with Tillie

Detroit l

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Westminster l

l Durham

BALTIMORE. City school CEO Bonnie Copeland discusses the state’s vote to take over schools.

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cases. His attorney, William Sullivan, says the indictment is “manifestly false” and “another example of government reprisal.” An attorney for Smith said his client was “a dedicated public servant” who would be vindicated in court. DETROIT. Convertino is accused of conspiring to mislead a jury.

threw out the convictions after the Justice Department accused Convertino of withholding evidence that could have helped the defense. Convertino is suing his former boss, as well as former Attorney General John Ashcroft and other Justice Department officials, accusing them of “gross mismanagement” of terrorism

A Drastic Move on Failing Schools he Maryland State Department of Education T voted to assume control of 11 failing Baltimore city schools last week, a move that has enraged city officials. In an unprecedented application of the federal No Child Left Behind Act, which allows third parties to assume control of failing schools, the state will now seek outside contractors to

FROM TOP: GLENN ASAKAWA—DENVER POST / AP; CHRIS GARDNER—AP; CHARLIE ARCHAMBAULT FOR USN&WR

manage the schools, which had long been under scrutiny for low test scores. The Republican-led takeover, traditionally the purview of local municipalities, has the city’s Democratic mayor (who wants to be governor) crying foul. Martin O’Malley says Gov. Robert Ehrlich’s administration is using children as “political pawns,” pointing to a graduation rate that has increased from 42 percent in 1996 to 58 percent today. The head of the state education board argued that the state can’t let the city relegate students “to the bottom of the economic rungs of our society.”

When the Penalty Fits the Crime he’d had a troubled life, but last week Tillie the S hov dummy found a happy home. The makeshift mannequin was the creation of Coloradan Greg Pringle,

who used her as a “passenger” in his car to gain access to the high-occupancy vehicle lane on U.S. 36. But alas, the gendarmes caught on, and last month, a judge in Westminster, Colo., fined Pringle $115 and ordered him to hold a sign alongside the highway reading “hov lane is not for dummies.” The judge also ordered that any profits from Tillie’s sale be donated to a driver safety awareness program. A Denver firm, Video Professor, which produces home computer tutorials, paid $15,000 for her on eBay. “We’ve rescued Tillie from a life of crime,” said company spokesman Brian Olson. l With Alex Kingsbury, Chitra Ragavan, Silla Brush, and the Associated Press

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Edited by Terry Atlas

Israelis Vote for a Pullback (Maybe) orming a coalition government to confirm him F as Israel’s prime minister shouldn’t be much of a problem for Ehud Olmert, whose Kadima (Forward) party finished first in Tuesday’s election. But since Kadima fell short of the anticipated landslide victory, the problem for Olmert waits down the road, when he will need government backing to carry out his historic plan to end Israel’s occupation of the West Bank. Olmert, 60, acting prime minister and Kadima standard bearer since Ariel Sharon suffered a massive stroke, sought a mandate for his “consolidation” plan to remove Israeli settlers and soldiers from perhaps 90 percent of the West Bank. He didn’t get it. While proconsolidation parties of the left did much better than pro-settlement parties of the right, a bloc of special-interest factions in the middle now holds the balance of power. The new Pensioners Party and old ultra-Orthodox parties are eager to join

ISRAEL. Supporters of acting Prime Minister Ehud Olmert cheered the election win by his centrist Kadima party, but will his vision prevail?

an Olmert government and share the spoils; whether they will stay on for the traumatic ordeal of uprooting tens of thousands of Jewish settlers—which Olmert has promised by 2010—is anyone’s guess. Carrying off such an endeavor will require extraordinary leadership, the kind Sharon displayed over the nearly two-year process of getting Israel out of the Gaza Strip. This election showed

that Olmert, for now at least, is no Sharon. Kadima, forecast a week before the election to win nearly 40 of 120 Knesset seats, finished with 29. And what was billed as a watershed vote on Israel’s territorial future drew what Israelis regard as lackluster (63 percent) voter turnout. Facing a long, grueling political journey, the determined but uninspiring Olmert finds himself starting out in a bit of a hole.

A Soft Slap by the Security Council t was supposed to be a snap. But when the U.N. ISecurity Council got down

LIBYA. A solar eclipse darkened skies across northern Africa, the eastern Mediterranean, and central Asia.

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to formally warning Iran off its defiant resumption of nuclear work, the only thing snapping was the tempers of diplomats who saw an opportunity to deliver a strong rebuke debated, delayed, and then drained of most of its punch. It took three weeks to issue a nonbinding presidential statement on behalf of the 15-member council. The statement turned out to be weaker

FROM TOP: GALI TIBBON—AFP / GETTY IMAGES; KHALED DESOUKI—AFP / GETTY IMAGES

RUSSIA BRITAIN FRANCE

SIERRA LEONE. Former Liberian President Charles Taylor in custody. His detention and war-crimes trial may move to the Netherlands. ISRAEL

IRAQ

IRAN CHINA

LIBYA INDIA

SIERRA LEONE LIBERIA

NIGERIA CAMEROON

than the demands already issued by the board of the U.N.’s International Atomic Energy Agency, the body charged with monitoring Iran’s nuclear activities. Britain, France, and most of the rest of the Security Council sided with the Bush administration in urging a tougher statement; Russia and China pushed back— questioning whether the council should even take up Iran’s nuclear ambitions. With the statement requiring unanimity, Moscow watered it down. The concessions included pulling the iaea back into the issue, lengthening the period (to 30 days) by which time Iran is supposed to stop preparing to enrich uranium, and stripping out a reference to Iran posing a “threat to international peace.” The top U.S. envoy to the U.N., John Bolton, gamely argued that just getting a consensus statement shows that the Iran file is now the Security Council’s to handle—an outcome Iran long resisted. But with a brusque rebuff last week from

Justice Delayed, but Now in Sight ometimes there is good news from Africa. S Liberia’s murderous warlord

Tehran, few expect a quick breakthrough. Bolton spoke of revisiting the issue “on the 31st day.” Then what? Predicts one European diplomat, “The Russians will string it out.”

IRAQ. Abducted U.S. journalist Jill Carroll was freed after 12 weeks. She said she was held in one room but not physically harmed.

FROM TOP: MICHAEL KAMBER—POLARIS; SCOTT PETERSON—CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR / GETTY IMAGES

turned president, Charles Taylor, was captured after fleeing his 21/2-year refuge in Nigeria and was flown to Sierra Leone—where a U.N.backed tribunal has charged him with war crimes and crimes against humanity, including responsibility for mass rape, mutilations, and murder. Taylor incited civil wars in his native Liberia and neighboring Sierra Leone, in which more than 300,000 people were killed, and he continued to stir trouble in West Africa even after being given temporary asylum in Nigeria. Taylor, traveling in a jeep with diplomatic plates, was caught at the border with neighboring Cameroon, with two 110-pound sacks of foreign currency. Photos of a shackled Taylor were profound images on acontinent where warlords and despots have ruled— and continue to rule—with impunity.

For India, Looking Past the Bomb resident Bush is facing political headwinds in P trying to get Congress to sign off on his new nuclear accord with India. Critics warn that the de facto acceptance of a nuclear-armed India could encourage others to go after the bomb. Indian Foreign Secretary Shyam Saran made the Washington rounds last week on behalf of “an initiative that will determine, for good reasons, the direction of our future ties.” Also pushing the deal: the nuclear power industry, which sees a $100 billion market once current trade restrictions on nuclear technology are lifted. l With Thomas Omestad, Larry Derfner in Israel, and the Associated Press

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Edited by Danielle Burton

WEDNESDAY, APRIL 5 FRONT-ROW FASHIONISTAS. Hear “fashion week,” and your mind travels to New York, Paris, and Milan. But this week, New Delhi is the world’s style capital, when the Wills Lifestyle India Fashion Week kicks off today. In fact, thanks to a sponsorship dispute, it’s the second such event to be held in India this year.

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THURSDAY, APRIL 6 l THE BARD’S YEAR. Romeo and Juliet opens the Royal Shakespeare Company’s yearlong Complete Works Festival in Stratford-upon-Avon, England. It’s said to be the first time that all the bard’s 37 plays, sonnets, and long poems have been staged at the same event. The official launch of the festival coincides with Shakespeare’s birthday weekend, April 22–23. Among those slated to perform: Patrick Stewart, Judi Dench, and Ian McKellen. l A VIEW TO A KILT. The Scottish Declaration of Independence was signed in 1320—and much later used as a model for the American one. So it is only right that Scottish-Americans are honored with National Tartan Day. In New York City, kilt wearers will parade down the Avenue of the Americas on April 8. And Mississippi has honored its Scots by adopting an official state tartan.

FRIDAY, APRIL 7

state and local officials are working to attract and retain more healthcare workers.

SATURDAY, APRIL 8 l SACRED DAYS. The birth of Buddha is celebrated in many countries. The Japanese observe the occasion with the flower festival Hana Matsuri, gathering at temples and offering flowers to the spiritual leader. The week is marked by important days in other religions: Palm Sunday (April 9), the birthday of the prophet Muhammad (April 11), and the date of the establishment of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (April 6). PRAKASH SINGH—AFP / GETTY IMAGES

SUNDAY, APRIL 9 WORLD ELECTIONS. Italy’s general election takes place, with voters choosing between controversial, right-wing Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi and leftist Romano Prodi. The latest opinion polls predict victory for Prodi, although as many as one third of voters remain undecided. Peru also holds elections today, as voters choose a successor to President Alejandro Toledo.

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MONDAY, APRIL 10 FATHER OF INVENTION. President George Washington signed the bill that formed the modern American patent system on this day back in 1790. Today’s wannabe inventors can submit their patent application online (http://www.uspto.gov).

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l THE POPE’S ARMY. A group of former TUESDAY, APRIL 11 Swiss Guards sets off on a 27-day, 450-mile march to Rome to coml PRESERVING THE PAST. The Landmemorate the 500 years the guards marks Committee of the National Park have protected 42 successive popes. System Advisory Board meets to conLeaving from Bellinzona, Switzersider the designation of 14 properties APRIL 5. Fashions on display in India land, they will follow much of the as National Historic Landmarks. same route (the Via Francigena) the Among those being discussed: the first pontifical guards took in 1506, arriving in St. Peter’s Eames Case Study House No. 8 in Los Angeles; the Liberty Square on May 4. Memorial in Kansas City, Mo.; and Heart Mountain in Ralston, Wyo. l GOT GRITS? The residents of St. George, S.C., claim they consume more grits per capita than anyone else in the world. Fit- l BEER PEOPLE UNITE. The Craft Brewers Conference kicks off tingly, this weekend they host the 21st Annual World Grits Fes- in Seattle, providing continuing education and an opportutival. In the “Rolling in the Grits” contest, competitors slosh nity for professional brewers to share tips on improving qualaround in a pool of grits for 10 seconds, and whoever manages ity. Two thousand brews will vie for the honor of the World to get slathered by the most grits, judging by the weight before Beer Cup, and the gala awards dinner is already sold out. and after, wins. Past victors have put on an average of around l ONE TOUR TOO MANY. A doctor in Britain’s Royal Air Force faces 30 pounds. a court-martial after refusing to return to Iraq for a third tour of duty last June. Because Iraq had not attacked the U.K. or one l WORK FOR HEALTH. On the anniversary of its founding, the World Health Organization observes World Health Day 2006. of its allies, Flight Lt. Malcolm Kendall-Smith believes there was This year, the group focuses on what it calls a crisis in the no lawful reason to enter Iraq, making his orders “illegal.” A prehealth workforce. The shortage of workers in healthcare fields trial hearing ruled the orders were lawful, and Kendall-Smith is estimated at about 4 million worldwide, with areas such now could face two years in detention if found guilty. l as sub-Saharan Africa, where workers also face the hiv/aids epidemic, the hardest hit. Across the United States, as well, With Carol S. Hook and Jill Konieczko

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Q&A: GLENN REYNOLDS By Kent Allen

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GIVING POWER TO THE PEOPLE

In addition to the behemoth companies, n his day job, Glenn Reynolds is a law I think for a lot of us, they will. At least professor at the University of Ten- it will be very different. Up until you hammer big media and big government nessee. The 45-year-old has also the late 18th century, almost every- as out of sync, given the emergence of nimtried his hand at beer brewing, thing was done by a small group of in- ble technology. What about big education? recording music, penning novels, dividuals. The advent of the steam Will there be a shift in power in formal launching instapundit.com—a popular engine and the modern corporation re- schooling, or will longtime institutions interactive website for libertarian and ally erased that model. A steel mill adapt to the pressure of all the “Davids”? conservative political commentary—and was really more efficient. Now the Yes, there will be a change. I have that most recently authoring An Army of technology is coming around the other chapter on video games and computer Davids: How Markets and Technology way. Tailors were sort of replaced by games. I think those will play an inEmpower Ordinary People to Beat Big these textile factories. Now there creasingly important educational role. I Media, Big Government and Other Go- are customized factories; call it per- don’t think just commercial entertainliaths. Reynolds spoke to U.S. News sonal manufacturing. An awful lot of ment games but also stuff that’s custom made for it. In fact, the [U.S.] about how our modern slingJOHN SCHWEIKERT Army is ahead of the curve on shots—blogs, cellphones, 24this. So when it comes to 7 connectedness—are shifting teaching skills, I think they’re the balance of power to the litterrific. When it comes to tle guy. Excerpts: teaching other stuff, I don’t Is this the golden age for the know. Yet traditional teachers individual? like myself are not necessarYes. It’s at least a golden age ily that efficient at teaching. for the individual. People Things like the University are freer to use their potenof Phoenix [which teaches tial than they’ve ever been, through distance learning] though perhaps not as free don’t really fit into my Army as they’ll be in the future. of Davids, but they might There’s a wonderful point have an effect. from Arthur C. Clarke. TwenToward the end of your book, ty thousand years ago, there you talk about privately funded were people running around space exploration. When will the planet who had all the we inhabit Mars? ability to be a symphony conductor or an airline pilot. But A popular blogger and law professor has Not soon enough, probably. You know, the funny thing their talent was wasted. Now it’s changed. More and more, an optimistic take on markets, technology, about privately funded space stuff is that if you read science you’re able to find a niche. It’s and the power of the little guy. fiction before 1960, they all worker control of the means assume that’s the way we’re of production without all that tiresome communism stuff. All kinds things are going to be done on the in- going to get there, like aviation in the ’20s. The [government-funded] Apollo of power that used to be available only dividual scale. You’re not a fan of big corporations, argu- program sort of jump-started it. to large organizations is now available You generally come down on the side of ing that they have outlived their usefulness. to individuals. the optimists in looking at new technology. Are they of any value in the 21st century? Just how influential are bloggers? People oversell the power of blogs and Oh, sure. I wasn’t saying that big was What are the drawbacks? alternative media. They don’t yet have necessarily bad. But I do think that the The obvious drawback is that when you a lot of power, but they do have a fair kind of bigness that’s going to work is a empower individuals, you empower the amount of influence. They have the abil- different kind of bigness. That’s why I good ones and the bad ones. And of ity to get things into the national con- contrast Wal-Mart with eBay. Wal- course, terrorism is different today. Back versation that would otherwise be left Mart is a very traditional, top-down or- in the days when you had to swing a out. That’s a big change from just a little ganization. It’s very good at what it sword to kill someone, one person while ago, when a small set of gatekeep- does. But eBay is something you couldn’t do that much damage. Now, one wouldn’t have seen before the 21st cen- person can. We will have to worry more ers controlled it all. tury. It is big; there’s not much differ- about that in the future. There’s a blindYou write enthusiastically about an outence in the number of people who make ness in thinking that good things can be ing to a Build-a-Bear store with your their living with either company. The done only by bigger organizations. 10-year-old daughter, where you had an difference is that eBay [unlike Wal- There’s a kind of blindness that dangers epiphany about the possibilities of do-itMart] doesn’t get there by telling [em- only come from big organizations. I don’t yourself activity. Will our work lives be think that’s true either. l ployees] what to do. mostly do-it-yourself in a generation? 24

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Nation & World

Demonstrators rally on Capitol Hill in support of immigrants.

BORDER WAR IMMIGRATION REFORM IS FRAUGHT WITH POLITICAL PERIL. WHEN IT’S OVER, PLENTY OF PEOPLE ARE GOING TO BE ANGRY

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By Dan Gilgoff

t the White House last month, the Southern Baptist Convention’s top political officer, Richard Land, told President Bush he was offended by the number of illegal immigrants living with impunity in the United States. “When government does not enforce laws,” he told Bush, “it’s not doing what God ordained it to do.” But Land, whose group counts 16 million followers, favors down-to-earth solutions. “Practically speaking,” he says, “the government isn’t going to deport 12 million immigrants.” So Land told the president he supports Bush’s proposed guest-worker program—and that he might even support putting illegal immigrants on a path to citizenship. Land’s take on immigration mirrors an uneasy national ambivalence. On one hand, Americans seem inclined to preserve their melting-pot heritage, but they also want law and order and harbor post-9/11 fears about national security. The debate is playing out on a variety of stages. Last month, hundreds of thousands marched in the streets in

CHARLIE ARCHAMBAULT FOR USN&WR

support of immigrants. And last week, the U.S. Senate intensified debate on a host of legislative proposals, ranging from get-tough enforcement measures to guest-worker programs that would put illegals on a path to citizenship. Where it ends up is anybody’s guess. “You’re in an election year, and this stirs passions on all sides,” says Kansas Sen. Sam Brownback. “There’s a real possibility we won’t be able to pull anything together.” The issue is so fraught with political and policy differences that even if Congress does pull something off, it is as likely to disappoint all parties involved as it is to satisfy any one of them. There is wide agreement that the problem has spun out of control. The illegal immigrant population in the United States is now estimated at up to 12 million, a rise of more than 240 percent from 1990. It has spread from border states to places like North Carolina and New Jersey, each home to more than 350,000 illegal immigrants. “This issue has reached critical mass,” says gop pollster Whit Ayres. “People are demanding that something be done.” Late last year, the House of Representatives responded, passing a get-tough bill that would raise 700 miles of fence along the Mexican border. The House resisted U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT • WWW.USNEWS.COM • APRIL 10, 2006

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Nation & World CHARLIE ARCHAMBAULT FOR USN&WR

of Latinos cast their ballots President Bush’s calls for for Bush in 2004, up from 21 a guest-worker program, percent who backed Bob which would provide temDole in 1996. Hispanics porary legal status. But a were 8 percent of the elecSenate bill, sent to the floor torate in 2004, but they are last week by the Judiciary the nation’s fastest-growing Committee, appeared to minority group, capable of take the “temporary” out of tipping elections in swing the president’s plan, giving states like Colorado. Repubillegal immigrants a path to licans want to avoid another citizenship without having California Proposition 187, to return home. The bill a gop-backed ballot initiawould also more than doutive to deny social services to ble the number of U.S. illegal immigrants. Passed agents along the Mexican by voters in 1994, Prop. 187 border and create a “virtual alienated Latinos and sent wall” of cameras and aerial the state gop into a slump. vehicles. A second Senate Immigration reform prebill introduced by Majority sents similar risks. “The Leader Bill Frist of Ten- Sen. Lindsey Graham is one of the Republicans backing a guest-worker plan. harsh rhetoric about buildnessee—who is eyeing a 2008 White House bid—has no guest- quiet group at the Rotary Club,” says ing walls or making people who violate imworker provision. Both Senate bills may antitax crusader Grover Norquist, who migration laws felons has played into get a vote this week, along with a host of supports a guest-worker program. The that,” says Texas Sen. John Cornyn, a Reamendments. Key House Republicans U.S. Chamber of Commerce predicts that publican. “I don’t think [we’ll] make the have hinted they might be open to recon- 50 percent of the workforce will retire in same mistake in the Senate.” Cornyn has helped draft legislation that sidering a guest-worker proposal, but con- the next five years, creating a worker shortage. Even senators from states with small would allow illegals to stay in the counservatives there would most likely resist. A recent Wall Street Journal/nbc poll illegal populations, like South Carolina’s try for five years but would require them showed that about 60 percent of Ameri- Lindsey Graham, report vocal business to return home before applying for citicans oppose a guest-worker program. support for keeping illegal immigrants zenship, a possible middle ground in the But polls also show that voters rank il- stateside. “Were a wall to be built on the debate. But immigrant-rights and busilegal immigration as a lower priority Mexican border,” says Bruce Josten, the ness groups say the plan is impractical. than the economy and the Iraq war. chamber’s top lobbyist, “it would require Senate Democrats, meanwhile, have been forceful on the security component of the “You’re not going to get a big plus for immigrant labor.” Also nudging some Republicans toward immigration debate to neutralize the issue being friendly toward illegal immigrants or a big minus for being unfriendly,” says a guest-worker program is a desire to and focus attention on support for guest Maurice Carroll, director of the Quin- reach out to Hispanics. Forty-four percent workers and citizenship opportunities. “Democrats have spent the last three elecnipiac University Polling Institute. tions looking for a wedge issue to drive the But try telling that to Republicans desRepublicans apart,” says Jennifer Duffy, perate for a winning political issue. Some NEW ARRIVALS an analyst with the Cook Political Report. gop leaders argue that their base, fearThe number of United States residents “They think they’ve found it.” Many reliful that illegal immigrants are overloadborn in other countries has more than doubled since 1980. Illegal immigration gious groups that have sided with the gop ing services and chipping away at the nahas more than tripled. on abortion and gay marriage are standtional identity, would be put off by any ing with the Democrats on immigration. guest-worker proposal. Colorado Rep. 12% of U.S. FOREIGN-BORN “We’ve been embraced by Republicans on Tom Tancredo has won a national propopulation POPULATION IN THE U.S. moral issues,” says the Rev. Samuel Rodfile by campaigning for tougher immi2004 34.2 mil. riguez, president of the National Hispangration restrictions; he is now consider31.1 2000 ic Christian Leadership Conference. “On ing a White House bid, too. this issue, Democrats have extended their Disappointments. Conservatives who 24.5 1995 hands. This is a watershed moment for the have watched President Bush rack up 19.8 1990 Republican Party.” record deficits and champion the Dubai 14.1 1980 Whether Democrats can muster ports deal, meanwhile, are eager for enough support to pass a bill with guestsomething to sink their teeth into. “I ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS IN THE U.S. worker and citizenship provisions—and, don’t want to say anything is the last strangely, deliver a White House victostraw, but the list of disappointments is Roughly 30% 2006 11.5–12 mil. of foreign-born ry—is another question. Even if the Senpiling up,” says Jessica Echard, executive 2000 8.4 population ate manages to pass something, it will director of the Eagle Forum. 1995 5.0 still have to be reconciled with the But Capitol Hill offices have also heard 1990 3.5 Immigrants arriving illegally House’s enforcement-only bill. Which is from businesses in their home states— each year, since 2000: 850,000 1980 3.0 where the real fireworks could begin. l many run by Republicans—that have come to rely on the cheap labor of immigrants. Sources: Pew Hispanic Center; U.S. Census Bureau “In the conservative movement, there are With Danielle Knight and a few loud voices on talk radio and this big Kenneth T. Walsh 26

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GRAPHIC BY ROB CADY—USN&WR

BAGHDAD BLUES

For three years, the U.S. has tried to build Iraq’s police force. Why it’s still a mess

many Sunnis have come to distrust the commandos, now called the National Police, while the ministry is widely believed nside a low-slung bunker in a quiet by Iraqis to be riddled with hard-line Shiresidential neighborhood in Baghite militias that have free rein to pursue dad, Falah al-Naqib was holding their own, often violent, agendas. Suscourt in his temporary office. It was picion has only grown in the past two July 2004, and Iraq’s new interior minweeks after a string of deadly raids on ister was briefing a team of U.S. civilian Baghdad businesses by gunmen dressed advisers on his plan to jump-start Iraq’s in Iraqi commando uniforms. moribund police force. A former Sunni The need for a reliable and integrated opposition leader, Naqib wanted to bring police force has never been greater. Iraq is back intact Iraqi Army units, which mirfacing a dangerous surge of rored Iraq’s ethnic and secGUY CALAF—WPN sectarian violence with intarian makeup, to form a surgents scheming to pronew police commando force voke a full-scale civil war. But that could tackle an alarmthese days, the embattled Ining spike in violence. terior Ministry has become a Within a few weeks, the symbol of the Bush adminisfirst recruits were training, tration’s inability to establish even though they lacked unibasic security in central Iraq. forms—and in some cases, There were some early sucshoes. When Matt Sherman, cesses, such as the commana U.S. adviser, first saw the dos, but broader progress has unit, he was impressed by been undone by the vagaries its tight discipline and of Iraq’s emerging political high morale. The commanscene and the ever rising dos soon received support violence. The failures were from the U.S. military and compounded by intense gained respect from other squabbles and profound disIraqis after battling insurconnects inside the U.S. govgents in several cities. “They ernment effort. U.S. military literally were the most effec- COMMANDOS. Ministry of Interior’s elite force, during a house search By Kevin Whitelaw

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ALI JAREKJI—REUTERS / CORBIS

tive [Iraqi] fighting force,” says Sherman. “What was great about it was that the Iraqis were doing it on their own.” Deadly raids. The glow has long since faded. Today, the bunker where this brief success story was conceived is better known as the site of an illegal detention center apparently run by a renegade force within the Interior Ministry. The reputation of the police force now lies in tatters, amid accusations of human-rights violations and other police abuses. And

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TOUGH GUY. Then Interior Minister Falah al-Naqib, visiting Samarra in 2004

officials point to signs of progress: Police later.) “So by the third day, I was asking, the Department of Homeland Security kept peddling a color-coded threat alert are better able to hold their ground against ‘Is Iraq like this every day?’ ” he says. Lots of money. In those early days, system for Iraq, similar to the muchinsurgent attacks, and the ministry has disbanded some outlaw units in recent under the U.S.-led Coalition Provision- ridiculed U.S. system. Other officials acmonths. But other U.S. officials insist that al Authority, U.S. officials largely oper- tually bought a $250 million digital the ministry urgently needs to be de- ated inside the confines of the Green radio system, only to have it rejected by politicized to help stave off a civil war. “I Zone, cut off from many Iraqis. Casteel Iraqis as too complicated and too costthink it’s one of our biggest problems,” says had a mission—to rebuild the police— ly—at $20 million a year—to operate. Meanwhile, a host of serious problems and a big budget, but few aides. “It was a senior U.S. official. Rebuilding was always going to be dif- my first assignment in government loomed—the ragged, poorly trained police ficult, given Iraq’s recent history of op- where money wasn’t the problem,” says force was increasingly outgunned by the pression. But, as with most of the recon- Casteel, who had served Latin America. growing insurgency. Casteel wanted to struction effort, U.S. officials did very little “[Yet] I only had 19 people on my staff.” build a national police force, but many cpa The pace was frenetic, as aides draft- officials were leery of re-creating powerpreinvasion planning for rebuilding the crucial Interior Ministry, which oversees ed a raft of plans—many idealistic, some ful, centralized security bodies. The staff the police nationwide as well as the bor- even fanciful—usually with little Iraqi advising the Interior Ministry was one of der and customs forces. When Steve Cas- input. One cpa staffer who came from the larger U.S. teams, but Casteel’s squad never got close to the 120 peoteel arrived in Baghdad in the KHALID MOHAMMED—AP ple he needed in order to fall of 2003 to be the minmanage the sprawling ministry’s senior adviser, he had istry. He topped out near 60, no time for illusions. On his with high turnover, and many first morning, the 32-year advisers lacked law enforceveteran of the Drug Enforcement expertise. ment Administration pulled The immediate imperaup at the Al Rashid Hotel, tive was to train and deploy as which was to be his home, to many police officers as poswatch smoke billowing from sible. “If you have overthe hulking structure, which whelming presence on the had just been rocketed by instreets, you create a detersurgents. The next day, suirent and you unleash intellicide bombers hit four Baghgence,” says Robert Charles, dad police stations, killing who ran the State Departeight officers. And on the ment’s law enforcement buthird day, an aide warned reau at the time. The plan, that the ministry had somebased on U.S. work in Kosohow misplaced $72 million. vo, was an eight-week basic (The money was located days ANGER. Protesting alleged detainee torture by Interior Ministry forces 28

U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT • WWW.USNEWS.COM • APRIL 10, 2006

JEWEL SAMAD—AFP / GETTY IMAGES

Nation & World training course, followed by on-the-job was dangerous for the Americans, too. Officials foiled a plot by the minister’s mentoring by western police officers. Frustrated by the slow pace of training, tea server to poison Naqib and Casteel.) As minister, Naqib worked quickly to the Pentagon took over the program. (What’s more, most of Casteel’s staff er- build up his commando project. He fired roneously were sent pink slips and in- corrupt or incompetent officers and structions to leave Iraq within three days.) raised the salaries of those who reThere was another wrinkle as a bitter bu- mained. “We had to clean them out,” he reaucratic battle raged for several months says. He also brought back many Sunnis over a large chunk of the $800 million who had been pushed out because of training effort. Some in Washington, like their ties to Saddam Hussein’s regime. Charles, were impatient to get foreign po- There were hiccups: The police forces in lice mentors deployed and blamed other Fallujah and Mosul collapsed after inU.S. officials for not helping. In Iraq, surgent assaults in 2004. When Naqib meanwhile, Casteel saw few mentors ar- took office, the Baghdad police force had riving and concluded that the violence only 8,000 officers and 4,000 ak-47s. Naqib accepted the U.S. target of would prevent sending them outside the capital. Instead, he wanted to move $250 135,000 officers nationwide, setting off million to pay for advanced training for a scramble for new recruits. The U.S. military, in recruiting skills like criminal inand training the police, vestigation and bomb operated largely indedisposal. Eventually, the U.S. officials did pendently of Casteel’s Baghdad team won the very little preteam. Soon, thousands battle, but the delay was Iraqis were going costly. “There was an apinvasion planning of through eight-week palling lack of a sense of urgency on the part of for rebuilding the courses at police academies in Iraq and Jorthis administration to Interior Ministry, dan. “There was a conmake sure that we were drive to focus on coherent at the execuwhich oversees the stant the numbers, as if suction level,” says Paul Eaton, the retired major police nationwide. cess was determined only by the numbers general who was in trained,” says Sherman. charge of training the “But you need leaders—that’s what’s been Iraqi military and police at the time. Lost in transition. Meanwhile, the cpa lacking with the police force.” The ministry was also lacking the cawas handing over authority to a temporary Iraqi government and a new U.S. pacity to absorb the recruits. Already, Embassy. But some things were lost in salaries were frequently going unpaid, the transition. The cpa wanted to create sparking protests and desertions. Now, a commission to manage the integration it was taking months to place the newly of Iraq’s sectarian militias, like the Shi- trained officers in police stations. The ite Badr Corps and the Kurdish pesh- disconnect between the training side and merga, into the security forces. The idea the ministry was severe enough that neiwas to allow fighters to enlist as indi- ther side could even track where tens of viduals and disavow loyalty to the mili- thousands of trainees ended up. The small civilian team was just strugtia, which some officials thought farfetched. Either way, neither the new gling to keep up with the numbers. “NoIraqi government nor the new embassy body focused on building institutional staff were interested in the commission, capacity for the police, just on training which was not funded and eventually entry-level police,” says one U.S. official disappeared. This left the militia prob- currently involved in the program. “Instead, it became a cult based on the minlem waiting to re-emerge. The change of government also ister’s personality.” There was also a conbrought a macho new interior minister, cern about the vetting process run by the Naqib, known for favoring fancy suits, U.S. military with little Iraqi input. Some dark sunglasses, and cigars. Not content U.S. officials believe that militia memto remain in the Green Zone, Naqib reg- bers—and even insurgents—were able to ularly traveled the country in a massive slip through the cracks. Naqib’s term in office lasted less than armored convoy. After a bloody U.S. offensive in Fallujah, the heart of the in- a year. There was an election in January surgency, he insisted on walking the 2005, but in the more than three months streets there. “Of course, it was danger- it took to hash out a new government, ous, but what should we do?” says Naqib. the ministry lost control over many local “Either you’re a leader, or you’re not.” (It police forces. Provincial councils formed

Before you take your TOPROL-XL, make sure you’re taking TOPROL-XL. These days, there are so many medications with similar names, it could be easy to mistake one for another. So it’s important that you take steps to ensure that the medicine you’re prescribed is the medicine you receive. Be certain you and your pharmacist know exactly what your doctor has prescribed for you. Check the label on the bottle and the pills inside before leaving the pharmacy. For TOPROL-XL, compare your pills to the ones below. If they don’t match, talk to your pharmacist right away.

25 mg TOPROL-XL

50 mg 100 mg TOPROL-XL TOPROL-XL

200 mg TOPROL-XL

T h a n k yo u . Yo u r h e a l t h a n d safety are important to us. For more information, including boxed WARNING regarding suddenly stopping the use of TOPROL-XL, see a brief summary of the full Prescribing Information on the adjacent page. And visit our Web site at www.TOPROL-XL.com or call 1-800-236-9933. TOPROL-XL is a registered trademark of the AstraZeneca group of companies. © 2006 AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP. All rights reserved. 239337 03/06

TAKE IT. SERIOUSLY.

Please read this summary carefully and then ask your doctor about TOPROL-XL. Do not stop treatment without first talking with your doctor. No advertisement can provide all the information needed to determine if a drug is right for you. This advertisement does not take the place of careful discussions with your doctor. Only your doctor has the training to weigh the risks and benefits of a prescription drug.

BRIEF SUMMARY: For full Prescribing Information, see package insert. INDICATIONS AND USAGE Hypertension: TOPROL-XL is indicated for the treatment of hypertension. It may be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents. Angina Pectoris: TOPROL-XL is indicated in the long-term treatment of angina pectoris. Heart Failure: TOPROL-XL is indicated for the treatment of stable, symptomatic (NYHA Class II or III) heart failure of ischemic, hypertensive, or cardiomyopathic origin. It was studied in patients already receiving ACE inhibitors, diuretics, and, in the majority of cases, digitalis. In this population, TOPROL-XL decreased the rate of mortality plus hospitalization, largely through a reduction in cardiovascular mortality and hospitalizations for heart failure. CONTRAINDICATIONS TOPROL-XL is contraindicated in severe bradycardia, heart block greater than first degree, cardiogenic shock, decompensated cardiac failure, sick sinus syndrome (unless a permanent pacemaker is in place) (see WARNINGS) and in patients who are hypersensitive to any component of this product. WARNINGS Ischemic Heart Disease: Following abrupt cessation of therapy with certain betablocking agents, exacerbations of angina pectoris and, in some cases, myocardial infarction have occurred. When discontinuing chronically administered TOPROL-XL, particularly in patients with ischemic heart disease, the dosage should be gradually reduced over a period of 1–2 weeks and the patient should be carefully monitored. If angina markedly worsens or acute coronary insufficiency develops, TOPROL-XL administration should be reinstated promptly, at least temporarily, and other measures appropriate for the management of unstable angina should be taken. Patients should be warned against interruption or discontinuation of therapy without the physician’s advice. Because coronary artery disease is common and may be unrecognized, it may be prudent not to discontinue TOPROL-XL therapy abruptly even in patients treated only for hypertension. Bronchospastic Diseases: PATIENTS WITH BRONCHOSPASTIC DISEASES SHOULD, IN GENERAL, NOT RECEIVE BETA-BLOCKERS. Because of its relative beta1-selectivity, however, TOPROL-XL may be used with caution in patients with bronchospastic disease who do not respond to, or cannot tolerate, other antihypertensive treatment. Since beta1-selectivity is not absolute, a beta2-stimulating agent should be administered concomitantly, and the lowest possible dose of TOPROL-XL should be used (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). Major Surgery: The necessity or desirability of withdrawing beta-blocking therapy prior to major surgery is controversial; the impaired ability of the heart to respond to reflex adrenergic stimuli may augment the risks of general anesthesia and surgical procedures. TOPROL-XL like other beta-blockers, is a competitive inhibitor of beta-receptor agonists, and its effects can be reversed by administration of such agents, eg, dobutamine or isoproterenol. However, such patients may be subject to protracted severe hypotension. Difficulty in restarting and maintaining the heart beat has also been reported with beta-blockers. Diabetes and Hypoglycemia: TOPROL-XL should be used with caution in diabetic patients if a beta-blocking agent is required. Beta-blockers may mask tachycardia occurring with hypoglycemia, but other manifestations such as dizziness and sweating may not be significantly affected. Thyrotoxicosis: Beta-adrenergic blockade may mask certain clinical signs (eg, tachycardia) of hyperthyroidism. Patients suspected of developing thyrotoxicosis should be managed carefully to avoid abrupt withdrawal of beta-blockade, which might precipitate a thyroid storm. Peripheral Vascular Disease: Beta-blockers can precipitate or aggravate symptoms of arterial insufficiency in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Caution should be exercised in such individuals. Calcium Channel Blockers: Because of significant inotropic and chronotropic effects in patients treated with betablockers and calcium channel blockers of the verapamil and diltiazem type, caution should be exercised in patients treated with these agents concomitantly. PRECAUTIONS General: TOPROL-XL should be used with caution in patients with impaired hepatic function. In patients with pheochromocytoma, an alpha-blocking agent should be initiated prior to the use of any beta-blocking agent. Worsening cardiac failure may occur during up-titration of TOPROL-XL. If such symptoms occur, diuretics should be increased and the dose of TOPROL-XL should not be advanced until clinical stability is restored (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). It may be necessary to lower the dose of TOPROL-XL or temporarily discontinue it. Such episodes do not preclude subsequent successful titration of TOPROL-XL. Information for Patients: Patients should be advised to take TOPROL-XL regularly and continuously, as directed, preferably with or immediately following meals. If a dose should be missed, the patient should take only the next scheduled dose (without doubling it). Patients should not interrupt or discontinue TOPROL-XL without consulting the physician. Patients should be advised (1) to avoid operating automobiles and machinery or engaging in other tasks requiring alertness until the patient’s response to therapy with TOPROL-XL has been determined; (2) to contact the physician if any difficulty in breathing occurs; (3) to inform the physician or dentist before any type of surgery that he or she is taking TOPROL-XL. Heart failure patients should be advised to consult their physician if they experience signs or symptoms of worsening heart failure such as weight gain or increasing shortness of breath. Laboratory Tests: Clinical laboratory findings may include elevated levels of serum transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Drug Interactions: Catecholamine-depleting drugs (eg, reserpine, mono amine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors) may have an additive effect when given with beta-blocking agents. Patients treated with TOPROL-XL plus a catecholamine depletor should therefore be closely observed for evidence of hypotension or marked bradycardia, which may produce vertigo, syncope, or postural hypotension. Drugs that inhibit CYP2D6 such as quinidine, fluoxetine, paroxetine, and propafenone are likely to increase metoprolol concentration. In healthy subjects with CYP2D6 extensive metabolizer phenotype, coadministration of quinidine 100 mg and immediate release metoprolol 200 mg tripled the concentration of S-metoprolol and doubled the metoprolol elimination half-life. In four patients with cardiovascular disease, coadministration of propafenone 150 mg t.i.d. with immediate release metoprolol 50 mg t.i.d. resulted in two- to five-fold increases in the steady-state concentration of metoprolol. These increases in plasma concentration would decrease the cardioselectivity of metoprolol. Beta-blockers may exacerbate the rebound hypertension which can follow the withdrawal of clonidine. If the two drugs are

coadministered, the beta blocker should be withdrawn several days before the gradual withdrawal of clonidine. If replacing clonidine by beta-blocker therapy, the introduction of beta-blockers should be delayed for several days after clonidine administration has stopped. Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility: Long-term studies in animals have been conducted to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of metoprolol tartrate. In 2-year studies in rats at three oral dosage levels of up to 800 mg/kg/day (41 times, on a mg/m2 basis, the daily dose of 200 mg for a 60-kg patient), there was no increase in the development of spontaneously occurring benign or malignant neoplasms of any type. The only histologic changes that appeared to be drug related were an increased incidence of generally mild focal accumulation of foamy macrophages in pulmonary alveoli and a slight increase in biliary hyperplasia. In a 21-month study in Swiss albino mice at three oral dosage levels of up to 750 mg/kg/day (18 times, on a mg/m2 basis, the daily dose of 200 mg for a 60-kg patient), benign lung tumors (small adenomas) occurred more frequently in female mice receiving the highest dose than in untreated control animals. There was no increase in malignant or total (benign plus malignant) lung tumors, nor in the overall incidence of tumors or malignant tumors. This 21-month study was repeated in CD-1 mice, and no statistically or biologically significant differences were observed between treated and control mice of either sex for any type of tumor. All genotoxicity tests performed on metoprolol tartrate (a dominant lethal study in mice, chromosome studies in somatic cells, a Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test, and a nucleus anomaly test in somatic interphase nuclei) and metoprolol succinate (a Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test) were negative. No evidence of impaired fertility due to metoprolol tartrate was observed in a study performed in rats at doses up to 22 times, on a mg/m2 basis, the daily dose of 200 mg in a 60-kg patient. Pregnancy Category C: Metoprolol tartrate has been shown to increase post-implantation loss and decrease neonatal survival in rats at doses up to 22 times, on a mg/m2 basis, the daily dose of 200 mg in a 60-kg patient. Distribution studies in mice confirm exposure of the fetus when metoprolol tartrate is administered to the pregnant animal. These studies have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or teratogenicity. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Nursing Mothers: Metoprolol is excreted in breast milk in very small quantities. An infant consuming 1 liter of breast milk daily would receive a dose of less than 1 mg of the drug. Caution should be exercised when TOPROL-XL is administered to a nursing woman. Pediatric Use: Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established. Geriatric Use: Clinical studies of TOPROL-XL in hypertension did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience in hypertensive patients has not identified differences in responses between elderly and younger patients. Of the 1,990 patients with heart failure randomized to TOPROL-XL in the MERIT-HF trial, 50% (990) were 65 years of age and older and 12% (238) were 75 years of age and older. There were no notable differences in efficacy or the rate of adverse events between older and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy. Risk of Anaphylactic Reactions: While taking beta-blockers, patients with a history of severe anaphylactic reactions to a variety of allergens may be more reactive to repeated challenge, either accidental, diagnostic, or therapeutic. Such patients may be unresponsive to the usual doses of epinephrine used to treat allergic reaction. ADVERSE REACTIONS Hypertension and Angina: Most adverse effects have been mild and transient. The following adverse reactions have been reported for immediate release metoprolol tartrate. Central Nervous System: Tiredness and dizziness have occurred in about 10 of 100 patients. Depression has been reported in about 5 of 100 patients. Mental confusion and short-term memory loss have been reported. Headache, somnolence, nightmares, and insomnia have also been reported. Cardiovascular: Shortness of breath and bradycardia have occurred in approximately 3 of 100 patients. Cold extremities; arterial insufficiency, usually of the Raynaud type; palpitations; congestive heart failure; peripheral edema; syncope; chest pain; and hypotension have been reported in about 1 of 100 patients (see CONTRAINDICATIONS, WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS). Respiratory: Wheezing (bronchospasm) and dyspnea have been reported in about 1 of 100 patients (see WARNINGS). Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea has occurred in about 5 of 100 patients. Nausea, dry mouth, gastric pain, constipation, flatulence, digestive tract disorders, and heartburn have been reported in about 1 of 100 patients. Hypersensitive Reactions: Pruritus or rash have occurred in about 5 of 100 patients. Worsening of psoriasis has also been reported. Miscellaneous: Peyronie’s disease has been reported in fewer than 1 of 100,000 patients. Musculoskeletal pain, blurred vision, decreased libido and tinnitus have also been reported. There have been rare reports of reversible alopecia, agranulocytosis, and dry eyes. Discontinuation of the drug should be considered if any such reaction is not otherwise explicable. The oculomucocutaneous syndrome associated with the beta-blocker practolol has not been reported with metoprolol. Potential Adverse Reactions: In addition, there are a variety of adverse reactions not listed above, which have been reported with other beta-adrenergic blocking agents and should be considered potential adverse reactions to TOPROL-XL. Central Nervous System: Reversible mental depression progressing to catatonia; an acute reversible syndrome characterized by disorientation for time and place, shortterm memory loss, emotional lability, slightly clouded sensorium, and decreased performance on neuropsychometrics. Cardiovascular: Intensification of AV block (see CONTRAINDICATIONS). Hematologic: Agranulocytosis, nonthrombocytopenic purpura, thrombocytopenic purpura. Hypersensitive Reactions: Fever combined with aching and sore throat, laryngospasm, and respiratory distress. Heart Failure: In the MERIT HF study, serious adverse events and adverse events leading to discontinuation of study medication were systematically collected. In the MERIT-HF study comparing TOPROL-XL in daily doses up to 200 mg (mean dose 159 mg once-daily) (n=1990) to placebo (n=2001), 10.3% of TOPROL-XL patients discontinued for adverse events vs. 12.2% of placebo patients. The table below lists adverse events in the MERIT-HF study that occurred at an incidence of equal to or greater than 1% in the TOPROL-XL group and greater than placebo by more than 0.5%, regardless of the assessment of causality. Adverse Events Occurring in the MERIT-HF Study at an Incidence ≥1% in the TOPROL-XL Group and Greater Than Placebo by More Than 0.5%

Dizziness/vertigo Bradycardia Accident and/or injury

TOPROL-XL N=1990 % of patients 1.8 1.5 1.4

Placebo N=2001 % of patients 1.0 0.4 0.8

Other adverse events with an incidence of > 1% on TOPROL-XL and as common on placebo (within 0.5%) included myocardial infarction, pneumonia, cerebrovascular disorder, chest pain, dyspnea/dyspnea aggravated, syncope, coronary artery disorder, ventricular tachycardia/arrhythmia aggravated, hypotension, diabetes mellitus/ diabetes mellitus aggravated, abdominal pain, and fatigue. Post-Marketing Experience: The following adverse reactions have been reported with TOPROL-XL in worldwide post-marketing use, regardless of causality: Cardiovascular: 2nd and 3rd degree heart block; Gastrointestinal: hepatitis, vomiting; Hematologic: thrombocytopenia; Musculoskeletal: arthralgia; Nervous System/Psychiatric: anxiety/nervousness, hallucinations, paresthesia; Reproductive, male: impotence; Skin: increased sweating, photosensitivity, urticaria; Special Sense Organs: taste disturbances. OVERDOSAGE Acute Toxicity: There have been a few reports of overdosage with TOPROL-XL and no specific overdosage information was obtained with this drug, with the exception of animal toxicology data. However, since TOPROL-XL (metoprolol succinate salt) contains the same active moiety, metoprolol, as conventional metoprolol tablets (metoprolol tartrate salt), the recommendations on overdosage for metoprolol conventional tablets are applicable to TOPROL-XL. Signs and Symptoms: Overdosage of TOPROL-XL may lead to severe hypotension, sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular block, heart failure, cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrest, bronchospasm, impairment of consciousness/coma, nausea, vomiting, and cyanosis. Treatment: In general, patients with acute or recent myocardial infarction or congestive heart failure may be more hemodynamically unstable than other patients and should be treated accordingly. When possible the patient should be treated under intensive care conditions. On the basis of the pharmacologic actions of metoprolol, the following general measures should be employed: Elimination of the Drug: Gastric lavage should be performed. Bradycardia: Atropine should be administered. If there is no response to vagal blockade, isoproterenol should be administered cautiously. Hypotension: A vasopressor should be administered, eg, levarterenol or dopamine. Bronchospasm: A beta2-stimulating agent and/or a theophylline derivative should be administered. Cardiac Failure: A digitalis glycoside and diuretics should be administered. In shock resulting from inadequate cardiac contractility, administration of dobutamine, isoproterenol, or glucagon may be considered. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION TOPROL-XL is an extended release tablet intended for once daily administration. For treatment of hypertension and angina, when switching from immediate release metoprolol to TOPROL-XL, the same total daily dose of TOPROL-XL should be used. Dosages of TOPROL-XL should be individualized and titration may be needed in some patients. TOPROL-XL tablets are scored and can be divided; however, the whole or half tablet should be swallowed whole and not chewed or crushed. Hypertension: The usual initial dosage is 25 to 100 mg daily in a single dose, whether used alone or added to a diuretic. The dosage may be increased at weekly (or longer) intervals until optimum blood pressure reduction is achieved. In general, the maximum effect of any given dosage level will be apparent after 1 week of therapy. Dosages above 400 mg per day have not been studied. Angina Pectoris: The dosage of TOPROL-XL should be individualized. The usual initial dosage is 100 mg daily, given in a single dose. The dosage may be gradually increased at weekly intervals until optimum clinical response has been obtained or there is a pronounced slowing of the heart rate. Dosages above 400 mg per day have not been studied. If treatment is to be discontinued, the dosage should be reduced gradually over a period of 1–2 weeks (see WARNINGS). Heart Failure: Dosage must be individualized and closely monitored during up-titration. Prior to initiation of TOPROL-XL, the dosing of diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and digitalis (if used) should be stabilized. The recommended starting dose of TOPROL-XL is 25 mg once daily for two weeks in patients with NYHA class II heart failure and 12.5 mg once daily in patients with more severe heart failure. The dose should then be doubled every two weeks to the highest dosage level tolerated by the patient or up to 200 mg of TOPROL-XL. If transient worsening of heart failure occurs, it may be treated with increased doses of diuretics, and it may also be necessary to lower the dose of TOPROL-XL or temporarily discontinue it. The dose of TOPROL-XL should not be increased until symptoms of worsening heart failure have been stabilized. Initial difficulty with titration should not preclude later attempts to introduce TOPROL-XL. If heart failure patients experience symptomatic bradycardia, the dose of TOPROL-XL should be reduced. HOW SUPPLIED Tablets containing metoprolol succinate equivalent to the indicated weight of metoprolol tartrate, USP, are white, biconvex, film-coated, and scored.

Tablet

Bottle of 100 NDC 01861088-05

Unit Dose Packages of 100 NDC 01861088-39

A mo

1090-05

1090-39

Round

A ms

1092-05

1092-39

Oval

A my

1094-05

N/A

Shape

Engraving

25 mg*

Oval

A ß

50 mg

Round

100 mg 200 mg

*The 25-mg tablet is scored on both sides. Store at 25°C (77°F). Excursions permitted to 15-30°C (59-86°F). (See USP Controlled Room Temperature.) NOTE: This summary provides important information about TOPROL-XL. For more information, please ask your doctor or health care professional about the full Prescribing Information and discuss it with them. TOPROL-XL is a registered trademark of the AstraZeneca group of companies © AstraZeneca 2002, 2004, 2005 Manufactured for: AstraZeneca LP Wilmington, DE 19850 By: AstraZeneca AB S-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden Made in Sweden 30015-01 Rev 02/05 234770

Nation & World more quickly and usually installed their as more and more bodies of men who had has publicly denied tolerating militias or own local police chiefs. “New police been killed execution-style began turn- death squads inside the ministry, which chiefs, especially in the south, would fire ing up on Iraqi streets. U.S. officials could declined to comment for this story. The U.S. military, meanwhile, had the police forces and put militias in their rarely determine when the ministry was involved—and when it wasn’t. Naqib is grown so concerned about the faltering place,” says Casteel. The current interior minister, Bayan very critical of Jabr’s management, say- police and hollow bureaucracy that it Jabr, finally took office in late April ing the ministry is looking more like took over the ministry advising role in 2005. He is a senior leader in the influ- groups of militias. “Either they’re for the October. Today, U.S. officials are deeply ential Shiite religious party Supreme people or against the people,” he says. divided over Jabr’s performance. Some, Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq, “What’s happening now, it’s against the who were critical early, now praise him. “We believed a lot of the intelligence that which had bargained hard to run the people, like we had in Saddam’s time.” Indeed, the gist of the rumors seemed said he was the reason for the sectarian ministry. The commandos were viewed as a prize, because they were a national to be confirmed in November when U.S. divide in the ministry,” says Maj. Gen. Joseph Peterson, the ministry’s force that could operate indeKHALID MOHAMMED—AP current senior adviser. “I’ve testpendently—unlike Army units, ed him, and he has always been which had to work closely with national, not sectarian, in his deU.S. forces. sciri officials came cisions.” He notes that Jabr has into office convinced that Naqib, fired special police commanders in recruiting for his commando and disbanded a rogue, predomunit, had allowed former Baath inantly Shiite, internal affairs Party officials and some insurunit. But others blame him for gent elements to return. the ministry’s lack of account“Civil war.” U.S. officials, meanability. “He’s either incompetent while, worried that Jabr would aband not able to exercise control, sorb into the police elements of the or he is compliant,” says a senior Badr Corps, the military wing of U.S. official. sciri. “With the militias, we tried Peterson says that after two to take them as individuals, not as years of focus on the quantity of a unit,” says Casteel. “That changed police, he is trying to “put a litwith this government.” Naqib now tle more quality into the force.” accuses his successor, Jabr, of Specifically, he plans to embed purging some of his best units besome 200 teams of U.S. military cause they had many Sunnis. and civilian police mentors into “They brought in new people,” he local police stations and fully says, who were mostly Shiites. U.S. staff posts in the 10 most conmilitary officials acknowledge that tested cities by June. some local police forces remain inCasteel, who now works for filtrated by militias but say that Vance, a security consulting firm, Jabr does not tolerate the practice. recently returned for a visit and A Baghdad police captain in an inmet with a few former ministry vestigations office, however, says officials in Jordan who say there that Sunnis in the force have been are some 400 Sunnis ousted from discriminated against and that the ministry in Jordan alone. Badr Corps fighters have been “The more you politicize the minbrought into the ministry with istry, the more likely a civil war broad authority. “I see units go out will happen because you end up on patrol in the night without any IN CHARGE. Interior Minister Jabr, at insurgents’ burned house with units that are not loyal to the orders from anyone or even a court order signed by a judge,” the captain, a forces raided the Interior Ministry central government,” says Casteel. These days in Baghdad, dozens of new Sunni, says. “We have our own civil war in bunker where the commandos had been originally conceived. The search uncov- corpses continue to turn up on the the Ministry of Interior.” Casteel left Iraq soon after the tran- ered a secret detention area that held streets each week, many of them blindsition. Gradually, the civilian advising nearly 170 prisoners, some of whom had folded with their hands bound. The team, which had kept offices inside the been starved or beaten. U.S. officials Mahdi Army, the militia headed by fireInterior Ministry, was ordered by the were furious. A U.S. aide walked into brand Shiite cleric Moqtada al-Sadr, and State Department to withdraw to the Jabr’s office the following morning car- the Badr Corps continue to operate embassy. Jabr also wanted a more rying a box with several whips sticking freely. And the talks to form a new govhands-off approach. “We were really out—a collection of alleged torture im- ernment, which would name the next inkind of blocked out of a lot of things,” plements found at the bunker. An Iraqi terior minister, have stretched out for more than three months. In the tumulinvestigation is still pending. says Sherman, who left in December. Jabr would later insist the reports of tuous nation, police remain on the front Quickly, it became difficult for U.S. officials to track developments. They tortured prisoners were exaggerated, lines—some 2,700 have been killed in would receive reports of Shiite units car- calling them a ploy to sway voters in the the past 18 months. l rying out unilateral operations in Sunni December election for the first governareas. Rumors of “death squads” spread ment under Iraq’s new Constitution. He With additional reporting from Iraq U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT • WWW.USNEWS.COM • APRIL 10, 2006

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On Politics By Gloria Borger

Mr. Outside’s Inside Moves The bus, however, doesn’t always take a direct route. Connder normal circumstances, when the press characterizes a party that is (a) in dis- sider the immigration debate: McCain’s alliance with array, (b) seeking an identity, or (c) without a Kennedy on a bill that would allow legalizing immigrants is message, it’s usually the Democrats. After all, viewed warily by conservatives he’d like to attract. Some they have no unifying agenda, and, even if they of them don’t even like the president’s plan, which provides did, they wouldn’t rally around it. They’re Democrats. This for a temporary guest worker program under which immitime, however, it’s the Republicans who can’t get their act grants would eventually have to return home. On this issue, together. With a president at 34 percent in the polls, an up- McCain—the Arizonan—is willing to take on his party’s base. coming election with control of the Congress in play, and “I’ve got to do what’s right,” he told me. “Illegal immigration 2008 just a blink away (really), the gop is moving into its is destroying my state, and we have huge problems associated with it. I owe it to my constituents to act on this issue post-Bush phase—and it’s not pretty. Unless you’re Sen. John McCain. Suddenly, the issues are even if it may cause me damage politically.” “Sore losers.” But it may not. In fact, if Republicans folyour issues: immigration reform, changing the ways of a corrupt Congress, national security, even the national debate low McCain’s lead on this issue, they might actually have on torture. It’s an opportunity to befriend George W. Bush a shot at winning in 2008. At a closed-door meeting of Sen(on Iraq) and differ with George W. Bush (forcing him to ac- ate Republicans last week, Florida’s Mel Martinez warned cept a ban on torture). It’s a way to appeal to the gop’s con- his colleagues that Hispanic voters were angry and said his servative base ( by supporting a part of South Dakota’s new party could take the fall. Which would be a pity, given that antiabortion law) while appealing to moderate Democrats in 2004, President Bush more than doubled the party’s (cosponsoring, with Ted Kennedy, an immigration bill that 1996 Hispanic vote, to 44 percent. As one senior Senate Reprovides a path to citizenship). While other presidential publican told me, “The party that figures out immigration wannabes are flailing around to discover their beliefs, Mc- will win the presidential election.” McCain understands the issue in a way few others do: Twenty-eight percent of AriCain is working his way toward the gop nomination. And while he’s still not a card-carrying member of the Sen- zona’s population is Hispanic. Then there’s McCain on congressional corruption. Jack ate club, he’s quietly playing an inside game, beefing up support with gop pooh-bahs. “He’s being very smart about this,” Abramoff’s congressional bribery scandal—and his shady says a senior White House adviser. “McCain learned his dealings with Indian tribes, which McCain has investilessons well.” Well enough to see that the gop doesn’t like sur- gated—have been a gift. McCain may lose his fight for real prises and does like establishment candidates. In 2000, lobbying reform, but that’s ok: He’ll continue it on the campaign trail. Talk about McCain was a loner, railing ending congressional pork mostly about campaign fialways works with fiscal connance reform. But he won’t be servatives. As for the war on lonely this time. I’ve learned terrorism, McCain’s credenthat a handful of gop senators tials as an ex-Vietnam pow are likely to serve as a McCain and as a strong Bush ally on kitchen cabinet. They’re indeCHARLIE ARCHAMBAULT FOR USN&WR Iraq will play nicely in the pendent-minded Republicans gop primaries. who sometimes balk at the And what about the party’s party line—moderates like evangelical right flank? In Susan Collins of Maine (the May, McCain will speak at leader of the Senate’s Katrina Liberty University, the school investigation), John Sununu run by the Rev. Jerry Falwell, of New Hampshire (who whom McCain denounced as fought to amend portions of one of America’s “agents of the Patriot Act), and Missisintolerance” in 2000. McCain sippi’s Trent Lott (the former says that “I put that behind Senate leader who publicly me a long time ago.” Besides, called for White House staff he adds, “Americans don’t changes). This time around, like sore losers.” McCain’s “Straight Talk ExLosing isn’t what McCain press” is going to need a few has in mind. l more seats. Speaking to reporters in a Senate hallway

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McCain’s party likes to go with establishment guys, so he’s quietly positioning himself as one.

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U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT • WWW.USNEWS.COM • APRIL 10, 2006

Senior year of high school. A time of nostalgia, excitement, possibility, and temptation. Your teen may be graduating soon, but that doesn’t mean it’s time to let go.

From spring break to prom, senior trips to graduation day, there are plenty of opportunities where teens may consider taking risks, especially drinking and drug use. In fact, although drug use has declined over the past four years, surveys show nearly one in three high school seniors were drunk in the last month, and more than one in five used an illicit drug.1

Your teen needs you now just as much as ever. There are many ways to help keep your teen safe and healthy. • REINFORCE YOUR EXPECTATIONS. Throughout their high school years, you’ve set rules and established the consequences for breaking them. Perhaps you’ve loosened up on a few rules, like curfew. But be clear—drinking or drug use remain unacceptable. Being an upperclassman has privileges, but it also has responsibilities. • ENCOURAGE YOUR TEENS TO MAKE EACH MOMENT COUNT. Your teens only get one senior year. Let them know you don’t want them to miss out on things because of bad choices, like drinking or drug use. One bad choice could change their lives forever. • PROVIDE SAFE ALTERNATIVES. Parties abound during senior year. Plan chaperoned alcohol-free parties around prom and graduation. For teens staying home during spring break, volunteering and other community activities offer a safe and productive use of their free time. • SET A GOOD EXAMPLE. Don’t let anyone convince you that it’s a good idea for teens to drink or use marijuana under your supervision. It sends the wrong message and may lead your teen to make other bad choices. Sincerely, • American College of Emergency Physicians • American Council on Education • American Medical Association • American School Counselor Association • National Association of Secondary School Principals • Partnership For a Drug-Free America • SADD 1Monitoring the Future Survey, 2005. 23.1 percent of high school seniors report using an

illicit drug in the past 30 days; 30.2 percent report having been drunk in the past 30 days.

Office of National Drug Control Policy

Visit TheAntiDrug.com or call 1.800.788.2800 for more ways to help your teen make the most of this important time.

Special Report

TURNING UP THE HEAT

A surprising consensus is transforming the complex politics of global warming By Bret Schulte

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t’s a group you’d be hard pressed to find sharing the same table, much less a point of view. Evangelicals and the Union of Concerned Scientists. Greenpeace and DuPont. Even some Republicans and Democrats are growing flirtatious. It’s still no lovefest, but a number of strange bedfellows are cozying up on a subject that was once all but taboo in Washington: global warming. America belches up more greenhouse gases than any other country: 5.8 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide in 2003 alone, thanks mostly to autos burning gasoline and power plants consuming coal. But the Bush administration and the U.S. Senate have refused to join almost 160 nations in signing the Kyoto Protocol, the landmark treaty that went

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into effect last year and hopes to curb the growth of greenhouse gas emissions. In the States, global warming skeptics and pro-business politicians argue that mandatory restrictions would drag down the economy and provide a boon for unregulated rivals like China and India. But for reasons that range from economics to ethics, a confluence of Christian leaders, corporations, and investors are turning up the heat for legislative action. “If you said [a few years ago] that the development of climate-change policy would be where it is today, somebody would say you’re smoking something,” says Ray Kopp, a senior fellow at Resources for the Future. Driving the discussion is an emerging consensus on global warming, fed by a stream of recent scientific reports. If that consensus view is correct, the results could be devastat-

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ing: rising oceans, ferocious hurricanes, and prolonged droughts. A poll released last month by the Opinion Research Corp. showed public concern increasing markedly in the past two years. The public mood has some politicians listening, most notably Sen. Pete Domenici, the powerful chair of the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. After seeing a number of climate-change-related bills shot down or stalled in recent years, the New Mexico Republican is trying to broaden the debate; this week he’ll host a high-level forum of scientists, businesses, and public-interest groups that will argue the fine points of how to curb emissions without breaking the economy. The complexity of the issue and resistance of many in Congress make passage of a bill unlikely this year. And Democrats have no plans to make hay of climate BRYAN & CHERRY ALEXANDER—WWW.ARCTICPHOTO.COM

swarms have caused some birds to desert their eggs. Meanwhile, a team of researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology says warmer waters have nearly doubled the number of Category 4 and 5 hurricanes in the past 35 years, though some scientists blame the natural storm cycle rather than warmer water. Not everyone is convinced that man is to blame or that warming will have catastrophic effects. One of the most vocal skeptics, Pat Michaels, a meteorologist and a fellow at the libertarian-minded Cato Institute, has argued that climate models dramatically overstate the effects of man-made greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. He has dismissed global warming as “a beast that feeds on public fears.” But a greater number of scientists say global warming is not only real; it’s already here. “I used to tell people this will affect your kids,” says oceanographer Tim Barnett, “but the problem is now.” Shifting sands. The fact HIGH-STICKING that many scientists beMichael Mann’s “hockey stick” graph shows a lieve global warming temperature spike that scientists believe has resulted may be rapidly apfrom a buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. proaching the point of no 0.4 ˚C TEMPERATURE CHANGES return has motivated a 0.2 cast of unlikely players. Margin In February, 86 evangelof error 0 ical leaders signed on to a major initiative that ac-0.2 cepted the reality of -0.4 human-related global warming and called for -0.6 federal legislation to Actual recorded temperatures -0.8 Northern Hemisphere estimated average temperatures reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The moveA.D. 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 ment has fallen short of Source: Michael Mann, Pennsylvania State University a full endorsement by the National Association of Evangelicals, but the Last month, scientists from the Uni- group’s chief lobbyist in Washington, the versity of Colorado–Boulder were startled Rev. Richard Cizik, is one of the initiato discover that Antarctica is losing up tive’s biggest boosters. A former skeptic, to 36 cubic miles of ice annually. Glaciers he was swayed after attending a threeon Greenland are melting so rapidly that day climate-change conference in 2002. scientists are predicting sea levels will rise “I had a conversion [that was] charac3 feet by 2100, enough to soak cities along teristic of my conversion to Christ,” he the eastern seaboard. The loss of solar-re- says. Cizik cites the biblical call to be good flective ice means that bare ground is stewards of the Earth, but the crusade is soaking up more heat—and melting more largely driven by the potential human toll ice. In Canada’s Hudson Bay, Ian Sterling, from global-warming-induced disasters. a research scientist with the Canadian The group has begun running ads on Wildlife Service, is seeing ice melt three cnn and the Fox News Channel. It’s even weeks earlier than when he first arrived turning up the pressure on one of the reon the job 25 years ago. Polar bears, which ligious right’s staunchest supporters, Sen. cross the ice to hunt in deeper waters, are Sam Brownback, by airing television ads forced ashore early—losing weight and in Kansas urging him to take a tougher having fewer cubs. The early arrival of stand on the issue. Meanwhile, a growing number of inspring is also triggering swarms of mosquitoes along the Hudson Bay, inter- vestors are pushing for change from the rupting the nesting cycle of birds. The business community—for reasons of congases—such as carbon dioxide and methane—were the primary culprits. While the shape of the hockey stick has changed somewhat, numerous studies have largely vindicated Mann. “All the new data are in the same direction, showing that warming is continuing,” says Ralph Cicerone, an atmospheric scientist and president of the National Academy of Sciences. Average surface temperatures have climbed about 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit since the early 20th century, coinciding with spiking atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide, which have ballooned 35 percent over the same period. Levels of methane, a far more potent heat-trapping gas, have jumped 152 percent since the preindustrial age. Last year was the hottest on record, and model projections show temperatures jumping anywhere from 2.7 to 10.7 degrees Fahrenheit over the next 100 years.

change in this year’s midterm elections. Nevertheless, experts say a tipping point has been reached—in both the real-life effects of global warming and the determination to do something about it. For the first time, federal legislation curbing greenhouse gas emissions is starting to feel like a case of when, not if. The science. The National Academy of Sciences, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and even, grudgingly, the Bush administration now believe Earth is warming. The roots of this emerging consensus go back to 1998, when climatologist Michael Mann used tree ring, ice core, and coral reef data to show relatively stable temperatures over the past millenniums, with a sharp spike in the 20th century. Called the “hockey stick” graph because of its shape, Mann’s research concluded that human-generated greenhouse CHART BY USN&WR

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Special Report science and good old capitalism. A network of climate-focused institutional investors called Ceres, which includes major pension funds, is using its nearly $3 trillion in assets not only to sway businesses to cut emissions but to persuade companies to plan for a future in which the effects of climate change and/or federal restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions could hurt profit margins. That’s why Ceres has embraced firms like Cinergy, a coal-fired utility company in Ohio (which is being sold to Duke Energy of Charlotte, N.C.). Cinergy—with some prodding from Ceres investors—has taken the lead in lobbying for mandatory curbs in emissions and supports Domenici’s efforts to craft legislation. “It’s really a risk-management issue for us,” says Kevin Leahy, Cinergy’s general manager of environmental economics. “We feel [carbon emissions] will be regulated at some point. We want to be involved in crafting a policy that is workable.” Companies are also feeling the pain of operating in a patchwork quilt of state emissions standards that have sprung up in the absence of federal legislation (box, below). For companies in the forefront of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, like DuPont, which has already saved billions by making its plants more energy efficient, mandatory restrictions would give them a competitive edge. Others are seeing new markets and pr opportunities. British Petroleum is trumpeting its cuts in emissions while promoting its slate of alternative energy solutions. And many multi-

Inhofe (left) has called the idea of catastrophic global warming a “hoax,” but Domenici (right) wants to move forward.

Experts say a tipping point has been reached—in both the real–life effects of global warming and the determination to do something about it. nationals are facing emissions restrictions in Europe, where the Kyoto Protocol is already in effect. The politics. The changing dynamic of the issue has cracked open an unexpected fissure in the Republican Party. Some prominent gop players, like Tucker Eskew, a former deputy communications director for President Bush, is supervising a joint campaign with the Ad Council and the group Environmental Defense to edu-

States Take the Lead

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all it the Greenhouse in the Statehouse effect. While climate change may sow no fear in the White House, plenty of worried governors, legislators, and other local officials are rejecting Washington’s cue. The result is an increasingly energy-schizoid land. From the state level, the United States is actually something of a global leader, passing laws sharp enough to take a bite out of climate change. “Sometimes the government leads the people, and sometimes the people lead the government. In this case, the states are way ahead of Washington,” says

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Mickey Glantz of the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo. Propelled by subsidies, tax breaks, and mandates to wean industry from fossil fuel, broad swaths of the country bristle with aggressive programs to put the brakes on global warming. More than half the states have climate action plans, and 22 have specific targets their utilities must reach in the share of their power from renewable sources, according to the Pew Center on Global Climate Change. Evidence is hard to miss, such as the five huge wind turbines that sprouted last

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cate the public on the global warming threat. But getting any sort of reaction out of Congress may take a while. A conservative House of Representatives has been loath to deal with the issue, and President Bush’s Clear Skies Act has been deadlocked in the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee since 2002. Moderate Republican Sen. Lincoln Chafee of Rhode Island is siding with Democrats who are pushing to add carbon dioxide to

year in a marsh near Atlantic City’s casinos. Says Jeanne Fox, head of New Jersey’s Board of Public Utilities, “I’m in this job because this is the No. 1 priority for the world. Our species could literally be destroying the Earth.” Her state typifies the trend. Governors of both parties have backed ever tougher conservation and energy standards. In four years, six solar cell installations have grown to more than 1,000, with hundreds more applications each month. Wind power. Near the Tug Hill ski area in upstate New York, 120 wind turbines should yield power for nearly 60,000 homes, helping the state generate a fourth of its electricity from green

sources by 2013. New York, prodded by Gov. George Pataki, also leads the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, or rggi. Its seven Northeast states agreed in December to use a trading market in “carbon allowances” to cap power plant emissions. It would work somewhat like the federal cap-and-trade sulfur emissions system, which has reduced acid rain. The eco-energy push is hardly limited to “blue” states. Jon Nelson, a North Dakota grain farmer and Republican legislator, bubbles with excitement describing the howling winds on the northern Plains that will be harnessed for energy, and a program to burn the state’s

CHARLIE ARCHAMBAULT FOR USN&WR (2)

the bill’s list of restricted emissions, but the committee chairman is Sen. James Inhofe of Oklahoma, a steadfast skeptic who has called the idea of catastrophic global warming a “hoax.” Inhofe isn’t budging, and neither—so far—is Bush, who favors voluntary reductions. Sen. John McCain and Sen. Joe Lieberman have twice tried to pass legislation that would establish tough mandatory federal caps on greenhouse gases. After the first one failed in

2003 by a 12-vote margin, they actually lost Democratic support when they reintroduced it last year with the addition of a provision supporting nuclear power. Amid the bickering over what a climatechange bill might look like, 53 senators passed a nonbinding sense of the Senate resolution last summer, stating that, at the very least, climate change is real and mandatory restrictions on greenhouse gases are needed. The resolution has bol-

stered hope that action is on the horizon, but there’ll be no legislation until Congress agrees on a climate-change bill that limits harm to the economy. Sparking a turf battle with Inhofe, Domenici has taken up the question in his own committee. “Frankly, I don’t know how to write [the bill],” he told reporters in March. “And I don’t think anybody does.” He’ll be looking for answers in this week’s conference; 160 organizations, individuals, and businesses have submitted proposals that range from straight caps on emissions to a program in which large polluters could buy credits from low polluters. The future. Despite the ongoing ferment, not even Domenici believes legislation is likely this year. And that’s alarming to the growing portion of the scientific community that believes the clock is ticking. nasa scientist James Hansen, who made headlines after saying the White House was censoring his comments, argues that if greenhouse gases aren’t reduced within 10 years, the warming process may be irreversible. Plenty of scientists, including Mann, also believe that even if emissions were immediately halted, existing greenhouse gases would continue to warm the Earth for decades. The forecast may be grim, but supporters of legislation to curb greenhouse gases see a potential silver lining. “We know how to pass bills, and we’ve shown we can do it,” says Cizik of the National Association of Evangelicals. “The end result here is that Washington will change.” l

DONNA CONNOR—AP

These Atlantic City turbines show how states are acting on their own.

huge reserves of coal while pumping resulting co2 deep into the ground. He expects to be putting local, biodiesel fuel in his John Deere trac-

tor soon. Dealing with global warming is an urgent issue, he says, “and it is good for economic development, too.” Here was California’s Re-

publican Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, who said last year: “I say the debate is over. We know the science. We see the threat. And we know the time for action is now.” His goal is an 80 percent reduction in greenhouse emissions by 2050. In the shorter run, a state law— under court challenge by automakers—demands a 30 percent vehicle emission reduction by 2015. At least 10 other states plan to adopt California’s standards if they win in court. California may be proof that one can cut emissions, increase efficiency, and not disrupt the economy. Since the energy crisis of the 1970s, the state has subsidized wind and other alternatives to fos-

sil energy while requiring use of more efficient appliances, building designs, and industrial processes. True, the state’s electricity prices are now among the nation’s highest, but low usage keeps customer bills among the lowest. Californians use 40 percent less electric power than the U.S. average, and the state’s economy has thrived. Companies that fight such rules by lobbying Congress miss the boat, says energy consultant Kenneth Colburn. He contrasts the dismal bond ratings of U.S. automakers that stuck with suvs while Toyota and Honda sold hybrids. “Winners go to market,” he says. “Losers go to Washington.” –Charles W. Petit

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Money & Business

HEDGING

THEIR DEBTS Hedge funds find there’s money to be made in lending to distressed firms and start-ups By Kit R. Roane

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an Francisco start-up Pay By Touch didn’t take venturecapital money when it sought $130 million in new financing for its biometric fingerprintreading system. The battered baker Krispy Kreme Doughnuts shunned banks when it wanted to refinance its debt. And the management buyout of British clothier Peacock Group didn’t tap private equity shops to do the deal. Instead, all three turned to another group of investors who were both flush with cash and quick on the draw: the nation’s hedge funds and their more than $1 trillion in assets. Many of these 8,000 or so funds have been eating their way up the lending food chain and are becoming increasingly powerful forces in U.S. debt markets. Hedge funds are providing loans for everything from small outfits, like payday lenders and start-up technology firms, to large automotive companies, airlines, and retailers. They are snapping up securitized loan bundles tailored to sate their appetite for risk, scooping up higher-risk loans on the open market, and swooping in to provide companies with bailout funds. “These guys have a ton of cash on their hands, and they are trying desperately to put it to work,” explains Rob Polenberg, an associate director with Standard & Poor’s. He adds that hedge fund participation in the debt markets “has just become huge.” Corporate default rates are near historic lows, and that means “pretty slim 38

pickings” in the debt areas traditionally traveled by hedge funds, says Prof. Edward Altman, a debt expert with New York University’s Stern School of Business. But at the same time, many companies want to retire higher-yielding bonds, make acquisitions, or shore up operating funds without giving up more equity to do it. With banks shedding some of their corporate loans and becoming tighter in their lending, yieldhungry hedge funds have rushed in to exploit other areas of the debt market. Big yields. Some hedge fund companies, like Ritchie Capital Management, have formed new divisions that focus only on direct lending. Bill DeMars, who heads the Ritchie Technology & Life Sciences Finance Division, says that hedge funds are attracted to such loans because they help diversify their investments, have had low default rates, and offer “double digit” yields. He says it’s a good deal for the companies, too. Many of the firms don’t generate a lot of cash flow, so traditional bankers “avoid getting involved.” Hedge funds are also continuing to take ground in the public debt markets. Standard & Poor’s data show that hedge funds accounted for 12 percent of all loans allocated to institutional investors last year, compared with less than 1 percent in 2001. Some experts estimate that they now account for 70 to 80 percent of the entire volume in one popular product, a loan called the second lien, which is squeezed out of the equity left between first-lien creditors and bondholders. The use of second-lien loans, which are seen as transitional loans and usually carry variable interest rates and

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shorter terms than bonds, has ballooned in recent years. They now account for $16 billion in trades, up from only $600 million in 2002. The size of individual loans has also risen dramatically. Among the beneficiaries: embattled Krispy Kreme, which took a $225 million loan backed by Credit Suisse First Boston and the hedge fund Silver Point Financial. The company said the cash would be used to pay down $90 million in other debt and provide a cash cushion. Hedge funds have helped bring liquidity to these debt markets while driving down lending costs for some companies and giving others in a rough patch a chance to breathe. But it’s not always TOP: DAVID BUTOW—CORBIS SABA FOR USN&WR

WHERE THE MONEY GOES. Hedge fund money winds up in a variety of places. Calpine (top left) sought financing to prop up the company but ended in bankruptcy. Krispy Kreme got hedge fund help in refinancing its debts. Salton Inc., maker of the George Foreman grills, got tangled in a nasty dispute with one fund.

clear that these companies should have been kept afloat, says David Feldman, a partner at the law firm Kramer Levin Naftalis & Frankel, which has many hedge funds as clients. While default rates have remained low, he says that easy access to debt, particularly second liens, “has really been a band-aid” for many companies, forestalling an eventual and inevitable fall into bankruptcy. Even for those companies that stay afloat, owing money to a hedge fund can be trying. Salton Inc. is most famous for its George Foreman line of grills. But in the financial world, it is also famous for its contentious relationship with one of its debt holders, the hedge fund Third

Point Management Co. Traditional lenders usually don’t write and then publish angry screeds about ceos. But Daniel Loeb, Third Point’s chief executive, did just that, repeatedly, when dealing with Salton’s ceo, Leonhard Dreimann. In one, sent in April 2005 (and copied to the Securities and Exchange Commission, on whose website it is posted), Loeb wrote that while he was aware of Dreimann’s “reputation for extravagance, poor judgment, and . . . overall limitations as a manager . . . it was only over time that we came to recognize the magnitude of your incompetence.” Loeb then added that he looked forward to “personally dedicating my considerable energy to serving on the creditors’ committee and seeking your ouster at that time.” Calpine’s case. Dreimann is lucky compared with some; he’s still at the helm. Executives at Calpine turned to hedge funds to prop the company up as its vast electricity-generation plans went awry. When the company began using some of the money in a way that the hedge funds believed skirted covenants written in its loan agreements, they sued. Later, two of Calpine’s top executives were ousted, and Calpine was forced into bankruptcy. “Taking aggressive litigation positions, being aggressive with the company, and having the company move in the direction the hedge fund wants happens fairly routinely,” notes Feldman. Regulators see another problem: insider trading. Hedge funds, by definition, often play both sides of the fence. In these debt plays, that sometimes means they are buying a company’s debt at the same time they are making a financial bet against the company’s stock. Over the past few months, several hedge funds have been accused of profiting from confidential borrower information or information gained during private placements. Regulators in France, Britain, and the

BOTTOM, FROM LEFT: JEFFREY MACMILLAN FOR USN≀ MARTIN OESER—AFP / GETTY IMAGES

United States are pursuing investigations. One U.S.-based hedge fund has already settled regulatory charges. Last year, the Securities and Exchange Commission censured Van Greenfield of the hedge fund Blue River Capital for failing to protect insider information he gained while serving on several bankruptcy committees—including WorldCom’s, in the largest bankruptcy case in American history. The sec also alleged that Greenfield had backdated two trades to gain access to the WorldCom creditors’ committee and then canceled those trades once he was assured a seat. Greenfield and Blue River Capital, without admitting guilt, paid a $150,000 fine to the sec to settle the charges. Despite such issues, nobody is betting hedge funds will move out of the debt market anytime soon. Their interests and those of the companies they fund are too closely aligned. Debt watchers say the real fireworks will erupt in a year or two as more companies that took such loans file for bankruptcy and hedge funds wrestle with other creditors for control of the highly leveraged assets. Of particular interest is how second-lien loans will be treated, bankruptcy lawyers say, noting that the covenants in these loans have been virtually untested in bankruptcy cases. “People will have to be more nimble going forward,” says Steven Gross, chair of the Bankruptcy and Restructuring Practice Group at Debevoise & Plimpton. Just how rough could it get? Take a look at the case of FiberMark, a Vermont-based specialty paper manufacturer. Last August, an independent, court-appointed examiner chastised three prominent firms that trade in distressed debt, including Silver Point Financial, for turning FiberMark’s “simple, uncomplicated reorganization case” into a full-scale intercreditor war. Even the scheduling of meetings was fraught with “tension and recriminations,” and good-faith efforts “broke down because of rigidity and intense self-interest fueled by individual rancor and distrust,” the examiner found. Silver Point, which held most of the second-lien debt, won the war. But the protracted fight cost FiberMark about $60 million over the course of seven months. FiberMark’s management apparently didn’t hold a grudge. Despite offers from others, the company snatched an additional $155 million in exit financing from Silver Point to ease its transition from bankruptcy back onto the market. l

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MONEY WATCH By Paul J. Lim

THE WEEK AHEAD JOB JUGGERNAUT How many new jobs can the economy produce before inflation becomes a real problem? That’s the big question. In February, the economy grew fast enough to produce a better-than-expected 243,000 new nonfarm payroll jobs. That was among the largest monthly tallies since Hurricane Katrina. Economists worry that big job gains send prices higher. But over the past 12 months, average hourly wages have grown at a slightly slower pace than inflation. This week, the Labor Department will release its March jobs report. Economists are forecasting that around 200,000 new jobs were created last month. If true— and wage growth remains under control—the markets should take the news in stride. But if well over 200,000 jobs were created, the inflation hawks will be out en masse.

Existing-home sales jumped 5.2 percent in February. But newhome sales tumbled 10.5 percent. So which figure more accurately reflects the health of the housing market? The answer should become clearer this week when the National Association of Realtors reveals the latest results of its pending home sales index.

PENDING HOME SALES INDEX

110 100 0 April 2005

Aug.

he stock market is off to a rip-roaring start. In the just-ended first quarter, the Standard & Poor’s 500 index of blue-chip stocks jumped about 4 percent. That’s nearly as much as the s&p returned in all of 2005. Smallcompany stocks and foreign shares did even better. Despite the encouraging start, this may not be a good time to put too much new money to work. That’s because stocks tend to run in cycles. And Year 2 of a presidential term has historically been a tough one. What’s more, the second and third quarters of these second years have been the worst time to be in the market. According to s&p research, stocks have lost 2 percent or more on average in the second and third quarters of the second years of a presidential cycle. This is based on data going back to 1945. So if history is any guide, this may be a good time to adhere to that old adage: Sell in May and go away.

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The index gauges the number of home-sale contracts signed each month. Source: National Association of Realtors

Could the Market Be Flashing a Sell Signal?

The Xbox Generation Won’t Play the 401(k) Game

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f you’re waiting for the new Federal Reserve Board chairman, Ben Bernanke, to sound the all-clear on interest-rate hikes, don’t hold your breath. It’s not that Bernanke necessarily plans to keep raising rates. But he’s the new kid on the block. The man who replaced Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan in February has to sound like an aggressive inflation fighter, whether or not he intends to boost rates again. That’s all part of the dance between the Fed and Wall Street. “For the Fed to imply that it would be stopping soon would be tantamount to giving a green light for robust growth,” says Stuart Schweitzer, global markets strategist for J. P. Morgan Asset & Wealth Management. And that would create real inflation fears on Wall Street. This explains why the central bank hinted that more rate hikes could be on the way shortly after it lifted rates last week. Some traders misunderstood the Fed’s remarks and sold off on the news, fearing a more hawkish stance. But even if the Fed keeps rates where they are, or boosts rates just once more, it’s not going to issue a press release saying, “No más.”

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HOW GOES HOUSING?

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Softly as in a Morning Sunrise

Jan. ’06

hile the vast majority of young workers understand they’re on their own when it comes to funding retirement, most aren’t doing a thing about it. According to a recent study by the benefits consultants Hewitt Associates, less than 1 in 3 workers 18 to 25 who are eligible to participate in companysponsored 401(k) plans is taking advantage of the retirement accounts. By comparison, 63 percent of generation X workers and 72 percent of baby boomers are saving and investing in these tax-deferred plans. “Clearly, this is a challenging group to get thinking about their futures,” says Lori Lucas, Hewitt’s director of retirement research. Yet studies show that money invested in your 20s is far more valuable than money set aside in your 40s or 50s— all because of the power of compound interest. l

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U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT • WWW.USNEWS.COM • APRIL 10, 2006

FROM TOP: TIM SLOAN—AFP / GETTY IMAGES; CHART BY USN&WR

Health & Medicine

Reason to Be Happy CHRONIC DEPRESSION MAY ROB YOU OF MORE THAN JOY: THE EVIDENCE IS PILING UP THAT IT CAN ALSO STEAL YOUR HEALTH By Marianne Szegedy-Maszak

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ryce Miller’s work as an industrial engineer in Topeka, Kan., wasn’t a whole lot more challenging than the job he faces in retirement: engineering his own medical care by 10 different doctors. Miller, 74, sees a team of specialists, which includes a cardiologist, a urologist and radiologist for prostate cancer, an endocrinologist for diabetes, a nephrologist for kidney problems, and a psychiatrist to manage the severe episodes of depression he has suffered during a long struggle with bipolar disorder. “I can’t find a doctor who can handle all of it,” he says. It’s impossible to pinpoint all the causes of Miller’s illness; a combination of bad genes, bad luck, and bad diet probably gets much of the blame. But lately, he says, he’s been wondering whether his mental state may have played a role, too. Medicine has recognized for some time that chronically sick people are prone to depression and that those affected have a tougher road back. Now, the signs are mounting that the spectrum of depressive illness, and perhaps even bitter loneliness, may actually make healthy people more vulnerable to a range of physical ailments. “There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that depression might be a causal risk factor in diseases like ischemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and immune-based diseases like cancer and hiv/aids,”

says Dwight Evans, chair of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania medical school. “And there is also considerable recent evidence that mood disorders can affect the course of medical illnesses. It goes both ways. Depression may be both a cause and a consequence of medical illness.” Risk factor. Consider a study published last month in the journal Diabetologia, which concluded that depressed adults have a 37 percent greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes than the rest of the population; other studies have suggested their risk actually doubles. (Apparently, English physician Thomas Willis was on to something when he wrote in 1674, “Diabetes is caused by melancholy.”) One intriguing CLAYTON J. PRICE—CORBIS recent study of Alzheimer’s patients revealed that those with a history of depression had more extensive plaques in their brains. Depressed postmenopausal women with no history of heart disease are much more likely to develop it and die of it than their peers. In March, University of Chicago researchers showed that loneliness can spike blood pressure by 30 points in older people. Pancreatic cancer, for reasons scientists don’t understand, is often preceded by a serious depression before the disease asserts itself. And when melancholy comes on the heels of disease, it appears to compound the physical insult. Diabetes is more likely to be uncontrolled, for example. And several studies have found that in the months right after a heart atU.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT • WWW.USNEWS.COM • APRIL 10, 2006

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tack, the depressed patients are much more likely to die than the others. If the researchers are right, the human cost of letting depression go untreated is staggering. Nearly 25 percent of American women and 10 percent of men will be clinically depressed at some point in their lives; a massive study conducted by the World Health Organization, Harvard University School of Public Health, and the World Bank found that by 2020, depression will be second only to heart disease as a cause of medical and physical disability. People who have suffered silently because their mental-health insurance benefits are so stingy got a glimmer of hope last week from the results of a large study showing that employers could beef up benefits without significantly raising costs (Box, below). What might explain the mind’s influence on physical health? Certainly, chronic depression does not encourage a healthy lifestyle. “Depressed individuals don’t exercise. They are more likely not to take medication, and it is harder for them to lose weight and stop smoking,” says Nancy Frasure-Smith, a professor of psychiatry at the University of Montreal and McGill University who has long studied the link between depression and cardiovascular disease. The biochemistry. But depression also acts on the body’s systems in ways scientists are only beginning to understand. Extra stress hormones are produced, for example—along with chemicals that trigger inflammation. When the hormone cortisol is secreted in response to stress, the body’s blood glucose level rises to provide a burst of energy. A depressed brain’s constant signal that it’s under stress and needs more energy complicates the body’s regulation of blood sugar. Might this explain why depression seems to both trigger and exacerbate diabetes? A stress response may set depressed people up for cardiovascular disease, too— or aggravate it. When the blood-clotting

system gets ready for impending injury, sticky cells called platelets go on high alert to slow down bleeding. In depressed people, one study showed, the platelets are more apt to be in this state of readiness. The problem: Clotting is what causes heart attacks and strokes. Chemicals called cytokines flood the bloodstream, as well. These messengers from the immune system cause inflammation, which makes blood vessels thicken and arteryhardening plaques form. Researchers have also noted another stress reaction: The heart muscles of depressed patients lose flexibility. A normal heart transitions easily between its resting and beating states; more rigid muscle is less able to respond to the changing demands of the body for blood and oxygen. A study published last

Loneliness can spike blood pressure by 30 points in older people.

No More Excuses

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ne big reason depression goes untreated is that people can’t afford to seek help. Cost-conscious insurers often don’t cover mentalhealth care at all. Or

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month in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology found that mental stress caused a more dramatic decrease in blood flow to the heart muscle—or ischemia—than a stress test on a treadmill. All told, stress and depression probably explain “close to 30 percent of the total risk of heart attacks,” estimates David Sheps, professor of medicine and associate chief of cardiovascular medicine at the University of Florida. It’s way too soon to make the leap that depression is a direct cause of heart disease akin to smoking or high cholesterol, or that treatment—like quitting cigarettes—can reverse the damage or save lives. Indeed, two big recent studies have failed to show that heart patients live longer when they undergo therapy or take an-

they limit the number of visits, or charge higher deductibles and copayments for talk therapy than for a blown knee or diabetes consult, say. But advocates for equal

U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT • WWW.USNEWS.COM • APRIL 10, 2006

coverage got good news last week: A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine found that equalizing benefits increased insurers’ costs by less than half a percentage point. That would amount to a mere 50

cents on a $100-amonth premium, for example, if insurers passed the cost along to consumers—and most wouldn’t bother, predicts Howard Goldman, a professor of psychiatry at the University of Maryland School of Medi-

FROM TOP: ELENA DORFMAN FOR USN≀ CORBIS

Health & Medicine NOW MENDED. A depression after heart surgery prevented Dale Briggs from eating right and getting exercise.

tidepressants. But medicine is intent upon dealing with the mental health of cardiac patients anyway, because people who are not depressed are more likely to lead heart-healthy lives; they exercise, take their medicines, lose weight, and stop smoking. “If you are a patient with heart disease, you need to know what your cholesterol level is, what your blood pressure is, and what diet and exercise program you will need to prevent a second heart attack. You should add to that list whether or not you are depressed,” says Richard Stein, director of preventive cardiology at Beth Israel hospital in New York. The majority of people who have survived some sort of heart event are, at least for a while. Some 65 percent of heart attack survivors are estimated to fall into depression, for example. According to Mended Hearts, the oldest and largest support group for people with heart disease, about 70 percent of patients who have gone through heart surgery, which often follows a heart attack, get depressed during the first year, and about a third continue to suffer from debilitating depression. “I was just inside this ugly tunnel,” says Dale Briggs, a Mended Hearts executive and an insurance fraud investigator from Fresno, Calif., who had a valve replaced in his heart 12 years ago at age 48 and was overwhelmed by the emotional consequences. He couldn’t sleep, watched television for hours on

cine and an author of the study. The research, proposed by Bill Clinton when he was president, looked at seven federal health plans after equal benefits for all kinds of healthcare were put in place in 2001. Compared with more typical

end, and found it impossible to exercise or eat properly until his doctor prescribed medication and his depression lifted. Brain drain. The research linking depression to dementia is still in its infancy and has raised more questions than it has answered. One study published in February, by researchers at the University of Pittsburgh, found that adults with symptoms of depression scored a bit lower on cognitive tests than those who were not depressed, a finding that is consistent with extensive previous research on the way depression contributes to cognitive impairment. But only about 13 percent of the patients who eventually developed dementia were depressed. At the same time, though, another group of researchers reported that the brains of Alzheimer’s patients with a history of depression had more of the disease’s characteristic tangles and plaques in the hippocampus—the area largely responsible for memory—than those of other patients. Moreover, their medical records indicated that they had succumbed more rapidly to the ravages of the illness. “About all we do know with certainty,” says Michael Rapp, a resident at Mount Sinai medical school and one of the authors of the Alzheimer’s study, “is that the biggest risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease is old age.” What also seems certain, however mysterious all these connections may be, is that mental health can no longer be considered a separate issue. Realizing that there may be links between his mental and physical illness has brought Bryce Miller some peace with a body that has often confused him. “When they stuck my finger 15 years ago and found out that I was diabetic, it never occurred to me that my depression had something to do with it,” he says. “But now it just seems so clear: The brain is always connected to the body.” l

plans, costs crept up by close to the same amount each year—and there was no wild stampede to get services, either. Managed-care policies, researchers say, seem to keep demand and costs in check. The findings could spur Congress to act.

A bill introduced by Minnesota Rep. Jim Ramstad and Rhode Island Rep. Patrick Kennedy that would require equal benefits has bipartisan support and 224 cosponsors. It could come to a vote by year’s end. –Anna Mulrine

A DOSE OF REALITY

An eagerly awaited bird f lu vaccine comes up short By Josh Fischman

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here is a protective shot against bird flu, researchers reported last week. An occasion for joy and relief? Not quite. The vaccine works only half the time, and it has to be given in such large amounts that there would not be enough to go around.Vaccine makers may be able to produce shots for only 75 million people, but “we’d want to protect close to 200 million” in the United States alone, says Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of AlMAHMUD HAMS—AFP / GETTY IMAGES

lergy and Infectious Diseases. “We’re not going to be ready.” At least not with this vaccine version. The shots were given to 451 healthy adults in the United States, doctors reported in last week’s New England Journal of Medicine. They tried several different dose levels. The best results: If people were given two shots at a hefty 90 micrograms each, about half of them developed a strong immune response. By comparison, seasonal flu shots take just one injection at 15 micrograms. “It took 12 times the usual dose to protect half of the people who got it,” says infectious disease specialist Gregory Poland, who runs the vaccine research group at the Mayo Clinic. “Clearly this isn’t the answer.” But it may be a starting point, he adds, for there are ways to get a bigger bang with a smaller dose. Tests on this vaccine are now underway with adjuvants, added chemicals that can boost the immune response so vaccine makers can shrink the dose size and thus stretch the supply. “We should have answers in about six to 12 months,” Poland says. “This is really a race against time.” l

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HEALTH WATCH By Margaret Mannix

Hey, Put a Lid on It

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ast December, just in time for Christmas, a university audiologist ventured his opinion, quickly and widely circulated, that iPods can damage hearing because many users pump up the volume. And a few weeks later, a Louisiana man sued Apple, alleging that the company hadn’t done enough to warn people about that. Last week, Apple introduced a free fix (www.apple.com/ipod/download) that lets users limit the volume on the newest iPod and the tiny Nano. Parents can lock in the setting of a child’s iPod by entering a code. For several years, iPods sold in Europe have been capped at a volume of 100 decibels. Even that level is high and should be restricted to 15 minutes at a time, says the National Institutes of Health; 85 dB or more can impair hearing. An iPod or Nano, based on yet-unpublished tests by research audiologist Brian Fligor of Children’s Hospital Boston, can hit 110 dB—as loud as down front at a Metallica concert. –Avery Comarow MARIO TAMA—GETTY IMAGES

How to Get Colon Cancer Sooner Doctors usually decide when to start colon cancer screening based on family history. But after looking at the records of 161,172 colorectal cancer patients nationwide, researchers found that smoking and drinking also play a role in causing the cancer at a younger age. In the latest issue of the Archives of Internal Medicine, scientists reported that people who smoke or drink get colon cancer about five years earlier than those who abstain. People who combine cigarettes

and alcohol get the disease nearly eight years earlier. Screening for colon cancer usually begins at age 50, but if other studies find similar results, doctors might start testing smokers and drinkers at an earlier age. –Cory Hatch

No Vitamin C or E for Moms at Risk

Vitamins often recommended to ward off preeclampsia don’t work, according to a new study in the British medical journal Lancet. Preeclampsia, a complication of pregnancy characterized by skyrocketing blood pressure, occurs in MICHAEL COGLIANTRY—GETTY IMAGES about 5 percent of pregnancies and can be fatal to both mother and child. The condition’s causes are a mystery. Some experts think antioxidants like vitamins C and E can help. But in this study of 2,400 women at risk—including those with high blood pressure and diabetes—the

vitamins did not reduce it. What’s more, women who took them were more likely to have underweight babies. “We were recommending vitamin C and vitamin E to women who were at high risk of preeclampsia,” says Ashley Roman, an obstetrician who specializes in highrisk pregnancies at New York University School of Medicine. “I think we’re going to stop that practice right now.” –Helen Fields

far beyond a week of ice cream. According to a study published online this week in the journal Pediatrics, after children with adhd had tonsillectomies, half of them no longer had the disorder when they were checked 12 months later. “adhd is not a diagnosis you expect to just disappear a year later in a child,” says Ron Chervin, director of the study and head of the Sleep Disorders Center at the University of Michigan. “These improvements are remarkable,” wrote the study’s authors, “because hyperactivity and inattention generally are expected to be chronic features in affected school-aged children.” –Anna Mulrine MENDILS—PHOTOTAKE

Can a Tonsillectomy Cure ADHD? Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who have their tonsils removed may see postsurgery benefits that extend

More information on colorectal cancer, diabetes, ADHD, and other conditions is at www.usnews.com/besthealth 44

U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT • WWW.USNEWS.COM • APRIL 10, 2006

PAUL SAKUMA—AP

I’m Ready

to take on chemo. And then, take on my next canvas.

Chemotherapy can lower your white blood cell count, raising the risk of infection.

Neulasta® boosts your white blood cell count—your body’s natural defenses.

“Yes, I have cancer. But I’m doing what I can to keep it in perspective. When it comes to chemotherapy, I’m making sure I’m ready. My doctor told me chemotherapy could lower my white blood cell count, putting me at risk for infection—even putting my treatment on hold. Neulasta® from the start* of chemotherapy can help boost my white blood cell count, reducing my risk of infection. With enough white blood cells, my doctor is more likely to keep my chemo on schedule, an important part of cancer treatment. “If you’re getting chemotherapy, why not talk with your doctor about Neulasta®?” *Neulasta® is administered one day after chemotherapy. Important Information: Neulasta® is a prescription-only injection. Neulasta® is for most cancer patients receiving strong chemotherapy and may not prevent all infections. In rare cases, splenic rupture or serious allergic reactions have been reported. Report abdominal or shoulder pain or any allergic reaction to your doctor immediately. The most common side effect of this injection is mild to moderate bone pain. Please see important product information for patients on the following page.

Visit www.Neulasta.com or call 1-866-750-1616 If you need assistance paying for Neulasta call 1-800-272-9376. ®

Neulasta® (pegfilgrastim) BRIEF SUMMARY OF INFORMATION FOR PATIENTS AND CAREGIVERS This brief summary of the patient package insert provides information and instructions for people who will be receiving Neulasta® or their caregivers. This brief summary does not tell you everything about Neulasta®. You should discuss any questions you have about treatment with Neulasta® with your doctor.

What is Neulasta®? Neulasta® is a man-made form of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), which is made using the bacteria E coli. G-CSF is a substance naturally produced by the body. It stimulates the growth of neutrophils (nu-tro-fils), a type of white blood cell important in the body’s fight against infection.

What is Neulasta® used for? Neulasta® is used to treat neutropenia (nu-tro-peen-ee-ah), a condition where the body makes too few white blood cells. Neutropenia can be caused by drugs used to treat cancer.

How does Neulasta® work? Neulasta® works by stimulating the growth of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. To make sure Neulasta® is working, the doctor will ask that the patient have blood tests to count the number of white blood cells. It is important to follow the doctor’s instructions about these tests.

Who should not take Neulasta®? Do not take Neulasta® if you are: • Allergic to Neulasta® (pegfilgrastim) or any of its ingredients, or to NEUPOGEN® (Filgrastim). See the end of this brief summary for a list of ingredients in Neulasta®. • Allergic to other medicines made using the bacteria E coli. Ask your doctor if you are not sure.

The doctor, nurse, or caregiver will usually inject the dose of Neulasta® a day after the last dose of chemotherapy in each cycle. Neulasta® should only be injected on the day the doctor has determined and should not be injected until approximately 24 hours after receiving chemotherapy. More information about Neulasta® is available in the physician package insert. If you have any questions, talk to your doctor.

What are possible or reasonably likely side effects of Neulasta®? Your spleen may become enlarged and, in rare cases, may rupture while taking Neulasta®. The spleen is located in the upper left section of your stomach area. Call your doctor right away if you have pain in your left upper stomach area or left shoulder tip area. This pain could mean your spleen is enlarged or ruptured. Neulasta® can cause serious allergic reactions. These reactions can cause a rash over the whole body, shortness of breath, wheezing, dizziness (a drop in blood pressure), swelling around the mouth or eyes, fast pulse, and/or sweating. Sometimes these symptoms could come back within days after stopping treatment for the allergic reaction. If you get these symptoms at any time, stop using Neulasta® and call a doctor or get emergency care right away. If you have an allergic reaction during the injection of Neulasta®, stop the injection right away. The most common side effect you may experience is aching in the bones and muscles. If this happens, it can usually be relieved with a non-aspirin pain reliever, such as acetaminophen. Some people experience redness, swelling, or itching at the site of injection. This may be an allergy to the ingredients in Neulasta®, or it may be a local reaction. If you notice signs of a local reaction, call your doctor.

What about pregnancy or breastfeeding? Neulasta® has not been studied in pregnant women, and its effects on unborn babies are not known. If you take Neulasta® while you are pregnant, it is possible that small amounts of it may get into your baby’s blood. It is not known if Neulasta® can get into human breast milk. If you are pregnant, plan to become pregnant, think you may be pregnant, or are breastfeeding, you should tell your doctor before using Neulasta®.

What important information do I need to know about receiving Neulasta®? Neulasta® can reduce the risk of infection, but it may not prevent all infections. An infection can still happen during the time when your white blood cell levels are low. You must be alert and look for some of the common signs of infection, such as fever, chills, rash, sore throat, diarrhea, or redness, swelling, or pain around a cut or sore. If you notice any of these symptoms during treatment with Neulasta®, tell your doctor or nurse immediately. Occasionally a reaction may develop at the injection site. If there is a lump, swelling, or bruising at the injection site that does not go away, talk to the doctor. If you have sickle cell disease, make sure that your doctor knows about it before using Neulasta®. It is important that you drink plenty of fluids if you receive Neulasta®. If you have a sickle cell crisis after getting Neulasta®, you need to tell your doctor right away. Make sure your doctor knows about all medications you are taking before starting Neulasta® injections. If you are taking lithium, you may need more frequent blood tests.

How should Neulasta® be stored? Neulasta® should be stored in the refrigerator at 2° to 8°C (36° to 46°F), but not in the freezer. Neulasta® should be protected from light, so you should keep it in its carton until you are ready to use it. Avoid shaking Neulasta®. If Neulasta® is accidentally frozen, allow it to thaw in the refrigerator before injecting. However, if it is frozen a second time, do not use. Neulasta® can be left out at room temperature for up to 48 hours. Do not leave Neulasta® in direct sunlight. For all questions about storage, contact your doctor, nurse, or pharmacist.

What are the ingredients in Neulasta®? Each syringe contains pegfilgrastim in a sterile, clear, colorless, preservative-free solution containing acetate, sorbitol, polysorbate 20, and sodium.

Issue Date: 12/20/2004

Manufactured by: Amgen Manufacturing Limited, a subsidiary of Amgen Inc. One Amgen Center Drive Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799 ©2004 Amgen. All rights reserved.

Special Report

America’s Best

Graduate Schools A look at what’s new on campus, from law school to the M.B.A., plus our signature rankings Blogging on Campus 48 • Finding Female M.B.A.’s 52 • Rethinking Legal Education 54 R A N K I N G S : How We Rank 59 • Business 60 • Education 62 Engineering 64 • Law 66 • Medicine 72

KEVIN HORAN FOR USN&WR

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Special Report • America’s Best Graduate Schools

Blogging Their Way Through Academe pursuing the life of the mind. “I enjoy reading and writing— that’s why I’m in this profession to begin with—so blogging hen Stanford University medical stu- makes perfect sense,” says Rebecca Goetz, a sixth-year Ph.D. dent Graham Walker performed a candidate in history at Harvard University who launched “(a) breast exam for the first time, he musings of a grad student” (www.rebecca-goetz.blogspot.com) didn’t discuss the somewhat nerve- in 2002 in part as a way to air her passionate political opinracking experience with professors, ions. “I see no downside, as long as you’re appropriate.” Budding scholars who blog say they especially value the abilfriends, or his three female classmates. Instead, the would-be doctor ity to connect with others in their fields in mere minutes, as posted his feelings on his blog, “Over opposed to the months or years it can take to publish in jourMy Med Body!” at www.graham nals. Although Goetz has been known to post photos and stoazon.com, for all the world to see. The hilariously honest re- ries about her cat, she spends most of her time in cyberspace addressing intellectual issues, including her pending disserport, titled simply “Boobies,” reads, in part: tation on the interaction between Christianity and slavery Normally in patient interviews and interactions, I try to let my prior to the abolition movement, parts of which she’s actupersonality shine through . . . But in this situation, I must’ve been ally posted online. “When I hit a bump or have a problem I too objective, too sterile. I started doing my palpations, and the can’t work out, the blog is a more casual way of working instructor said, “Man, it’s like I’m being examined by a robot.” through that,” says the 27-year-old, who recently wrote an So, I’m going along, doing my little “light, medium, deep” moentry about problems she was having counting godparents in tion, which seems to take hours, and everyone else just starts early Virginia wills. She received going into bra and cup sizes and lots of supportive, helpful feedpasties and minimizers and maximizers . . . Estrogen’s oozing from back from readers, including FIND OUT MORE AT USNEWS.COM the walls. Anyway, we all finish our some very practical advice from RANKINGS. Complete lists for all disciplines exams, and we’re reminded that this a fellow historian regarding is a skill that requires practice. PROFILES. Admissions and financial aid information spreadsheet formulas. TRENDS. What’s hot in education and careers Still, many graduate student FORUMS. Connect with students and education experts bloggers choose to use pseudoOver the past three years, WalkTOOLS. Customized search results nyms so they can address the ocer has uploaded his thoughts on BUSINESS • EDUCATION • ENGINEERING • LAW • MEDICINE casional controversial subject everything from dissecting his SCIENCES • LIBRARY AND INFORMATION STUDIES • without fear of repercussions. first cadaver and getting overly atSOCIAL SCIENCES • HUMANITIES • PUBLIC AFFAIRS • ARTS For example, the author of tached to patients to broader pol“newoldschoolteacher” identiicy concerns such as the new fies herself only as a master’s Medicare Part D drug legislation. The result is a witty, readable, and very public online diary. candidate at a graduate school of education in New York. She “I wanted a way that I could reflect on my day-to-day life as uses her blog (www.schoolnerdblog.blogspot.com) to expose a med student,” says the 25-year-old. “Part of it is a defense the disheartening and often exasperating instruction she enmechanism to be able to turn an awkward or uncomfortable counters in pedagogy and methods classes that are supposed situation into humor and laugh at myself. But it also allows me to be progressive but which she’s come to view as largely to vent frustration and share fun stories or big-think ideas dur- out of touch and ineffective. She also recounts her studentteaching stints at various inner-city high schools in a frank ing what can be a pretty isolated time.” Unfiltered. It should come as no surprise that young, tech- and unsparing style: savvy graduate students with countless theories and opinions If you don’t believe me that 11th graders don’t know anything to share make model bloggers and that they’re using the seemabout the American Revolution, here are some student ingly ubiquitous medium in ever growing numbers. These Web guesses I received today as to who fought who: 1) The colonists logs, which run the gamut from strictly academic to decidwere fighting the Indians. 2) The British were fighting the Engedly personal, provide an informal, immediate, and wide-ranglish. 3) The whites were fighting the British. 4) The whites were ing forum for fledgling scholars and professionals alike to mull fighting the English. And we can’t forget 5) The Indians were over their research, say, or to rant about difficult advisers and fighting the Native Americans. As if this were not depressdissertation dilemmas. What’s more, blogs can also provide ing enough, the kids’ behavior in second period is getting out of control. They throw balls of paper. They swear at each would-be grad students an enlightening and largely unfiltered other across the room. They hit one another. They rap. They window into the ivory tower. And while several recent conyell. They do anything but the work. When the teacher talks, troversies show that blogging in academe isn’t without pitfalls, there are eight other conversations going on at the same volaficionados say their Web ruminations are a valuable tool for By Carolyn Kleiner Butler

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U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT • WWW.USNEWS.COM • APRIL 10, 2006

DAVID BUTOW—REDUX FOR USN&WR

THE PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS • CAREERS

Graham Walker blogs about life as a Stanford med student.

CREDIT SITS HERE HORIZONTALLY

AMERICA’S BEST GRADUATE SCHOOLS • USN&WR

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Special Report • America’s Best Graduate Schools ume level. My teacher refuses to do anything about this. Refuses. In fact, she thinks that ‘the class is going really well!’ Whereas I would put it more like, ‘the class is an unmitigated disaster!’

SCOTT GOLDSMITH FOR USN&WR

he poked fun at a peer who wore a button saying, “This is what a feminist looks like” on her purse. (He wrote that she suffered “the classic faults of a poor spokeswoman for feminism: too pretty, too thin, and too young.”) Like many blogging peers, Wyatt, now 27 and set to Newoldschoolteacher graduate, recalls, “It was worries not only about an odd situation, being being discovered and disapproached by someone I ciplined but also about barely knew and being the ethical issues of writtold not to write such ing about people she shallow posts. That really comes into contact with, brought home just how be they students, peers, public a blog could be and professors, or advisers— how easily a dialogue, and takes great pains to whether positive or negpreserve their anonymity Blogger Zachary Wyatt, a University of Wisconsin–Madison law student ative, is started with readas well. “I’m not really ers.” Now he encourages sure what the rules are for this kind of thing—they probably are year at the University of Wisconsin Law such back-and-forth debate and fields rekind of unclear because it’s such a new School, he launched “The Rising Jurist” buttals to his views on everything from medium,” says the scribe. “But I guess, (www.onebluesun.org/trj), which covers the death penalty to the law school’s for me, I feel it’s worth the risks to have everything from Supreme Court nomi- grading system. His favorite criticism? nees and dna evidence to his pet mouse, “Jurist was boring yesterday.” the outlet.” Luckily, Wyatt hasn’t suffered any Every so often, an industrious reader Scalia. At the end of that year, a classwill take it upon himself or herself to ex- mate asked if he was the mystery blog- consequences—academic, career, or othpose a blogger. That’s what happened to ger and—after he acknowledged that he erwise—since being unmasked. HowevZachary Wyatt. As an anonymous first- was—chastised him for a post in which er, it appears that there are some risks

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Special Report • America’s Best Graduate Schools for Web auteurs on the job market. Indeed, a debate erupted in the academic blogosphere last summer when a humanities professor at a small liberal arts college in the Midwest published a pseudonymous column in the Chronicle of Higher Education called “Bloggers Need Not Apply.” In the article, “Ivan Tribble” detailed his work on a faculty search committee that evaluated several candidates whose websites were easily located through Google—whether or not the applicants mentioned them on their résumés or in interviews. In each and every case, the blogs had a negative impact, due to inappropriate personal content, misrepresented research, or concerns that such scholars might “air departmental dirty laundry (real or imagined) on the cyber clothesline for the world to see,” wrote Tribble, who affixed a strong warning: “Job seekers who are also bloggers may have a tough road ahead, if our committee’s experience is any indication.” Professional pitfalls. Those already working in academe may also find themselves in hot water. Political science Prof. Daniel Drezner, for one, believes that his own well-known blog, www.danieldrezner.com, may have played a role in his being denied tenure at the University of Chicago last year; he now cautions graduate students and untenured peers to think carefully before creating Web diaries themselves. The ivory tower’s old guard, he argues, is likely to overestimate the amount of time it takes to maintain a blog and also fail to acknowledge any potential intellectual value, among other downsides. “One of the problems with blogging is that it provides an alternative route through which academics can attain status, outside the more proper, traditional, peer-reviewed path,” adds Drezner, who will move to a tenured post at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University this summer. “As a result, there’s always going to be hostility toward people who manage to do that, in the same way there is toward those who write only popular books.” Interestingly, fields like business and law tend to be more accepting of blogging (legal “blawg” offerings include www.threeyearsofhell.com and www .lawdork.blogspot.com). More and more institutions are using student-written

but school-sponsored blogs on their admissions pages in order to provide a more intimate—if occasionally somewhat staid—look at their programs, including Vermont Law School, the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania, and the Eller College of Management at the University of Arizona. (Typical entry: “One of the more interesting aspects of your second year at Eller will be the job hunt.”) So how can those looking for the inside skinny on grad-school life use such sites to their advantage? Current students suggest that applicants would be wise to scour both authorized and off-the-record blogs about particular institutions or disciplines for a more realistic perspective than glossy brochures provide and to post or E-mail specific questions. Others are a bit more circumspect. “I think [these sites] can be somewhat useful but would always say to prospective students, ‘Be cautious about taking too much information from complete strangers, because you just don’t know who these people really are or what their agenda is,’ ” says Robert Schwartz, associate dean for admissions at Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law at Yeshiva University in New York, which is currently considering integrating blogging into its own admissions process. Back in California, Graham Walker has already started to contemplate the fate of “Over My Med Body!” whose audience has ballooned from a handful of loyal relatives to some 1,500 readers a day. “I know a couple of [residents] who’ve been told by their attending physician or programs that they have to stop—probably because of confidentiality issues,” says the physician in training. Nonetheless, he hopes to continue recording his experiences in medicine in some way after graduating next spring— for himself, his readers, and also, in a way, his patients. “I want them to know that I’m a fallible human behind my white coat, not some godlike figure who can automatically heal them or give them a magic pill. I say things I regret, think things that are wrong, but through my blog, I try to analyze these things and recognize the wrong assumptions or bad behaviors so I can correct them,” he muses. “I think it’s really important to get that out there.” l

Tech-savvy grad students with countless opinions to share make model bloggers.

Special Report • America’s Best Graduate Schools

Looking for Ms. M.B.A. law schools, to which applicants may apply straight out of college, B-schools typically require anywhere from three to five years t has been well over two decades since women started out- of work experience before matriculation. “You’re looking at numbering men among American undergraduates. And women who are between 25 and 28 and who are saying: ‘I know at the nation’s medical and law schools, nearly half of in- I would like to get married and have a family. Is this worth the coming students are now female. Yet the story is different investment?’ ” says Wendy Huber, associate admissions direcat business schools. Women remain nearly as scarce in tor at the University of Virginia’s Darden Graduate School of M.B.A. programs as in engineering and computer science: Business. (Male applicants, other admissions directors note, tend The proportion of female students enrolled in B-school either to marry later or to receive more support from a spouse.) To address these concerns, many schools are changing the hovers around just 35 percent. And in top programs, women account for fewer than 1 in 3 students—a propor- way they pitch the M.B.A. to women. The University of Denver’s Daniels College of Business, for instance, is exploring fetion that hasn’t budged since the mid-1990s. That paradox has not escaped the notice of America’s business male-friendly additions to its curriculum such as a math boot schools. Eager to mirror the student population of other pro- camp and negotiation course. The program also plans to make fessional fields—and to meet hiring demands from corporate female alumni and prominent faculty more visible and accessible to prospective sturecruiters—admissions offidents. A similar effort last cers have made boosting the year at Dartmouth’s Tuck number of women on camSchool of Business helped pus a top priority. Yet a vabump female enrollment riety of factors, from the from 25 to 31 percent for typical timing of the degree the class of 2007. Many to a continuing dearth of leading programs are workfemale role models in the ing with the Forte Foundabusiness world, have made tion, a nonprofit dedicated M.B.A.’s a hard sell for to boosting the number of female college grads: Far women in business. fewer women than men Some schools are quietly even apply in the first place. testing the idea of reducing “We all want to increase our the work experience repercentages of women,” says quirement for talented feLiz Riley, director of admismale applicants—by giving sions at Duke University’s more consideration to inFuqua School of Business. ternships held throughout “But it is incredibly tough.” Her largely male classes don’t faze MIT M.B.A. student Kathleen Poe. college, for instance. And For starters, education others are looking at ways experts say, more women to reach talented women at than men doubt the social an earlier age. The Univalue of working in busiversity of Texas–Austin’s ness. Carolyn Sy, for inMcCombs School of Busistance, who attended the ness recently introduced University of PennsylvaJump Start, a new program nia’s Wharton School of that offers women (as well Business as an undergraduate, decided to pursue a career in medicine rather than an as blacks and Latinos) the chance to apply to the school at M.B.A. after a few years of working in marketing at a large food the end of their senior year of college. Selected students can and beverage corporation. “It started not to make sense any- then defer admission for a few years, secure in their future more,” says Sy. “I didn’t really understand why I would go plans, while gaining work experience for companies like Frito-Lay and Deloitte. home stressed about what color a T-shirt should be.” For now, the lopsided male-female ratio in the typical M.B.A. Numbers game. M.B.A. students also have the reputation of being “quant jocks” who excel at math-intensive subjects such program doesn’t seem to bother most women, who report high as finance and accounting. This stereotype often keeps wom- satisfaction with their programs in student surveys. Kathleen en, especially those uneasy over their quantitative abilities, from Poe, a member of the class of 2007 at the Massachusetts Inapplying. In a 2000 study by research organization Catalyst and stitute of Technology’s Sloan School of Management, found that the University of Michigan Business School, 45 percent of wom- the B-school environment mirrored her previous work experien (and just 19 percent of men) said a lack of confidence in math ences, where she was one of few women. She says that the lack of women is especially noticeable in small-group projects but abilities deterred them from pursuing an M.B.A. Yet biology may be the biggest hurdle of all. Pursuing an adds that she had no difficulty fitting into the program. “I would M.B.A. often coincides with the period when marriage and chil- prefer if there were an even balance of men and women,” says dren start to enter the picture for women. Unlike medical and Poe. “But it doesn’t put me off, and it never put me off.” l By Nisha Ramachandran

M.B.A. admissions officers have made boosting the number of women on campus a top priority.

52

U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT • WWW.USNEWS.COM • APRIL 10, 2006

CHARLIE ARCHAMBAULT FOR USN&WR

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A municipal law class called Law of Nations at New York City’s Columbia College (now University) School of Law in the 1880s

Rethinking Law School By Carolyn Kleiner Butler

ike Laussade has learned a lot during his third year of law school at the University of Texas–Austin—mostly as editor-in-chief of the law review. But the attorney in training freely admits that he has slacked off and skipped plenty of classes, too, safe in the knowledge that he has already got a job lined up at a top Dallas firm for the fall. So he can’t help but wonder if the past two semesters have been a costly, superfluous—yet mandatory—waste for him and his peers. “There are a lot of folks just biding their time and watching the debt accrue when they feel like they can be working,” observes the 26-year-old. “The current system works for some people, but it would be nice if there were other options.” Laussade isn’t the only one questioning whether it’s time to rethink legal education. After all, the standard law school sequence has had the same format for nearly a century. It starts with large lecture courses on torts, property, criminal law, and contracts, which typically rely on Socratic questioning about appellate court case studies. Over the next two years, additional core subjects like constitutional law and evidence are offered as electives—perhaps with a clinical course or externship—but similar methods remain. Yet while this model is widespread, it isn’t necessarily effective: A recent study by the Indiana University Center for Postsecondary Research found that law students are increasingly disengaged and work less as grad school progresses. 54

U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT • WWW.USNEWS.COM • APRIL 10, 2006

To critics, the problem isn’t just the often underwhelming third-year experience; it’s that the current one-size-fits-all approach is a missed opportunity to give students more practical skills—or at least a range of offerings for those with varying post-J.D. goals, from business people or police officers who merely want a background in law to aspiring corporate litigators. “There’s a lot of homogeneity out there,” says Richard Sander, a law professor at the University of California–Los Angeles. Law schools, he says, aren’t really held accountable by anyone but the American Bar Association, the profession’s main gatekeeper and accrediting body, which he views as a largely conservative force more likely to protect the status quo than to encourage innovation and experimentation. The bottom line? “We’re not turning out people who know how to practice law,” charges Sander, coauthor of an influential 2001 article, “The Happy Charade: An Empirical Examination of the Third Year of Law School,” which proposed, among other things, eliminating or restructuring the final year. Legal ed hasn’t always been this uniform. Up until the early 20th century, there were myriad paths to the law, from selfstudy or apprenticeship with an established attorney to attending an institution like the Tapping Reeve Law School (the nation’s first, founded in 1784), which taught 139 areas of the law in 14 months or so. The current three-year, Socratic model was developed at Harvard in the late 19th century and spread quickly from there, but there were also a number of less rigorous, less expensive, for-profit night schools that catered to immigrants and others of modest means. Regardless of prepaARTHUR W. DIAMOND LAW LIBRARY

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Special Report • America’s Best Graduate Schools ration, all would-be lawyers had to do to enter the profession was pass a relatively quick, simple bar test. That is, until the aba came along. Founded in 1878, the group circulated the first standards for legal education in 1921 and soon persuaded both schools and states to comply with its new, more stringent requirements. In 1927, for example, just one state mandated that prospective law students have a college education of any sort; by 1942, nearly all required at least two years of undergraduate study. During roughly the same time period, the number of states that allowed only graduates from aba-approved institutions to sit for the bar exam rose from zero to 41. Today, the association sets benchmarks for everything from the size and makeup of faculties and library collections to the quality of academic buildings. And the vast majority of schools do whatever it takes—whether it’s devoting tens of millions of dollars to capital improvements or sticking to the rec-

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University of Dayton law student Deepak Kulkarni will get through quickly.

ommended curriculum—to secure the group’s seal of approval. Some in the field argue that if the aba would just loosen its stranglehold, schools could better serve a wider range of students. “Right now, we require everybody to get a sophisticated, expensive legal education—to buy the Lexus training, when most people would be content with a Corolla education,” says reform proponent George Shepherd, a professor at Emory Law School, noting that the pricey accreditation process keeps tuitions high—more than $35,000 a year at some elite private schools—and deters prospective applicants from working- and even middle-class backgrounds. “Why not make law more like accounting or business, where you can start off in the profession without a cpa or M.B.A. and then, if you want to do more complicated things, go and get the degree later on?” he asks, suggesting, for instance, that attorneys who perform relatively simple tasks like writing wills don’t need three long, costly years of school. He adds that the average debt for a newly minted J.D., some $80,000 in federal and private loans, forces many graduates to opt out of lower-paying public-interest jobs. The ABA’s role. Not surprisingly, the aba disagrees with the assertion that it is part of the problem. The group’s approval serves “a consumer protection role,” assuring applicants that they’ll receive a quality legal education, argues John Sebert, the aba’s consultant on legal education. The accreditation process merely establishes loose, minimum standards, he says: “Schools have a huge amount of leeway as to what they provide and how they provide it.” Moreover, the system has changed with the times,

Copyright © 2006 University of Maryland University College SCOTT GOLDSMITH FOR USN&WR

Sebert maintains, citing the recent scaling back of the “residency requirement,” which now allows institutions to administer J.D. programs in no less than 24 months, as opposed to the previously mandated six semesters. (He suggests that the greatest barrier to innovation in the field is not the aba but the fact that graduates must pass state bar exams, which test a wide range of substantive areas that schools feel they need to cover.) Still, some detractors believe that aba requirements are designed to protect professors and current practitioners, as opposed to students, and are tantamount to a monopoly. “It’s impossible to innovate— to open up access— within the system,” asserts antitrust expert Lawrence Velvel, who cofounded the Massachusetts School of Law in Andover in 1988 to address the needs of underserved populations—namely those who couldn’t afford the rising price of legal ed. The institution, which is accredited by two regional bodies, does not require the lsat for admission and keeps tuition relatively affordable ($6,150 a semester for full-time students) by relying on a mostly adjunct faculty, basic facilities, and a largely electronic library. When the law school was denied aba certification in 1993, administrators promptly sued the organization for antitrust violations. Although the school lost, the Justice Department brought its own suit against the aba in 1995, which was ultimately settled by consent decree; the group did not admit any wrongdoing but agreed to alter some of its procedures—most notably, to stop sharing information about professors’ salaries, in order to prevent price fixing. To be sure, it is possible for interested, motivated students from all backgrounds to launch legal careers outside the aba system. In places like Vermont and Virginia, for instance, they can study on their own while working at a firm. And graduates of unaccredited institutions have no problem practicing locally in the minority of states that allow non-aba grads to take the bar—as long as they pass. Others aren’t concerned about actually practicing law; they simply want to apply their newly acquired legal know-how to other professions. But it’s no wonder that so few people actually take an alternative route. Challenges abound, not only because some

firms look askance at grads of unaccredited or regionally accredited schools but also because there are numerous restrictions on where such alumni can practice. Graduates of the Massachusetts School of Law, for example, can take the bar (and thus be permitted to practice) only in Massachusetts and a half-dozen or so other states. Nontraditional grads face similar problems even in California, which has a more open market than many places. While the Golden State doesn’t require those who sign up for its notoriously difficult bar exam to have attended an aba-endorsed school, students at its other two dozenplus legal-education institutions who pass the bar may have trouble practicing elsewhere (because most states extend reciprocity agreements only to graduates of aba-approved schools). And that’s if they pass: Just 25 percent of first-time test-takers from nonaba-accredited schools passed the California bar between February 2003 and July 2005, compared with 67 percent from abaapproved schools. Alternatives. For American Airlines pilot Mitch Whatley, the risks of taking the road less traveled are well worth it. The 50-year-old father of three started off attending a traditional institution part time from his home in Southlake, Texas, but soon decided that he couldn’t justify the commute—and the cost— given the program’s poor quality. He opted instead to enroll at the Concord Law School, an entirely virtual institution that is not accredited by the aba and offers both a traditional juris doctor and a shorter “executive juris doctor” program for those who do not intend to practice. “Yes, it’s a little more difficult to move forward, logistically speaking, but I really have no choice—I couldn’t do it any other way,” says Whatley, who graduated in January after four years of study, traveled to California to take the bar shortly afterward, and now intends to work in his home state the only way he can: by taking the patent bar exam and practicing in federal court. Of course, the vast majority of students do attend one of the 191 aba-approved institutions, and there is mounting evidence that the calls for change are having an impact on the inside, as well. For example, the recent shift in the organization’s resi-

Critics say today’s onesize-fits-all approach to legal education doesn’t serve students well.

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Special Report • America’s Best Graduate Schools dency policy allowed the University of Dayton School of Law in Ohio to launch the country’s first five-semester J.D. program last fall. It will push students through the same number of courses in two school years and a summer instead of three years. Tuition will be the same, but the compressed program will save students a year of living expenses. “There’s definitely not going to be any room for senioritis,” says Deepak Kulkarni, 26, who applied to 11 law schools and chose Dayton largely because it will allow him to get back into the labor force sooner rather than later. “We’re finally able to think more outside of the box,” says Lori Shaw, assistant dean for student affairs. The school has introduced other reforms as well, including a mandatory externship and a skills test, based on the medical-school model, which will ensure that students can take depositions, negotiate, and the like before they are allowed to graduate. A few other institutions have launched similar, large-scale

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Columbia’s first law dean, Theodore Dwight, with students

innovations. The University of Montana School of Law’s required clinical program, for instance, places third-years in public-interest organizations such as the Missoula City Attorney’s Office or the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, so they can practice what they’ve learned in their first two years under the supervision of professors or working attorneys. There’s also been a move toward increased specialization at schools like ucla, which currently offers concentrations in areas such as environmental and native nations law. The aim is to provide a set of required and elective courses that are linked to and build on one another—like copyright, intellectual property, motion picture distribution, and a seminar on “digital wars” in entertainment and media law—so graduates will have a leg up in their particular field of choice from the get-go, in terms of both knowledge and a skills base. However the field of legal education evolves, it’s worth pondering the advice of Abraham Lincoln, who famously studied the field on his own in Illinois before acing his “bar exam”—a 10minute discussion with a local judge—and going on to practice for 25 years prior to being elected president. In an 1858 letter to a young man with dreams of entering the profession, he offered this counsel: “If you wish to be a lawyer, attach no consequence to the place you are in, or the person you are with; but get books, sit down anywhere, and go to reading for yourself.” Even for the bulk of students who flock to aba-approved schools, the notion that it’s not so much where you train but how committed you are to that preparation still rings true today. l ARTHUR W. DIAMOND LAW LIBRARY

The Ranking Methodology By Robert J. Morse and Samuel Flanigan

ach year, U.S. News ranks professional-school programs in business, education, engineering, law, and medicine. These rankings are based on two types of data: expert opinion about program quality, and statistical indicators that measure the quality of a school’s faculty, research, and students. For the rankings in all five areas, indicator and opinion data come from surveys of more than 1,200 programs and some 9,600 academics and professionals conducted in fall 2005. To gather the opinion data, we asked deans, program directors, and senior faculty to judge the academic quality of programs in their field on a scale of 1 (“marginal”) to 5 (“outstanding”). We also surveyed professionals who hire new graduates. The statistical indicators fall into two categories: inputs, or measures of the qualities that students and faculty bring to the educational experience; and outputs, measures of graduates’ achievements linked to their degrees. Different output measures are available for different fields; as a result, the indicators vary. In business, the value of students’ education can be gauged by their starting salaries after graduation and by how

long it takes them to find jobs. In law, we look at the time it takes new lawyers to land jobs, plus state bar exam passage rates. Scoring. To arrive at a school’s rank, we examined the data for each quality indicator. The weights applied to the indicators reflect our judgment about their relative importance, as determined in consultation with experts in each field. The final scores were rescaled: The highest-scoring school was assigned 100, and the other schools’ scores were recalculated as a percentage of that top score. A school with an overall score of 100 did not necessarily top out on every indicator; rather, it accumulated the highest composite score. A school’s rank reflects the number of schools that sit above it; if three schools are tied at 1, the next school will be ranked 4, not 2. We also rank programs in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities. These rankings are based solely on the ratings of academic experts. For the first time since 2002, we’ve updated our rankings of Ph.D. programs in the sciences. And we’ve produced new rankings of master’s programs in library and information studies for the first time since 1999. These rankings and more details about the methodology can be found at www.usnews.com/grad and in the 2007 edition of our America’s Best Graduate Schools guidebook. l

Our rankings combine expert opinion and statistical indicators.

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Special Report • America’s Best Graduate Schools

Schools of Business THE TOP SCHOOLS

Rank/School

1. Harvard University (MA) 2. Stanford University (CA) 3. University of Pennsylvania (Wharton) 4. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Sloan) Northwestern University (Kellogg) (IL) 6. University of Chicago 7. Columbia University (NY) University of California–Berkeley (Haas) 9. Dartmouth College (Tuck) (NH) 10. University of California–Los Angeles (Anderson) 11. Duke University (Fuqua) (NC) University of Michigan–Ann Arbor (Ross) 13. New York University (Stern) University of Virginia (Darden) 15. Yale University (CT) 16. Carnegie Mellon University (Tepper) (PA) Cornell University (Johnson) (NY) 18. Emory University (Goizueta) (GA) University of Texas–Austin (McCombs) 20. Univ. of North Carolina–Chapel Hill (Kenan-Flagler) 21. Purdue University–West Lafayette (Krannert) (IN) 22. Ohio State University (Fisher) 23. Indiana University–Bloomington (Kelley) Michigan State University (Broad) University of Minnesota–Twin Cities (Carlson) 26. University of Rochester (Simon) (NY) Washington University in St. Louis (Olin) 28. University of Illinois–Urbana-Champaign 29. University of Southern California (Marshall) University of Washington 31. Texas A&M University–College Station (Mays) University of Notre Dame (Mendoza) (IN) University of Wisconsin–Madison 34. Arizona State University–Main Campus (Carey) Brigham Young University (Marriott) (UT) Georgetown University (McDonough) (DC) Georgia Institute of Technology 38. Pennsylvania State Univ.–University Park (Smeal) University of California–Irvine (Merage) University of Maryland–College Park (Smith) 41. Boston College (Carroll) Southern Methodist University (Cox) (TX) University of Florida (Warrington) 44. Boston University Rice University (Jones) (TX) 46. University of California–Davis University of Georgia (Terry) 48. University of Pittsburgh (Katz) 49. Babson College (Olin) (MA) Tulane University1 (Freeman) (LA) Vanderbilt University (Owen) (TN)

Overall score

Peer assessment score (5.0 highest)

100 99 98 93 93 92 88 88 87 84 83 83 81 81 78 76 76 73 73 70 68 67 66 66 66 65 65 64 63 63 62 62 62 61 61 61 61 59 59 59 58 58 58 57 57 56 56 55 53 53 53

4.7 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.1 4.1 4.1 3.9 4.1 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.9 3.4 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.0 3.3 3.1 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.4

Recruiter ’05 ’05 ’05 average ’05 Employed ’05 ’05 assessment average average ’05 starting graduates 3 months out-of-state total score undergrad GMAT acceptance salary employed at after tuition full-time (5.0 highest) GPA score rate and bonus graduation graduation and fees enrollment

4.6 4.6 4.6 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.2 3.8 4.3 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.6 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.2 3.9 3.6 3.0 3.5 3.8 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.6 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.2 3.3 3.7 3.5 3.2 3.5 3.6 3.0 3.3

3.64 3.56 3.52 3.50 3.45 3.50 3.40 3.49 3.30 3.57 3.42 3.32 3.40 3.29 3.42 3.38 3.31 3.50 3.38 3.22 3.35 3.44 3.33 3.36 3.33 3.45 3.30 3.40 3.30 3.38 3.44 3.30 3.36 3.47 3.51 3.22 3.32 3.33 3.38 3.29 3.30 3.25 3.32 3.29 3.24 3.30 3.30 3.32 3.14 3.35 3.25

707 712 714 700 700 701 706 702 699 700 701 690 699 668 683 692 660 681 672 672 657 662 646 637 650 659 636 647 677 672 635 662 659 632 660 658 657 652 678 641 643 644 674 655 602 673 651 624 623 655 624

15.7% 10.8% 21.1% 22.0% 24.2% N/A 15.0% 23.1% 23.7% 30.6% 45.6% 32.3% 24.5% 49.1% 28.1% 35.1% 34.4% 39.5% 39.4% 49.9% 49.0% 49.2% 39.7% 32.5% 48.1% 36.8% 55.7% 52.6% 38.0% 43.4% 42.8% 50.5% 39.6% 48.0% 56.3% 47.4% 40.5% 37.9% 40.2% 41.7% 41.8% 56.6% 38.8% 44.8% 62.0% 29.7% 36.2% 54.9% 69.1% 60.4% 51.4%

$116,730 $117,456 $116,882 $112,632 $110,435 $113,024 $113,184 $105,848 $116,380 $100,004 $104,081 $108,231 $108,790 $107,546 $100,108 $99,514 $104,010 $93,675 $94,628 $100,272 $91,705 $87,683 $93,922 $87,537 $90,879 $93,754 $88,909 $80,041 $90,264 $82,568 $81,076 $88,189 $80,524 $79,003 $81,289 $99,768 $78,877 $85,501 $74,022 $85,493 $81,859 $86,950 $70,589 $84,951 $92,183 $77,894 $75,349 $69,767 $83,192 $78,224 $90,731

88.1% 78.1% 82.4% 77.9% 79.0% 82.2% 79.0% 74.4% 78.5% 77.1% 76.2% 78.7% 78.9% 82.9% 73.1% 72.2% 77.0% 70.2% 72.6% 72.6% 73.6% 83.9% 72.4% 84.6% 87.9% 66.2% 75.3% 77.3% 56.2% 67.1% 88.1% 58.1% 71.9% 78.0% 81.0% 63.8% 75.0% 60.4% 61.9% 65.4% 74.0% 70.8% 75.0% 73.0% 70.7% 67.4% 70.3% 68.1% 57.1% 62.5% 58.5%

94.3% 93.0% 91.8% 91.3% 92.2% 93.0% 92.0% 94.1% 93.3% 94.2% 90.0% 87.0% 90.6% 95.4% 89.4% 88.9% 88.5% 93.5% 90.0% 86.3% 91.5% 95.4% 82.9% 94.9% 96.7% 88.2% 90.7% 95.9% 81.8% 95.3% 96.6% 93.1% 92.1% 92.0% 91.4% 88.3% 94.4% 87.9% 90.5% 91.5% 92.2% 90.3% 90.4% 91.9% 92.5% 84.8% 92.2% 92.8% 88.9% 87.5% 80.7%

$37,500 1,821 $41,340 748 $42,154 1,626 $40,044 752 $38,844 1,067 $39,382 1,093 $39,770 1,180 $35,856 492 $38,640 504 $33,595 657 $39,089 823 $38,989 882 $37,700 775 $37,300 617 $36,980 438 $39,184 316 $37,700 579 $36,156 345 $34,130 575 $35,595 549 $28,576 237 $30,453 261 $28,550 387 $23,830 186 $32,820 202 $35,085 272 $35,205 260 $25,218 192 $70,164 ** 503 $25,224 226 $31,482 ** 149 $32,395 309 $26,964 229 $25,325 183 $11,236 241 $34,228 498 $24,814 136 $28,676 139 $35,825 177 $35,355 260 $1,020 * 177 $33,289 145 $21,858 98 $30,916 288 $32,820 292 $34,005 117 $23,126 128 $41,272 ** 185 $31,544 428 N/A N/A $34,516 374

Sources: U.S. News and the schools. Assessment data collected by Synovate. Note: N/A means that the data were not provided by the school. *Tuition is per credit. **Tuition is reported for the complete degree program. 1Tulane University was unable to complete the survey because of damage from Hurricane Katrina. Last year’s data were used to calculate Tulane’s ranking and are displayed here, with the exception of tuition.

The latest comprehensive Graduate School Rankings are available at www.usnews.com/grad

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Special Report • America’s Best Graduate Schools

Schools of Education THE TOP SCHOOLS

Rank/School

Overall score

Peer assessment score (5.0 highest)

1. Harvard University (MA) 2. Teachers College, Columbia University (NY) University of California–Los Angeles 4. Stanford University (CA) 5. Vanderbilt University (Peabody) (TN) 6. University of California–Berkeley 7. University of Pennsylvania University of Wisconsin–Madison 9. University of Michigan–Ann Arbor 10. Northwestern University (IL) 11. New York University (Steinhardt) University of Minnesota–Twin Cities University of Washington 14. Michigan State University 15. University of Oregon University of Texas–Austin 17. Indiana University–Bloomington 18. University of Illinois–Urbana-Champaign 19. Boston College (Lynch) University of Virginia (Curry) 21. George Washington University (DC) University of Connecticut (Neag) University of Georgia 24. Ohio State University University of Kansas University of Maryland–College Park 27. University of Iowa University of Southern California (Rossier) 29. Pennsylvania State University–University Park University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill 31. University of Pittsburgh 32. Arizona State University–Main Campus Johns Hopkins University (MD) Lehigh University (PA) 35. Temple University (PA) University of Florida University of Tennessee–Knoxville Utah State University 39. Cornell University (NY) University of Delaware University of Missouri–Columbia 42. University of Illinois–Chicago 43. Rutgers State University–New Brunswick (NJ) University of Colorado–Boulder 45. Texas A&M University–College Station 46. Purdue University–West Lafayette (IN) University of Oklahoma Washington University in St. Louis 49. Syracuse University (NY) 50. University of Massachusetts–Amherst University of North Carolina–Greensboro

100 98 98 96 94 85 84 84 83 82 80 80 80 76 73 73 72 70 69 69 68 68 68 67 67 67 66 66 65 65 64 62 62 62 60 60 60 60 59 59 59 58 57 57 56 55 55 55 54 53 53

4.4 4.3 4.1 4.6 4.3 4.4 3.8 4.4 4.2 3.9 3.6 4.0 3.8 4.2 3.4 3.9 3.9 4.2 3.6 3.9 3.4 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.1 3.1 3.6 3.3 2.9 3.4 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.2 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.1

Superintendent ’05 mean ’05 assessment GRE scores Ph.D. & Ed.D. score verbal/ acceptance (5.0 highest) quantitative1 rate

4.7 4.7 4.3 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.1 4.4 4.1 4.3 4.1 4.1 3.9 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.0 3.9 4.0 4.2 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.9 3.8 4.0 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.6 4.0 4.0 3.6 4.0 3.3 4.6 3.8 3.7 3.9 4.0 3.7 4.1 4.2 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.9

649/699 567/640 558/601 640/680 629/708 581/607 600/663 533/619 576/641 631/709 581/634 523/610 531/577 * 538/630 482/586 531/594 542/650 563/681 569/601 548/617 518/574 557/644 528/617 485/599 500/550 525/603 511/608 491/535 518/588 532/570 498/522 522/600 458/520 565/611 553/540 554/660 513/580 518/603 570/639 604/651 500/601 516/553 524/601 577/602 480/545 489/630 482/552 591/647 * 551/621 507/558 501/520

14.6% 25.8% 30.9% 10.4% 12.5% 22.8% 20.4% 38.7% 23.4% 13.5% 11.6% 49.1% 42.1% 48.0% 14.6% 38.6% 43.6% 41.1% 13.5% 50.4% 55.3% 28.4% 38.0% 39.0% 44.9% 36.1% 32.9% 56.6% 38.9% 51.7% 61.3% 28.8% 44.4% 20.9% 32.0% 44.9% 61.8% 15.2% 30.6% 32.2% 32.0% 59.1% 29.3% 26.1% 62.2% 34.7% 13.1% 13.3% 40.9% 54.5% 33.3%

’05 student/ faculty ratio2

Ph.D.’s & Ed.D.’s granted 2004-05

’05 % Ph.D. & Ed.D. students

’05 ’05 funded funded research/ research faculty member (millions) (thousands)

19.4 11.4 14.9 10.0 6.3 12.3 9.4 4.1 9.4 6.4 11.6 7.6 8.0 6.2 11.7 7.1 5.2 4.9 10.1 8.7 10.2 6.8 5.2 4.1 N/A 7.1 6.1 35.1 5.2 7.8 6.3 7.6 11.8 7.5 2.4 7.5 3.7 2.8 5.8 3.1 7.9 3.3 6.7 4.0 3.9 2.6 7.6 3.5 6.8 7.6 2.1

47 211 69 30 34 41 49 92 34 8 123 111 29 80 34 130 89 65 50 97 62 42 141 82 53 59 56 194 90 32 54 77 8 23 66 50 47 21 7 15 73 19 19 7 83 31 27 2 25 46 38

37.8% 36.0% 46.9% 40.1% 47.0% 58.7% 34.7% 52.2% 61.0% 31.7% 16.8% 56.4% 38.5% 52.9% 29.5% 62.5% 55.6% 51.8% 27.5% 45.7% 38.3% 32.9% 37.7% 44.2% 36.5% 55.0% 53.6% 61.8% 69.3% 43.1% 36.9% 41.8% 3.1% 28.9% 33.5% 40.0% 33.2% 29.6% 46.4% 38.5% 31.3% 33.7% 30.2% 21.8% 60.5% 61.8% 48.8% 23.9% 35.9% 40.9% 26.0%

$16.9 $35.0 $30.7 $15.9 $23.9 $15.3 $16.1 $26.2 $17.2 $9.1 $28.8 $25.4 $27.1 $19.9 $26.1 $20.9 $18.4 $8.7 $12.0 $11.6 $16.2 $15.5 $16.4 $17.4 $21.6 $16.5 $16.0 $11.7 $9.8 $10.5 $15.5 $12.7 $6.1 $11.1 $14.9 $7.1 $22.5 $30.6 $1.0 $11.0 $14.4 $12.3 $10.6 $4.8 $12.3 $3.4 $14.9 $1.6 $5.8 $6.5 $14.3

$469.8 $255.8 $613.8 $378.9 $281.4 $449.0 $423.1 $162.5 $318.6 $395.7 $171.6 $206.2 $492.6 $174.6 $483.0 $168.9 $180.5 $91.7 $199.3 $135.3 $384.9 $292.5 $87.1 $156.6 $251.1 $163.7 $181.3 $402.0 $84.8 $214.8 $227.9 $140.7 $267.4 $370.5 $194.0 $87.8 $189.5 $265.7 $86.5 $239.9 $173.5 $260.9 $185.7 $179.0 $108.6 $50.1 $270.5 $144.0 $120.4 $133.5 $82.1

Sources: U.S. News and the schools. Assessment data collected by Synovate. Note: N/A means that information was not available. *School could not break out GRE scores for doctoral students; average scores for all entering students are shown. 1GRE scores are for doctoral students only. 2Student/faculty ratio is for all full-time degree-seeking students and faculty.

The latest comprehensive Graduate School Rankings are available at www.usnews.com/grad

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Special Report • America’s Best Graduate Schools

Schools of Engineering THE TOP SCHOOLS ’05 faculty ’05 engineering ’05 research Peer Recruiter ’05 ’05 membership school expenditures Ph.D.’s assessment assessment average accept- ’05 Ph.D. in National research per faculty granted Overall score score quantitative ance students/ Academy of expenditures member 2004– score (5.0 highest) (5.0 highest) GRE score rate faculty Engineering (in millions) (in thousands) 2005

Rank/School

1. Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2. Stanford University (CA) 3. University of California–Berkeley 4. Georgia Institute of Technology 5. University of Illinois–Urbana-Champaign 6. Purdue University–West Lafayette (IN) University of Michigan–Ann Arbor 8. Carnegie Mellon University (PA) 9. University of Southern California (Viterbi) 10. California Institute of Technology 11. Cornell University (NY) University of California–San Diego (Jacobs) 13. University of Texas–Austin 14. Texas A&M University–College Station (Look) 15. University of California–Los Angeles (Samueli) University of Maryland–College Park (Clark) University of Wisconsin–Madison 18. Princeton University (NJ) 19. Pennsylvania State University–University Park 20. Columbia University (Fu Foundation) (NY) 21. Harvard University (MA) Johns Hopkins University (Whiting) (MD) Northwestern University (McCormick) (IL) University of California–Santa Barbara University of Washington 26. Ohio State University University of Florida 28. University of Minnesota–Twin Cities 29. Rice University (Brown) (TX) 30. Duke University (NC) Virginia Tech 32. University of Pennsylvania 33. North Carolina State University Washington University in St. Louis (Sever) 35. University of California–Davis University of Rochester (NY) 37. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (NY) 38. University of Virginia 39. University of Colorado–Boulder Yale University (CT) 41. University of California–Irvine (Samueli) 42. Boston University Case Western Reserve University (OH) Dartmouth College (Thayer) (NH) Iowa State University University of Delaware 47. Arizona State University (Fulton) Lehigh University (Rossin) (PA) Rutgers State University–New Brunswick (NJ) Vanderbilt University (TN)

100 95 86 85 82 80 80 78 76 75 73 73 69 68 66 66 66 63 60 58 57 57 57 57 57 55 55 54 53 52 52 51 50 50 49 49 48 47 46 46 44 43 43 43 43 43 42 42 42 42

4.9 4.9 4.8 4.5 4.5 4.2 4.5 4.3 3.7 4.7 4.3 3.8 4.2 3.7 3.7 3.6 4.1 4.1 3.9 3.6 3.6 4.0 3.9 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.4 2.7 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.2 2.9 3.3 3.1 3.3 2.9 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.2

4.8 4.6 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.3 3.6 4.6 4.3 3.9 4.1 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.8 4.2 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.0 3.8 3.4 3.4 3.8 3.4 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.2 3.4

775 778 773 760 773 751 770 772 749 790 760 764 760 740 766 760 779 782 752 767 772 767 751 762 733 762 752 761 757 760 770 757 751 760 756 763 754 741 745 769 751 767 758 767 742 749 751 766 745 757

25.4% 35.8% 17.5% 33.8% 19.9% 36.5% 42.3% 24.8% 48.5% 10.9% 22.4% 21.8% 28.6% 44.4% 34.6% 24.0% 21.2% 17.0% 34.1% 37.8% 12.8% 18.4% 25.1% 20.8% 34.5% 25.4% 53.6% 40.3% 21.7% 26.6% 26.7% 31.4% 25.7% 32.5% 31.5% 15.7% 31.5% 20.5% 63.5% 13.6% 24.1% 26.7% 28.0% 14.7% 18.7% 26.3% 45.2% 31.6% 23.5% 13.5%

4.4 5.1 4.5 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.4 4.4 5.7 5.3 4.2 4.9 3.7 3.0 5.2 4.5 3.4 3.3 2.8 3.8 4.5 3.9 3.8 4.4 4.2 2.8 4.2 3.8 4.8 3.6 2.6 4.2 3.0 3.2 4.1 3.4 3.0 3.3 3.0 2.8 4.5 3.9 2.4 2.3 2.3 4.5 3.1 2.8 1.5 3.6

13.2% 14.8% 21.0% 5.0% 2.2% 5.1% 4.0% 8.6% 14.1% 10.1% 8.7% 11.0% 8.8% 3.5% 11.4% 5.3% 4.5% 12.6% 2.8% 9.0% 13.6% 1.5% 5.1% 16.5% 5.3% 2.4% 1.8% 5.9% 7.8% 1.8% 2.1% 6.1% 3.8% 6.8% 5.6% 1.2% 5.5% 6.8% 4.8% 8.2% 5.3% 3.4% 2.6% 2.4% 1.0% 3.2% 3.2% 7.5% 3.9% 1.2%

$224.8 $142.7 $118.0 $202.2 $195.8 $211.6 $157.4 $142.3 $157.4 $51.2 $112.2 $128.8 $106.9 $179.0 $88.3 $145.3 $123.2 $54.7 $121.0 $75.0 $33.2 $53.2 $78.2 $69.1 $91.8 $106.8 $92.1 $63.1 $33.1 $55.4 $56.1 $47.1 $93.0 $53.3 $60.0 $99.1 $41.7 $50.6 $57.6 $24.4 $44.5 $51.4 $40.6 $19.2 $58.6 $35.1 $44.9 $31.3 $82.7 $33.7

$622.7 $689.3 $477.8 $426.6 $473.0 $676.0 $507.6 $711.7 $965.4 $538.5 $544.8 $805.2 $464.6 $675.4 $605.1 $637.1 $528.9 $437.9 $387.9 $563.8 $581.6 $385.4 $446.7 $544.3 $482.9 $420.6 $341.1 $280.4 $337.3 $522.4 $183.4 $457.1 $330.8 $605.2 $340.9 $1,208.9 $249.5 $383.4 $364.6 $321.4 $315.9 $472.0 $369.2 $493.0 $277.6 $369.5 $245.5 $256.7 $397.8 $400.9

Sources: U.S. News, the schools. Assessment data collected by Synovate.

The latest comprehensive Graduate School Rankings are available at www.usnews.com/grad

273 260 201 275 220 183 226 136 91 74 116 68 143 148 137 149 72 72 150 58 20 71 83 78 95 96 145 115 65 47 113 41 97 33 72 42 82 55 69 22 45 56 65 22 62 61 63 53 51 23

’05 total graduate engineering enrollment

2,717 3,218 1,694 3,685 2,507 2,273 2,390 1,570 3,560 577 1,234 1,147 2,059 2,187 1,256 1,943 1,517 449 1,549 1,220 302 2,723 1,195 694 1,451 1,235 2,041 1,631 548 514 1,817 1,036 1,795 862 1,116 368 1,083 767 1,461 222 965 682 634 186 878 708 1,498 576 890 386

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ong before the rise of corporate scandals, the University of Virginia’s Darden School of Business taught the inextricable link between business and ethics. It’s no coincidence then that Business Week ranked us 4th nationally in the category of ethics. Along with a required ethics course, MBA students

take part in an organization unique to Darden: the Olsson Center for Applied Ethics. Here, students take on the challenge of integrating ethical thinking into business decision-making. This training teaches students to uphold the highest standards, whether it results in front-page news or not. www.darden.virginia.edu

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Special Report • America’s Best Graduate Schools

Schools of Law THE TOP 100 SCHOOLS

Rank/School

’05 Peer Assessment undergrad assessment score by GPA Overall score lawyers/judges 25th-75th score (5.0 highest) (5.0 highest) percentile

1. Yale University (CT) 100 2. Stanford University (CA) 92 3. Harvard University (MA) 91 4. Columbia University (NY) 86 New York University 86 6. University of Chicago 81 7. University of Pennsylvania 79 8. University of California–Berkeley 78 University of Michigan–Ann Arbor 78 University of Virginia 78 11. Duke University (NC) 77 12. Northwestern University (IL) 76 13. Cornell University (NY) 74 73 14. Georgetown University (DC) 15. University of California–Los Angeles 71 16. University of Texas–Austin 69 17. University of Southern California (Gould) 68 Vanderbilt University (TN) 68 19. George Washington University (DC) 63 University of Minnesota–Twin Cities 63 Washington University in St. Louis 63 22. Boston University 62 University of Iowa 62 62 University of Notre Dame (IN) Washington and Lee University (VA) 62 26. Emory University (GA) 61 27. Boston College 59 College of William and Mary (Marshall-Wythe) (VA) 59 University of Illinois–Urbana-Champaign 59 University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill 59 University of Washington 59 32. Fordham University (NY) 58 University of Wisconsin–Madison 58 57 34. Brigham Young University (Clark) (UT) University of California–Davis 57 University of Georgia 57 37. George Mason University (VA) 56 Indiana University–Bloomington 56 39. Ohio State University (Moritz) 55 Wake Forest University (NC) 55 41. University of Florida (Levin) 54 42. University of Maryland 53 43. American University (Washington College of Law) (DC) 52 Southern Methodist University (TX) 52 Tulane University2 (LA) 52 University of Alabama–Tuscaloosa 52 University of Arizona (Rogers) 52 University of California (Hastings) 52 University of Colorado–Boulder 52 50. University of Connecticut 51 51. Baylor University (TX) 49 Case Western Reserve University (OH) 49 53. Arizona State University 48 Cardozo-Yeshiva University (NY) 48 Florida State University 48 University of Cincinnati 48 57. University of Utah (S.J. Quinney) 47 58. Brooklyn Law School (NY) 46 Temple University (Beasley) (PA) 46 60. Illinois Institute of Technology (Chicago-Kent) 45

4.9 4.8 4.9 4.7 4.6 4.7 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.0 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.2 3.2 3.5 2.8 3.4 3.1 2.8 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.2 2.9 2.9 2.6 3.2 2.7 3.1 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.3 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.5 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.7

4.9 4.8 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.6 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.3 3.9 4.1 3.5 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.9 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.5 3.0 3.1 3.7 3.3 3.1 2.9 3.1 3.0 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 3.1 2.6

3.79-3.95 3.80-3.96 3.68-3.92 3.50-3.80 3.60-3.89 3.46-3.80 3.43-3.85 3.67-3.90 3.45-3.78 3.53-3.83 3.54-3.86 3.46-3.78 3.50-3.80 3.42-3.80 3.51-3.82 3.41-3.83 3.51-3.78 3.52-3.85 3.45-3.80 3.30-3.78 3.20-3.70 3.48-3.77 3.39-3.77 3.28-3.78 3.25-3.79 3.28-3.63 3.44-3.79 3.31-3.80 3.04-3.66 3.47-3.84 3.51-3.84 3.37-3.76 3.30-3.77 3.52-3.86 3.46-3.79 3.28-3.80 3.15-3.83 3.03-3.72 3.33-3.72 3.17-3.62 3.40-3.86 3.35-3.76 3.20-3.66 3.31-3.86 3.28-3.73 3.18-3.71 3.28-3.78 3.38-3.69 3.43-3.82 3.23-3.63 3.51-3.92 3.13-3.57 3.10-3.69 3.19-3.72 3.21-3.67 3.29-3.83 3.46-3.81 3.15-3.64 3.09-3.61 3.29-3.70

’05 LSAT ’05 ’04 grads Employed score ’05 student/ employed 9 months 25th-75th acceptance faculty at after percentile rate ratio graduation graduation

168-175 167-172 170-176 168-173 168-172 168-172 166-171 164-169 166-169 167-171 165-169 167-171 165-168 167-170 162-169 161-168 164-167 163-167 163-166 162-167 161-167 163-166 158-163 163-167 163-167 161-165 161-166 160-165 162-167 158-164 159-165 164-167 158-163 161-166 158-164 158-164 158-166 158-164 158-164 162-166 157-164 158-164 160-163 155-164 158-163 160-164 159-164 160-164 160-164 159-163 161-165 157-161 154-161 162-166 158-161 156-162 158-162 161-164 160-163 159-163

6.2% 7.8% 11.5% 14.6% 21.0% 14.7% 12.5% 10.3% 19.5% 20.2% 21.4% 16.7% 20.6% 19.3% 16.1% 18.7% 20.3% 23.0% 19.2% 28.2% 25.3% 24.5% 38.8% 18.2% 21.1% 29.1% 20.3% 22.4% 15.2% 15.3% 21.5% 21.4% 23.5% 27.0% 23.3% 23.3% 15.1% 38.1% 27.6% 23.6% 23.6% 16.1% 24.0% 22.7% 25.6% 26.4% 23.6% 23.8% 25.5% 17.1% 21.3% 25.3% 27.3% 23.5% 22.5% 36.7% 30.5% 25.4% 29.1% 26.4%

7.8 9.2 11.0 11.7 11.1 9.5 12.8 14.2 16.9 13.0 12.6 11.9 10.3 14.7 11.8 16.7 13.0 16.4 15.1 12.5 13.2 12.1 12.2 14.3 10.5 13.3 13.9 15.7 12.6 16.9 10.9 15.9 13.1 18.9 13.5 15.3 16.5 14.1 14.1 10.2 15.4 11.9 14.3 15.4 18.8 10.3 12.7 20.4 12.7 11.8 16.9 14.7 11.1 15.8 13.8 11.8 11.5 20.5 14.7 12.4

97.3% 98.9% 98.9% 98.9% 97.1% 99.5% 99.3% 99.3% 96.3% 99.4% 98.9% 99.5% 99.2% 99.2% 96.8% 99.8% 95.0% 99.1% 97.5% 98.9% 95.1% 100.0% 97.2% 99.1% 96.8% 98.4% 90.0% 98.2% 93.3% 99.7% 94.5% 97.6% 88.1% 99.0% 91.6% 97.1% 94.0% 98.1% 96.8% 98.6% 87.7% 98.8% 87.3% 99.3% 88.2% 98.7% 86.7% 98.3% 76.9% 91.2% 80.7% 98.7% 71.4% 97.1% 84.9% 96.2% 72.1% 99.5% 72.0% 90.2% 88.9% 99.4% 86.0% 98.4% 72.5% 97.3% 83.2% 98.7% 81.3% 91.5% 76.4% 98.9% 98.2% 99.6% 87.4% 95.6% 74.3% 96.7% 77.2% 92.1% 65.9% 96.0% 78.0% 97.1% 83.2% 97.2% N/A 95.9% 75.4% 94.7% 64.2% 97.8% 71.2% 92.9% 57.4% 91.7% 72.3% 89.7% 62.0% 96.4% 67.4% 97.8% 72.6% 98.1% N/A 94.2% 73.7% 97.1% 85.0% 98.9% 71.0% 96.3% 68.7% 90.9% 71.7% 98.4% 69.4% 95.6% 72.1% 92.0%

School’s bar Jurisdiction’s passage overall bar rate in passage jurisdiction rate

94.2%/NY 91.8%/CA 95.9%/NY 93.9%/NY 97.1%/NY 98.7%/IL 93.2%/NY 83.7%/CA 95.8%/NY 91.2%/VA 94.9%/NY 97.5%/IL 92.2%/NY 92.5%/NY 86.0%/CA 91.6%/TX 80.5%/CA 90.5%/TN 87.2%/NY 99.2%/MN 95.9%/MO 95.0%/MA 89.1%/IA 95.6%/IL 85.7%/VA 90.3%/GA 92.6%/MA 84.6%/VA 89.7%/IL 84.6%/NC 89.4%/WA 87.4%/NY 100.0%/WI 91.4%/UT 75.7%/CA 92.6%/GA 79.6%/VA 92.3%/IN 91.4%/OH 88.2%/NC 79.7%/FL 78.2%/MD 84.9%/MD 87.5%/TX 69.9%/LA 96.7%/AL 84.0%/AZ 80.7%/CA 87.0%/CO 93.8%/CT 91.4%/TX 87.7%/OH 75.3%/AZ 79.8%/NY 77.0%/FL 89.4%/OH 88.8%/UT 83.8%/NY 88.3%/PA 86.5%/IL

75% 61% 75% 75% 75% 85% 75% 61% 75% 74% 75% 85% 75% 75% 61% 79% 61% 82% 75% 91% 88% 84% 86% 85% 74% 85% 84% 74% 85% 75% 79% 75% 84% 90% 61% 85% 74% 84% 81% 75% 73% 72% 72% 79% 88% 81% 74% 61% 74% 82% 79% 81% 74% 75% 73% 81% 90% 75% 81% 85%

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Special Report • America’s Best Graduate Schools ’05 Peer Assessment undergrad assessment score by GPA Overall score lawyers/judges 25th-75th score (5.0 highest) (5.0 highest) percentile

Rank/School

University of Missouri–Columbia University of Pittsburgh University of Tennessee–Knoxville Villanova University (PA) 65. Loyola Law School (CA) Rutgers State University–Camden (NJ) University of Kentucky University of Miami (FL) University of San Diego 70. Loyola University Chicago Seton Hall University (NJ) University of Denver (Sturm) University of Houston University of Kansas University of Nebraska–Lincoln University of Oregon 77. Indiana University–Indianapolis Lewis and Clark College (Northwestern) (OR) University of New Mexico 80. DePaul University (IL) Rutgers State University–Newark (NJ) St. John’s University (NY) St. Louis University University at Buffalo–SUNY University of Oklahoma University of Richmond (VA) 87. Louisiana State University–Baton Rouge Mercer University (GA) Northeastern University (MA) Pennsylvania State University (Dickinson) Pepperdine University (McConnell) (CA) Santa Clara University (CA) 93. Seattle University University of Hawaii (Richardson) University of San Francisco University of Toledo (OH) 97. Georgia State University University of Mississippi University of South Carolina University of the Pacific (McGeorge) (CA)

45 45 45 45 44 44 44 44 44 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 42 42 42 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 40 40 40 40 40 40 39 39 39 39 38 38 38 38

2.7 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.0 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.2 1.9 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.1

3.1 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.1 2.9 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.4 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.1 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.8 3.1 2.7 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.0 2.5 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.4 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.6

3.31-3.74 3.12-3.63 3.36-3.86 3.30-3.66 3.05-3.50 3.10-3.65 3.30-3.81 3.22-3.64 3.11-3.54 3.15-3.68 3.00-3.60 3.10-3.60 3.22-3.73 3.27-3.77 3.30-3.83 3.17-3.66 3.32-3.76 3.04-3.65 3.07-3.65 3.12-3.66 3.06-3.55 3.18-3.72 3.35-3.77 3.15-3.64 3.32-3.76 3.10-3.54 3.23-3.77 3.02-3.67 3.10-3.58 3.11-3.67 3.38-3.71 3.21-3.60 3.17-3.63 3.03-3.66 3.13-3.59 2.98-3.76 3.16-3.66 3.26-3.77 3.19-3.68 3.00-3.51

’05 LSAT ’05 ’04 grads Employed score ’05 student/ employed 9 months 25th-75th acceptance faculty at after percentile rate ratio graduation graduation

School’s bar Jurisdiction’s passage overall bar rate in passage jurisdiction rate

156-160 157-161 155-161 161-163 160-163 159-163 157-163 156-160 160-164 159-163 158-162 155-162 157-162 154-160 153-159 156-160 152-158 158-164 150-159 158-161 154-161 158-163 154-160 152-157 154-160 160-163 154-159 153-158 159-163 154-157 157-161 157-161 152-159 156-161 157-161 155-162 156-161 151-158 154-160 156-160

88.8%/MO 81.6%/PA 86.8%/TN 79.0%/PA 65.5%/CA 81.4%/NJ 82.9%/KY 82.2%/FL 70.9%/CA 91.6%/IL 82.2%/NJ 64.1%/CO 84.8%/TX 82.0%/KS 90.3%/NE 75.0%/OR 80.0%/IN 68.3%/OR 80.5%/NM 83.6%/IL 72.8%/NJ 86.0%/NY 85.5%/MO 78.9%/NY 95.7%/OK 75.2%/VA 77.8%/LA 92.7%/GA 81.7%/MA 78.2%/PA 74.1%/CA 67.9%/CA 79.6%/WA 76.0%/HI 65.5%/CA 90.4%/OH 92.2%/GA 89.8%/MS 87.0%/SC 68.5%/CA

32.1% 28.6% 19.9% 31.6% 23.4% 13.9% 34.7% 37.2% 24.9% 25.6% 25.1% 24.0% 25.1% 26.5% 40.7% 37.3% 30.2% 37.8% 20.8% 25.8% 23.9% 31.2% 39.8% 36.3% 26.3% 26.4% 27.8% 30.2% 26.6% 29.4% 25.3% 37.4% 26.0% 18.6% 31.7% 18.8% 21.2% 27.2% 34.3% 31.0%

13.2 14.4 12.1 17.7 16.1 15.7 16.3 19.6 14.3 16.8 14.9 14.1 20.8 13.4 13.7 19.7 18.0 14.1 11.4 17.9 15.4 17.2 17.6 13.2 15.3 14.3 16.6 13.5 17.0 13.8 19.8 18.5 15.6 13.6 16.7 13.4 16.2 16.9 17.8 16.1

58.8% 92.7% 75.5% 96.7% 59.7% 85.4% 66.7% 97.6% 73.7% 97.2% 87.2% 92.8% 64.0% 97.6% 73.4% 93.1% 65.8% 89.0% 77.7% 98.3% 92.1% 96.9% 87.3% 96.9% 65.5% 95.6% 55.1% 88.5% 74.6% 91.7% 61.6% 91.6% 83.4% 93.8% N/A 93.9% 72.5% 93.7% 80.7% 94.3% 79.0% 94.7% 68.8% 93.4% 71.0% 93.1% 85.1% 95.0% 68.7% 88.4% 56.5% 92.6% 77.5% 91.3% 59.4% 98.4% N/A 95.3% 68.8% 93.4% 57.5% 90.5% 74.1% 94.5% 59.7% 100.0% 68.4% 93.4% N/A 95.0% 86.6% 92.3% N/A 91.8% 72.5% 94.5% 59.2% 95.3% N/A 96.1%

88% 81% 82% 81% 61% 80% 78% 73% 61% 85% 80% 74% 79% 81% 88% 72% 84% 72% 82% 85% 80% 75% 88% 75% 83% 74% 88% 85% 84% 81% 61% 61% 79% 77% 61% 81% 85% 90% 84% 61%

Sources: U.S. News and the schools. Assessment data collected by Synovate. N/A means that the data were not provided by the school. 2School was unable to complete the survey because of damage from Hurricane Katrina; last year’s data were used to calculate its ranking and are displayed here. Western State University in California, Barry University in Florida, Florida A&M University, Florida International University, John Marshall Law School–Atlanta, St. Thomas School of Law in Minnesota, and Appalachian School of Law in Virginia are not ranked because as of August 2005 they were provisionally approved by the American Bar Association. Three law schools in Puerto Rico—Catholic University, Inter-America University, and the University of Puerto Rico—are not ranked.

Other Schools to Consider The next two quartiles of schools are listed alphabetically in two groups, the Third Tier and Fourth Tier. Law schools within each of these tiers should be considered broadly similar in quality. To be listed,

THIRD TIER Rank/School

a law school must be accredited and fully approved by the American Bar Association and must draw most of its students from the United States. Remember that in considering a law school, you should look not only at its ranking or tier but also at other characteristics—its location, price, course offerings, and faculty expertise, to name a few. More information on all the schools is available at www.usnews.com/grad.

(ranking begins at 101; schools are listed alphabetically) Peer

’05 Assessment undergrad assessment score by GPA score lawyers/judges 25th-75th (5.0 highest) (5.0 highest) percentile

Albany Law School-Union University (NY) 2.1 2.4 Catholic University of America (Columbus) (DC) Cleveland State University (Cleveland-Marshall) 2.0 2.0 Creighton University (NE) Drake University (IA) 2.0 1.8 Duquesne University (PA) Gonzaga University (WA) 2.1 2.4 Hofstra University (NY) Howard University (DC) 2.1 2.1 Loyola University New Orleans2 Marquette University (WI) 2.3 New York Law School 2.1 Northern Illinois University 1.7 2.1 Pace University (NY) Quinnipiac University (CT) 1.9 68 U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT • WWW.USNEWS.COM • APRIL 10, 2006

2.4 2.9 2.1 3.2 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.2

2.89-3.53 3.06-3.53 3.14-3.59 3.21-3.72 3.14-3.69 3.23-3.61 3.13-3.56 3.03-3.64 2.93-3.57 3.16-3.63 3.14-3.62 3.12-3.61 3.05-3.63 3.09-3.50 3.08-3.53

School’s ’05 LSAT ’05 ’04 grads Employed bar Jurisdiction’s score ’05 student/ employed 9 months passage overall bar 25th-75th acceptance faculty at after rate in passage percentile rate ratio graduation graduation jurisdiction rate

153-157 156-160 151-157 150-156 153-156 153-156 152-156 155-160 148-155 151-156 155-159 153-157 154-158 153-156 155-159

40.3% 31.7% 30.7% 36.0% 42.3% 44.4% 36.8% 38.0% 23.2% 34.0% 39.5% 38.7% 34.8% 32.8% 23.1%

14.8 16.3 12.7 15.4 17.8 16.3 18.0 17.7 13.0 17.6 17.3 20.3 18.4 15.4 14.5

52.8% 63.5% 64.1% 71.7% N/A 79.0% N/A N/A 80.4% 80.3% 62.0% N/A 52.2% N/A N/A

95.8% 90.1% 90.8% 97.6% 95.1% 86.4% 93.3% 91.8% 86.1% 98.6% 94.0% 90.0% 89.9% 89.6% 92.2%

77.5%/NY 75% 71.9%/MD 72% 72.9%/OH 81% 84.3%/NE 88% 86.0%/IA 86% 80.0%/PA 81% 75.9%/WA 79% 68.6%/NY 75% 52.1%/MD 72% 60.1%/LA 88% 100.0%/WI 84% 64.3%/NY 75% 86.4%/IL 85% 73.1%/NY 75% 73.9%/CT 82% CREDIT SITS HERE HORIZONTALLY

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Special Report • America’s Best Graduate Schools ’05 Peer Assessment undergrad assessment score by GPA score lawyers/judges 25th-75th (5.0 highest) (5.0 highest) percentile

Rank/School

Samford University (Cumberland) (AL) Southern Illinois University–Carbondale Southwestern University School of Law (CA) Stetson University (FL) Syracuse University (NY) Texas Tech University University of Akron (OH) University of Arkansas–Fayetteville University of Arkansas–Little Rock (Bowen) University of Idaho University of Louisville (Brandeis) (KY) University of Maine University of Memphis (Humphreys) University of Missouri–Kansas City University of Montana University of Nevada–Las Vegas (Boyd) University of North Dakota Vermont Law School Washburn University (KS) Wayne State University (MI) Willamette University (Collins) (OR)

FOURTH TIER

1.8 2.0 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.0 1.8 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.2 1.8 2.2 2.0 2.1 1.9 2.2 1.9 2.3 2.1

2.5 2.6 2.0 2.5 3.1 2.4 1.9 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.4 2.9 2.1 2.9 2.7 2.2 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.7

(ranking begins at 137; schools are listed alphabetically) Peer

Rank/School

Ave Maria School of Law (MI) California Western School of Law Campbell University (Wiggins) (NC) Capital University (OH) Chapman University (CA) CUNY–Queens College Florida Coastal School of Law Franklin Pierce Law Center (NH) Golden Gate University (CA) Hamline University (MN) John Marshall Law School (IL) Michigan State University Mississippi College New England School of Law (MA) North Carolina Central University Northern Kentucky University (Chase) Nova Southeastern University (Broad) (FL) Ohio Northern University (Pettit) Oklahoma City University Regent University (VA) Roger Williams University (Papitto) (RI) Southern University1 (LA) South Texas College of Law St. Mary’s University (TX) St. Thomas University (FL) Suffolk University (MA) Texas Southern University (Marshall) Texas Wesleyan University Thomas Jefferson School of Law (CA) Thomas M. Cooley Law School (MI) Touro College (Fuchsberg) (NY) University of Baltimore University of Dayton (OH) University of Detroit Mercy University of South Dakota University of the District of Columbia (Clarke) University of Tulsa (OK) University of Wyoming Valparaiso University (IN) Western New England College (MA) West Virginia University Whittier Law School (CA) Widener University (DE) William Mitchell College of Law (MN)

2.98-3.52 3.13-3.67 3.11-3.60 3.28-3.71 3.12-3.54 3.28-3.75 3.12-3.67 3.09-3.69 3.20-3.73 3.10-3.58 3.43-3.68 3.16-3.58 3.07-3.61 3.14-3.66 3.17-3.70 3.55-3.67 3.25-3.74 2.89-3.47 3.04-3.66 3.33-3.72 3.12-3.62

’05 Assessment undergrad assessment score by GPA score lawyers/judges 25th-75th (5.0 highest) (5.0 highest) percentile

1.5 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.8 1.3 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.8 2.1 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.7 1.3 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.5 1.8 1.3 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.5 2.0 1.4 1.8 1.9

1.9 2.5 2.2 2.1 1.8 2.1 1.8 2.4 1.8 2.2 2.4 2.8 2.4 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.5 2.4 2.2 1.7 1.9 1.6 1.9 2.3 1.8 2.1 1.9 2.0 2.4 1.9 1.8 2.3 2.4 1.8 2.9 1.4 2.5 2.8 2.7 1.6 2.5 1.9 2.2 2.8

School’s ’05 LSAT ’05 ’04 grads Employed bar Jurisdiction’s score ’05 student/ employed 9 months passage overall bar 25th-75th acceptance faculty at after rate in passage percentile rate ratio graduation graduation jurisdiction rate

154-158 152-157 154-158 152-156 153-157 151-158 156-160 152-159 151-158 152-159 155-159 153-159 154-158 152-156 151-157 155-160 147-154 151-158 151-155 153-159 153-157

31.7% 36.7% 25.7% 23.5% 33.8% 35.2% 31.3% 24.4% 16.5% 31.4% 28.9% 40.3% 22.8% 38.2% 37.6% 12.1% 45.1% 50.6% 35.9% 39.6% 35.1%

18.2 12.6 15.7 17.5 15.7 16.6 13.9 13.2 16.9 16.8 15.0 15.5 14.2 20.4 18.2 15.0 19.0 13.3 14.4 19.6 15.6

60.3% N/A 79.6% 49.4% 67.5% 77.8% 65.4% N/A N/A 45.6% 61.5% N/A 52.9% N/A N/A 60.0% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

97.0% 82.3% 91.4% 91.1% 92.7% 95.9% 89.2% 91.7% 96.2% 88.3% 91.0% 90.1% 96.5% 88.1% 89.1% 82.5% 88.3% 94.2% 92.3% 84.1% 84.5%

84.7%/AL 83.3%/IL 58.4%/CA 74.3%/FL 76.0%/NY 85.1%/TX 78.7%/OH 85.1%/AR 76.9%/AR 76.0%/ID 79.2%/KY 69.0%/ME 85.8%/TN 85.0%/MO 85.5%/MT 65.2%/NV 83.7%/ND 73.9%/VT 71.4%/KS 83.5%/MI 82.9%/OR

81% 85% 61% 73% 75% 79% 81% 82% 82% 76% 78% 75% 82% 88% 83% 73% 82% 85% 81% 74% 72%

School’s ’05 LSAT ’05 ’04 grads Employed bar Jurisdiction’s score ’05 student/ employed 9 months passage overall bar 25th-75th acceptance faculty at after rate in passage percentile rate ratio graduation graduation jurisdiction rate

2.80-3.50 150-160 67.3% 14.0 37.7% 2.98-3.56 151-156 37.0% 18.7 N/A 3.03-3.50 153-158 20.5% 17.0 82.3% 2.96-3.50 151-156 38.1% 16.3 N/A 3.01-3.61 154-158 30.2% 17.7 53.3% 3.03-3.52 149-156 20.6% 12.5 29.5% 2.88-3.49 150-154 36.8% 17.8 N/A 3.00-3.60 150-156 37.6% 18.5 N/A 3.00-3.47 150-155 35.7% 22.4 N/A 3.16-3.61 153-159 40.4% 18.5 47.1% 2.80-3.38 152-156 36.2% 21.8 55.6% 3.04-3.66 155-161 35.4% 20.7 N/A 2.99-3.51 149-153 38.5% 21.4 60.0% 3.12-3.56 150-153 37.2% 25.2 27.7% 2.80-3.50 143-152 20.0% 18.8 N/A 3.01-3.57 152-158 24.8% 17.4 65.0% 2.93-3.37 148-152 27.8% 13.4 N/A 3.15-3.69 150-155 27.1% 14.8 N/A 2.78-3.43 148-152 40.7% 18.6 N/A 3.08-3.72 150-156 44.7% 18.3 46.0% 2.94-3.54 151-155 41.1% 19.9 N/A 2.66-3.25 * 144-149 * 22.0% * 13.3 * N/A 2.98-3.50 151-156 36.9% 19.7 N/A 2.81-3.42 151-156 37.2% 23.5 N/A 2.58-3.33 147-152 38.9% 20.2 N/A 3.10-3.60 154-158 42.4% 17.1 57.5% 2.58-3.23 144-149 21.8% 16.3 73.9% 2.89-3.50 153-157 29.0% 17.9 42.6% 2.74-3.39 151-156 24.1% 21.9 N/A 2.72-3.39 146-152 68.5% 23.6 N/A 2.87-3.44 150-153 34.6% 17.4 N/A 2.98-3.52 152-156 30.1% 21.9 N/A 2.87-3.45 152-156 27.4% 15.4 N/A 3.00-3.50 147-153 46.2% 17.8 N/A 2.95-3.74 150-156 34.9% 16.1 48.6% 2.76-3.23 149-155 23.0% 11.5 N/A 2.80-3.50 150-154 34.3% 16.3 52.7% 3.06-3.65 149-156 25.8% 17.2 N/A 2.97-3.58 150-155 21.5% 15.5 33.1% 2.70-3.32 151-156 43.0% 16.5 55.0% 3.19-3.79 148-155 39.0% 23.2 N/A 2.86-3.32 152-155 29.6% 16.6 54.4% 2.81-3.46 150-154 36.4% 17.5 54.1% 3.24-3.66 151-158 48.0% 23.6 53.7%

84.9% 100.0%/MI 74% 42.7% 58.1%/CA 61% 84.4% 77.6%/NC 75% 88.0% 74.7%/OH 81% 91.0% 66.7%/CA 61% 73.9% 63.9%/NY 75% 92.1% 71.2%/FL 73% 86.4% 61.5%/NH 64% 67.9% 34.8%/CA 61% 81.0% 85.6%/MN 91% 89.3% 74.2%/IL 85% 78.7% 67.6%/MI 74% 95.8% 83.7%/MS 90% 81.1% 74.1%/MA 84% 83.0% 71.8%/NC 75% 91.8% 79.4%/KY 78% 77.1% 61.6%/FL 73% 86.1% 71.9%/OH 81% 76.8% 71.8%/OK 83% 89.1% 61.0%/VA 74% 69.3% 70.7%/RI 77% 89.5% * 34.0%/LA * 88% 80.1% 69.9%/TX 79% 85.7% 78.9%/TX 79% 58.1% 61.5%/FL 73% 86.7% 79.5%/MA 84% 75.2% 54.5%/TX 79% 82.9% 65.5%/TX 79% 82.9% 35.6%/CA 61% 71.2% 55.1%/MI 74% 65.7% 65.2%/NY 75% 84.7% 56.8%/MD 72% 85.8% 75.3%/OH 81% 89.9% 69.2%/MI 74% 75.0% 69.4%/SD 74% 77.6% 36.4%/MD 72% 87.4% 74.7%/OK 83% 82.5% 70.3%/WY 68% 80.6% 82.9%/IN 84% 79.5% 68.3%/CT 82% 79.3% 80.2%/WV 78% 91.4% 39.9%/CA 61% 87.2% 71.9%/PA 81% 84.0% 89.1%/MN 91%

1School

did not return its U.S. News statistical survey. 2School was unable to complete the survey because of damage from Hurricane Katrina; last year’s data were used to calculate its ranking and are displayed here. Note: Numbers with * are from the fall 2004 entering class or school year and the 2003 graduating class as reported to the American Bar Association.

The latest comprehensive Graduate School Rankings are available at www.usnews.com/grad

Welcome to Kelley Direct—the only Top 20 MBA program* offered almost exclusively online. However many titles you hold, Kelley Direct lets you add “MBA” without missing a beat. Take classes led by world-renowned Kelley faculty members. Choose from a variety of graduate degrees. Find out more. Give us a call at (317) 278-1566 or visit www.kd.iu.edu. *BusinessWeek 10/20/04

Special Report • America’s Best Graduate Schools

Schools of Medicine THE TOP SCHOOLS • RESEARCH

Rank/School

Peer assessment Overall score score (5.0 highest)

1. Harvard University (MA) 100 2. Johns Hopkins University (MD) 80 3. University of Pennsylvania 79 4. University of California–San Francisco 78 Washington University in St. Louis 78 6. Duke University (NC) 75 7. Stanford University (CA) 73 University of Washington 73 9. Yale University (CT) 72 10. Baylor College of Medicine (TX) 70 11. Columbia U. Col. of Physicians and Surgeons (NY) 69 University of California–Los Angeles (Geffen) 69 University of Michigan–Ann Arbor 69 14. University of California–San Diego 67 15. Cornell University (Weill) (NY) 66 16. University of Pittsburgh 65 17. University of Chicago (Pritzker) 64 Vanderbilt University (TN) 64 19. U. of Texas Southwestern Medical Center–Dallas 61 20. Northwestern University (Feinberg) (IL) 59 University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill 59 22. Case Western Reserve University (OH) 58 Mayo Medical School (MN) 58 University of Alabama–Birmingham 58 25. University of Virginia 57 26. Emory University (GA) 56 U. of Colorado–Denver and Health Sciences Center 56 28. Boston University 55 University of Wisconsin–Madison 55 30. Mount Sinai School of Medicine (NY) 52 University of Iowa (Carver) 52 32. Dartmouth Medical School (NH) 51 New York University 51 Ohio State University 51 Oregon Health and Science University 51 36. University of Rochester (NY) 50 University of Southern California (Keck) 50 38. Brown University (RI) 49 University of Minnesota Medical School 49 Yeshiva University (Einstein) (NY) 49 41. Wake Forest University (NC) 47 42. Tufts University (MA) 46 University of Cincinnati 46 University of Maryland 46 45. Indiana University–Indianapolis 45 46. Georgetown University (DC) 44 University of California–Irvine 44 48. University of California–Davis 43 University of Massachusetts–Worcester 43 50. Stony Brook University (NY) 42 Tulane University1 (LA) 42 University of Florida 42 University of Utah 42

4.8 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.0 4.3 4.1 4.4 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.2 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.9 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.2 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.3 3.5 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.4 3.4 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.3 2.9 2.8 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.2

Assessment ’05 NIH score by ’05 ’05 ’05 research ’05 ’05 ’05 total residency average average ’05 NIH research grants per faculty/ out-of-state medical directors undergrad MCAT acceptance grants faculty member student tuition school (5.0 highest) GPA score rate (in millions) (in thousands) ratio and fees enrollment

4.7 4.6 4.3 4.5 4.4 4.6 4.5 4.1 4.2 3.8 4.3 4.1 4.4 4.0 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.1 3.7 4.0 3.9 4.0 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.3 3.3 3.6 3.5 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.4 3.3 3.4

3.76 3.84 3.79 3.79 3.85 3.80 3.71 3.65 3.75 3.77 3.79 3.71 3.72 3.73 3.73 3.62 3.74 3.73 3.78 3.72 3.65 3.62 3.82 3.72 3.74 3.64 3.74 3.65 3.70 3.67 3.71 3.70 3.73 3.72 3.67 3.68 3.60 3.62 3.68 3.65 3.63 3.61 3.59 3.66 3.68 3.61 3.65 3.61 3.64 3.60 3.50 3.65 3.64

11.7 11.5 11.6 11.3 12.3 11.9 11.2 10.4 11.6 11.3 11.8 10.8 11.4 11.0 11.5 11.3 10.9 11.3 11.0 11.3 10.6 11.0 10.8 10.1 10.7 11.1 11.0 10.7 10.4 11.0 10.2 10.7 11.0 10.8 10.3 10.7 11.0 11.1 10.2 10.5 10.1 10.7 10.1 10.3 9.9 10.2 10.6 10.3 10.6 10.7 10.5 10.5 9.5

5.2% $1,171.0 5.9% $475.4 4.8% $500.8 4.9% $422.9 9.9% $358.9 4.4% $330.8 * 2.9% $244.5 * 7.2% $538.8 5.9% $300.7 6.7% $454.2 5.3% $300.3 4.5% $426.8 7.8% $315.2 6.0% $273.7 4.3% $286.2 8.7% $330.0 7.2% $197.8 6.7% $249.3 13.3% $187.9 5.8% $205.9 7.1% $212.3 8.6% $240.2 2.3% $201.8 12.3% $193.4 * 8.7% $146.2 * 8.2% $187.1 9.7% $223.1 4.7% $196.4 10.6% $182.8 5.0% $174.1 * 11.9% $145.9 7.2% $109.4 5.8% $138.8 9.6% $227.1 6.2% $188.5 7.5% $140.6 7.0% $159.0 4.3% $103.8 10.3% $148.4 8.8% $203.8 4.7% $128.2 * 7.0% $85.9 11.5% $190.2 8.4% $159.8 * 14.8% $101.1 * 5.2% $158.8 7.3% $82.2 4.9% $72.8 22.8% $121.0 * 10.5% $75.3 4.8% $73.3 10.4% $82.7 12.8% $101.7

$155.7 $216.3 $244.7 $263.7 $239.1 $195.2 * $332.2 * $272.5 $301.0 $256.0 $168.9 $203.1 $165.5 $343.5 $141.3 $185.7 $253.3 $152.9 $128.9 $116.9 $171.5 $134.9 $89.5 $181.6 * $165.7 * $105.6 $147.4 $166.0 $177.3 $146.6 * $167.7 $136.2 $90.6 $119.1 $128.6 $106.5 $130.1 $147.7 $93.6 $80.5 $147.5 * $63.9 $139.4 $138.2 * $78.5 * $90.2 $180.3 $130.0 $128.8 * $150.6 $134.1 $75.4 $106.9

10.2 4.7 3.3 2.7 2.5 4.2 1.5 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.8 3.0 2.8 1.6 4.9 3.0 1.9 3.7 1.6 2.6 1.7 2.9 13.6 1.6 1.6 3.8 2.7 1.9 1.7 2.5 1.5 2.7 2.2 2.3 3.0 3.2 1.8 2.0 1.7 3.5 2.0 1.9 2.2 1.9 1.1 2.5 1.2 1.4 2.3 1.1 0.9 2.2 2.4

$38,776 739 $35,965 464 $39,467 617 $34,573 600 $39,720 593 $39,537 406 $38,431 476 $34,697 810 $37,655 441 $23,683 678 $41,873 634 $33,751 690 $34,787 688 $34,253 503 $33,345 410 $37,608 584 $34,701 416 $36,001 436 $23,732 904 $40,001 678 $34,406 732 $39,384 624 $26,500 166 $38,210 683 $38,524 563 $36,534 462 $72,791 561 $39,960 632 $32,942 619 $37,050 470 $40,282 562 $36,850 296 $38,175 703 $28,717 839 $38,760 489 $37,379 408 $40,454 665 $37,453 345 $37,769 937 $39,800 732 $34,006 431 $43,579 703 $41,004 629 $36,129 604 $41,298 1,162 $39,699 718 $35,065 388 $35,065 404 N/A 412 $34,436 447 — 627 $47,073 491 $32,805 398

Sources: U.S. News and the schools. Assessment data collected by Synovate. Note: N/A means that the school does not accept out-of-state students to its M.D. program. *The school reported only research grants the National Institutes of Health made to the medical school. No grants to affiliated hospitals were reported. 1Tulane University was unable to complete the survey because of damage from Hurricane Katrina. Last year’s data were used to calculate Tulane’s ranking and are displayed here, with the exception of tuition.

The latest comprehensive Graduate School Rankings are available at www.usnews.com/grad

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Editorial By Mortimer B. Zuckerman l Editor-in-Chief

The Cambridge Question hen you consult a doctor, are characterized by some as a failure of his management you more impressed by the certificates on style, but this obscures the real issue—the inverse rethe wall or the practical experience of his lationship between the privileges and perks of academic competence? When you fly, would you life and the quality of undergraduate teaching. care that the pilot had an aeronautics deSummers was rightly critical of Harvard’s own “sogree but only 10 hours’ flying time? Academic qualifi- lution,” which is worse than the problem—the trend of cations are like bikinis: What they reveal may be less sig- keeping students happy by giving them high grades. An nificant than what they conceal. absurd 91 percent of Harvard graduates gain honors. This had become the disturbing reality at Harvard Grade inflation mocks merit by promoting the fiction when five years ago it brought in a new reforming pres- that most Harvard graduates are academic stars. Sumident, Larry Summers. A Harvard degree remained pres- mers was determined to reduce grade inflation. He tigious, but most of those who graduated were dissat- didn’t want Harvard students to just get A’s on paper; isfied with their undergraduate education there. It was he wanted them to get an education. not commensurate with what they expected from an outSince worship of research was key, Summers asked standing faculty. Many asserted they learned less from individual departments to justify the time and money the academic stars, most of whom they rarely saw, than invested in them and their facilities. The faculty rejectfrom their fellow students. ed the request. As one professor said, “Once someone is Research, not teaching, has become Harvard’s core a tenured professor, they answer to God.” purpose; the tenured faculty No wonder Summers reare scholars first and teachers fused to rubber-stamp all the How can Harvard second. More and more untenured positions recomdergraduates are taught by mended by faculty. He wanted expect to recruit a genuine graduate assistants and partto seek out younger professors reformer now that the time faculty, who handle full who had the potential to transloads for a third or less the form their fields. As several Faculty of Arts and Sciences salaries of full professors. journals put it, he was deterhas tasted blood? (Last year, full professors at mined to bestow grants and Harvard were paid an average professorships on those fields of $163,200 and held 64 percent of the academic posts.) deemed worthy and would not be constrained by the The emphasis on research, not teaching, results in a com- taboos that protect professorial privilege and self-regard. petition among universities for faculty stars. They are atSummers’s departure marks the loss of one of the few tracted less by money than by the freedom to do their own major voices in higher education willing to talk about the research, so they shun heavy teaching loads. forces undermining our institutions of higher learning. Summers was critical of this world of unengaged He may have been blunt, but his words were directed professors and overburdened teaching assistants. He at issues everyone at Harvard must weigh seriously. understood that the core curriculum at Harvard was Given that Harvard is the emblematic American unian antiquated mess, basically a way of enabling the versity, will Summers’s departure signify a shift of power faculty members to teach their esoteric specialties in from presidents to tenured faculty? How can Harvard the name of choice. expect to recruit a genuine reformer now that the FacGetting A’s. Harvard students, like others in many uni- ulty of Arts and Sciences has tasted blood and the key versities, often graduate without the core knowledge one leaders of the Harvard board have surrendered? Are would and should expect. One of Summers’s remedies modern universities ungovernable? Will Harvard’s preswas to have faculty teach more, especially more overview ident now lose the role of public intellectual setting the courses that afford students an introduction to differ- agenda for higher education in America and become a ent disciplines. The faculty was resistant. Tenured pro- mere fundraiser? Will universities become so dominatfessors prefer to teach courses that tend to track their ed by political correctness that they are diminished as research, even their latest book, rather than boning up centers of intellectual freedom and free inquiry? on introductory material they left behind in graduate It is no answer to inadequate teaching to say that apschool. As a tenured professor responded when asked plications remain high. Harvard is the standard-bearto teach an introductory art history survey, “No self- er for the ideals of a university. It would be a shame if respecting scholar would want to teach such a course.” Summers’s departure marked the diminution of the misThe departure of Summers, later this year, has been sion of a still-great university. l

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U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT • WWW.USNEWS.COM • APRIL 10, 2006

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