Unitvii

UNIT VII Equipment & Maintenance

By Cletus Mitchell

Unit VII Turf Equipment

Table of Content

U nit VII Turf Equipment

Unit VII

Introduction

2

Lesson 1

Small Gasoline Engines Used for Turf

3

Lesson 2

Diesel Engines Used for Turf

15

Lesson 3

Reel Type Mowers Used for Turf

24

Lesson 4

Rotary Mowers Used for Turf

31

Lesson 5

Boom Sprayers

38

Lesson 6

Hey, Would You Hand Me That _______?

50

Lesson 7

Start Your Engines

56

Glossary

61

2

Unit VII. Equipment and Maintenance

Introduction

Introduction Turf Equipment and Maintenance This series of five (5) lesson plans is designed to give your students hands on experience in each of the five areas of golf course equipment. The purpose being to permit your students to have a head start in their ability to perform duties assigned by their golf course employer. For courses of this nature to be successful, it is important for the teacher to have a close working relationship with all the people in the area who are involved in the management of golf courses and sports complexes. The teacher will need their support on the subject matter he is teaching and on acquiring equipment and services he will need for his classes. This support should not be hard to obtain once the managers understand that this program will directly benefit them by providing more interested and knowledgeable employees for their employment. A solution that usually works is to have these managers in an advisory capacity on the program. They can do a wonderful job in not only advising to keep the program content current, but also, in promoting to the community especially school administrators and to their suppliers who will be a good source for your needs of equipment, educational material, and other services. All lesson plans will require equipment for hands on learning, but lessons three (3), four (4), and five (5) will especially need the assistance of the management people. It would be wise to work with them early on your needs and scheduling for the best time to teach so their equipment and possibly some expertise could be available to assist you. This should really be a fun program. Hope you enjoy teaching and guiding it through its many phases.

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Unit VII. Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 1

Lesson 1. Small Gasoline Engines Used for Turf Learning How Small Engines Work Terms piston - moveable plug that moves up and down in the cylinder bore. connecting rod - connects piston to crankshaft. Crankshaft - connected to piston by connecting rod and converts up and down motion to rotary motion.

Unifying Concepts and Processes: Systems, order, and organization

valves - intake provides entrance into combustion chamber for fuel and air mixture. Forced to stay open on intake stroke by camshaft rotation. Exhaust provides opening for burned gases to escape during exhaust stroke. Forced to stay open during exhaust stroke by camshaft rotation.

Evidence, models and explanation

flywheel - component on end of crankshaft that keeps it turning between power strokes.

Abilities to do scientific inquiry

piston rings - located in piston groove that provides for a seal at the cylinder wall. cylinder head - provides seal for one end of cylinder bore. carburetor - properly mixes filtered air with fuel. governor - controls speed.

Science as Inquiry: Understanding about scientific inquiry

Life Science: Interdependence of organisms Matter, energy, and organization in living systems Behavior of organisms History and Nature of Science: Science as human endeavor

Performance Objectives The student will •

identify the above learn the basic components of small engines used on golf course equipment.

•

explain the function of each of these components in two and four cycle engines.

•

list at least five (5) maintenance procedures recommended for these engines by the manufacturer.

Materials Needed •

National Science Education Standards, Grades 9-12

3 to 5 Hp lawn mower type engine. These can be worn out engines and can be obtain service shops for no charge . ed from Students often can bring in engines from their home. Try to have at least one 2-stroke cycle engine.

4

Nature of scientific knowledge Mathematical Skills

Unit VII. Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 1

All engines being by the same manufacturer makes teaching easier, but students will encounter several different brand engines when employed. •

A set of small engine tools Valve spring compressor Flywheel holder Flywheel puller Starter clutch wrench Ratchet torque wrench in inch pounds to 150 Feeler gauge Tang bending tool Spark plug gauge Spark tester Piston ring compressor

•

3. General purpose tools recommended Socket set 3/8" drive Standard screwdriver Phillips screwdriver Putty knife Shot filled mallet or dead below hammer Adjustable wrench Additional tools will be needed if major work is to be done

• •

Student sheet Specification manuals for the engines. Obtain through small engine dealer.

Background Information Most small engines are designed to run approximately 1000 hrs. General public and most homeowners do not reach this amount of service life. Good filtration of oil and air will extend small engine life to 1500 hrs. For each gallon of fuel consumed, an engine will take in 10,000 to 12,000 gallons of air and produce approximately one gallon of water during the burning process. Water, sulphur in the fuel, and heat from combustion produce sulfuric acid (battery acid). Acid, dirt via air stream, metal particles in oil, and oil oxidation manufacture contaminants in the engine. How contaminants enter the engine determines where major wear will occur. By: a. Air - top of cylinder area

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Unit VII. Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 1

b. Oil - bottom of cylinder area, bearings, etc. Teacher Preparation •

Review recommended small engine repair manuals listed at the end of this lesson.

•

Disassemble a small engine. Use components in class when discussing the terms listed at the beginning of this lesson.

•

Visit: www.briggsandstratton.com

Procedure Depending on students knowledge of small engines which may range from zero to high, you may find it more rewarding for students to have them divided into groups of two or three and disassemble a small engine before actual class discussion begins. Use the small engine laboratory plans included with this lesson or make some other guide for them to use. Discuss each of the major components with the students and try to get feedback from them on each one. If you do not have components of an engine to show in class, use slides (Briggs and Stratton has them available) or overhead projector so students can identify each component being discussed. Discussion of each component can center around: A. Piston - a moveable plug. - wrist or piston pin holes that connect to eye of connecting rod. Identify how the piston pin is held in place. - what action does this pin provide to piston and connecting rod? - made of aluminum containing some nickel and chromium to add hardness. - we divide into two areas for discussion a. ring area - contains two types of rings--oil and compring rings b. skirt - lower portion which guides piston in cylinder bore - area between rings is called land. - rings transfer heat to cylinder wall and provide a seal to contain the hot burning gases. - oil ring removes excess oil from cylinder wall. - two stroke cycle engine pistons are normally designed so the top deflects incoming air fuel mixture to top of cylinder. - some future engines may have a compression ring at the very top of the piston (will have different shape than regular compression ring) to prevent fuel from getting trapped on top of first ring and between cylinder wall and piston. Presently this fuel doesn’t burn well so this ring would aid in efficiency and pollution control.

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Unit VII. Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 1

Have students note the abrasive wear that has occurred at ring and skirt areas of pistons from engines disassembled. B. Connecting rod - connects piston to crankshaft. - eye holds wrist pin. - cap end holds crankshaft - cap will only go on one way--look for wear pattern here. - has to be able to withstand tremendous pressure. Always examine carefully to be sure the connecting rod is not bent. A dealer or technician has a special tool to check if a rod is bent. C. Crankshaft - converts recipating motion to rotary motion. - connected to cap end of connecting rod. - all other components driven from crankshaft. - may contain oil ports if engine has oil pump. - each end runs in well oiled sleeve bearing. - note the type of wear that occurred at each bearing. D. Valves - (on 4-cycle engines only) provide in and out openings to cylinder for air and fuel mixture and the burning gases. - poppet valves are forced open by the rotating camshaft on 4-cycle engines. - must be in time with piston travel so air/fuel mixture can come into cylinder on intake stroke and exhaust gases go out on exhaust stroke. - 4-stroke cycle refers to four strokes of piston travel or two revolutions of the crankshaft. During the four strokes four events will happen--intake, compression, power, exhaust. - 2-stroke cycle refers to two strokes of piston or one revolution of the crankshaft. During the two strokes the same four events will happen--power, exhaust, intake, compression. No poppet valves are used on gasoline 2-stroke cycle engines. Exhaust and intake occur at the bottom of the power stroke when two ports are uncovered by the top of the piston. During the power stroke as the piston enters the crankcase, pressure in the crankcase builds and as the intake port is uncovered fuel vapor mixed with oil for lubrication rushes into the cylinder. This helps clear out the remaining exhaust gases through the exhaust port. As the piston goes up on compression, it leaves the crankcase area causing a vacuum which permits outside air to rush in through the carburetor to fill the vacuum. The crankcase is then recharged with an air fuel mixture and minute droplets of oil. It is very important that the crankcase of a 2 cycle engine be air tight. E. Flywheel

7

Unit VII. Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 1

- keyed to one end of crankshaft and keeps the engine crankshaft turning between power strokes. Properly keyed keeps engine in time. - contains magnets to assist magneto in firing the spark plug. - designed to create air flow over the engine for cooling. - when disassembling engine always check closely for cracks. F. Piston rings Two types: Compression ring Oil ring -

located in grooves in piston. provide seal between piston and cylinder wall. bottom ring wipes excess oil from the cylinder wall. excess wear can occur from contaminants in the incoming air - look for sandpaper like scratches on the rings. G. Cylinder head - provides seal for one end of cylinder. - normally contains the spark plug for gasoline engines. - newer engines with overhead valves will have the intake and exhaust valves located here. See attachment at the end of this lesson for a discussion on OHV vs conventional small engine. - this component is exposed to a tremendous amount of heat. Always check to be sure it is not warped or cracked. H. Carburetor - provides properly mixed filtered air and fuel in gaseous form to the combustion chamber. - many types used but all will contain a throttle valve to regulate air fuel flow and a choke to enrich the air fuel mixture for starting. I. Governor - controls engine speed. - connected to throttle valve in the carburetor. - adjusts throttle valve position to allow more or less air fuel mixture into combustion chamber. This keeps the engine at a constant speed under varying loads. - two types a. gear - driven off either the camshaft or crankshaft b. air vane - driven by the air flow created by the turning flywheel Maintenance for Engine Life - Keep engine clean as possible. Remove debris from shroud area of engine so air can flow for cooling engine. - Clean or replace air filter on schedule. More often if working in dusty conditions.

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Unit VII. Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 1

- Use clean gasoline that is no more than 30 days old. - Use correct service classification and viscosity oil. Follow operators manual recommendations. Some manufacturers will recommend only an SAE-30 viscosity for summer use while some will recommend SAE 10W30. Regardless of type of oil used change as recommended by the manufacturer. Most will recommend changing every 25 hours of operation on engines without a filter and every 50 hours on engines that have oil filters. - Do not continuously overload engine.

Reflection What type of careers involve small engine knowledge? How are small engines like automobile engines? Would you be interested in a career with a manufacturer of small engines?

Enhancement Most students will have experience with small engines on home lawnmowers. Ask students about types and sizes of motors used and about any problems they encountered. Have students visit the maintenance facility at a local golf course to see the various duties small engines perform and discuss with the head technician their engine maintenance program. Recommended Small Engine Manual Small Engine Care & Repair - order from Briggs and Stratton dealer or www.briggsandstratton.com Small Engine Workbook by R.T. Miller and R. Bruce Radcliff. American Technical Publisher, Homewood, Illinois 60430. Small Engines by Bruce Radcliff. American Technical Publishers, Inc., Homewood, Illinois 60430.

ATTACHMENT Diagrams courtesy of Briggs and Stratton Corp. The diagram on the left represents a conventional small engine. This type has been in use for many years throughout the industry. Notice the area of the

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Unit VII. Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 1

combustion chamber below the spark plug. This large area is needed so the valves can open, but it limits the design for a smaller combustion area. Usually an engine of this type will have a compression ratio of about 6 to 1. Compression ratio is defined as the ratio of the area in the combustion chamber when the piston is at top dead center vs. when it is at bottom dead center. The diagram on the right represents a newer version of a small engine with its valves located in the head. This OHV arrangement permits a design of a smaller and a more symmetrical combustion chamber with a compression ratio of approximately 8 to 1. The air fuel mixture is then compressed more on the compression stroke causing the burning mixture to expand faster on the power stroke giving the engine more power. The air fuel mixture has less contact with the cooler metal that surrounds the combustion chamber so the fuel burns more efficiently with less pollution than the fuel in the older design engine.

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Unit VII. Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 1

STUDENT SHEET

Student ________________ Date____________

STUDENT SHEET FOR SMALL GASOLINE ENGINES

(For note taking during discussion period)

Terms learned: Piston Connecting rod Crankshaft Valves 4-stroke cycle 2-stroke cycle Flywheel Piston rings types:

Carburetor Governor Maintenance for longer engine life 1. 2. 3.

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Unit VII. Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 1

4. 5.

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Unit VII. Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 1

LESSON 1: STUDENT SHEET FOR SMALL GASOLINE ENGINE LABORATORY DO IN ORDER 1.

List the engine manufacturer _______________________________ Model # ________________ Serial # ______________ Engine type ________________ This is data you will need when ordering new parts or for finding engine specifications.

2.

Drain the oil.

3.

Remove the spark plug.

4.

Remove the muffler.

5.

Remove the air cleaner. Does it need to be cleaned or replaced?

6.

Remove the carburetor.

7.

Gas tank.

8.

Governor linkage. Draw a sketch of the governor linkage and carburetor hookup to use in your reassembly. It is easy to forget just how it was hooked up.

9.

Remove the engine shroud.

10.

Remove the crankshaft screen, nut and starter mechanism.

11.

Remove the flywheel - use correct type of puller. Examine flywheel for cracks or broken fins. Check the keyway for enlargement. This can affect timing.

12.

Remove cylinder head and gasket. Clean and check for warpage and cracks. Use correct bolt torque when reassembling. Check ring end gap and compare to specifications.

13.

Remove valve cover plate.

14.

Remove valves and valve springs - note their condition.

15.

Remove crankcase cover plate.

16.

Check timing marks on crankshaft and camshaft gears. If marks are not plainly visible, mark them with proper tool. 17.

Remove camshaft and tappets.

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Unit VII. Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 1

18.

Remove connecting rod cap. Clean oil from cap--note the wear patter on cap and connecting rod bearing. What caused this wear? Use correct torque when reassembling.

19.

Push the piston and rod out of the cylinder. If this is an older and worn engine there may be a ridge around the top of the cylinder. What caused this ridge to form?

20.

Remove crankshaft.

21.

Lay out all the components we listed under “terms”. Study so you have an understanding of what each component does in a running engine.

22. When your instructor tells you to reassemble the engine, do so in the reverse order of disassembly.

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Unit VII Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 2

Lesson 2. Diesel Engines Used on Turf How Diesel and Gasoline Engines are Alike but Different

Terms piston: moveable plug that moves up and down in the cylinder bore. connecting rod: connects piston to crankshaft. crankshaft: connected to piston by connecting rod and converts up and down motion to rotary motion. valves: Intakes are used only on 4-stroke cycle diesel engines and provide entrance into combustion chamber for filtered air to enter. More air is used by a diesel engine than a gasoline engine. Forced to stay open on intake stroke by camshaft rotation. Exhaust provides opening for burned gases to escape during exhaust stroke. Forced to stay open during exhaust stroke by camshaft rotation. flywheel: component on end of crankshaft that keeps it turning between power strokes. piston rings: located in piston groove that provides for a seal at the cylinder wall. cylinder head: provides seal for one end of cylinder bore. multicylinder: more than one cylinder served by one crankshaft. Golf course fairway mowers would be pulled by a three to six cylinder engine. fuel Injector: a component in the cylinder head that sprays fuel into cylinder in an atomized form. injection pump: driven by camshaft gear as it pumps a measured amount of diesel fuel under pressure to each injector. cetane: a diesel fuel rating based on its ignition qualities. octane: a rating of gasoline based upon its antiknocking characteristics.

Performance Objectives The student will 1. identify the basic components of a diesel engine used on golf course equipment. 2. define the above terms as they relate to the proper functioning of a diesel engine.

15

National Science Education Standards, Grades 9-12 Unifying Concepts and Processes: Systems, order, and organization Evidence, models and explanation Science as Inquiry: Understanding about scientific inquiry Abilities to do scientific inquiry Life Science: Interdependence of organisms Matter, energy, and organization in living systems Behavior of organisms History and Nature of Science: Science as human endeavor Nature of scientific knowledge Mathematical Skills

Unit VII Equipment and Maintenance

3. 4.

Lesson 2

identify the correct maintenance procedures for diesel engines used on golf courses. identify six important differences between fuels and lubricants used in golf course diesel and gasoline engines.

Materials needed • • • •

student sheet for each student. hand tire pump and a tire to inflate. diesel engine injector and piston. one quart containers of an s and ac classification motor oil.

Background Information A diesel engine is more efficient than a gasoline engine. If a gasoline engine uses 100 units of fuel to mow a fairway, a diesel engine would use approximately 75 units of fuel. Diesel engines use larger air intake systems than gasoline engines. Good air filtration is very important. Diesel fuel contains more energy than gasoline on a per unit basis. Burning one gallon produces about one gallon of water. Diesel fuel contains more sulfur than gasoline. Sulfuric acid is produced by the combining of sulfur, water and heat from the combustion process. Diesel engines on golf courses will be 4-stroke cycle engines. Ignition of the diesel fuel is caused by the heat generated by compressing air on the compressing stroke. Near the end of the compression stroke the injector injects fuel into the compressed air--no carburetor is used. For more information on diesel engines order textbooks listed at the end of this lesson.

Teacher Preparation • • • •

•

Have some knowledge of the components of a small gasoline engine. Components of diesel and gasoline engines are somewhat the same except for ignition and intake of fuel. In discussing the major components be able to compare to a comparable gasoline engine component. Farm diesel tractor engines are basically the same as the diesel engines used on golf courses. A few worn out components such as pistons, valves, injector, etc. could be obtained from a farm machinery dealer. Identify for class discussion the classification and viscosity identification on the one quart oil containers.

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Unit VII Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 2

•

Prepare for students to inflate a tire in class using a hand tire pump.

•

Visit www.Kubota.com www.deere.com Select “Company Info” then “Publications” and then “John Deere Publishing” or use phone number 1-800-522-7448. Site can be used for questions.

Procedure

It is recommended that the class study lesson #1 on Small Engines before studying this lesson on diesel engines. 1.

Have components from a small engine available along with a piston and an injector from a diesel engine. Having other comparable components would be helpful.

2.

Discuss each of the major components with the students emphasizing the similarity of components of a gasoline engine, but also point out that on the same horsepower size engine diesel engine components will be heavier and stronger to withstand more pressure created by the diesel engine.

3.

Point out that compression pressure in a gasoline engine is approximately 150 to 175 lbs. per square inch while in a diesel engine it will be 375 to 450 lbs. per square inch.

4.

Have students pump air into the tire using a hand pump. After a few strokes and pressure begins to build in the tire have them feel the tire pump at the bottom of stroke area. Notice the heat generated and you probably are under 30 psi. Compression pressure in a diesel engine cylinder will create temperatures well over 1000oF.

5.

Emphasize to the students that when they are fueling a diesel engine they take extra precaution to keep the fuel clean.

Discussion of each component can center around: A.

Piston - a moveable plug. - has two holes for pin to connect to connecting rod. - made of aluminum containing some nickel and chromium to add to hardness. - divided into two areas for discussion a. ring area - area above the piston pin - contains compression rings and oil ring

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Unit VII Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 2

- top of the ring area will contain some kind of a configuration (usually a depression) designed to churn the air on the compression stroke. This is important so that the air and fuel mix well when the fuel is sprayed into the cylinder by the injector. b. skirt - portion below pin which guides piston in cylinder bore. - area between rings is called land - discuss with students the differences in the abrasive wear in the ring area and the skirt area. Ring area caused by particles in air not removed by filter and skirt area by particles in the oil. B.

Connecting rod - connects piston to crankshaft. - eye holds piston pin. - cap end holds crankshaft. This end will have a split sleeve bearing. Note holes for lubrication by pressurized oil. - need to withstand tremendous pressure. - a technician should examine carefully before reinstalling to be sure it is not bent.

C.

Crankshaft -

D.

converts recipating motion to rotary motion. all other components are driven by crankshaft. contains oil ports for lubrication by the pressurized lubrication system. supported in the engine block by split sleeve main bearings.

Valves - provide in and out openings to cylinder for air to enter and burning gases to leave. - a camshaft driven by the crankshaft forces the valves open in time with piston travel. - open and close on every other revolution of the crankshaft on a 4-stroke cycle diesel engine. - 2-stroke cycle diesel engine only has exhaust valves and will open with each revolution of the crankshaft. Intake air will enter through ports in the cylinder wall at the bottom of each stroke from a pressurized air chamber.

E.

Flywheel - component on end of crankshaft that keeps it turning between power strokes. - will contain a ring gear that the starter engages for cranking the engine. - often contains marks for timing the fuel injection to piston travel.

F.

Piston rings - provide seal between piston and cylinder wall.

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Unit VII Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 2

- located above piston pin. - transfer heat to cylinder wall. - oil ring on the bottom removes excess oil from cylinder wall. G.

Cylinder head -

H.

provides seal for one end of cylinder bore. contains the valves and their components. contains passages for coolant. contains the fuel injector.

Multicylinder engine - an engine with more than one cylinder served by one crankshaft. - each cylinder has its own valves, piston, and connecting rod. - each produces a power stroke at the correct time in the rotation of the crankshaft. - diesel engines used on golf courses will have three to six cylinders.

I.

Fuel Injectors - sprays fuel into the compressed air in a cylinder at end of the compression stroke. - receives fuel from the injection pump in measured amounts. - should develop a definite spray pattern and spray the fuel in an atomized form. - dirty injectors cause excess smoke and loss of power.

J.

Injector pump - supplies the injector of each cylinder with a measured amount of fuel under pressure timed to piston travel. - contains a governor to control engine speed. - some injector pumps are lubricated by oil from the crankcase of the engine and some only by diesel fuel.

K.

Cetane - a rating given to diesel fuel based on its ignition qualities. - we want fuel to start to burn as soon as the spray into the cylinder is started. The lower the cetane number, the longer the delay for the fuel to start burning. - a 50 cetane rating or higher would be ideal for most golf course diesel engines.

L.

Octane - a rating given to gasoline based on its knocking characteristics. - gasoline air fuel mixture is normally ignited on one side of a cylinder. The flame should travel smoothly across the top of the cylinder instead of exploding on top of the piston. If it explodes it causes the engine to knock.

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Unit VII Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 2

- an 87 octane gasoline used by our automobiles can be used in our golf course small engines. - never attempt to use gasoline as a fuel in a diesel engine. Maintenance for Extended Diesel Engine Life - Buy only clean fuel and keep it clean. Do not use funnels or cans to fuel an engine. This will transfer dust into the fuel tank. - Do not run the fuel supply tank empty. If air gets into the fuel lines or injection pump, the fuel system will have to be bled which may require expert assistance from the golf course technician or a call to the dealer for assistance. - Only buy a 30 day supply of fuel. Always use fresh clean fuel. - Starting fluids such as ether are normally not recommended by engine manufacturers. - Underground storage tanks are better for fuel storage than above ground. Less contaminations due to less temperature change. Cool nights and warm days causes condensation to occur in the supply tank. Diesel injection pumps and injectors cannot tolerate water even in small amounts. - Use a fuel with a cetane rating of 50 or higher. The engine will run quieter than if you use the lowest rating of 40. - Change air filters as recommended by the engine manufacturer or more often in dusty conditions. - Use a lubricating oil recommended for diesel engines. It will have API ( American Petroleum Institute) letters beginning with C such as CH. An SH oil would be recommended for a gasoline engine. The SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) 10W-30 or SAE-30 on the oil container is the viscosity number and refers to how easily the oil will flow. The last letter of the API classification letters will change and move on through the alphabet as quality improvements in the oil are made by the oil compa nies. Be sure to follow engine manufacturers recommendations on type and hours between changes. - Lube other moving parts on schedule or more often. - Clean and flush cooling system as recommended by manufacturer. - Keep a proper mixture of antifreeze and water solution in the cooling system. It raises the boiling point of plain water and supplies lube for water pump plus helping to control rust. - Keep tires properly inflated.

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Unit VII Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 2

Reflection Why are diesel engines replacing gasoline engines on the golf course. Do diesel engines really last longer than gasoline engines? Ask why if they say yes. Would you like a career in the diesel engine industry?

Enhancement Some students will have experience using a diesel engine. Farm trucks and tractors will probably be diesel fuel powered. Nonfarm students may have access to diesel powered pick-up trucks. Ask students about their experiences with diesel engines, why use diesel engines when we have good success with gasoline engines and for those who have diesel engines at home have them compare experiences and maintenance programs used. Have students visit local golf courses and discuss with the superintendent: a. Where he uses diesel engines. b. How does the course store its fuel. c. What maintenance procedures do they use. Recommended References: Diesel Technology by Andrew Norman, John Corinchock, Robert Scharff. The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Publishers. Fundamentals of Service Engines by Deere & Company, Moline, Illinois.

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Unit VII Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 2

STUDENT SHEET

Student ________________ Date____________

STUDENT SHEET FOR DIESEL ENGINES USED ON GOLF COURSES (For note taking throughout class discussion) Terms learned: Piston:

Connecting rod:

Crankshaft:

Valves:

Flywheel:

Piston rings:

Cylinder head:

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Unit VII Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 2

Multicylinder engine:

Fuel injectors:

Fuel injector pump:

Cetane:

Fuel octane:

Oil: API

SAE Maintenance for extended engine life

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Unit VII Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 3

Lesson 3. Reel Type Mowers Used for Turf Using a Grooming Tool on the Golf Course

Terms reel type mower - a precision tool used on a golf course where a well groomed turf is necessary such as on the greens and fairways.

National Science Education Standards, Grades 9-12

reel - curved rotating blade of tempered steel.

Unifying Concepts and Processes:

bedknife - stationary blade of tempered steel that

Systems, order, and organization

forms a shearing action with the rotating reel. ground driven reel - wheel mowers that use the wheel contact to ground as power source to turn reel. hydraulic driven reel - mowers that use hydraulic motors mounted on reels as power source. mower operator - person responsible for properly driving the pulling unit and for the proper adjustment of each mower unit throughout the day as needed. reel mower safety - speed and equipment maintenance are prime safety factors. mower maintenance - a precision tool of this type needs to be maintained properly to retain its sharp grooming properties.

Performance Objectives

Evidence, models and explanation Science as Inquiry: Understanding about scientific inquiry Abilities to do scientific inquiry Life Science: Interdependence of organisms Matter, energy, and organization in living systems Behavior of organisms History and Nature of Science: Science as human endeavor Nature of scientific knowledge

The student will

Mathematical Skills

•

identify the various types of reel type mowers and where they are used on the golf course.

•

identify the proper safety practices to use when in the presence of or as an operator of a reel type mower.

•

list the proper maintenance procedures to use when operating a reel type mower.

•

adjust the reel to bedknife setting on a reel type mower as recommended by manufacturer.

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Unit VII Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 3

Materials Needed • • • • •

•

Student sheet Obtain an operators manual on reel type mowers. Borrow from local golf course or the school athletic department if they have these type mowers for the athletic complex. Pictures of reel type mowers--slides would be good or obtain a video from the local golf course or the manufacturer. Golf course reel type mowers. Schedule with the local golf course, school athletic complex, or a service shop for the day of your class. Perhaps the service technician can deliver and assist students, but be sure he understands what you want to accomplish. Be sure ALL students get hands on experience. For each student, have a copy of the operators manual on safety and maintenance procedures. Teacher may need to make copies.

Background Information Reel type mowers use a shearing action to cut grass just as a seamstress uses scissors to cut cloth. Sharply cut grass recovers faster and stays greener than grass torn in the cutting process. Over adjustment of reel and bedknife as indicated by a heavy metal contact sound causes premature dulling of cutting edges. Each reel mower should be adjusted according to the operators manual instructions. Cutting dead grass and mowing too close to sand traps causes premature dulling of cutting edges. Green grass lubricates the mower to prevent buildup of heat in the reel and bedknife. Heat will expand the metal causing more contact between the two metals resulting in uneven wear and poor cutting. Operator driving too fast causes the individual cutting units to bounce causing uneven cutting and also may cause the operator to lose control and/or fall off. Mowing in and around trees and other structures requires driving skills that best come with practice.

Teacher Preparation • • • • •

Have some knowledge of where and why a reel type mower is used on a golf course or on the school athletic complex. Visit a site and talk to the superintendent. Volunteer to operate a mower to acquire experience. Obtain an operators manual and study the manufacturers recommendations on maintenance and on safety when operating the mower. If possible, gain knowledge of more than one manufacturers equipment to be able to compare and discuss differences in class. Discuss with a professional person who grinds reels and bedknives about different grinding techniques used.

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Unit VII Equipment and Maintenance

•

Lesson 3

Visit: www.toro.com, www.jacobsen.textron.com and www.deere.com as listed in lesson number two.

Procedure 1. 2. 3. a.

b. c.

d. e.

g.

Determine present knowledge of students. Perhaps some have been employed where golf course reel type mowers were used. Show pictures or slides of reel type mowers so all students have visual perception of the lesson. Use the picture or slides to identify mower components as discussion occurs. Have reel type mowers available. Discussion can center around identifying --

Reel type mower - a precision tool used on a golf course or wherever a groomed turf is desired. A reel turning over a stationary bedknife will cut the grass with a shearing action. On golf courses they are used on fairways and greens where golfers need a low cut grass to drive the ball correctly. A greens reel type mower will adjust to cutting the grass to as low as 1/8 inch. It will also collect the clippings so the operator does not have to sweep the greens. Some golf courses will use walk behind mowers on greens. Fairway mowers are wider mowers used to cut the grass smooth at a greater height. Some fairway mowers are pull behind mowers while some are semi-mounted. On athletic fields reel mowers are used to produce a smooth cut on football, baseball, and soccer fields. Reel - a curved rotating unit made up of several blades of tempered steel. For smooth cuts the blades need to be precision ground on a reel grinding machine by a professional. Bedknife - a stationary blade of tempered steel that forms a shearing action with the rotating reel. Needs to be precision ground on a bedknife grinder by a professional and properly adjusted in relation to the rotating reel for smooth cuts. The bedknife top face is the top cutting surface of the bedknife while the bedknife front face is the leading front edge of the bedknife. The top face and front face form an upside down L figure that assists the rotating reel with the shearing action. Ground driven reel - wheel mowers that use the wheel contact to ground as a power source to turn the reel. Several mower units are usually clustered together and pulled by a tractor type power unit that is driven by the operator. Hydraulic driven reel - clusters of mowers that use hydraulic motors mounted on the ends of the unit as a power source to turn the reel. Hydraulic power to run the motor is supplied by the mobile unit pulling the mowers. f. Mower operator - person responsible for properly driving the unit and for the proper bedknife to reel adjustment as needed throughout the mowing day. The operator is the person responsible for quality of cut and the life of the equipment. A skilled operator listens to the sound of the mowing units and observes the cut being done. A skilled reel mower operator is usually not a newly hired person. It takes considerable training by supervisor or superintendent and personal motivation by the operator to acquire these necessary skills. Mower Safety A good reel mower operator is safety minded at all times. By using common sense and thinking ahead, he is protecting himself, other people around him, and his equipment. Major safety problems can be avoided

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by 1. driving the correct speed. Most mowers are engineered to operate within a certain speed range. Exceeding this speed range causes poor quality of cut due to - cutting units bouncing on the turf. - uneven bedknife wear due to heat build-up between reel and bedknife. - operator not being able to observe debris on turf that can damage cutting units. 2. equipment being kept in good repair. The operator should check his equipment each morning before going out to mow the fairways and/or greens. It is normal for equipment to lose nuts and bolts over time which can cause not only alignment problems but sprung or broken reels and bedknives so these must be checked throughout the day as well. Things to do before the engine is started. (Student project) a. b. c. d. e. f.

Read the operators manual on safety. Remove all debris from area to be mowed. Wear proper clothing. Be sure all interlock switches are working. Fill fuel tank. Check to be sure all shields and safety devices are in place.

Things to do after mowing has started. (Do as class project.) a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i.

Have no extra riders. Drive at a safe speed. Always sit on the seat. Always concentrate on the mower unit and the land ahead. Only mow when you can see well. Be careful on slopes. Never turn around on a slope. Watch out for other people. Golfers will expect you to stop to let them play through. If you stop to get off, always stop the engine and set the brake. Have students give more ideas on safety.

h. Mower Maintenance In this lesson we have been emphasizing that reel mowers are precision cutting tools. To maintain this precision characteristic, proper maintenance must be performed on the equipment on a scheduled basis. Major things like grinding the reel and bedknife or replacement of major

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components are best left up to the golf course technician or other professionals. However, there are several things an operator should do to keep his equipment operating properly longer. - Keep and follow a maintenance schedule for each mower. - Study the operators manual thoroughly. - Keep the reel and bedknife adjusted properly in relation to each other throughout the day. Why? Using operators manual have students adjust mowers as a class project. - Avoid mowing too close to sand traps or around other abrasive materials. - Stop reels from turning when crossing parking lots or roads where there is no grass cutting to lube the cutting units. - Check the height and smoothness of cut throughout the day especially on greens. - Before starting each day (have students do be fore they start to mow as a class project). a. b. c. d.

check check check check

radiator level and add if necessary. engine oil level and add if necessary. hydraulic oil level and add if necessary. to see if air filter needs changing.

- Each day after mowing (do after students have practiced mowing as a class project). a. blow dirt and clippings with compressed air from radiator. b. wash grass clippings from mower with low pressure water. c. grease fittings to chase out any water--do not over grease. d. report any problems or unusual noise to technician or teacher.

Reflections How many careers involve the reel mower? Why do we call reel mowers the precision mower? What type of training would you need to be one of the best reel mower operators?

Enhancement •

Visit a web site of a reel mower manufacturer. Find out what they say about their fairway and greens mower. How are they different? How are they alike?

•

Visit a golf course during mowing time and watch a reel mower cut grass. How does it do that? What is different vs. school class mowing?

•

Ask the operator about his job and what he is responsible for.

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STUDENT SHEET

Student ________________ Date____________

STUDENT SHEET FOR REEL TYPE MOWERS USED ON GOLF COURSES (For note taking throughout class discussion) Terms learned: Reel type mower -

Reel -

Bedknife -

Ground driven reel -

Hydraulic driven reel -

Mower operator -

Reel mower safety 1.

2.

Things to do before the engine is started Things to do after the mowing has started

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Reel mower maintenance Why have a timely maintenance schedule?

List maintenance procedures you as an operator would probably be responsible for when mowing fairways and/or greens.

Before starting each day

Each day after mowing

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Lesson 4. Rotary Mowers Used for Turf Using Rotary Mowers Terms rotary mower - a grass cutting tool used on golf courses where a well groomed turf is not necessary. On most golf courses this would include most all of the land except fairways and greens. discharge mower deck - a support unit for the rotating blades that also provides a passage for the cut grass material to be discharged usually to the side of the cutting unit. recycler or mulch mower deck - a support unit for the rotating blades that confines the cutting material and usually moves the material in such a way that the rotating blade cuts the grass blades into small pieces before falling and dispersing into the new cut grass. hover mowers - a wheelless mowing tool used in cutting grass on extreme locations such as steep banks, sand traps, etc. Hover is a brand term. walk behind rotary mowers - mowers that are selfpropelled or pushed by operator on smaller areas of the golf course where it is not practical to use the larger units. rotary mower safety - with the tip of a rotary mower blade traveling 15,000 to 18,000 feet per minute, this tool is very dangerous so extreme safety must be used. rotary mower maintenance - on rotary mowers the blade is the heart of the mowing unit and must be kept in good condition along with the support equipment for quality mowing. Blades must be professionally ground when they become dull.

Unifying Concepts and Processes: Systems, order, and organization Evidence, models and explanation Science as Inquiry: Understanding about scientific inquiry Abilities to do scientific inquiry Life Science: Interdependence of organisms Matter, energy, and organization in living systems Behavior of organisms History and Nature of Science: Science as human endeavor Nature of scientific knowledge Mathematical Skills

Performance Objectives The student will • identify the various types of rotary mowers and where they are used on the golf course. • identify the proper safety practices to use when in the presence of or as an operator of a rotary mower. • list at least seven proper maintenance procedures a person should use as an operator of a rotary mower.

Materials Needed •

National Science Education Standards, Grades 9-12

Student sheet.

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Unit VII Equipment and Maintenance

• • • •

•

Lesson 4

Obtain an operators manual on rotary mowers. Borrow from local golf course or the high school athletic department. Pictures of rotary mowers used on golf courses in your area. Slides would be good to use or the local golf course may have a training video available. Manufacturers have them available. A copy for each student of safety and maintenance procedures from an operators manual. Teachers may need to make copies. Golf course type rotary mowers. Schedule with local golf courses or school athletic complex for the day of your class. Perhaps the course technician can deliver and assist the students, but be sure he understands what you want to accomplish. Be sure ALL students get hands on experience. A hover type mower.

Background Information The tip of the rotating blade does the cutting and must travel at a tremendous speed to clip the grass blades as they extend upward. The blade must have a sharp cutting edge to cut rather than tear the grass blade. The blade dulls easily because of its speed and the sticks and stones it encounters. Hitting solid objects can easily warp or bend the blade so that the cut is uneven. Warped or bent blades may cause the mower unit to vibrate so that is dangerous to operate and in this condition may also destroy seals on the blade shaft. Correct driving speed and driver courtesy to others are a must for the operator to learn.

Teacher Information • • • • • •

Have some knowledge of where and why a rotary mower is used on a golf course or on the school athletic field. Visit the local golf course and talk to the superintendent. Volunteer to operate a rotary mower to acquire experience that you may lack. Obtain an operators manual and study the manufacturers recommendations on maintenance and on safety when operating the mower. If possible, gain knowledge of more than one manufacturers equipment to be able to compare and discuss differences in class. Discuss with a professional person who sharpens rotary blades about how he inspects and grinds each blade to maintain its original characteristics. Visit www.toro.com, www.hovermower.com, www.jacobsen.textron.com, and www.deere.com as listed in lesson number two.

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Procedure 1. Determine present knowledge of students. Perhaps some have been employed where golf course type rotary mowers are used. 2. Stress to the students the importance of their studying an operators manual and or video to learn the safety rules and maintenance procedures they must follow before they operate a golf course rotary mower. 3. Show pictures, videos or slides of golf course type rotary mowers so all students have a visual perception of the lesson to be learned. 4. Discussion can center around a. Rotary type mower - a grass cutting tool used on golf courses where a well groomed turf is not necessary. On most golf courses this would include areas other than the greens and fairways. This mower can be mounted or semimounted to a tractor unit which the operator rides. Smaller mowers may be self-propelled with the operator merely guiding the unit while on still smaller ones the operator may push and guide the mower. b. Discharge mower deck - a support unit for the rotating blades that also provides a passage for the cut grass material to be discharged to the side or behind the cutting unit. On larger mowers this deck would probably be mounted or semimounted to a tractor power unit. This mower will have several rotating blades that are either “V” belt driven or driven from a power take off assembly from the tractor. This PTO assembly usually runs to a gear box in the center of the deck where the power changes to a “V” belt drive to each of the rotating blades. c. Recycler or mulch mower deck - a support for the rotating blades that confines the cut grass and usually causes the cut material to move in such a way that the rotating blade can recut it into small pieces before falling and dispersing into the new cut grass below. This unit is often mounted to the tractor and driven in the same way as a discharge deck and they are sometimes interchangeable so that only one tractor power unit is needed. Be sure students see and compare this mower with the regular mower. d. Hover mowers - a wheelless mowing tool used in cutting grass on extreme locations such as steep banks, sand traps, etc. they are made of lightweight material and kind of hover over the grass as cutting is done. Can cut down to one and one half inches high which makes them somewhat more dangerous to use because they can throw more debris than most rotary mowers. The operator guides it over the grass with handles similar to a home yard push mower. It is recommended that the operator wear extra protection such as good quality leather shoes, cover over the ankles and legs, and safety glasses. e. Walk behind mowers - usually smaller rotary mowers where the operator walks behind. Includes small self-propelled and push mowers. Almost all

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golf courses have areas where it is not practical to use a large mower and these do a fine job particularly on uneven land. f. Rotary mower safety - the tip of a rotary mower blade travels at a tremendous speed and when (it isn’t if, it is when) it comes in contact with a stick or small rock the blade acts like a tremendous slingshot. The object can hit the operator or another person in the area and cause a severe injury. Driving at a safe constant speed is very important not only for better mowing quality, but also, for the safety of the operator. With each student having a copy of safety procedures, discuss each factor separately and let the students relate to what they already know and any experiences they have had. Things to consider before the engine is started (have students do when appropriate). 1. The operator should always read the operators manual. 2. Remove all debris from area to be mowed, limbs, golf club, etc. 3. Wear proper clothing. Be extra safe when using the hover mower. 4. Be sure all interlock switches work. 5. Fill fuel tank before starting engine. 6. Be sure all shields and safety devices are in place. Things to consider after mowing has started. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

No riders while the unit is moving. Drive at a safe speed--watch for trees, holes, etc. Always sit on the seat. Always concentrate on the mower unit and land ahead. Only mow when you can see well. Be careful on slopes--never turn around on a slope. Watch out for other people--golfers are there for a good time they probably are not watching you. 8. When stopping to get off, always stop the engine and set the brake. Ask students for more ideas on safety. g. Rotary mower maintenance - golf course rotary mowers require a high investment so it is necessary that everyone follow a timely maintenance schedule to extend the life of each mower for as long as possible. You should have a written maintenance schedule for each mower that coincides with the manufacturers recommendations. The operator should have an agreement with the golf course equipment technician what his daily responsibilities are and what the technician will do. The technician may be responsible for all repair work at the golf course. The operator probably will be responsible for the general maintenance items such as (have students do each item that is appropriate):

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a. Each day before starting the engine check the level of water in radiator, oil in engine and transmission (hydraulic oil), and if air filter needs to be changed before starting to mow each morning. b. Each day after mowing clean the radiator with air pressure, wash grass clippings from mower unit with low pressure water then grease fittings to chase out any water that may have entered. However, do not overgrease as this may damage the grease seals. c. Report any problem or unusual noise to the equipment technician so he can decide if it needs his attention. Other maintenance procedures include: a. Keep the unit safe to operate by keeping all nuts, bolts, etc. tight especially the blade bolts. b. Keep all hydraulic lines in good condition. Use cardboard or paper to check for leaks that often develop as hoses age. Pin hole leaks can penetrate the skin. c. Do not change the governor settings to get more speed. This can damage the engine. d. Always be sure you have read the operators manual and understand your responsibilities. Ask students about maintenance schedules. What would be included? Why have them?

Reflections Do you know of anyone who has been injured from debris thrown from a rotary mower? Windows broken, etc.? Are you careful at home when mowing with your lawn mower? What do you think would happen if a player on a golf course got injured by a rock thrown by a rotary mower driven by you?

Enhancement •

Visit a web site of a rotary mower manufacturer.

•

Visit a golf course during mowing time to watch a rotary mower in action.

•

Ask the operator about his duties.

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STUDENT SHEET

Student ________________ Date____________

STUDENT SHEET FOR ROTARY MOWERS USED ON GOLF COURSES (For note taking throughout class discussion)

Terms learned: Rotary Mower:

Rotary Discharge Mower Deck:

Rotary Recycler or Mulch Mower Deck:

Hover Rotary Mowers:

Walk Behind Rotary Mowers :

Rotary Mower Safety Why should you be extremely careful when using a rotary mower?

Things to do before the engine is started.

Things to consider after mowing has started.

Rotary Mower Maintenance What is a maintenance schedule and why are they important for the operator to have? General Maintenance a.

Each day before starting the engine

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b.

Each day after mowing

c.

Report any problems or unusual noise to

Other maintenance procedures a. b. c. d. Using the information from discussion and maintenance handout material make a maintenance schedule that you could use if you were a rotary mower operator.

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Lesson 5. Boom Sprayers Using the Boom Sprayer Correctly and Safely Terms boom sprayer: a mechanical driven device 10' to 30' wide equipped with spray nozzles and a holding tank used to apply a pressurized liquid evenly over the turf. It may be pulled by a tractor or mounted on a utility vehicle. pump - a mechanical device driven by a power source to create a flow of liquid in the sprayer system. regulator valve - a device located between the nozzles and holding tank on the return side and used to regulate pressure in the sprayer system. pressure gauge - a gauge used to measure pressure in the sprayer system. Operator reads in pounds per square inch - PSI.

National Science Education Standards, Grades 9-12 Unifying Concepts and Processes: Systems, order, and organization Evidence, models and explanation Science as Inquiry: Understanding about scientific inquiry

nozzle - a device located on the boom that delivers the correct spray pattern to the turf.

Abilities to do scientific inquiry

agitator - keeps the water and pesticide in motion so the concentration of pesticide is uniformly mixed with the carrier at all times.

Interdependence of organisms

pesticide - substances we use in controlling pests. GPA - gallons per acre.

Life Science:

Matter, energy, and organization in living systems Behavior of organisms

GPM - gallons per minute. operator - The pe rson who operates the equipment applying the pesticide. He has many responsibilities. FIFRA - a law that regulates the registration, manufacture, transportation, and use of pesticides. (Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act.) calibrate - an adjustment of the mix of pesticide and carrier with the speed and pressure of the boom sprayer so the correct amount of pesticide is applied.

Performance Objective The student will •

identify the basic components of a boom sprayer used on golf courses.

•

list the three types of pesticides used on golf courses.

38

History and Nature of Science: Science as human endeavor Nature of scientific knowledge Mathematical Skills

Unit VII Equipment and Maintenance

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•

list five procedures to use when operating a boom sprayer on a golf course to assure proper application of the pesticide.

•

list the proper safety practices to use when applying pesticides with a boom sprayer on a golf course.

•

identify the proper maintenance procedures the operator should use when operating a boom sprayer.

•

use the proper procedure for calibrating a boom sprayer.

•

list four regulations of pesticides that are enforced by the FIFRA law.

Materials Needed • • • • • •

Student sheet Obtain manual titled, “Applying Pesticides Correctly”, A Guide for Private and Commercial Applicators. Available at your agricultural county extension office. Obtain reference manual, “Pesticide Usage” from Golf Course Superintendents Association of America, 1617 St. Andrews Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047. Phone 913-841-2240 Pictures of boom sprayers--slides showing components taken at the local golf course would be better. Perhaps your local farm machinery dealer has a video on boom sprayers used on the farm. A boom sprayer preferably similar to those used on the local golf course.

Background Information A. Boom sprayers are used in many forms. They can be: -

-

-

-

homemade units mounted on the back of a tractor to factory made wheel units pulled by a tractor, a utility vehicle, or a 4-wheeler cycle. They can also be self propelled. perhaps as little as 4' to 5' wide to 30' to 40' wide. The width used will depend on the terrain, amount of land to spray, and the location and number of obstacles to drive around. A golf course will probably have a smaller size perhaps 10' to 15' because of the rough terrain and trees. nozzle output depends on hole size and pressure in the system. For example a nozzle may flow at .1 GPM if the pressure is 10 psi but if the pressure is increased to 40 psi the flow rate from the same nozzle would increase to .2 GPM. Increase the psi 4 times doubles the flow rate. spray angle and coverage also increases with pressure. For example, a nozzle at an 18" height with a 65o spray angle would cover approximately 23" with a 15 psi pressure. But when that same nozzle with pressure increased to 40 psi the spray angle may increase to 80o and have a spray cover of 30 inches. nozzle spacing on a boom is usually divisible by 10. For example, spacing being of 20 and 30 inches is most common. nozzle height from the ground is important for proper coverage. The literature from one company recommends for 20 inch spacing and an 80o

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Unit VII Equipment and Maintenance

-

Lesson 5

spray angle the height being approximately 18 inches. However, if the spray angle is increased to 110o, the height should be approximately 13 inches. using pesticides where the public is invited can lead to problems, so students need to be aware of what can happen and realize that they should only be used under the strict supervision of the golf course superintendent. refer to attachment at the end of this lesson for more on nozzle spacing, height, and angle of spray.

Teacher Preparation •

Review manuals recommended under materials needed. Both manuals were used in preparing this lesson.

•

Visit a golf course when a boom sprayer is being used. Discuss with the person operating the sprayer his responsibilities. Ask who is responsible for sprayer calibration, nozzle spacing, and height. Ask what pests they control by spraying. Who is legally responsible to the public using the golf course? Visit with the superintendent and ask him the same questions you asked the sprayer operator. Take slide pictures for use in class. Include sprayer components in pictures. Review “Attachment” at the end of this lesson. Use in class when discussing boom sprayer nomenclature. Make a transparency or copies for each student. Visit web sites: www.toro.com and www.ttcsp.com

• • • •

Procedure 1. Determine present knowledge of students. Perhaps some are from a farm where boom sprayers are used or maybe a few have been employed where boom sprayers were used. Use these students in the class discussion but be sure the knowledge they express is correct. 2. Show pictures or videos of boom sprayers being used. Point out the components that will be discussed. 3. Borrow a boom sprayer from a farmer, a golf course, or a farm machinery dealer to use while discussing this lesson. Give students hands on experience. 4. Discussion of the lesson should center around a. Boom sprayer - a precision mechanical driven tool used to apply a pesticide on the turf of a golf course. It may be self propelled, mounted on a utility vehicle, or pulled behind a tractor. Usually on a golf course the boom width is limited due to the terrain and trees that are on the course. b. Pump - a mechanical device driven by a power source to create a flow of liquid in the sprayer system. 1. Centrifugal - a rotating wheel that flings the liquid away from its center of rotation. A water pump on an engine is an example. However, the design could be different. A pump of this design would be used only for the lower pressure systems. Not self priming, so they

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must be mounted below the holding tank. Not a positive displacement constant volume pump. 2. Roller - most widely used. Self priming, low to moderate pressure (10 to 300 psi) pumps. Rollers are made of nylon, teflon or rubbe r and wear rapidly when an abrasive spray is used. However, the rollers are fairly easy to replace. The roller pump used on a sprayer should be capable of moving at least twice the volume needed by the boom nozzles so the excess can be used to agitate the liquid in the tank. Also, as the sprayer is used, the pump will wear and its volume flow will drop. So having a high flow initially gives the pump longer life. c.

Regulator valve - a valve that regulates the pressure in the system. The purpose of the valve is to keep the pressure in the system constant. The liquid that does not flow through the nozzles flows through the valve back to the holding tank. Usually a valve of this type is spring loaded and it closes the flow path until the pressure builds high enough to force a spring to let the valve open. Some valves have an adjustable spring so the pressure setting can be changed by the operator if more liquid flow through the nozzles is desired.

d. Pressure gauge - an instrument used to measure pressure in the system. Operator reads in pound per square inch - psi. e. Nozzle - a device located on the boom that delivers the correct spray pattern to the turf. Nozzle tips have numbers indicating their type. It is important that all nozzles on a boom have the same number and be equally spaced on the boom and be the same correct height from the turf. f. Agitator - a device in the holding tank that keeps the water and pesticide in motion so that the concentration of pesticide is uniformly mixed with the water all the time. Two types 1. Jet - the return of the excess spray liquid to the tank is delivered in such a manner so that all the liquid in the tank is kept in motion. 2. Mechanical - a mechanical device is kept turning in the tank to keep the liquid in motion. Needs to be mechanically connected to the power source. Without an agitator in the holding tank some pesticides could separate from the liquid. If this should happen, the application of pesticide on the turf would be uneven and poor performance would be the result. g. Pesticide - substances used in controlling pests. May be purchased in liquid or dry form.

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Basically, three types used on golf courses 1. Herbicide - used for killing and/or interrupting normal plant growth. 2. Insecticide - used for killing harmful insects and/or interrupting their normal life cycle. 3. Fungicide - used for killing harmful fungi and/or stop their spores from growing. All three types of pesticides have some forms that are harmful to humans. So extreme caution must be used to keep these pesticides from contacting the human body. h. GPA - represents gallons per acre. When applying pesticides we need to know how many gallons of the concentrate we are applying per acre or every 43,560 sq. ft. If we over apply we may damage the turf and if we underapply we may have poor results. Also, the term ounces of pesticide per 1,000 sq. ft. is often used. i.

GPM - represents gallons per minute. In calibrating our sprayer to apply the right amount of concentrate, we measure the output from the nozzles over a time period. This period is usually a minute. Once you know what the output is per minute at a certain psi you can calculate the rate per acre or fraction of an acre at a given speed.

j.

Operator - a person who applies the pesticide with the boom sprayer. Sometimes referred to as the applicator. He is responsible for correct application of the pesticide. To do this he must 1. mix proper amount of pesticide in the liquid carrier. 2. drive with as little overlapping and/or skipping as possible. Modern boom sprayers sold today have markers that drop a foam substance to mark the edge of the sprayed area. This assists the operator to determine where to drive 3. drive at a safe constant spe ed and maintain a constant pressure of the spray material in the lines to the nozzles. 4. constantly observe the nozzles to be sure they are functioning properly. A partially plugged nozzle will have its spray pattern distorted. 5. be responsible for his own safety and others around him.

k. FIFRA - a law passed by the U.S. Congress that regulates the registration, manufacture, transportation, and use of pesticides. (Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act) Basically, the law says 1. All pesticide containers must be labeled as to how they are to be used, their safety, how to dilute, how to store, dispose of, etc. a. Pesticides can be used only as directed on the label.

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b. All pesticides must state how they are classified on the label--restricted or general. c. People who buy or use restricted pesticides must be certified or must be supervised by a certified applicator. d. If you do not obey the law you will be subject to penalties of fines and jail terms. e. A state may impose stricter standards than those required by FIFRA. Certification requires training or testing for competency in the handling and safe use of pesticides. A state or federal agency does the training and testing for certification. A county agricultural extension agent can advise on the laws in his state. l.

Calibration - a process of adjusting the mix of carrier (usually water) and pesticide to the speed and pressure of the boom sprayer so the correct amount of pesticide is applied to the turf. It is very important that the calibration be done correctly. For someone with little experience, the course management may want an experienced person to do this and tell the applicator how to mix the pesticide and how fast to drive with a set regulator valve. The process is rather simple once you determine the flow rate of the sprayer. This can be done by driving over a measured distance and starting with the supply tank full of water. For example: If you have a 10 ft. boom sprayer, measure a 100 ft. distance and make 1 trip with the sprayer spraying water over this 100 ft. distance. This will equal 1,000 sq. ft. of coverage. Carefully measure the amount of water it takes to refill the supply tank. If you need to be real accurate, repeat as many times as you think necessary and then average to get the output per 1,000 sq. ft. Let’s assume it takes 1 gal. to refill the tank. Now let us calculate the amount of pesticide needed if the label says to use 16 oz. (1 pint) per 3,000 sq. ft. of turf area and we have a 50 gallon supply tank. To rethink our problem: -

we use 1 gal. of spray per 1,000 sq. ft. of turf area. we want to apply 16 oz. of pesticide per 3,000 sq. ft. of turf area. so, we will need 3 gal. of water to spray 3,000 sq. ft. and we want to add 16 oz. of pesticide to the 3 gal. to correctly add pesticide to our 50 gal. supply tank, we divide 50 gal. by 3 gal. 50 = 16.666 x 16 oz. of pesticide=266 oz pesticide per 50 gal. tank 3

If you have no way of knowing how fast your vehicle is going, use the 100 ft. distance and travel it in 13.6 seconds and you are going 5 miles per hour.

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26.400 ft. in 5 mi. = 7.333 ft/sec. 100 ft. = 13.63 sec. to travel 100 ft. 3600/sec/hr. 7.333 or Speed (MPH) = Distance (ft) x 60 Time (seconds) x 88 Have students use a water color solution as a pesticide and do the above problem using the sprayer you obtained. This can be done at school and students can practice applying a pesticide. Boom Sprayer Safety We have stated that the operator is responsible for his safety and those around him. When spraying on a golf course where the public is invited, management would also be responsible. The rules and regulations of the golf course must be followed for the safety of everyone. We must assume that all pesticides are poisonous to humans and wild animals. For safety reasons, we must consider when spraying a. the time of day so players are not exposed. b. wind direction, speed, and how this affects the spray particles drifting from the nozzles. c. how the spray particles can enter the body. -- by breathing - being in the presence of gaseous forms (vapor) they can enter our lungs. When spraying in windy conditions, we should wear protective gear over our faces. --by skin absorption - by accidentally getting the pesticide on your skin. This may occur when spraying in windy conditions or letting contaminated clothing come in contact with your skin. Nozzles may drip on you while you are working on sprayer. --by mouth - a common avenue is by not washing hands before eating, smoking, etc. Accidentally getting splashed in the face maybe a nozzle is partially plugged and is spraying to the side. Other common ways for pesticides to come in contact with your body: a. when measuring to put in supply tank. b. in the process of cleaning contaminated clothing c. handling of empty containers and not disposing of them properly. d. cleaning of equipment after spraying is completed.

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Unit VII Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 5

After students have completed the practice spraying, have them check each other for the water color on hands and clothes. Maintenance of Boom Sprayers Never leave unused pesticides in the sprayer. Golf course management should have a policy for disposal of unused quantities. After the supply tank is empty: a. use fresh water to flush out the system. b. clean all screens in the tank and nozzles. Should be removed and then cleaned. c. use a nonfoaming detergent with clean water and run through all the components. d. check all hoses and fittings for condition. e. for storage, it is recommended the nozzles and screens be removed and stored in diesel fuel or a low number viscosity oil. f. if unit has an engine, service it as recom-mended in lessons 1 and 2. Have students clean the water color from the sprayer following the above procedures.

Reflection

Do golf courses really need to have pesticides applied? Yes or No Why? Should players be told that a pesticide has been applied? Why? What subjects would you need to study to become an expert in the pesticide industry? How do pesticides affect the environment?

Enhancement • • •

Some students may have previous experience either by using or by observation. Have those students relate those experiences with what was discussed in class. Have school nurse discuss with the students some symptoms of pesticide poisoning.

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Unit VII Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 5

STUDENT SHEET

Student ________________ Date____________

STUDENT SHEET FOR BOOM SPRAYERS

(For note taking during discussion period) Describe a boom sprayer

Why are they used?

What type of pump may we find on boom sprayers?

What is their purpose?

State the purpose of a regulating valve on a boom sprayer.

How do they do their job?

How does a pressure gauge aid the sprayer operator?

What is the function of the nozzle on a boom sprayer?

If you need to replace a nozzle, how can you tell if your new nozzle is the right one?

Why have an agitator on a boom sprayer?

What does the term pesticide mean to you?

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Unit VII Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 5

Name three types that a golf course might use. Indicate what it controls. a. b. c. What does GPA and GPM mean to you?

Why are they important for the applicator?

Name four (4) things an operator must do to apply a pesticide correctly. a. b. c. d. What does FIFRA mean to you? What does FIFRA regulate? 1. 2. 3. Why is it necessary to calibrate a boom sprayer?

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Unit VII Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 5

The boom sprayer you are using travels at 4 miles per hour and applies 15 gallons of spray on each 800 sq. ft. A pesticide you are using is to be applied at the rate of 3 oz. per 1,000 sq. ft. How many ounces of this pesticide would you use in a 75 gallon supply tank?

Why is safety such an important factor when using a boom sprayer?

Name three ways an applicator may accidentally let a pesticide enter his body? a. b. c. Consider yourself a golf course superintendent and outline a safety policy in regard to the use of pesticides.

While you are the superintendent, describe how you will instruct your boom sprayer applicator to maintain his equipment.

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Unit VII Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 5

Attachment

Boom Sprayer Nomenclature A regular flat fan nozzle tip that is normally used on golf courses makes a tapered end pattern when broadcasting pesticides. For even distribution an overlap of 30 to 50% is recommended depending on spacing, spray angle, and spray height. The manual, Applying Pesticides Correctly, has tables to aid in making this determination. Once these factors are correctly determined and the sprayer is properly adjusted, no changes should be made.

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Unit VII Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 6

Lesson 6. Hey! Will Ya hand Me That __________? Identification and Care of Hand Tools

Terms back saw: a saw that has very fine teeth and a stiff metal back. bench stone: sharpening stone designed to rest on a workbench. bit brace: a device with a crank-type handle used to turn wood cutting bits. center punch: steel punch with a sharp point. cold chisel: a piece of tool steel shaped, tempered, and sharpened to cut mild steel when driven with a hammer. square: a device used to draw angles for cutting and to check the cuts for accuracy. pvc saw: a saw designed to cut PVC pipe, the teeth point toward the handle. These are just a small sample of the hand tools that are common in many homes, businesses and schools.

Performance Objectives:

National Science Education Standards, Grades 9-12 Unifying Concepts and Processes: Systems, order, and organization Evidence, models and explanation Science as Inquiry: Understanding about scientific inquiry Abilities to do scientific inquiry Life Science: Interdependence of organisms Matter, energy, and organization in living systems Behavior of organisms

The student will: •

make a selection of hand tools necessary to complete activities that are chosen by the teacher.

•

demonstrate how to properly use each hand tool selected.

•

demonstrate how to properly care and maintain each hand tool selected.

Materials Needed: For this class each student will need these materials: •

Student Sheet “Identification and Care of Hand Tools”

•

tool catalogs from a variety of sources

•

tools for their “how to use” demonstration

•

supplies for their “proper care” demonstration

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History and Nature of Science: Science as human endeavor Nature of scientific knowledge Mathematical Skills

Unit VII Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 6

Background Information: Getting students interested in tools can sometimes be difficult. So the approach of this lesson is a little different. If you are not the most tool wise person that will be ok because the focus is really going to be on the students. There are thousands of tools for different jobs so with this approach you will select the job and the students using their catalogs will select all the necessary tools to complete the task. There are a number of agriculture mechanics books that have chapters on tool use and reconditioning. These will be an excellent resource for you and the students. Once the tools have been selected the students can do demonstrations on proper care and use of a variety of tools.

Teacher Preparation: 1. Gather all the information you can on use and care of tools. (text, pamplets, catalogs, posters, etc.) 2. Decide on the variety of activities or jobs for which you will need tools. 3. Have each student do the tool selection alone. 4. Each student could be given a job and an amount of money ($300 for example) 5. They must buy all their tools for that amount or they may need to pool their resources with other students and form a company. 6. The money is play but the situations would be real life. 7. Use the catalogs to determine prices of tools. 8. After the selection process, the students with the help of the teacher will demonstrate the proper care and use of a variety of tools. 9. You can vary the jobs and this way students will be exposed to more demonstrations (pruning to plumbing)

Procedure: 1. Let each student or small group of students select at random a job. 2. You have predetermined a number of jobs or tasks Example of tasks: A. repair an irrigation valve B. Pruning trees and shrubs C. Change oil in lawn mower D. Planting a garden 3. Give each student their own catalog from which to select the tools necessary to complete the task. 4. There needs to be a set dollar amount that they can spend on tools. 5. If they need more money for tools they could be allowed to work with other students to get the necessary equipment. 6. The focus is on hand tools. 51

Unit VII Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 6

7. After the lists are complete the groups or individuals can present to the class their choices. 8. From each list the teacher will select tools for them to demonstrate proper use to the class. 9. The teacher will assist each student with their preparation. 10. The teacher will have each student demonstrate how to recondition or maintain at least one tool.

Assessment Determine the students' performance based on •

the degree of accomplishment on the student sheet.

•

the performance during the class, experiment, or field trip.

•

the participation of the discussion and the reflection questions.

•

the degree of accomplishment on the "Scoring Rubric".

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Unit VII Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 6

Student sheet.

Name_______________ Date________________

IDENTIFICATION AND CARE OF HAND TOOLS back saw: bench stone: bit brace: center punch: cold chisel: square: pvc saw:

1. Using the catalogs provided and staying within the budget, select the necessary tools needed to complete the job assigned. 2. Make a complete list of tools and the price of those tools (base on catalog price). 3. Using the other information provided or over the internet, determine the proper use and care of the tools you have selected. 4. With the help of your teacher, practice demonstrating the proper use of selected tools. 5. Demonstrate proper tool use to the class. 6. Perform tool reconditioning on at least one old or poorly treated tool.

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Unit VII Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 6

7. When this lesson is completed each student will have accomplished the following: 1. used a tool catalog 2. discovered the correct names of tools 3. developed a tool list for a particular task 4. demonstrated proper use of at least one tool 5. demonstrated how to recondition an old tool

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Unit VII Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 6

A SCORING RUBRIC

Name ________________Date _____________

BASIC TURFGRASS MORPHOLOGY The purpose of this lesson was

The main method(s) or procedure(s) we learned was (were)

The best example(s) that I can use to describe the content of this lesson Subjects or courses that I can relate this lesson to

The information of this lesson can be applied to

In summary, what I learned

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Unit VII. Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 7

Lesson 7. Start Your Engines! Small Gasoline Engine Maintenance

Terms air cooled engine: an engine that circulates air around the cylinder block and cylinder head to maintain the desired engine temperature. combustion: the rapid, oxidizing chemical reaction in which a fuel chemically combines with oxygen in the atmosphere and releases energy in the form of heat. engine block: the main structure of an engine which supports and helps maintain alignment of internal and external components. EPA: the Environmental Protection Agency. A federal agency established in 1970 to control and abate pollution in the areas of air, water, solid waste, pesticides, radiation and toxic substances. internal combustion engine: an engine that generates head energy from the combustion of fuel inside the engine.

Performance Objectives:

Unifying Concepts and Processes: Systems, order, and organization Evidence, models and explanation Science as Inquiry: Understanding about scientific inquiry Abilities to do scientific inquiry Life Science: Interdependence of organisms Matter, energy, and organization in living systems Behavior of organisms

The student will: •

National Science Education Standards, Grades 9-12

properly change the oil in a lawn mower or other small gasoline engine powered tool.

•

properly service the air cleaner.

•

clean fuel tank and fuel line.

•

clean carburetor float bowl.

•

replace the spark plug

•

examine engine for loosened bolts or other parts such as the muffler and retighten.

•

clean engine of all dirt and debris

•

remove and sharpen the mower blades.

History and Nature of Science: Science as human endeavor Nature of scientific knowledge Mathematical Skills

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Unit VII. Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 7

Materials Needed: For this class each student or pair of students will need these materials:

•

Student Sheet “Maintaining Your Lawnmower”

•

rags

•

container to drain oil into

•

EPA approved disposal site to get rid of any hazardous waste (oil or gasoline)

•

wrench set (standard) maybe (metric)

•

long nose pliers

•

screw drivers, straight and Phillips

•

new spark plug

•

rachet wrench set which includes a spark plug socket (3/8 drive)

•

spray can of degreaser

•

water hose & spray nozzle

•

old paint brushes or parts brush

•

leather gloves or welding gloves (to hold mower blade)

•

bench or portable grinder

Background Information: There are a number of good publications out that will be of real help in teaching this subject. If you feel uneasy about teaching this, don’t be. Performing general maintenance on a lawnmower is an excellent activity that all future homeowners need to know. The skills and information your students will gain in this lesson can be applied toward gasoline powered equipment. Well maintained engines are good for the environment. There are two publications that will be extremely helpful in preparing for and conducting this lesson. The first would be any of the agricultural mechanics books that show how to sharpen a mower blade. The second is a care and repair manual published for the Briggs and Stratton Company. This manual can be purchased at any home center with a do-it-yourself publication library. It has great illustrations and you can pick and choose the activities for the class. Those outlined in the performance objectives will give the students a good experience without becoming overwhelmed. (Resources and Reference Section).

Teacher Preparation: 1. Have students or others bring in push type lawn mowers. 2. No more than one per student. 57

Unit VII. Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 7

3. January through early March is a good time for this activity or just after the mowing season is over in the fall. 4. Go over hand tool use and be sure there is enough tools and supplies to keep everyone busy. 5. Decide what maintenance activities you want the students to perform and develop a checklist for them to follow. 6. Have containers ready to handle then used oil or gas that may need disposal. 7. Have plenty of rags or paper towels. 8. Number all the manuals and assign them to students. 9. Assign the tool sets to the students. 10. Assigning helps to make the students accountable and will maintain your investment in tools and books.

Procedure: 1. Assign manuals and tool sets. 2. Outline the activities you have selected for the students to accomplish during this time period. 3. Be clear on the safe handling of the mower blades and oil and gasoline disposal. 4. Allow the students to follow the steps that are outlined in the manual for each activity. 5. Be there for assistance but allow the students to do as much as they can without your help. 6. Check their work and allow time at the end of the period for questions and discussions. 7. Have a checklist with each mower so that you will know when everything is complete. 8. It is very important that the same students work on the same mower until the job is finished.

Assessment Determine the students' performance based on •

the degree of accompl ishment on the student sheet.

•

the performance during the class, experiment, or field trip.

•

the participation of the discussion and the reflection questions.

•

the degree of accomplishment on the "Scoring Rubric".

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Unit VII. Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 7

Student sheet.

Name_______________ Date________________

SMALL GASOLINE ENGINE MAINTENANCE air cooled engine: combustion: engine block: EPA: internal combustion engine: 1. Check out tools and manual. 2. Review with group members what needs to be done to the mower. 3. Have a can or other container to hold nuts, bolts or other parts that are small and easy to manipulate. 4. Wear your safety glasses. 5. Follow the steps as outlined in the repair manual. Be sure to read the procedure before starting the activity. 6. Be professional, but if you need help ask your instructor. 7. When the activity is complete, have your instructor check your work and sign the check sheet. 8. Clean up your area and return your mower to storage or prepare it for the trip home. 9. Participate in class discussion. 10. Wash your hands before leaving.

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Unit VII. Equipment and Maintenance

Lesson 7

A SCORING RUBRIC

Name ________________Date _____________

BASIC TURFGRASS MORPHOLOGY The purpose of this lesson was

The main method(s) or procedure(s) we learned was (were)

The best example(s) that I can use to describe the content of this lesson Subjects or courses that I can relate this lesson to

The information of this lesson can be applied to

In summary, what I learned

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Unit VII. Equipment and Maintenance

Glossary

Glossary agitator - keeps the water and pesticide in motion so the concentration of pesticide is uniformly mixed with the carrier at all times. air cooled engine: an engine that circulates air around the cylinder block and cylinder head to maintain the desired engine temperature. back saw: a saw that has very fine teeth and a stiff metal back. bedknife - stationary blade of tempered steel that forms a shearing action with the rotating reel. bench stone: sharpening stone designed to rest on a workbench. bit brace: a device with a crank-type handle used to turn wood cutting bits. boom sprayer: a mechanical driven device 10' to 30' wide equipped with spray nozzles and a holding tank used to apply a pressurized liquid evenly over the turf. It may be pulled by a tractor or mounted on a utility vehicle. calibrate - an adjustment of the mix of pesticide and carrier with the speed and pressure of the boom sprayer so the correct amount of pesticide is applied. carburetor - properly mixes filtered air with fuel. center punch: steel punch with a sharp point. cetane: a diesel fuel rating based on its ignition qualities. cold chisel: a piece of tool steel shaped, tempered, and sharpened to cut mild steel when driven with a hammer. combustion: the rapid, oxidizing chemical reaction in which a fuel chemically combines with oxygen in the atmosphere and releases energy in the form of heat. connecting rod - connects piston to crankshaft. connecting rod: connects piston to crankshaft. crankshaft - connected to piston by connecting rod and converts up and down motion to rotary motion. crankshaft: connected to piston by connecting rod and converts up and down motion to rotary motion. cylinder head - provides seal for one end of cylinder bore. cylinder head: provides seal for one end of cylinder bore. discharge mower deck - a support unit for the rotating blades that also provides a passage for the cut grass material to be discharged usually to the side of the cutting unit. engine block: the main structure of an engine which supports and helps maintain alignment of internal and external components. EPA: the environmental protection agency. A federal agency established in 1970 to control and abate pollution in the areas of air, water, solid waste, pesticides, radiation and toxic substances.

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Unit VII. Equipment and Maintenance

Glossary

FIFRA - a law that regulates the registration, manufacture, transportation, and use of pesticides. (Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act.) flywheel - component on end of crankshaft that keeps it turning between power strokes. flywheel: component on end of crankshaft that keeps it turning between power strokes. fuel Injector: a component in the cylinder head that sprays fuel into cylinder in an atomized form. governor - controls speed. GPA - gallons per acre. GPM - gallons per minute. ground driven reel - wheel mowers that use the wheel contact to ground as power source to turn reel. hover mowers - a wheelless mowing tool used in cutting grass on extreme locations such as steep banks, sand traps, etc. Hover is a brand term. hydraulic driven reel - mowers that use hydraulic injection pump: driven by camshaft gear as it pumps a measured amount of diesel fuel under pressure to each injector. internal combustion engine: an engine that generates head energy from the combustion of fuel inside the engine. motors mounted on reels as power source. mower maintenance - a precision tool of this type needs to be maintained properly to retain its sharp grooming properties. mower operator - person responsible for properly driving the pulling unit and for the proper adjustment of each mower unit throughout the day as needed. multicylinder: more than one cylinder served by one crankshaft. Golf course fairway mowers would be pulled by a three to six cylinder engine. nozzle - a device located on the boom that delivers the correct spray pattern to the turf. octane: a rating of gasoline based upon its antiknocking characteristics. operator - The person who operates the equipment applying the pesticide. He has many responsibilities. pesticide - substances we use in controlling pests. piston - moveable plug that moves up and down in the cylinder bore. piston rings - located in piston groove that provides for a seal at the cylinder wall. piston rings: located in piston groove that provides for a seal at the cylinder wall. piston: moveable plug that moves up and down in the cylinder bore. pressure gauge - a gauge used to measure pressure in the sprayer system. Operator reads in pounds per square inch - PSI.

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Unit VII. Equipment and Maintenance

Glossary

pump - a mechanical device driven by a power source to create a flow of liquid in the sprayer system. pvc saw: a saw designed to cut PVC pipe, the teeth point toward the handle. These are just a small sample of the hand tools that are common in many homes, businesses and schools. recycler or mulch mower deck - a support unit for the rotating blades that confines the cutting material and usually moves the material in such a way that the rotating blade cuts the grass blades into small pieces before falling and dispersing into the new cut grass. reel - curved rotating blade of tempered steel. reel mower safety - speed and equipment maintenance are prime safety factors. reel type mower - a precision tool used on a golf course where a well groomed turf is necessary such as on the greens and fairways. regulator valve - a device located between the nozzles and holding tank on the return side and used to regulate pressure in the sprayer system. rotary mower - a grass cutting tool used on golf courses where a well groomed turf is not necessary. On most golf courses this would include most all of the land except fairways and greens. rotary mower maintenance - on rotary mowers the blade is the heart of the mowing unit and must be kept in good condition along with the support equipment for quality mowing. Blades must be professionally ground when they become dull. rotary mower safety - with the tip of a rotary mower blade traveling 15,000 to 18,000 feet per minute, this tool is very dangerous so extreme safety must be used. square: a device used to draw angles for cutting and to check the cuts for accuracy. valves - intake provides entrance into combustion chamber for fuel and air mixture. Forced to stay open on intake stroke by camshaft rotation. Exhaust provides opening for burned gases to escape during exhaust stroke. Forced to stay open during exhaust stroke by camshaft rotation. valves: Intakes are used only on 4-stroke cycle diesel engines and provide entrance into combustion chamber for filtered air to enter. More air is used by a diesel engine than a gasoline engine. Forced to stay open on intake stroke by camshaft rotation. Exhaust provides opening for burned gases to escape during exhaust stroke. Forced to stay open during exhaust stroke by camshaft rotation. walk behind rotary mowers - mowers that are self-propelled or pushed by operator on smaller areas of the golf course where it is not practical to use the larger units.

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