Umkc T File

UMKC SDI 2008 Culp/Easley

Topicality Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States

TOPICALITY Mass Noun – In the US Mass Noun – The USFG

2 3

US Gov Federal = National

4 5

Incentives = Reward Incentive not command-and-control Incentives Induce Action Incentives = Cost-Saving Incentives Voluntary Incentives = Offers Incentives = Economic Incentives Not = Punishment

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Substantial = 3 Percent

14

Alt Energy = No Natural Resources Alt Energy = Not Fossil Fuels Alt Energy = USFG Defined Alt Energy = Not Nuclear

15 16 17 18

T in the US (Natives) Wind ASPEC Wind (not increase)

19 20 21

US = USA Federal = Not States USFG = Checks and Balances

22 22 23

Substantially Definitions Increase Definitions

24 25

Incentives not Monetary Positive/Negative Incentives

26 27

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UMKC SDI 2008 Culp/Easley

Topicality Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States

Mass Noun – In The United States Definition: ‘the’ is a mass noun American Heritage Dictionary 2000 Used before a singular noun indicating that the noun is generic: The wolf is an endangered species. Interpretation: “the” that is a part of “in the United States” is a mass noun indicating that incetives must be offered in all of the United States, not just one part. Standards Ground: The affirmative must defend passage in all 50 states and territories. This allows for key disad or counterplan ground on specific states or territories. Predictability: If the aff is able to choose a specific region, the negative would never be able to get specific enough case arguments. Limits: while limiting out small cases, this interpretation would allow for cases that influence the whole United States. This would improve debates because the cases would more substantially affect the status quo. T is a voter for education, fairness and jurisdiction

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UMKC SDI 2008 Culp/Easley

Topicality Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States

Mass Noun – The USFG Definition: ‘the’ is a mass noun American Heritage Dictionary 2000 Used before a singular noun indicating that the noun is generic: The wolf is an endangered species. The US federal government is all three branches, legislative, judicial and executive USA.GOV No Date

http://www.usa.gov/Agencies/federal.shtml usa.gov, Official information and services from the U.S. government U.S. Federal Government

The three branches of U.S. government—legislative, judicial, and executive—carry out governmental power and functions. View a complete diagram (.PDF) of the U.S. government's branches. Interpretation: the” that is a part of “The United States federal government” is a mass noun indicating that actor must all of the United States federal government, not just one part. The plan must pass through all three branches of the United States. Standards Ground: Politics and agent disads and counterplans are key negative ground. Without defending all three branches, the negative would be able to link out of any implementation or enforcement debate. Predictability: Affs that don’t define their actor in the plan text, they would be to shift our of agentspecific disads and counterplans in the 2ac. Education: implementation and enforcement are key parts to the policy-making process. Without this part of debate, we would education that is universal to every debate topic. T is a voter for fairness, education and jurisdiction

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UMKC SDI 2008 Culp/Easley

Topicality Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States

T – US Government Interp: The affirmative must use the government body of the United States Definition: The United States Federal Government is the governmental body as set forth by the Constitution WIKIPEDIA no date (redirected from United States Federal Government) This article describes the government of the United States. For other issues, see Politics of the United States. The federal government of the United States is the United States governmental body that carries out the roles assigned to the federation of individual states established by the Constitution. The federal government has three branches: the executive, legislative, and judicial. Through a system of separation of powers or "checks and balances," each of these branches has some authority to act on its own, some authority to regulate the other two branches, and has some of its own authority, in turn, regulated by the other branches. In addition, the powers of the federal government as a whole are limited by the Constitution, which leaves a great deal of authority to the individual states. Federal government of the United States Standards: Ground – Alternate actors to the USFG are the negative’s group – we lose DA and Counterplan ground. Limits – the US Constitution limits the USFG which is clearly defined can has a textual litmus test Education – Because the majority of the topic literature assumes the USFG, we will be able to have access to more and better debates. T is a voter: Fairness, Education and Jurisdiction

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UMKC SDI 2008 Culp/Easley

Topicality Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States

T - Federal Government means National Government Interp: Federal government means the national government COLLINS ESSENTIAL 2006 Federal Government Noun the national government of a federated state, such as that of Canada located in Ottawa or of Australia in Canberra published.Collins Essential English Dictionary 2nd Edition 2006 © HarperCollins Publishers 2004, 2006 Violation: The aff doesn’t use the federal government

Standards Ground: the aff steals agent counterplan/disad ground as well as congressional action disads. Education: Depth is better than breadth. The alternative energy literature is dominated by USFG solvency evidence. Alternative solvency actors switch the debate to an area with fewer and worse cards.

T is a voter for fairness, education and jurisdiction.

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UMKC SDI 2008 Culp/Easley

Topicality Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States Incentives Reward

Interpretation – Incentives reward behavior Investorwords.com No Date http://www.investorwords.com/2394/incentive.html incentive Definition A reward for a specific behavior, designed to encourage that behavior. also called inducement. Violation: The affirmative case discourages behavior instead of encouraging it Standards Ground: Key Counterplan and Disad ground revolves around discouraging behavior. We also lose our market-approaches bad links, which is core case debate. Bi-directionality: The literature on taxes, caps and regulations talks is completely different, different alternative energies are not viable within an incentives world. If the topic can go both ways, the negative would have to double their research burden. T is a Voter Fairness, Education, Jurisdiction

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UMKC SDI 2008 Culp/Easley

Topicality Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States

Command and control not incentives Interpretation: command-and-control approaches are not incentives Hahn and Stavins, ‘92 (Robert W., Robert N., “Economic Incentives for Environmental Protection: Integrating Theory and Practice,” The American Economic Review, Vol. 82, No. 2, Papers and Proceedings of the Hundred and Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, (May, 1992), pp.464-468, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2117445, accessed 22/07/2008)//amanda Economists frequently divide policy instruments for achieving environmental objectives into two categories: those that pro- vide firms with little flexibility in achieving goals (so-called "commandand-control" approaches) and those that provide firms with greater flexibility and incentives to look for more effective ways of making sustained environmental progress (so-called market- based or incentive-based mechanisms). Comparisons between conventional command-and-control regulation (including technology standards and performance standards) and market-based approaches (including taxes and markets in pollution rights) have repeatedly noted that conventional regulations fail to achieve environ- mental objectives in the least costly manner. In contrast, well-designed market-based approaches provide an incentive for firms to equate abatement costs at the margin, thus achieving a given level of environmental quality at least cost. For example, simulations suggest that the proposed emissions- rights market for curbing acid rain in the United States could save $1 billion annually in comparison to a command-and-control approach in which scrubbers would be required on selected power plants. In theory, a similar result could be achieved through the introduction of an appropriately scaled emission tax. Violation: The affirmative has a command-and-control approach, not market-based incentives Standards Ground: Key Counterplan and Disad ground revolves around discouraging behavior. We also lose our market-approaches bad links, which is core case debate. Bi-directionality: The literature on taxes, caps and regulations talks is completely different, different alternative energies are not viable within an incentives world. If the topic can go both ways, the negative would have to double their research burden. T is a Voter Fairness, Education, Jurisdiction

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UMKC SDI 2008 Culp/Easley

Topicality Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States

Incentives Induce Action Interpretation: The aff must induce action or motivate effort Definition: The American Heritage® Dictionary 2005. 4th edition Published by: Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved. [Middle English, from Late Latin incentīvum, from neuter of incentīvus, inciting, from Latin, setting the tune, from incentus past participle of incinere, to sound, in-, intensive pref.; see in–2, + canere, to sing.] (noun) Something, such as the fear of punishment or the expectation of reward, that induces action or motivates effort. (adjective) Serving to induce or motivate: an incentive bonus for high productivity. Violation: The affirmative stops a behavior (like coal or something) Standards Ground: Core negative ground is a disad to new energy sources. It also spikes out of state bad critique links and the biz con DA. Limits: Just getting rid of current bad behavior would allow for a million different cases that just reduce behavior making uniqueness disads impossible. Bright Line: By having to increase new fuels, the negative can have predictable link ground and uniqueness claims. Effects topicality: It’s impossible to predict if behavior will happen and allows the aff to grant out solvency in the 2ar. This is an independent voter on fairness. T is a voter for fairness, education and jurisdiction.

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UMKC SDI 2008 Culp/Easley

Topicality Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States

Incentives are Cost-Saving Interpretation: Incentives are cost-saving programs The North Carolina State Department of Commerce, no date http://www.nccommerce.com/en/BusinessServices/LocateYourBusiness/WhyNC/Incentives/ North Carolina’s targeted, performance-based incentive programs greatly lessen the tax burden and lower the overall costs for companies who are locating and doing business in our state. Companies that meet certain requirements can take advantage of tax credits and other incentives including sales and use tax discounts, exemptions and refunds, discretionary programs, and other cost-saving programs. See the sections and links below for more information on these programs. Violation: The affirmative doesn’t save costs. Standards Ground: The negative should be able to run de-dev and capitalism critiques in every round. This is core neg ground on the topic. Bright Line: It’s simple – the direct of a “you save money” link should always go negative. T is a voter for fairness, education and jurisdiction.

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UMKC SDI 2008 Culp/Easley

Topicality Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States

T – Incentives Voluntary Interpretation: Incentives offer payoff and are voluntary Grant, 2002 (Professor of Political Science at Duke University), “The ethics of incentives: historical origins and contemporary understandings”, 3/14/2002, , accessed on 7/22/08//prarthana Increasingly in the modern world, incentives are becoming the tool we reach for when we wish to bring about change. In government, in education, in health care, between and within institutions of all sorts, incentives are offered to steer people's choices in certain directions. But despite the increasing interest in ethics and economics, the ethics of the use of incentives has raised very little concern. From a certain point of view, this is not surprising. When incentives are viewed from the perspective of market economics, they appear to be entirely unproblematic. An incentive is an offer of something of value, sometimes with a cash equivalent and sometimes not, meant to influence the payoff structure of a utility calculation so as to alter a person's course of action. In other words, the person offering the incentive means to make one choice more attractive to the person responding to the incentive than any other alternative. Both parties stand to gain from the resulting choice. In effect, it is a form of trade, and as such, it meets certain ethical requirements by definition. A trade involves voluntary action by all parties concerned to bring about a result that is beneficial to all parties concerned. If these conditions were not met, the trade would simply not occur. And as inducements in a voluntary transaction, incentives certainly have the moral high ground over coercion as an alternative. Violation: the negative creates a force choice for actors to create alternative energy Standards Ground: Core negative solvency turns and solvency takeouts are based on incentives being weak. Without these solvency attacks, we miss the heart of the resolution. Limits: Locking in a solvency mechanism is crucial to being able to research all of the possible alternative energy sources. T is a voter for fairness, education and jurisdiction

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UMKC SDI 2008 Culp/Easley

Topicality Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States

T -- Incentives = Offers Interpretation: Incentives are not persuasion, they must make an offer Grant, 2002 (Professor of Political Science at Duke University), “The ethics of incentives: historical origins and contemporary understandings”, 3/14/2002, , accessed on 7/22/08//prarthana Incentives are one of the various ways in which people can get other people to do what they want them to do. They involve relations of power; power which is exercised in a manner distinguishable from persuasion as well as from coercion. In some situations, of course, incentives are the preferred alternative to coercion. But in others, where persuasion might be an effective alternative, it is an insult to be offered an incentive: it implies either that you are crass ± that is, that there is no good reason to do the thing you are being asked to do, but that your compliance can be bought; or that you are stupid and would not be able to appreciate the good reasons for doing what you are being asked to do so that an appeal to your selfish interests must take the place of argument; or that you are not well-intentioned and must be induced to do the right thing by extrinsic benefits. Violation: The affirmative merely encourages behavior without actually offering economic benefits or otherwise Standards Ground: Investor confidence and politics disads are core negative ground. Just encouraging behavior squirrels out of the link. Limits: this interpretation limits out cases that don’t do anything while still maintaining substantial affirmative solvency ground T is a voter for fairness, education and jurisdiction

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UMKC SDI 2008 Culp/Easley

Topicality Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States Incentives = Economic

Interpretation: incentives should be economic Global Power Report, ‘07 [Global Power Report; April 12, 2007; Gingrich calls for economic incentives, not cap-and-trade, to tackle global warming; Global Power Report; Renewable Energy; L/N] ANN

United States should use economic incentives, rather than a mandatory cap on emissions, to combat global warming. Gingrich, a Republican who led the Former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, who is mulling a bid for the White House in 2008, this week, said the

House from 1995 to 1999, said he did not advocate the type of laissez-faire approach that would do nothing to dissuade the power sector and other industries from continuing to pump

the government should make widespread use of tax incentives and other "non-coercive" economic tools to spur development of low-carbon technologies, billions of tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Instead, he said

Gingrich said. "Regulation and litigation are the least-effective methods" of addressing global warming, Gingrich said, arguing that the approach would create a huge federal bureaucracy that would not solve the problem. A better approach, he said, would make use of "entrepreneurial incentives" such as federal tax credits for power plants that capture and store their CO2 emissions. Gingrich made his remarks during a global-warming debate with Massachusetts Democratic Senator John Kerry, John Kerry, who narrowly lost his own bid for the White House in 2004. Kerry faulted Gingrich for underestimating the threat posed by global warming, saying the Republican fails to understand that the phenomenon is a "crisis" requiring urgent action. Kerry said the US and other countries must soon make deep reductions in their greenhouse gas emissions to avoid reaching a climatic "tipping point" that would result in widespread coastal flooding and other "catastrophic" consequences. "This is a crisis," Kerry said. "No coal-fired power plant should be built anywhere that doesn't capture and sequester carbon dioxide. Period." Gingrich acknowledged that global warming is a "problem," and that human activities are contributing to the phenomenon. But he repeatedly said that global warming cannot be addressed effectively through a mandatory regulatory scheme, such as a cap-and-trade program for greenhouse gas emissions. That would create a "breathtakingly complex" bureaucracy that would fail to address the problem, Gingrich said.

Violation: The affirmative uses a form of incentives that are not economic. Limits: topic specific solvency ground is tied to economic incentives. Any other form of incentive would explode the topic. Ground: non-economic means should be the negatives ground. Allow the aff to claim it makes solvency and DA links impossible and counterplan ground unpredictable.

T is a voter for fairness, education and jurisdiction.

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UMKC SDI 2008 Culp/Easley

Topicality Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States

Incentives = Not Punish Interpretation: The plan should not punish someone for opting out of the incentives. Long 1996 William, prof at Georgia Institute of Technology’s Sam Nunn School of International Affairs, International Studies Quarterly spring 1996 p83 In contrast, the offer of an economic incentive providing new gains from trade and technology transfer does not create in the recipient a strong desire to undermine the influence attempt by seeking an alternative supplier. Furthermore, incentives do not create economic conditions that encourage new entrants or third-party suppliers to offset the sender’s efforts. When an incentive is offered, the potential recipient can choose to reject it and maintain its political autonomy, leaving it no worse off than before.

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UMKC SDI 2008 Culp/Easley

Topicality Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States

Substantial = 3 Percent Interpretation: Substantial is 3 percent change Definition: A 3 percent change in gas use would be substantial The Washington Times, Executive Director, 12/6/2006, http://www.lexisnexis.com.ezproxy.mnl.umkc.edu/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd =true&risb=21_T4217063484&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29 _T4217063402&cisb=22_T4217063488&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=8176&docNo=1 Alternative Fuels 7/22/08//S. Walker The otherwise fine editorial "'25-by-'25' assumptions" (Thursday) unfortunately mangled the distinction between fossil energy use and petroleum use. Corn ethanol requires a lot of energy to make, but very little petroleum. Thus, the renewable fuels requirements of the Energy Policy Act will reduce the nation's gasoline use by about 3 percent six times as much as you reported, citing the Competitive Enterprise Institute. Substantially larger biofuels contributions will be possible through the use of agricultural residues such as wheat straw and highly productive nonfood crops such as switch grass. Standards Limits: By limiting out cases that affect use by less than three percent, the negative is provided adequate Disad ground. Predictability: Because alternative energy is so prolific, nearly anything could change its use. This would make just about anything topic. Bright Line: The 3-percent test can be easily applied and is a standard that would be predictable for all affirmatives. T is a voter for education, fairness and jurisdiction

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UMKC SDI 2008 Culp/Easley

Topicality Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States

Alt Energy = No Natural Resources Interpretation: Alternative energy is any energy derives from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment The Free Dictionary, Princeton, Farlex, 2008, http://www.thefreedictionary.com/solar+energy The Free Dictionary//S.Walker Noun 1. alternative energy - energy derived from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment energy, free energy - (physics) a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the capacity of a physical system to do work; the units of energy are joules or ergs; "energy can take a wide variety of forms" solar energy, solar power - energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy; "the amount of energy falling on the earth is given by the solar constant, but very little use has been made of solar energy" wind generation, wind power - power derived from the wind (as by windmills) Noun 1. solar energy - energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy; "the amount of energy falling on the earth is given by the solar constant, but very little use has been made of solar energy" solar power alternative energy - energy derived from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment Violation: the affirmative uses a fuel that uses up natural resources Standards Limits: This interpretation prevents millions of small cases that could use natural resources, just in a different way (ie: clean coal) Ground: natural resource use should be neg ground – allowing the affirmative to have it makes the topic bidirectional and gives the negative an impossible research burden. T is a voter for education, fairness and jurisdiction.

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UMKC SDI 2008 Culp/Easley

Topicality Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States

Alt Energy = Not Fossil Fuels Interpretation: Alternative energy is anything not derived from fossil fuels MMS, 07/16/2008 (MMS, “Definitions”, http://www.mms.gov/offshore/alternativeenergy/definitions.htm, Date accessed 7/22/08) Alternative energy: Fuel sources that are other than those derived from fossil fuels. Typically used interchangeably for renewable energy. Examples include: wind, solar, biomass, wave and tidal energy. Violation: The affirmative derives energy from fossil fuels Standards Limits: This interpretation prevents millions of small cases that could use natural resources, just in a different way (ie: clean coal) Ground: natural resource use should be neg ground – allowing the affirmative to have it makes the topic bidirectional and gives the negative an impossible research burden. T is a voter for education, fairness and jurisdiction.

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UMKC SDI 2008 Culp/Easley

interpretation:

Topicality Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States

Incentives have to be incentives defined by the USFG

US Department of Energy, 2008

[“United States (Federal) Incentives and Laws” http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs/fed_summary.php/afdc/US/0]Lathrop

Our federal incentives and laws are categorized here as either Incentives, Laws and Regulations, or Programs, which could be funding opportunities or other federal initiatives related to alternative fuels and vehicles, advanced technologies, or air quality. To sort information by sponsoring agency instead of category, click the Agency radio button below. Additional incentives may also be available on the Clean Cities Financial Opportunities Web page.

Organize Results By: Category Agency

Incentives Alternative Fuel Excise Tax Credit Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Tax Credit Biobased Transportation Research Funding Biodiesel Income Tax Credit Biodiesel Mixture Excise Tax Credit Biomass Research and Development Initiative Fuel Cell Motor Vehicle Tax Credit Heavy-Duty Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Tax Credit Light-Duty Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) and Advanced Lean Burn Vehicle Tax Credit Qualified Alternative Fuel Motor Vehicle (QAFMV) Tax Credit Renewable Energy Systems and Energy Efficiency Improvements Grant Small Agri-Biodiesel Producer Tax Credit Small Ethanol Producer Tax Credit Value-Added Producer Grants (VAPG)

Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit (VEETC)

Laws and Regulations Aftermarket Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) Conversions Alternative Fuel Definition Alternative Fuel Definition - Internal Revenue Code Alternative Fuel Tax Exemption Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lane Exemption Idle Reduction Facilities Regulation Import Duty for Fuel Ethanol Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) Program Tier 2 Vehicle and Gasoline Sulfur Program Updated Fuel Economy Test Procedures and Labeling Vehicle Acquisition and Fuel Use Requirements for Federal Fleets Vehicle Acquisition and Fuel Use Requirements for Private and Local Government Fleets Vehicle Acquisition and Fuel Use Requirements for State and Alternative Fuel Provider Fleets Vehicle Incremental Cost Allocation

Programs Air Pollution Control Program Alternative Transportation in Parks and Public Lands Program Biobased Products and Bioenergy Program Clean Agriculture USA Clean Cities Clean Construction USA Clean Fuel Fleet Program (CFFP) Clean Fuels Grant Program Clean Ports USA Clean School Bus USA Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) Improvement Program Loan Guarantee Program National Clean Diesel Campaign (NCDC) National Fuel Cell Bus Technology Development Program (NFCBP) Pollution Prevention Grants Program SmartWay Transport Partnership State Energy Program (SEP) Funding Voluntary Airport Low Emission (VALE) Program

Standards: Predictability: The federal incentives list is comprehensive and allows for the negatives to know what solvency mechanism to prepare for. Ground: incentives outside of the federal list are unimportant to policymakers and are likely just used to squirrel out of most topic solvency attacks and Das. All other incentives should be negative DA and Counterplan ground. T is a voter for fairness, education and jurisdiction

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UMKC SDI 2008 Culp/Easley

Topicality Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States

Alt Energy not Nukes

Interpretation: Alternative Energy excludes nuclear power Huevel, 2008 RICHARD VANDEN, “Letters to the Editor” http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iwsearch/we/InfoWeb?p_product=NewsBank&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=121805B1A1E7FA38&p_docnum=28&p_queryname=3,News bank] Consequently, students at Middlebury College in Vermont have started a worldwide movement called 350.org (their Web site) to spur people to action. Their message: We need to stop: Building coal-fired power plants and phase them out. Environmentally destructive oil production. Making biofuels from food

Instead, we need to promote and subsidize solar, wind and other forms of alternative energy (not nuclear power). crops. Subsidizing oil companies.

Standards: 1) Predictability: the literature base agrees that nuclear power isn’t alternative energy. We can’t come prepared for something that’s not an alternative energy. 2) Limits: there are already too many alternative energy sources, getting rid of nuclear will make the neg’s job easier. 3) Ground: Nuclear power should be negative ground as disads, counterplans and case turns. T is a voter for fairness, education and jurisdiction.

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UMKC SDI 2008 Culp/Easley

Topicality Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States

T – In the United States A) INTERPRETATION: The Affirmative violates the term United States This is because the definition of IN is: The Random House Dictionary of the English Language (The Unabridged Edition) 1983. prep: 1.a. Within the confines of; inside.

B) Violation: The affirmative increases incentives for use of renewable energy in Indian Country which is not within the confines of the federation of states forming the nation of the United States. Native American Tribes are tantamount to foreign nations. American Indian Policy Center 2005 http://www.airpi.org/pubs/indinsov.html American Indian tribal powers originate with the history of tribes managing their own affairs. Case law has established that tribes reserve the rights they had never given away.1 American Indian Tribes Possess a "Nation-within-a-Nation" Status. Treaties formalize a nation-to-nation relationship between the federal government and the tribes. Trust Responsibility In treaties, Indians reliquished certain rights in exchange for promises from the federal government. Trust responsibility is the government's obligation to honor the trust inherent to these promises and to represent the best interests of the tribes and their members. The U.S. Constitution recognizes Indian tribes as distinct governments. It authorizes Congress to regulate commerce with "foreign nations, among the several states, and with the Indian tribes."2 C) FOCUSING ON THOSE IN THE UNITED STATES IS IMPORTANT 1. ABUSE: If the affirmative could increase incentives for people outside of the U.S. they could pick any of the 200 plus countries in the world claiming advantages from increasing alternative fuels – the negative could never prepare adequately. 2. GIVES MEANING TO “IN THE UNITED STATES” Focusing on those not within the federation of the U.S. obscures the meaning of the United States and confuses it with other places 3. LIMITS: the resolution gives a clear limit of “in the United States.” This is key to negative disad and counterplan ground D) TOPICALITY IS A VOTING ISSUE FOR REASONS OF JURISDICTION, FAIRNESS AND EDUCATION

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UMKC SDI 2008 Culp/Easley

Topicality Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States

WIND ASPEC

A) Deciding which agent enacts the plan is a crucial question in determining important questions on wind power KAPLAN, ‘4 – counsel in the Boston, Massachusetts, office of the law firm of Nixon Peabody LLP [Carolyn S. “COASTAL WIND ENERGY GENERATION: CONFLICT AND CAPACITIE: SYMPOSIUM ARTICLE: Congress, the Courts, and the Army Corps: Siting the First Offshore Wind Farm in the United States.” Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, 31 B.C. Envtl. Aff. L. Rev. 177, p. Lexis] [*213] Members of the 107th and 108th Congresses introduced several bills governing the use of federal offshore resources for renewable energy projects. In February 2003, Representative Barbara Cubin (RWyo.) introduced House Bill 793, an act to amend the OCSLA, which currently authorizes the Secretary of the Department of the Interior to manage oil and gas exploration on the OCS. 196 If enacted, House Bill 793 would have expanded the Department of the Interior's jurisdiction, authorizing the implementing agency, the Mineral Management Service (MMS), to grant property interests, such as an easement or right-of-way, for renewable energy projects on the OCS. 197 The MMS has many years of experience overseeing oil and gas activities on offshore federal lands and believes it is well-suited to take on responsibility for offshore wind energy development. 198 But others disagree, arguing that the oversight of offshore renewable energy projects in the oceans should include a leading role for federal agencies with a direct marine regulatory and habitat mission, such as the National [*214] Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Marine Fisheries Service. 199 Dissatisfied with the provisions of House Bill 793, Representative William Delahunt (D-Mass.) proposed competing legislation in March 2003, giving authority over offshore renewable energy projects to NOAA through amendments to the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. 200

B) Violation – the AFF doesn’t specify their agent C) Standards – 1) Ground – we lose crucial DA links and counterplans because we can’t interrogate the plan’s agent of action 2) Predictability – since multiple agents can enact the plan, the only way for the negative to predict the process of enactment is for the AFF to list their agent in the plan text D) Voter – to uphold the standards above and to ensure competitive equity in debate

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UMKC SDI 2008 Culp/Easley

Topicality Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States

T – WIND (NOT AN INCREASE) A) INTERPRETAION: Increase WordNet, no date [http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=increase] addition: a quantity that is added; "there was an addition to property taxes this year"; "they recorded the cattle's gain in weight over a period ...

B) VIOLATION: THE AFFIRMATIVE IS NOT AN INCREASE – THEY JUST MAKE AN EXISTING TAX CREDIT PERMANENT – THIS IS NOT AN INCREASE. Ground: The negative should be able to defend the status quo. Increases are key to uniqueness ground on disads, and having to attack the status quo would be an impossible research burden. Limits: we exclude cases that merely continue the status quo, but provide adequate room for aff cases that make a change. T is a voter for Fairness, Education and Jurisdiction

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UMKC SDI 2008 Culp/Easley

Topicality Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States

US = USA The United States means the United States of America American Heritage 2000 The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. United States VARIANT FORMS: or United States of America ABBREVIATION: U.S. (US) (U.S.A.) (USA) A country of central and northwest North America with coastlines on the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It includes the noncontiguous states of Alaska and Hawaii and various island territories in the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean. The area now occupied by the contiguous 48 states was originally inhabited by numerous Native American peoples and was colonized beginning in the 16th century by Spain, France, the Netherlands, and England. Great Britain eventually controlled most of the Atlantic coast and, after the French and Indian Wars (1754–1763), the Northwest Territory and Canada. The original Thirteen Colonies declared their independence from Great Britain in 1776 and formed a government under the Articles of Confederation in 1781, adopting (1787) a new constitution that went into effect after 1789. The nation soon began to expand westward. Growing tensions over the issue of Black slavery divided the country along geographic lines, sparking the secession of the South and the Civil War (1861–1865). The remainder of the 19th century was marked by increased westward expansion, industrialization, and the influx of millions of immigrants. The United States entered World War II after the Japanese attack (1941) on Pearl Harbor and emerged after the war as a world power. Washington, D.C., is the capital and New York the largest city. Population: 260,651,000. Federal means not the states OED 89 Oxford English Dictionary SECOND EDITION 1989 Federal b. Of or pertaining to the political unity so constituted, as distinguished from the separate states composing it.

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UMKC SDI 2008 Culp/Easley

Topicality Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States

USFG -- Checks and Balances USFG must have three branches that have checks and balances on each other Ask.com, No Date < Ask.com is a leading search engine on the Web. Founded as Ask Jeeves in 1996 and renamed Ask.com in February 2005, Ask.com is recognized for innovation in search technology and search interface design. http://www.ask.com/web?q=what+is+the+US+federal+government&search=search&qsrc=0&o=10181&l =dir > accessed on 7/22/08//Shahzad The federal government of the United States is the centralized United States governmental body established by the United States Constitution. The federal government has three branches: the legislature, executive, and judiciary. Through a system of separation of powers or "checks and balances", each of these branches has some authority to act on its own, some authority to regulate the other two branches, and has some of its own authority, in turn, regulated by the other branches. The policies of the federal government have a broad impact on both the domestic and foreign affairs of the United States. In addition, the powers of the federal government as a whole are limited by the Constitution, which leaves a great deal of authority to the individual states

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UMKC SDI 2008 Culp/Easley

Topicality Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States

Substantially A great extent or degree Princeton Wordnet No Date [wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn] well: to a great extent or degree; "I'm afraid the film was well over budget"; "painting the room white made it seem considerably (or ... in a strong substantial way; "the house was substantially built" a Tangible Amount Dictionary.com

sub·stan·tial

Audio Help - Show Spelled Pronunciation[suh b-stan-shuh l] Pronunciation Key Show IPA Pronunciation –adjective 1. of ample or considerable amount, quantity, size, etc.: a substantial sum of money. 2.

of a corporeal or material nature; tangible; real.

3. of solid character or quality; firm, stout, or strong: a substantial physique. 4. basic or essential; fundamental: two stories in substantial agreement. 5. wealthy or influential: one of the substantial men of the town. 6. of real worth, value, or effect: substantial reasons. 7. pertaining to the substance, matter, or material of a thing. 8. of or pertaining to the essence of a thing; essential, material, or important. 9. being a substance; having independent existence. 10. Philosophy. pertaining to or of the nature of substance rather than an accident or attribute. –noun 11. something substantial.

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UMKC SDI 2008 Culp/Easley

Topicality Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States

Increase Increase means become larger or more numerous Word.net No Date [wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn] a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important; "the increase in unemployment"; "the growth of population" Increase is larger in quantity Wikipedia No Date en.wiktionary.org/wiki/increase An amount by which a quantity is increased; For a quantity, the act or process of becoming larger; to become larger; To make (a quantity) larger

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UMKC SDI 2008 Culp/Easley

Topicality Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States

A2: T -- Incentives do not have to be monetary Stern, 99 (Paul C., “Information, Incentives, and Proenvironmental Consumer Behavior,” Journal of Consumer Policy, Volume 22, Number 4 / December, 1999, p. 468-469 http://www.springerlink.com/content/j6855njvk6420x70/fulltext.pdf, Accessed 7/22/08)//amanda Incentives can overcome such barriers, and have sometimes proven quite effective in inducing changes in some of the most environmentally important consumer behaviors, such as investments in home insulation, weatherization, and upgraded heating systems. It is not surprising that when money is a problem, financial inducements of sufficient size can be a solution. Thus, per-can fees for trash disposal have reduced trash volume in many U.S. communities, the relative prices of petroleum fuels explain much of the disparities among countries in their per capita consumption, and strong price incentives and rebates have influenced appliance purchase and home insulation decisions in energy conserving directions. Less frequently noted is the fact that non-monetary incentives, especially those associated with convenience, can also have important effects on environmentally significant consumer behavior. For example, policies that reserve certain travel lanes or parking spaces for buses and carpools have sometimes increased bus ridership and ride sharing, and curbside pickup of recyclable materials has significantly increased recycling compared to systems that require consumers to transport these materials to distant recycling centers. In energy conservation, financial incentive programs for home insulation that required prior energy audits – the typical practice in the United States in the 1980s – were generally less effective than programs that were used in Canada and Europe during the same period that offered monetary incentives of similar magnitude but that did not present consumers with the inconvenience of taking the extra step of requesting and waiting for an audit (Stern et al., 1986). Combining monetary incentives with nonfinancial incentives such as convenience increases program effectiveness.

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UMKC SDI 2008 Culp/Easley

Topicality Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States

A2 Incentives: Positive incentives

encourage behaviors

convention on biological diversity – no date United Nations Environment Programme www.cbd.int/incentives/positive.shtmlIntroduction A positive incentive measure is an economic, legal or institutional measure designed to encourage beneficial activities. Positive incentive measures include, inter alia, incentive payments for organic farming, agricultural land set-aside schemes as well as public or grant-aided land purchases or conservation easements.

Negative incentives discourage behavior convention on biological diversity 2007 Updated on 2007-06-01 United Nations Environment Programme http://www.cbd.int/incentives/negative.shtml Negative Incentive Measures Introduction Negative incentive measures or disincentives are mechanisms designed to discourage activities that are harmful for biodiversity. Examples of disincentives are user fees or pollution taxes. The guidelines for selecting appropriate and complementary measures, contained in the Proposals for the Design and Implementation of Incentive Measures endorsed by the sixth meeting of the Conference of the Parties, underline that disincentives continue to be an important tool for ensuring the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and that they can be used in combination with positive incentives.

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