Unit 10-basic Nursing Skills
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Unit 10 Basic Nursing Skills Nurse Aide I Course
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
1
Basic Nursing Skills Introduction This unit introduces the basic nursing skills the nurse aide will need to measure and record the resident’s vital signs, height and weight, and intake and output. The vital signs provide information about changes in normal body function and the resident’s response to treatment. DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
2
Basic Nursing Skills Introduction (continued)
The resident’s weight, compared with the height, gives information about his/her nutritional status and changes in the medical condition. Intake and output records provide information on fluid balance and kidney function. DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
3
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
4
10.0 Provide basic nursing skills.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
5
Vital Signs • Reflect the function of three body processes that are essential for life. – Regulation of body temperature – Heart function – Breathing
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
6
10.1 Explain the meaning of vital signs and the abbreviations used for each vital sign.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
7
Vital Signs (continued)
• Abbreviations: – Temperature – T – Pulse – P – Respirations – R – Blood Pressure – BP – Vital signs - TPR and BP DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
8
Vital Signs (continued)
• Purpose – Measured to detect any changes in normal body function – Used to determine response to treatment DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
9
Vital Signs (continued)
• Measurement (taken at rest) – Temperature - measures body heat – Pulse - measures heart rate – Respiration - measures how often resident inhales and exhales – Blood Pressure - measures pressure against walls of arteries DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
10
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
11
10.2 Define body temperature and discuss the way it is measured.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
12
Temperature – Measurement Of Body Heat • Heat production – muscles – glands – oxidation of food
• Heat loss – respiration – perspiration – excretion
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
13
Temperature – Measurement Of Body Heat (continued)
Balance between heat production and heat loss is body temperature
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
14
10.2.1 List the factors that affect temperature.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
15
Factors Affecting Temperature • • • • •
Exercise Illness Age Time of day Medications
• • • • •
Infection Emotions Hydration Clothing Environmental temperature/air movement
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
16
Equipment - Thermometer • Instrument used to measure body temperature • Types – Non-mercury glass • oral • rectal DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
17
Equipment - Thermometer • Types (continued) – chemically treated paper – disposable – plastic – disposable – electronic - probe covered with disposable shield – tympanic - electronic probe used in the ear DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
18
10.2.2 Identify the normal temperature range, and the normal body temperature.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
19
Normal Temperature Range For Adults • Oral - 97.6° - 99.6° F (Fahrenheit) or 36.5° -37.5° C (Celsius) • Rectal - 98.6° - 100.6° F or 37.0° - 38.1° C • Axillary - 96.6° - 98.6° F or 36.0° - 37.0° C DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
20
10.2.3 Read a non-mercury glass thermometer.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
21
To Read A Non-mercury Glass Thermometer • Hold eye level • Locate solid column of liquid in the glass • Observe lines on scale at upper side of column of liquid in the glass
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
22
To Read A Non-mercury Glass Thermometer (continued)
• Read at point where liquid ends • If liquid falls between two lines, read it to closest line – long line represents degree – short line represents 0.2 of a degree Fahrenheit DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
23
10.2.4 List and discuss the sites used to take a temperature.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
24
Sites To Take A Temperature • Oral – most common • Rectal – registers one degree Fahrenheit higher than oral • Axillary – least accurate; registers one degree Fahrenheit lower than oral • Tympanic – probe inserted into the ear canal DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
25
Sites To Take A Temperature (continued)
Condition of resident determines which is the best site for measuring body temperature
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
26
10.2.5 Review safety precautions that should be considered when using a thermometer.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
27
Temperature: Safety Precautions • Hold rectal and axillary thermometers in place • Stay with resident when taking temperature • Check glass thermometers for chips • Prior to use, shake liquid in glass down • Shake thermometer away from resident and hard objects DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
28
Temperature: Safety Precautions (continued)
• Wipe from end to tip of thermometer prior to reading • Delay taking oral temperature for 10 - 15 minutes if resident has been smoking, eating or drinking hot/cold liquids. DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
29
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
30
10.3 Demonstrate the procedure for measuring an oral temperature using a non-mercury glass thermometer.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
31
10.4 Demonstrate the procedure for measuring an axillary temperature using a non-mercury glass thermometer.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
32
10.5 Demonstrate the procedure for measuring a rectal temperature using a non-mercury glass thermometer.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
33
10.6 Demonstrate measuring temperature using an electronic or tympanic thermometer.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
34
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
35
10.7 Define pulse and discuss the way it is measured.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
36
Measurement of Pulse • Pulse is pressure of blood pushing against wall of artery as heart beats and rests • Pulse easier to locate in arteries close to skin that can be pressed against bone
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
37
Sites For Taking Pulse • Radial – base of thumb • Temporal – side of forehead • Carotid – side of neck • Brachial – inner aspect of elbow • Femoral – inner aspect of upper thigh DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
38
Sites For Taking Pulse (continued)
• Popliteal - behind knee • Dorsalis pedis – top of foot • Apical pulse – over apex of heart – taken with stethoscope – left side of chest DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
39
10.7.1 List the factors that affect the pulse.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
40
Factors Affecting Pulse • • • • • • • • •
Age Sex Position Drugs Illness Emotions Activity level Temperature Physical training DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
41
10.7.2 Identify the normal pulse range and characteristics.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
42
Measurement of Pulse • Normal pulse range/characteristics: 60 -100 beats per minute and regular • Documenting pulse rate – Noted as number of beats per minute – Rhythm - regular or irregular – Volume - strong, weak, thready, bounding DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
43
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
44
10.8 Demonstrate counting the radial pulse rate.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
45
10.9 Demonstrate measuring the apical pulse.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
46
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
47
10.10
Define respiration and discuss how the respiratory rate is measured.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
48
Measuring Respirations • Respiration – process of taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide from lungs and respiratory tract
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
49
10.10.1 List the factors that affect the respiratory rate.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
50
Measuring Respirations (continued)
Factors Affecting Rate • Age • Activity level • Position • Drugs
• Sex • Illness • Emotions • Temperature
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
51
10.10.2 Identify the qualities of normal respirations.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
52
Measuring Respirations (continued)
• Qualities of normal respirations – 12-20 respirations per minute – Quiet – Effortless – Regular
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
53
Measuring Respirations (continued)
• Documenting respiratory rate – Noted as number of inhalations and exhalations per minute (one inhalation and one exhalation equals one respiration) – Rhythm – regular or irregular – Character: shallow, deep, labored DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
54
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
55
10.11 Demonstrate counting respirations.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
56
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
57
10.12 Define blood pressure and discuss how it is measured.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
58
Measuring Blood Pressure • Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against walls of arteries – Systolic pressure: greatest force exerted when heart contracting – Diastolic pressure: least force exerted as heart relaxes
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
59
10.12.1 List factors that influence blood pressure.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
60
Factors Influencing Blood Pressure • • • • • • • •
Weight Sleep Age Emotions Sex Heredity Viscosity of blood Illness/Disease DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
61
Blood Pressure: Equipment • Sphygmomanometer (manual) – cuff - different sizes – pressure control bulb – pressure gauge – marked with numbers • aneroid • mercury DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
62
Blood Pressure: Equipment (continued)
• Stethoscope – magnifies sound – has diaphragm
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
63
10.12.2 Identify the normal blood pressure range.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
64
Measuring Blood Pressure • Normal blood pressure range – Systolic: 90-140 millimeters of mercury – Diastolic: 60-90 millimeters of mercury
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
65
Guidelines for Blood Pressure Measurements • Measure on upper arm • Have correct size cuff • Identify brachial artery for correct placement of stethoscope DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
66
Guidelines for Blood Pressure Measurements (continued)
• First sound heard – systolic pressure • Last sound heard or change - diastolic pressure
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
67
Guidelines for Blood Pressure Measurements (continued)
• Record - systolic/diastolic • Resident in relaxed position, sitting or lying down • Blood pressure usually taken in left arm DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
68
Guidelines for Blood Pressure Measurements (continued)
• Do not measure blood pressure in arm with IV, A-V shunt (dialysis), cast, wound, or sore
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
69
Guidelines for Blood Pressure Measurements (continued)
• Apply cuff to bare upper arm, not over clothing • Room quiet so blood pressure can be heard • Sphygmomanometer must be clearly visible DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
70
Blood Pressure: Reading Gauge • Large lines are at increments of 10 mmHg • Shorter lines at 2 mm intervals • Take reading at closest line DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
71
Blood Pressure: Reading Gauge (continued)
• Gauge should be at eye level • Mercury column gauge must not be tilted • Reading taken from top of column of mercury DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
300 290 280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
72
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
73
10.13 Demonstrate the procedure for measuring blood pressure.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
74
10.14 Demonstrate the procedure for taking combined vital signs.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
75
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
76
10.15 Discuss height and weight and how it is measured.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
77
Measuring Height And Weight • Baseline measurement obtained on admission and must be accurate. • Other measurements obtained as ordered.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
78
Measuring Height And Weight (continued)
• Height measurements – Feet – Inches – Centimeters • Weight measurements – Pounds – Ounces – Kilograms DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
79
Measuring Height and Weight (continued)
• Reasons for obtaining height and weight – Indicator of nutritional status – Indicator of change in medical condition – Used by doctor to order medications DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
80
10.15.1 List three guidelines for weighing residents.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
81
Measuring Height and Weight (continued) Guidelines for weighing residents •
– Use same scale each time – Have resident void, remove shoes and outer clothing – Weigh at same time each day DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
82
Measuring Height and Weight (continued)
• Scales – Remain more accurate if moved as little as possible. – Various types of scales • bathroom scale • standing scale • scales attached to hydraulic lifts • wheelchair scales • bed scales DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
83
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
84
10.16 Demonstrate the procedure for measuring height and weight.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
85
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
86
10.17 Discuss measuring and recording intake and output, and conditions for which this procedure would be ordered.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
87
Measuring Intake and Output Fluid Balance • Eliminate 2-1/2 • Consume 2-1/2 to 3-1/2 quarts to 3-1/2 quarts daily daily – urine – eating – perspiration – drinking – water vapor through respirations – stool DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
88
10.17.1 Identify five symptoms of edema.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
89
Edema • Edema – fluid intake exceeds fluid output – Retention of fluids frequently caused by kidney or heart failure or excessive salt intake
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
90
Edema (continued)
• Symptoms – weight gain – swelling of feet, ankles, hands, fingers, face – decreased urine output – shortness of breath – collection of fluid in abdomen (ascites) DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
91
10.17.2 List eight symptoms of dehydration.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
92
Dehydration • Dehydration: fluid output exceeds fluid intake • Common problem of long-term care residents
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
93
Dehydration (continued)
• Symptoms – thirst – decreased urine output – parched or cracked lips – dry, cracked skin – fever – weight loss – concentrated urine – tongue coated and thick
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
94
Dehydration (continued)
• Causes of dehydration – poor fluid intake – diarrhea – bleeding – vomiting – excessive perspiration DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
95
Dehydration (continued)
• Fluids measured in cubic centimeters (cc) – 30 cc = 1 ounce – cc - metric measure
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
96
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
97
10.18 Identify the liquids that would be measured and recorded as fluid intake.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
98
Measuring and Recording Intake/Output • Physician orders intake and output • Intake includes: – All liquid taken by mouth – Food items that turn to liquid at room temperature – Tube feedings into stomach through nose or abdomen – Fluids given by intravenous infusion DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
99
10.18.1 List the liquids that would be measured and recorded as fluid output.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
100
Measuring and Recording Intake/Output (continued)
• Output includes – Urine – Liquid stool – Emesis – Drainage – Suctioned secretions – Excessive perspiration DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
101
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
102
10.19 Demonstrate measuring and recording fluid intake and output.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
103
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
104
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
1
Basic Nursing Skills Introduction This unit introduces the basic nursing skills the nurse aide will need to measure and record the resident’s vital signs, height and weight, and intake and output. The vital signs provide information about changes in normal body function and the resident’s response to treatment. DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
2
Basic Nursing Skills Introduction (continued)
The resident’s weight, compared with the height, gives information about his/her nutritional status and changes in the medical condition. Intake and output records provide information on fluid balance and kidney function. DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
3
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
4
10.0 Provide basic nursing skills.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
5
Vital Signs • Reflect the function of three body processes that are essential for life. – Regulation of body temperature – Heart function – Breathing
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
6
10.1 Explain the meaning of vital signs and the abbreviations used for each vital sign.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
7
Vital Signs (continued)
• Abbreviations: – Temperature – T – Pulse – P – Respirations – R – Blood Pressure – BP – Vital signs - TPR and BP DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
8
Vital Signs (continued)
• Purpose – Measured to detect any changes in normal body function – Used to determine response to treatment DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
9
Vital Signs (continued)
• Measurement (taken at rest) – Temperature - measures body heat – Pulse - measures heart rate – Respiration - measures how often resident inhales and exhales – Blood Pressure - measures pressure against walls of arteries DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
10
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
11
10.2 Define body temperature and discuss the way it is measured.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
12
Temperature – Measurement Of Body Heat • Heat production – muscles – glands – oxidation of food
• Heat loss – respiration – perspiration – excretion
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
13
Temperature – Measurement Of Body Heat (continued)
Balance between heat production and heat loss is body temperature
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
14
10.2.1 List the factors that affect temperature.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
15
Factors Affecting Temperature • • • • •
Exercise Illness Age Time of day Medications
• • • • •
Infection Emotions Hydration Clothing Environmental temperature/air movement
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
16
Equipment - Thermometer • Instrument used to measure body temperature • Types – Non-mercury glass • oral • rectal DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
17
Equipment - Thermometer • Types (continued) – chemically treated paper – disposable – plastic – disposable – electronic - probe covered with disposable shield – tympanic - electronic probe used in the ear DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
18
10.2.2 Identify the normal temperature range, and the normal body temperature.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
19
Normal Temperature Range For Adults • Oral - 97.6° - 99.6° F (Fahrenheit) or 36.5° -37.5° C (Celsius) • Rectal - 98.6° - 100.6° F or 37.0° - 38.1° C • Axillary - 96.6° - 98.6° F or 36.0° - 37.0° C DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
20
10.2.3 Read a non-mercury glass thermometer.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
21
To Read A Non-mercury Glass Thermometer • Hold eye level • Locate solid column of liquid in the glass • Observe lines on scale at upper side of column of liquid in the glass
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
22
To Read A Non-mercury Glass Thermometer (continued)
• Read at point where liquid ends • If liquid falls between two lines, read it to closest line – long line represents degree – short line represents 0.2 of a degree Fahrenheit DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
23
10.2.4 List and discuss the sites used to take a temperature.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
24
Sites To Take A Temperature • Oral – most common • Rectal – registers one degree Fahrenheit higher than oral • Axillary – least accurate; registers one degree Fahrenheit lower than oral • Tympanic – probe inserted into the ear canal DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
25
Sites To Take A Temperature (continued)
Condition of resident determines which is the best site for measuring body temperature
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
26
10.2.5 Review safety precautions that should be considered when using a thermometer.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
27
Temperature: Safety Precautions • Hold rectal and axillary thermometers in place • Stay with resident when taking temperature • Check glass thermometers for chips • Prior to use, shake liquid in glass down • Shake thermometer away from resident and hard objects DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
28
Temperature: Safety Precautions (continued)
• Wipe from end to tip of thermometer prior to reading • Delay taking oral temperature for 10 - 15 minutes if resident has been smoking, eating or drinking hot/cold liquids. DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
29
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
30
10.3 Demonstrate the procedure for measuring an oral temperature using a non-mercury glass thermometer.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
31
10.4 Demonstrate the procedure for measuring an axillary temperature using a non-mercury glass thermometer.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
32
10.5 Demonstrate the procedure for measuring a rectal temperature using a non-mercury glass thermometer.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
33
10.6 Demonstrate measuring temperature using an electronic or tympanic thermometer.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
34
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
35
10.7 Define pulse and discuss the way it is measured.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
36
Measurement of Pulse • Pulse is pressure of blood pushing against wall of artery as heart beats and rests • Pulse easier to locate in arteries close to skin that can be pressed against bone
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
37
Sites For Taking Pulse • Radial – base of thumb • Temporal – side of forehead • Carotid – side of neck • Brachial – inner aspect of elbow • Femoral – inner aspect of upper thigh DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
38
Sites For Taking Pulse (continued)
• Popliteal - behind knee • Dorsalis pedis – top of foot • Apical pulse – over apex of heart – taken with stethoscope – left side of chest DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
39
10.7.1 List the factors that affect the pulse.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
40
Factors Affecting Pulse • • • • • • • • •
Age Sex Position Drugs Illness Emotions Activity level Temperature Physical training DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
41
10.7.2 Identify the normal pulse range and characteristics.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
42
Measurement of Pulse • Normal pulse range/characteristics: 60 -100 beats per minute and regular • Documenting pulse rate – Noted as number of beats per minute – Rhythm - regular or irregular – Volume - strong, weak, thready, bounding DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
43
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
44
10.8 Demonstrate counting the radial pulse rate.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
45
10.9 Demonstrate measuring the apical pulse.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
46
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
47
10.10
Define respiration and discuss how the respiratory rate is measured.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
48
Measuring Respirations • Respiration – process of taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide from lungs and respiratory tract
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
49
10.10.1 List the factors that affect the respiratory rate.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
50
Measuring Respirations (continued)
Factors Affecting Rate • Age • Activity level • Position • Drugs
• Sex • Illness • Emotions • Temperature
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
51
10.10.2 Identify the qualities of normal respirations.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
52
Measuring Respirations (continued)
• Qualities of normal respirations – 12-20 respirations per minute – Quiet – Effortless – Regular
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
53
Measuring Respirations (continued)
• Documenting respiratory rate – Noted as number of inhalations and exhalations per minute (one inhalation and one exhalation equals one respiration) – Rhythm – regular or irregular – Character: shallow, deep, labored DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
54
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
55
10.11 Demonstrate counting respirations.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
56
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
57
10.12 Define blood pressure and discuss how it is measured.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
58
Measuring Blood Pressure • Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against walls of arteries – Systolic pressure: greatest force exerted when heart contracting – Diastolic pressure: least force exerted as heart relaxes
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
59
10.12.1 List factors that influence blood pressure.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
60
Factors Influencing Blood Pressure • • • • • • • •
Weight Sleep Age Emotions Sex Heredity Viscosity of blood Illness/Disease DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
61
Blood Pressure: Equipment • Sphygmomanometer (manual) – cuff - different sizes – pressure control bulb – pressure gauge – marked with numbers • aneroid • mercury DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
62
Blood Pressure: Equipment (continued)
• Stethoscope – magnifies sound – has diaphragm
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
63
10.12.2 Identify the normal blood pressure range.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
64
Measuring Blood Pressure • Normal blood pressure range – Systolic: 90-140 millimeters of mercury – Diastolic: 60-90 millimeters of mercury
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
65
Guidelines for Blood Pressure Measurements • Measure on upper arm • Have correct size cuff • Identify brachial artery for correct placement of stethoscope DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
66
Guidelines for Blood Pressure Measurements (continued)
• First sound heard – systolic pressure • Last sound heard or change - diastolic pressure
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
67
Guidelines for Blood Pressure Measurements (continued)
• Record - systolic/diastolic • Resident in relaxed position, sitting or lying down • Blood pressure usually taken in left arm DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
68
Guidelines for Blood Pressure Measurements (continued)
• Do not measure blood pressure in arm with IV, A-V shunt (dialysis), cast, wound, or sore
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
69
Guidelines for Blood Pressure Measurements (continued)
• Apply cuff to bare upper arm, not over clothing • Room quiet so blood pressure can be heard • Sphygmomanometer must be clearly visible DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
70
Blood Pressure: Reading Gauge • Large lines are at increments of 10 mmHg • Shorter lines at 2 mm intervals • Take reading at closest line DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
71
Blood Pressure: Reading Gauge (continued)
• Gauge should be at eye level • Mercury column gauge must not be tilted • Reading taken from top of column of mercury DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
300 290 280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
72
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
73
10.13 Demonstrate the procedure for measuring blood pressure.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
74
10.14 Demonstrate the procedure for taking combined vital signs.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
75
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
76
10.15 Discuss height and weight and how it is measured.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
77
Measuring Height And Weight • Baseline measurement obtained on admission and must be accurate. • Other measurements obtained as ordered.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
78
Measuring Height And Weight (continued)
• Height measurements – Feet – Inches – Centimeters • Weight measurements – Pounds – Ounces – Kilograms DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
79
Measuring Height and Weight (continued)
• Reasons for obtaining height and weight – Indicator of nutritional status – Indicator of change in medical condition – Used by doctor to order medications DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
80
10.15.1 List three guidelines for weighing residents.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
81
Measuring Height and Weight (continued) Guidelines for weighing residents •
– Use same scale each time – Have resident void, remove shoes and outer clothing – Weigh at same time each day DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
82
Measuring Height and Weight (continued)
• Scales – Remain more accurate if moved as little as possible. – Various types of scales • bathroom scale • standing scale • scales attached to hydraulic lifts • wheelchair scales • bed scales DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
83
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
84
10.16 Demonstrate the procedure for measuring height and weight.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
85
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
86
10.17 Discuss measuring and recording intake and output, and conditions for which this procedure would be ordered.
DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
87
Measuring Intake and Output Fluid Balance • Eliminate 2-1/2 • Consume 2-1/2 to 3-1/2 quarts to 3-1/2 quarts daily daily – urine – eating – perspiration – drinking – water vapor through respirations – stool DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
88
10.17.1 Identify five symptoms of edema.
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Edema • Edema – fluid intake exceeds fluid output – Retention of fluids frequently caused by kidney or heart failure or excessive salt intake
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Edema (continued)
• Symptoms – weight gain – swelling of feet, ankles, hands, fingers, face – decreased urine output – shortness of breath – collection of fluid in abdomen (ascites) DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
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10.17.2 List eight symptoms of dehydration.
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Dehydration • Dehydration: fluid output exceeds fluid intake • Common problem of long-term care residents
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Dehydration (continued)
• Symptoms – thirst – decreased urine output – parched or cracked lips – dry, cracked skin – fever – weight loss – concentrated urine – tongue coated and thick
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Dehydration (continued)
• Causes of dehydration – poor fluid intake – diarrhea – bleeding – vomiting – excessive perspiration DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
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Dehydration (continued)
• Fluids measured in cubic centimeters (cc) – 30 cc = 1 ounce – cc - metric measure
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10.18 Identify the liquids that would be measured and recorded as fluid intake.
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Measuring and Recording Intake/Output • Physician orders intake and output • Intake includes: – All liquid taken by mouth – Food items that turn to liquid at room temperature – Tube feedings into stomach through nose or abdomen – Fluids given by intravenous infusion DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
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10.18.1 List the liquids that would be measured and recorded as fluid output.
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Measuring and Recording Intake/Output (continued)
• Output includes – Urine – Liquid stool – Emesis – Drainage – Suctioned secretions – Excessive perspiration DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 10
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10.19 Demonstrate measuring and recording fluid intake and output.
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