Unit4 - 6
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Department of Management Science Bahria Institute of Management & Computer Sciences. Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Unit 4 - 6
1
Unit 4 - 6 S/W Applications in Business
COURSE CODE: IT-161 Credit Hours: 3 (2+1) --- 2 hours lecture + 2 hours Lab.
Dr. Mohammed Yousuf Khan Unit 4 - 6
2
Microcomputer Parts
Computer hardware The system unit, register size and bus size Speed of microprocessor Memory, bus, expansion slots and device controller Input and output devices Computer software System software Programming languages Application software
Unit 4 - 6
3
Configuring a PC A typical PC includes the following components:
A microcomputer (the processor & other electronic components) A keyboard for input A point-and-draw device for input (mouse) A monitor for soft copy (output) A printer for hard-copy (output) A high capacity hard-disk device (storage) A CD device/floppy disk device A microphone/audio & video components/LAN card/modem A set of speakers etc
Unit 4 - 6
4
The System Unit
Represents
Computer brain and computer memory Other useful parts or carrying out internal operations
It consists of
Mother board Central processing unit (CPU) / microprocessor
Unit 4 - 6
5
Mother Board / System Board
Mother board is the physical foundation of the PC. Represents the main circuit board.
Hosts. Following are attached to a mother board.
Unit 4 - 6
The computer’s central processing unit (CPU). Support circuitry for I/O peripheral devices. Data communication bus. 6
Mother Board (Continues …)
Unit 4 - 6
Memory chips. Expansion slots for linking other circuit board. External peripheral devices can be linked to the processor via serial/parallel ports.
7
Mother Board (Continues …) -
Some common ports are: Serial port Parallel port SCSI port USB port Dedicated keyboard port Dedicated mouse port Irda port: infra red/ blue tooth port
Unit 4 - 6
8
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Represents the computer’s virtual brain
Carries out all internal operations Computations Data transfer Numerical comparison
Unit 4 - 6
9
Central Processing Unit (CPU) CPU consists of: Control unit (CU)
Arithmetical and logical unit (ALU)
Controls the operations Arithmetical and logical operations
Registers
Unit 4 - 6
Storage locations for CU and ALU 10
Register Size
Computers can be distinguished from one another by their word size, register size, speed and capacity of main storage, where the register size: Represents a storage space inside the CPU Holds numbers being manipulated The larger the register the larger the number it can hold
Unit 4 - 6
11
Register Size (Continues ..)
Register’s size is expressed in bits A bit is a single binary digit {(False or True), (Off or On) or (0 or 1)}
Byte is a set of eight bits
Example of a byte: 01001001
One byte can express any number between 0 and 255
Unit 4 - 6
12
Register Size (Continues ..)
Common register/word sizes are:
Unit 4 - 6
8-lane 16-lane 32-lane 64-lane
bit bit bit bit
way way way way
13
Buses and Bus Size
The bus is the common pathway through which the processor sends/receives information's to/from storage & I/O devices. Bits travel between memory devices and the processor over address and data buses. For R/W, control bus is used. Used for transferring program/instructions and data to/from memory and CPU. Affects computer performance. How much data can be moved at a time. Has a direct relationship with registers where data is stored.
Unit 4 - 6
14
Speed of the Microprocessor
Depends on the microprocessor design. Depend on the speed of the system clock. Clock ticks at a certain frequency. Computer operations require a certain number of clock ticks. The faster the clock is the faster the computer. The speed is measured by no. Of cycles/second. It is expressed in units of frequency (hertz
Hz). Unit 4- 6 1 megahertz (MHz) = 1 million
15
Speed of …. Continue
For example:
Time period, time taken for one clock cycle (T) is: T= 1/frequency (f) or f = 1/T. If f = 400 MHz then the time taken to complete one clock cycle is. T = 1/400 * 106 = 2.5 * 10-9= 2.5 n-sec. Note: the shorter the clock cycle, the faster the processor. Speed units are: MIPS, FLOPS, GFLOPS & TFLOPS. Unit 4 - 6
16
Examples of CPUs
8086 microprocessor 8088 microprocessor 80286 microprocessor 80386 microprocessor 80486 microprocessor Pentium series Itanium series … Etc
Unit 4 - 6
17
Memory
Primary memory Random access memory (RAM) Read only memory (ROM)
Secondary memory Floppy disk drive (FDD) Hard disk drive (HDD)
Unit 4 - 6
18
Primary Memory (RAM)
Read write memory (RAM) Random access memory (RAM) A sequence of individual locations Each location has a unique address All addresses are equally accessible If the power is cut off the computer content in the RAM is lost
Unit 4 - 6
19
Primary Memory (RAM)
The amount of RAM is another factor involved in determining the power of a computer
If the RAM is high then the computer
Unit 4 - 6
Can run complex programs Access data quickly 20
Primary Memory (RAM)
The units used to express memory size are:
1 byte (B) = 8 bits 1 kilobytes (K) = 1024 B = 210 bytes 1 megabytes (M) = 1024 K = 220 bytes = 1 million bytes 1gigabytes (G) = 1024 M = 230 bytes = 1 billion bytes
RAM can range from 16 – 400 megabytes
Unit 4 - 6
21
Primary Memory (ROM) Read only memory (ROM) Used for storing system programs and routines because it can only be read A collection of storage locations The information it has, stored at manufacturing time and it can not be lost Hosts the POST (power-on-self-test) routines: Testing routines, test if everything is Unit 4 - 6 22
Secondary Memory (FDD) Floppy disk drive (FDD) Works with floppy disks, which are:
Flexible magnetic disk: inserted and moved from FDD Cheap
There are three types
Unit 4 - 6
5.25” FD 3.5” FD 8” FD 23
Secondary Memory (HDD) Hard Disk Drive (HDD) Use one or more rigid, magnetic platters to hold information
The disks are fixed inside
They are fast and have greater capacity than FD
Unit 4 - 6
24
Expansion Slots
Are internal connectors
Allow you to plug an additional circuit board into the motherboard
Unit 4 - 6
25
Device Controller
It is a circuit board
It operates a piece of computer equipment:
Unit 4 - 6
Disk drive Display monitor Keyboard 26
Input Devices
Keyboard
Device for entering text and Telling the computer what to do
Mouse
Unit 4 - 6
An additional auxiliary device Used as a source of input
27
Output Devices
Line printer
Screen
HDD
Unit 4 - 6
28
System Software (Operating Systems (O/S)) It is the s/w that controls the execution of all applications and system s/w programs. All h/w & s/w are under the control of the o/s. One of the o/s program called kernel loads other o/s & application program to RAM as they are needed. It is the heart and the soul of a Unit 4 -computer. 6 29
O/S (Continues ….)
Classes of operating systems.
Unit 4 - 6
Single user, single tasking: single user on a single micro that may not linked to a network. Single user, multi tasking: concurrent execution of more than one program a time. Multi user, single tasking: single user on a single micro that are linked to a network. 30 Multi user, multi tasking: A combination
O/S (Continues ….)
Multiprocessing: more than one CPU inside. Networking task of the O/S.
Some examples are: Windows98, WindowsNT, Mac OS, OS-9, Lynix etc. Unit 4 - 6
31
O/S (Continues ….) Foreground & background programs: The o/s rotates allocation of the processor resource between foreground and background. Foreground is that part of the RAM containing the active/current program. Background are of low priority programs or may be the backup of Unit 4 -a 6 program. 32
Programming Languages The instruction in a program are logically sequenced and assembled. Each programming language has an instruction set with several type of instructions. Instructions are: I/O instruction: which direct the computer to read or write from which device. Computation instruction: to perform arithmetic operations (add, sub etc). Control instruction: which can alter the sequence of program execution. Assignment instruction: for inter-transfer of data from RAM to other locations. Format instruction: used with I/O instruction. Unit 4 - 6
33
Programming Languages …. Types of programming languages are: Machine Languages (in 1 or 0 form). Assembler Languages (in mnemonics). High-level languages: (English like).
Pascal, Cobol, Basic, C, Java, …
Visual Languages: Icons for words. Macros: A sequence of frequently used operations that can be recalled when needed.
Unit 4 - 6
34
Platforms Platforms are the home for s/w. A platform is a h/w standard on which s/w is developed. It is defined by two elements: - The processor (e.G. Pentium, PowerPC). - The O/S ( e.G. Mac O/S, NT, OS9).
Unit 4 - 6
35
Application Software Application s/w are designed and written to address a specific personal, business or processing task. It is the software that helps the user. Perform word processing. Use electronic spreadsheets to manage tables to extract results. To create databases and manage them. To use the email facilities and access internet. Unit 4 - 6
36
Reviews:
Processor parts, memory types, buses, expansion slots, communication ports, system software hardware, mother board are discussed.
Unit 4 - 6
37
1
Unit 4 - 6 S/W Applications in Business
COURSE CODE: IT-161 Credit Hours: 3 (2+1) --- 2 hours lecture + 2 hours Lab.
Dr. Mohammed Yousuf Khan Unit 4 - 6
2
Microcomputer Parts
Computer hardware The system unit, register size and bus size Speed of microprocessor Memory, bus, expansion slots and device controller Input and output devices Computer software System software Programming languages Application software
Unit 4 - 6
3
Configuring a PC A typical PC includes the following components:
A microcomputer (the processor & other electronic components) A keyboard for input A point-and-draw device for input (mouse) A monitor for soft copy (output) A printer for hard-copy (output) A high capacity hard-disk device (storage) A CD device/floppy disk device A microphone/audio & video components/LAN card/modem A set of speakers etc
Unit 4 - 6
4
The System Unit
Represents
Computer brain and computer memory Other useful parts or carrying out internal operations
It consists of
Mother board Central processing unit (CPU) / microprocessor
Unit 4 - 6
5
Mother Board / System Board
Mother board is the physical foundation of the PC. Represents the main circuit board.
Hosts. Following are attached to a mother board.
Unit 4 - 6
The computer’s central processing unit (CPU). Support circuitry for I/O peripheral devices. Data communication bus. 6
Mother Board (Continues …)
Unit 4 - 6
Memory chips. Expansion slots for linking other circuit board. External peripheral devices can be linked to the processor via serial/parallel ports.
7
Mother Board (Continues …) -
Some common ports are: Serial port Parallel port SCSI port USB port Dedicated keyboard port Dedicated mouse port Irda port: infra red/ blue tooth port
Unit 4 - 6
8
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Represents the computer’s virtual brain
Carries out all internal operations Computations Data transfer Numerical comparison
Unit 4 - 6
9
Central Processing Unit (CPU) CPU consists of: Control unit (CU)
Arithmetical and logical unit (ALU)
Controls the operations Arithmetical and logical operations
Registers
Unit 4 - 6
Storage locations for CU and ALU 10
Register Size
Computers can be distinguished from one another by their word size, register size, speed and capacity of main storage, where the register size: Represents a storage space inside the CPU Holds numbers being manipulated The larger the register the larger the number it can hold
Unit 4 - 6
11
Register Size (Continues ..)
Register’s size is expressed in bits A bit is a single binary digit {(False or True), (Off or On) or (0 or 1)}
Byte is a set of eight bits
Example of a byte: 01001001
One byte can express any number between 0 and 255
Unit 4 - 6
12
Register Size (Continues ..)
Common register/word sizes are:
Unit 4 - 6
8-lane 16-lane 32-lane 64-lane
bit bit bit bit
way way way way
13
Buses and Bus Size
The bus is the common pathway through which the processor sends/receives information's to/from storage & I/O devices. Bits travel between memory devices and the processor over address and data buses. For R/W, control bus is used. Used for transferring program/instructions and data to/from memory and CPU. Affects computer performance. How much data can be moved at a time. Has a direct relationship with registers where data is stored.
Unit 4 - 6
14
Speed of the Microprocessor
Depends on the microprocessor design. Depend on the speed of the system clock. Clock ticks at a certain frequency. Computer operations require a certain number of clock ticks. The faster the clock is the faster the computer. The speed is measured by no. Of cycles/second. It is expressed in units of frequency (hertz
Hz). Unit 4- 6 1 megahertz (MHz) = 1 million
15
Speed of …. Continue
For example:
Time period, time taken for one clock cycle (T) is: T= 1/frequency (f) or f = 1/T. If f = 400 MHz then the time taken to complete one clock cycle is. T = 1/400 * 106 = 2.5 * 10-9= 2.5 n-sec. Note: the shorter the clock cycle, the faster the processor. Speed units are: MIPS, FLOPS, GFLOPS & TFLOPS. Unit 4 - 6
16
Examples of CPUs
8086 microprocessor 8088 microprocessor 80286 microprocessor 80386 microprocessor 80486 microprocessor Pentium series Itanium series … Etc
Unit 4 - 6
17
Memory
Primary memory Random access memory (RAM) Read only memory (ROM)
Secondary memory Floppy disk drive (FDD) Hard disk drive (HDD)
Unit 4 - 6
18
Primary Memory (RAM)
Read write memory (RAM) Random access memory (RAM) A sequence of individual locations Each location has a unique address All addresses are equally accessible If the power is cut off the computer content in the RAM is lost
Unit 4 - 6
19
Primary Memory (RAM)
The amount of RAM is another factor involved in determining the power of a computer
If the RAM is high then the computer
Unit 4 - 6
Can run complex programs Access data quickly 20
Primary Memory (RAM)
The units used to express memory size are:
1 byte (B) = 8 bits 1 kilobytes (K) = 1024 B = 210 bytes 1 megabytes (M) = 1024 K = 220 bytes = 1 million bytes 1gigabytes (G) = 1024 M = 230 bytes = 1 billion bytes
RAM can range from 16 – 400 megabytes
Unit 4 - 6
21
Primary Memory (ROM) Read only memory (ROM) Used for storing system programs and routines because it can only be read A collection of storage locations The information it has, stored at manufacturing time and it can not be lost Hosts the POST (power-on-self-test) routines: Testing routines, test if everything is Unit 4 - 6 22
Secondary Memory (FDD) Floppy disk drive (FDD) Works with floppy disks, which are:
Flexible magnetic disk: inserted and moved from FDD Cheap
There are three types
Unit 4 - 6
5.25” FD 3.5” FD 8” FD 23
Secondary Memory (HDD) Hard Disk Drive (HDD) Use one or more rigid, magnetic platters to hold information
The disks are fixed inside
They are fast and have greater capacity than FD
Unit 4 - 6
24
Expansion Slots
Are internal connectors
Allow you to plug an additional circuit board into the motherboard
Unit 4 - 6
25
Device Controller
It is a circuit board
It operates a piece of computer equipment:
Unit 4 - 6
Disk drive Display monitor Keyboard 26
Input Devices
Keyboard
Device for entering text and Telling the computer what to do
Mouse
Unit 4 - 6
An additional auxiliary device Used as a source of input
27
Output Devices
Line printer
Screen
HDD
Unit 4 - 6
28
System Software (Operating Systems (O/S)) It is the s/w that controls the execution of all applications and system s/w programs. All h/w & s/w are under the control of the o/s. One of the o/s program called kernel loads other o/s & application program to RAM as they are needed. It is the heart and the soul of a Unit 4 -computer. 6 29
O/S (Continues ….)
Classes of operating systems.
Unit 4 - 6
Single user, single tasking: single user on a single micro that may not linked to a network. Single user, multi tasking: concurrent execution of more than one program a time. Multi user, single tasking: single user on a single micro that are linked to a network. 30 Multi user, multi tasking: A combination
O/S (Continues ….)
Multiprocessing: more than one CPU inside. Networking task of the O/S.
Some examples are: Windows98, WindowsNT, Mac OS, OS-9, Lynix etc. Unit 4 - 6
31
O/S (Continues ….) Foreground & background programs: The o/s rotates allocation of the processor resource between foreground and background. Foreground is that part of the RAM containing the active/current program. Background are of low priority programs or may be the backup of Unit 4 -a 6 program. 32
Programming Languages The instruction in a program are logically sequenced and assembled. Each programming language has an instruction set with several type of instructions. Instructions are: I/O instruction: which direct the computer to read or write from which device. Computation instruction: to perform arithmetic operations (add, sub etc). Control instruction: which can alter the sequence of program execution. Assignment instruction: for inter-transfer of data from RAM to other locations. Format instruction: used with I/O instruction. Unit 4 - 6
33
Programming Languages …. Types of programming languages are: Machine Languages (in 1 or 0 form). Assembler Languages (in mnemonics). High-level languages: (English like).
Pascal, Cobol, Basic, C, Java, …
Visual Languages: Icons for words. Macros: A sequence of frequently used operations that can be recalled when needed.
Unit 4 - 6
34
Platforms Platforms are the home for s/w. A platform is a h/w standard on which s/w is developed. It is defined by two elements: - The processor (e.G. Pentium, PowerPC). - The O/S ( e.G. Mac O/S, NT, OS9).
Unit 4 - 6
35
Application Software Application s/w are designed and written to address a specific personal, business or processing task. It is the software that helps the user. Perform word processing. Use electronic spreadsheets to manage tables to extract results. To create databases and manage them. To use the email facilities and access internet. Unit 4 - 6
36
Reviews:
Processor parts, memory types, buses, expansion slots, communication ports, system software hardware, mother board are discussed.
Unit 4 - 6
37
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