U Thaung Htut - Pinnya Meaning

vufOD;q&m ESifh jrwfynm

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tqif h j rif h y nm ausmif;oHk;pmtkyf jyKpkjcif; a'gufwmausmfped f uReaf wmfwYdk wuúov dk af usmif;om;b0 (195-54)u ausmif;oH;k pmtkyftrsm;pkrSm t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;ygonf/ (1952)ck? uRefawmf 0dZÆmatmufwef; (JUNIOR B.A) wGif pdwfynmbmomwJG ,lc&hJ m prf;oyfrI pdwyf nm (EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY) twGuf jy|mef;aom pmtkyrf mS tar&duefjynfaxmifp?k umvDz;dk eD;,m; wuúov dk rf S pdwyf nm ygarmu© (2)OD;jzpfonfh (POSTMAN & EGAN) ykpYd rf if;ESihf tD*if wk\ Yd pmtkyf jzpfygonf/ xkd bmom&yfudk tar&duefjynfaxmifp?k udv k AH , D m wuúokdvfrS (Ph.D.)yg&*lbJGU&cJhol? uxduq&m a'gufwmvSoGifu t*Fvdyfvkd oifMum; ykdYcsygonf/ taxGaxGpdwfynm (GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY) twGuf jy|mef; pmtkyr f mS t*Fvyd pf w d yf nmygarmu© pya&mhwf (SPROTT)\ taxGaxG pdwy f nmESihf tar&duefygarmu© 0k'0f ghof (WOOD WORTH)ESihf t*Fvy d f ygarmu© rm;uGpf (MARQUIS)wk(Yd 2)OD; yl;wJjG yKpo k nfh taxGaxG pdwfynm ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfwkdY jzpfMuygonf/ xkdbmom&yfukd (xkpd Ofu) obm0wå ESihf pdwyf nmXme (DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY) ygarmu©? vef'efwuúokdvf (LONDON UNIVERSITY)rS yg&*lbJGU& q&mBuD; a'gufwmvSbl;ukd,fwkdif t*Fvdyf bmomjzifh oifMum;ykdYcsygonf/ uRefawmfwkdY enf;jyq&mjzpfonfh (1954)ckESpf vufaxmufuxdu jzpfonfh (1957)ckEpS w f w Ydk iG v f nf; txufyg t*Fvyd b f mom jy|mef;pmtkyf rsm;ukd oH;k pJu G m t*Fvyd b f momjzifyh if oifMum;ykcYd say;cJMh uygonf/ okaYd omf xkdtcsdefu ausmif;om;tcsKdUu t*Fvdyfpmcufonf[k nnf;nLMuí

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vufOD;q&m ESifh jrwfynm

wpfaMumif;? tdE, d´ rS q&mrsm; a&;om;onfh tvG,v f rf; (MADE EASY) rSwfpkpmtkyfrsm;ukd tm;xm;vGef;onfwpfaMumif;wkdYaMumifh uRefawmfwkdY q&mwynfhwpfpk? pdwfynmbmom&yfukd vG,fulonfh t*Fvdyfpmjzifh a&;om; jyKpck MhJ uygonf/ rSwrf o d rQ ajym&vQif wuúaA'bmom&yftwGuf (A TEXT-BOOK OF MODERN LOGIC) ukd ygarmu©q&mBu;D a'gufwm vSbl;ESifh uxduq&m au-tifum; (K.N.KAR)wkdY jyKpkMuygonf/ acwfopf pdwfynm ausmif;oHk;pmtkyf (MODERN GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY)ukr d l ygarmu©q&mBu;D a'gufwmvSoiG Ef iS hf vufaxmuf uxdursm; jzpfMuonfh uRefawmfESifh q&mr a':jrifhjrifharwkdY t*Fvdyfvkd jyKpkcJhMuygonf/ (1960)wpf 0 k d u f u rl taemuf w k d i f ; ynma&;avmuwG i f pmtkyx f w k v f Qif xkw/f rxkwv f Qif jyKwf (PUBLISH OR PERISH) [laom tqkdtrdefY acwfpm;aeygonf/ xkdpOfu taemufEkdifiHrsm; (txl;ojzifh tar&duef jynfaxmifpk)wGif tqifhjrifhynm ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfrsm;ukd olYxufig tNydKiftqkdif jyKpkaeMuygonf/ xkdokdYjyKpk&mwGif tcsKdUu pmenf;enf; t½kyf? "mwfyHk rsm;rsm;? tcsKdUurl ukd,fykdift,ltqenf;enf; olwumt,ltqrsm;rsm;jzifh a&;om;wwfMu&m jzwf? ñSy?f uyf ausmif;oH;k pmtkyfrsm;[líyif tcsif;csif; avSmifajymifoa&mf a0zefwwfMuygonf/ uRefawmfwkdY yg&*lbJGU,lNyD; jrefrmjynfokdY jyefvmonfhtcsdef (1967) ckESpfwGifum; ]]ynmavmu &moDOwkonf wpfrsKd;wpfzHk ajymif;vJcJhayNyD? bmom&yf[lorQ jrefrmvkd oifMurnf}}[laom a
vufOD;q&m ESifh jrwfynm

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jzpf&yfwu Ydk dk jrefrmvkd jyefvnf&iS ;f jyaom ESpb f momenf; (B1-2 IN GUAL METHOD)ukd oH;k cJMh uygonf/ xkt d csed u f uReaf wmfwu Ydk , dk w f idk f tar&duefwiG f ausmif;aepOfu awGUBuHKcHpm;cJh&aom ]]xkwfvQifxkwf? rxkwfvQifjyKwf}} (PUBLISH OR PERISH) [laomtcsuu f dk owdw&jzifh ausmif;oH;k pmtkyrf sm; jyKpck yhJ gonf/ uRefawmfwpfOD;wnf; jyKpkaom pmtkyf(2)tkyfrSm ]]acwfopfpdwfynm}} ('kw, d wJ)G ESihf ]]acwfopfqufqaH &; pdwyf nm}}wkYd jzpfygonf/ xkt d csed u f rl t*Fvyd b f momjzifh &SNd y;D jzpfaom pmtkyw f rYdk S aumif;Ek;d &m&mwku Yd dk xkwEf w k u f m oif½kd;ñTef;wrf;ESifh ukdufnDonfwkdYukd jrefrmbmomjyefqkdí pkaygif;wifjy onfhoabmrQom jzpfayonf/ tmp&d, y&Hy&? q&mhq&mwkdY enf;vrf; twkid ;f ]]jzwf-n§y-f uyf}}bmomjyef pkpnf;aygif;pyf a&;om;vrf;pOfudk vku d f em usifhoHk;cJhygonf/ okdYaomf usrf;ukd;awG NrdKifNrdKifqkdifqkdifjzifh orm;*kPfjy jyKpkxm;aom ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfwpftkyfvnf; &Sdygao;onf/ xkdpmtkyfrSm ]]acwfNydKif pdwyf nm *kdPf;uJGrsm;}}jzpfí xkdpOfu vufaxmufuxdu (,ck ygarmu©) jzpf o l q&mr a':aX;aX;ES i f h yl ; wJ G a &;om;jcif ; jzpf y gonf / þwG i f ]]orm;*kPfjy}}[k qkd& jcif;rSm wynfhjzpfoltm; taMumif;t&mESifh tcsuf tvufaygif;rsm;pGmukd &if;jrpfjzpfaom pmtkypf mwrf; *sme,ftapmifapmif rS aumufEkwfpkpnf; wifjyapNyD; q&mjzpfolu wl&ma&G;xkwfí taMumif; t&mvnf; us,jf yefeY ufepJ v kH ifap? pmoifom;wkv Yd nf; tvG,w f ul em;vnf ap[laom &nfrSef;csufjzifh jyKpkxm;aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ txl;ojzifh xkdtcsdefu taemufwkdif; tqifhjrifhausmif;oHk;pmtkyftcsKdUwGifom awGU& wwfonfh ]]rSwpf yk g usr;f uk;d pm&if;}} (ANNOTATBD BIBLIO GRAPHY) ukd wifjyxm;jcif;aMumifhvnf; ]]orm;*kPfjy}}oabm jzpfonf[k qkd&yg onf/ ,cktcg umvDzkd;eD;,m;jynfe,f zlvmwefaumvdyf (FULLER TON COLLEGE) rS pdwfynm ygarmu© (2)OD; yl;wJGjyKpkxm;onfh ]]vlom; zHGUNzdK;rI}} (HUMAN DEVELOPMENT) [laom ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfukd awGU&onft h cgwGirf S tqifjh rifyh nmausmif;oH;k pmtkyf jyKp&k mwGif ]]pepf

vufOD;q&m ESifh jrwfynm

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pdppfrI}} (SYSTEM ANALYSIS) enf;ukd oHk;pJGygu ykdí xda&mufrI &SdEkdif aMumif; odjrifvmygonf/ ]]pepf-pdppfrI}} [lonf pdwfynmq&mwkdY\ ]]oif,jl cif;jzpfpOf}}rSmuJo h yYkd if ]]vkt d if}} (NEED) ESihf pwifNy;D ,if;vkt d ifwYdk ESifh ywfoufonfh ,lqcsufrsm; (ASSUMPTIONS) ESifh &nfrSef;csufrsm; (OBJECTIVES)wkdYukd pkpnf;aygif;pyf aqG;aEG;um jyKvkyf&rnfh ]]jzpfpOf}} (PROCESS)wkdYukd &Sif;vif; azmfjyjcif;jzpfygonf/ (yl;wJGygyHkukdMunfhyg/) pmtkyfa&;ol ygarmu© (2)OD;\ t"du vkdtifqE´rSm ]]vlwkdY\ zHUG NzKd ;rI taMumif;ESiyhf wfoufí Ny;D jynfph akH om wuúov dk o f ;kH pmtkyw f pftyk f jyKpka&;yif jzpfygonf/ ,if;okdYjyKpk&mwGif t"duusaom ,lqcsufBuD; (5) ck &Sdayonf/ ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfjyKpk&mwGif oHk;pJGonfh pepf - pdppfrI - yHkpH

jyefauR;rI? jyKjyifp&m&Sdonfukd jyKjyifjcif;

↑ tuJjzwfrIrsm;? (ausmif;om;rsm;? vkyfazmf ukdifzufrsm;? q&mrsm;ESifh pmzwfolrsm;xHrS &&Sdonf/)

→ → → ←

vkdtif

↓ ,lqcsufrsm; (5)csuf

↓ &nfrSef;csufrsm; (10)csuf

↓ jzpfpOf(3)&yf

↓ vkdtifqE´ jynfh0jcif;

vufOD;q&m ESifh jrwfynm

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,if;wkdYrSm (1)uav;b0ESifh ysKdazmf0ifb0wkdY taMumif;ukd avhvmjcif;jzifh uREyfk o f nf uREyfk w f t Ydk aMumif;ukd ykrd dk od&edS m;vnfEidk o f nf/ (2) uav;wku Yd dk arG;jrLxdef;odrf;olrsm;onf xkd uav;wpfOD;csif;twGufom wm0ef&Sdonf r[kw/f xku d av;wkYd aemufq;kH Bu;D jyif;vm&rnfh vlt Y zJUG tpnf;twGuv f nf; wm0ef&adS yonf/ (3) vly*k Kd¾ vw f pfO;D csi;f pDonf ol\ pGr;f aqmif&nftm;vH;k zHUG NzKd ;wk;d wufatmif BuKd ;yrf;vkyaf qmifz?Ydk tcGit hf a&; tjynft h 0 &Sad yonf/ (4) vltawmfrsm;rsm;wGif zHGUNzdK;atmif vkyfaqmifEkdifonfh pGrf;tifykef; (POTENTIAL) tajrmuftjrm; &Sdonf/ (5) vlwkdY\ zHGUNzdK;rIukd pepfwus avhvmí awGU&SdcsufwkdYukd rSefuefpGm toHk;csjcif;jzifh vlwpfOD;csif;twGuf aomfvnf;aumif; vlt Y zJUG tpnf;wpfcv k ;kH twGuaf omfvnf;aumif; tusK;d xl;rsm; &&SdEkdifayonf/ txufazmfjyyg ,lqcsufrsm;ukd taumif txnfazmf&mwGif xm;&Sd&rnfh &nfrSef;csuf (10)ck ausmif;oHk;pmwpftkyf &Sdayonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm (1) ukd,fhtaMumif;ukd,f jyKpk a &;rS m wu,f ykdrkdod&Sdem;vnf&ef? (2) oifhrdbrsm;taMumif;ukd wrf;om pepfpdppfrIukd ykrd o dk &d dS em;vnf&ef? (3) oifo h m;orD;rsm; taMumif; oH k ; pJ G í vk y f i ef ; uk d ukd ykdrkd od&Sdem;vnf&ef? (4) vlwkdY\zHGUNzdK;rIESifh taumiftxnf azmf ywfoufonfh tajccH owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd rnfqkdygu taumif; f nf jynfhjynfhpHkpHk wifjyEkdif&ef/ (5) vlwkdYzHGUNzdK;rIESifh xuftrGef jzpfEidk o ywfoufonfh t,ltqrsm; okawoersm;ESifh rSwfapumrl odyfawmh awGU&Sdcsuf &v'frsm;ukd azmfjy&ef/ (6) vlom;b0 rvG,fvSaom tvkyf twG u f t"d u usí ta&;ygonf h ok a woe wpf c k ygwum;[k ESifh oDtkd&DtcsKdUukd o½kyfjy aqG;aEG;&ef? (7) vlom; aumif;pGm oabmayguf zHGUNzdK;rIESifh ywfoufonfh rEkóaA'? vlrIaA'ESifh rdygownf;/ ZD0aA' ponfh qufpyfrI&Sd&m bmom&yfrsm;\ avhvmawGU&SdcsufwkdYukd odrf;oGif; aygif;pyfaqG;aEG; azmfjy&ef? (8) zHGUNzdK;rI pdwfynm (DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY)\ oifhb0 wpfoufwm aeYpOf vIy&f mS ;jyKrrl rI sm;tay: tusK;d oufa&mufyw kH u Ydk dk pOf;pm; avhvm&ef? (9) a&SUokYd qufvufí avhvmvkpd w d af y:atmif EI;d aqmfay;&efEiS hf

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vufOD;q&m ESifh jrwfynm

(10) pmoifom; (okrYd [kw)f pmzwfow l t Ydk m; vlom;tusK;d twGuf 0efaqmif rIvkyfief;rsm;wGif wufwuf
jzpfygonf/ ,if;

vufOD;q&m ESifh jrwfynm

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ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfwGif (1) ed'gef;? (2) ynm&yfaygif;pHk½Iaxmifhrsm;? (3) b0yef;wkid rf sm;? (4) b0 oHo&m [lí tykdif;BuD; (4)ykdif;ESifh tcef;aygif; (21)cef; yg0ifNyD; pmrsufESm (581) &Sdygonf/ uRefawmfhxHwGif&Sdaom pmtkyfrSm tzHk;yg;ESifhjzpfNyD; ]]txl;ay;ykdY onfh BuKd wifaumfyD a&mif;&efr[kw}f } (SPECIAL ADVACE COPY NOT FOR SALE) [k ½kdufESdyfxm;ygonf/ xkdpmtkyfonf uRefawmf pdwfynm ygarmu© wm0ef xrf;aqmifaepOfu rdwaf qGjzpfaom puFmylrS xkwaf 0olu ]]a0zef tuJjzwfcsuf a&;ay;yg&ef}} arwåm&yfcpH mESit hf wl vufaqmifay;ykYd vmjcif; jzpfygonf/ tzHk;yg; jzpf&jcif;rSm þpmtkyfonf a&mif;wef;0if r[kwaf o;/ oufqidk &f myk*Kd¾ vw f EYdk iS hf aphpyfñEdS idI ;f qJ aumif;onfxufaumif; atmif jyKjyifqJ jzpfaMumif; azmfjyonfh oauFwyif jzpfygonf/ xkdpOfu uReaf wmf rnfuo hJ Ydk rSwcf suaf y;Ny;D jyefMum;cJo h nfurdk l rrSwrf ad wmhyg/ rnfoYdk yifjzpfap ,ck jyefzwfonft h cgwGirf S tqifjh rifyh nm ausmif;oH;k pmwpftyk f jyKpak &;rSm wu,fwrf;om pepfppd pfru I dk oH;k pJí G vkyif ef;ukd taumiftxnf azmfrnfqkdygu taumif;xuftrGef jzpfEkdifonf rSwfapumrl odyfawmh rvG,v f aS om tvkyw f pfcyk gwum;[k aumif;pGmoabmaygufryd gownf;/ n

a'gufwmausmfpdef

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vufOD;q&m ESifh jrwfynm

ynma&; ynma&;...

[laom a0g[m& OD ; aomif ; xG # f OD;&SmazG / ]]OD;ynmBuDd;ygvm;/ rvmwm tawmfuav; MumoGm;NyDaemf/ ynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrIawGeJY ynma&; t&nftaoG; jrifhrm;vmatmif aqmif&Gufae&vkdY tvkyfawGrsm;aew,f xifw,f}} OD;ynm / ]][kwyf gw,f OD;&SmazG/ OD;&SmazGBu;D awG;xifovkd tvkyaf wGrsm; aewmwifrubl;/ tvkyfawG xyfaew,fAsm}} OD;&SmazG / ]]tvkyfawG rsm;aewmeJY tvkyfawGxyfaewm rwlbl;vm;As/ bmuGmjcm;aevkdYvJ}} OD;ynm / ]]uGmw,f OD;&SmazGa&U? uGmw,f/ tvkyfrsm;aew,fqkdwmu tvkyfwpfck wm0efwpfckukd owfrSwfxm;wJh tcsdeftwGif; aumif;aumif;rGefrGef acsmacsmarmarmeJY tcsdefrDNyD;pD;zkdY tJ'D wm0ef&UJ p - v,f - qH;k umvoH;k yg;pvH;k rSm tifwu dk t f m;wku d f wpfcgwpf&H xrif;arh? [if;arh tdyaf &;ysucf NH y;D uk, d w f idk v f yk o f ifh wmvkyf? vkyfazmfukdifzufawGukd ñTefMum;oifhwm ñTefMum;? BuD;Muyfoifhwm BuD;Muyf? pdppfoifhwm pdppf&eJY *sifajcvnf atmif vkyif ef;tqifq h ifah wG vufrvnfatmif vkyaf e&wmukd tvkyfrsm;aew,fvkdY qkdEkdifygw,f/ tvkyfawG xyfaew,fqkd wmuawmh tJ'Dvkd tm;oGefcGefpkduf vkyfaewkef;rSmyJ tjcm; wm0efwpfck? vkyfief;wpfck? ESpfck? oHk;ck qkdovkd vkyfief;topf awG xyfxyfNy;D wk;d vmvkYd tvkyaf wGxyfaewmvkYd ajymwmAsKUd }} ]]tif;… [kwfygw,f? [kwfygw,f? OD;ynmwkdYvkd ynm&Sd awGeJY pum;vufqHkus&wm ynmwkd;ygw,f}} ]]tvkad v;… uReaf wmft h rnf OD;ynmqkw d meJY ynm&Sv d kdY

vufOD;q&m ESifh jrwfynm

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rajymvkdufygeJY/ uRefawmfuvnf; OD;&SmazGvkd ynm&SmazGaeol ygAs}} ]]ynm&SmazGov l yYdk J ac:ac:? ynm&Sv d yYdk J uifyeG ;f wyfwyf? ynmwwfoal wGeYJ pum;ajym&wm tvGeo f wdxm;&yguvm;}} ]]r[kwfbl;? OD;&SmazG… r[kwfbl;/ w&m;aemuf pum;yg qkdwmvkd uRefawmfwkdY cifAsm;wkdY[m toufuav; BuD;vmNyD/ tawGUtBuKH rsK;d pHx k J usiv f nfc&hJ olawGqadk wmh ajymowd… qkd owd? aeowd &Sd&r,fqkdwmk tusifhjzpfaeNyD r[kwfvm;/ tJ'g aMumifh uReaf wmfwYdk ajymMu? qkMd u? aqG;aEG;MuwJt h cg ajymMuwJh pum;vHk;awG … a0g[m&awG a&;om;vkdufwJh pmom;awG[m wdwdusus jzpfzkdYvkdw,f r[kwfvm;}} ]][kwfygw,f OD;ynm? [kwfygw,f/ 'gayrJh…}} ]]'gayrJh qkdawmh OD;&SmazGu vufrcHbl;vm;}} ]]uRefawmf qkdcsifwmu tcsKdUa0g[m&awG? toHk;tEIef; awG? ta&;tom;awG[m a'owpfcek w YJ pfck rwlMu uRefawmfwkdhvkd ynma&;Xmeu vlawG bl;/ wpfacwfeYJ wpfacwf vufcHxm;wJh tcsufwpfcsufuawmh umvwpfcek w YJ pfcrk wlMu urÇmrSm tu©&mawG? pmawG? ayawG D wnf;u ynma&;qkw d m &Sad ew,f bl;/ toufuGmjcm;&if ray:ru awmif rwlwm awGU&w,f/ qkdwJhtcsufyJ jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh pmwwf uRefawmfwkdY 'DacwfrSmyJ wmeJh ynmwwfwm rwlbl;? pmqkdwm Munf h a v/ vl i ,f a wG ? ynmukd jrefjrefeJhrsm;rsm; &,la&;twGuf ausmif;om;awG? pum;vH;k tvGeftoHk;0ifwJh taxmuftul quf awG? a&;aeMuwJh pmom; oG,fa&; ud&d,mwpfckvkdh uRefawmfwkdh awGud k uReaf wmfwY d k em;vnf ajymMuygw,f/ aewmeJY olwkdY qkdvkdwmeJY vHk;0rwlwm &SdaeMuw,f? jzpfaeMuw,f r[kwfvm;}} ]]OD;&SmazGvnf; emrnfeJYvkdufatmif awmfawmfuav; &SmazG avhvm awG;awm qifjcif ajymqkdaeNyDyJ}}

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vufOD;q&m ESifh jrwfynm ]]awG;awmqifjcifaewm odyfrMumao;ygbl;/ rSwfrSwf&& ajym&&if [kdwavmu 1989 ckESpf arvxkwf ayzl;vTm r*¾Zif;xJrSm pma&;q&m atmifoif; a&;wJh ]]NrdKUrarmifeJY uRefawmf}} qkdwJhaqmif;yg;ukd zwfNyD;uwnf;u qkdygawmh}} ]]tJ'Daqmif;yg;xJrSm bma&;xm;vkdYwkef;As}} ]]tJ'D aqmif;yg;xJrSm q&mNrdKUrarmifeJY ukdatmifoif;wkdY awGUqHw k ek ;f rSm q&mNrKd Urarmifu ukad tmifoif;ukd ajymvku d w f hJ pum;? qHk;rvkdufwJhpum;ukd zwfvkduf&vkdYyg}} ]]bmawG ajymqkdqHk;rvkdufvkdYvJ}} ]]NrKd Urarmifu ukad tmifoif;ukd b,fvadk jymvJqadk wmh… cifAsm;rSm bJGUwpfckawmif &NyD;NyDyJ/ enf;enf;zwfNyD; rsm;rsm; pOf;pm;zkYd tcsed af &mufNy/D trsm;Bu;D zwfNy;D enf;enf;rQ rpOf;pm; &if A[kokwrsm;wJh vlnHhwpfa,mufjzpfaerSmaygh/ trsm;BuD; pOf;pm;Ny;D a&;xm;wJh pmtkyaf umif; enf;enf;avmufuzdk wfNy;D ukd,fwkdifu rsm;rsm;pOf;pm;Ekdif&if ykdaumif;w,fAs}} vkdY ajym w,fw/hJ ]]tif;… awmfawmfuav; pOf;pm;NyD; av;av;eufeuf ajymvkdufwJh pum;yJ/ uRefawmfawmh axmufcHw,fAsm/ axmufcH½Hkomru xyfawmifjznfhpGufcsifao;w,f}} ]]bmukdxyfjznhfcsifwmvJ}} ]]uRefawmfawmh rsm;rsm;pOf;pm;wJh tqifhtxdom &yf raeapcsifbl;/ cifAsm;eJYuRefawmfwkdYvkd &if;&if;ESD;ESD; yGifhyGifh vif;vif; aqG;aEG;ajymqkdMu? a&;om;Mu? Mum;olzwfolawGu vnf; aoaocsmcsm tav;teufxm; pOf;pm;awG;ac:NyD; jyefvnf ñSEd idI ;f Mu a&;om;MuwJt h qift h xd jzpfapcsiw f ,fAsm}} ]]tif;… 'gaMumifh cifAsm;eJpY um;ajym&wm aqG;aEG;&wm ynmwkd;w,fvkdY uRefawmfajymwm}} ]]ynmwk;d w,fqv dk Ydk ajym&OD;r,f/ cifAsm;wkYd uReaf wmfwYdk tygt0if vlwidk ;f vkv d dk vlwum ajymqko d ;kH EIe;f aeMuwJh ]]ynm a&;}}qkdwJh a0g[m&taMumif;ukd BuHKwkef; aqG;aEG;csifw,f Asm}}

vufOD;q&m ESifh jrwfynm

35

]]aqG;aEG;yg OD;ynm? aqG;aEG;yg}} ]]oloil gig vlwum ajymqkad eMuwJh aeYpOfo;kH ]]ynma&;}} qkdwJh a0g[m&eJY uRefawmfwkdYvkd ynma&;XmerS wm0ef,l aqmif&GufaeMuwJh q&mawG? pDrHcefYcJGolawG? BuD;MuyfolawG em;vnf oabmaygufaewJh ]]ynma&;}}qkdwJh a0g[m&&JU teuft"dyÜg,f awG zGifhqkdcsufawG[m rwlbl;As}} ]]b,fvrdk wlwmvJ}} ]]vlwumoH;k aeYpOfo;kH aeMuwJh ]ynma&;}qkw d Jh a0g[m& [m ausmif;awG? odyaHÜ umvdyaf wG? wuúov dk af wGrmS oifaewJh ]ausmif;oif pmoifynma&;}ukd qkv d Mdk uw,f/ pmwwfaywwf vkyif ef;pOfwpfcv k Ydk oabmaygufaeMuw,f/ bJUG &rS ynmwwf w,f/ bJGUrsm;av ynmwwfavvkdY owfrSwfxm;Muw,f/ uRefawmfwkdYvkd ynma&;XmeawGrSm &SdaeMuwJh olawGuawmh ]ynma&;} qkdwmukd ]twwfynmwpf&yf} wpfcktaeeJY oabmxm;w,f? pmwwfaywwfrS r[kwfbl;? twwfynm wpf&yf&yf wpfcck u k dk wwfajrmufatmif aqmif&u G u f n l aD y;jcif; vkyfief;pOfwpf&yf &v'fwpfcktjzpf oabmxm;Muw,f/ tvGefus,f0ef;eufeJw,fvkdY qkd&rSmjzpfw,f}} ]]cifAsm;ajymovkq d &dk if pmrwwf? ayrwwfayr,fh ynm wwf jzpfEkdifw,faygh}} ]][kww f ,f OD;&SmazG? [kww f ,f/ pmrwwfayr,fh vkyif ef; wpfckckrSm olrwlatmif xl;cRefwwfajrmufaewJh twwf ynm&SifawG urÇmrSm ay:xGef;cJhwmawG &SdcJhw,f/ EkdifiHwkdif;rSm &Scd MhJ uw,f/ &Sad eMuw,f OD;&SmazG/ uReaf wmfv h dk ynma&;Xmeu vlawG vufcHxm;wJh tcsufwpfcsufuawmh urÇmrSm tu©&m awG? pmawGayawG ray:rDuwnf;u ynma&;qkw d m &Sad ew,f qkdwJhtcsufyJ jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh pmwwfwmeJY ynmwwfwm rwlbl;/ pmqkdwm ynmukd jrefjrefeJYrsm;rsm; &,la&;twGuf tvGef toHk;0ifwJh taxmuftul qufoG,fa&; ud&d,m wpfckvkdY uReaf wmfwYdk ajymMuygw,f/ ,leufpukv d Ydk t*Fvyd v f dk

36

vufOD;q&m ESifh jrwfynm twkad umuf ac:wJh urÇmhukvor*¾ynma&;? odyÜHynmESifh ,Ofaus;rItzJGUu 1972 ckESpfrSm xkwfa0cJhwJh urÇmausmf rsufarSmufESifh tem*wf urÇmhynma&; tpD&ifcHpm}}xJrSm ynma&;ukd ]]vlb Y 0wpfoufwm ynma&;}} (Life - long Education) tjzpf owfrSwfNyD;? orm;½kd;us ausmif;oifynma&; (Formal Education)? orm;½kd;usr[kwfwJh trSwfwrJhynma&; (Informal Education)? ausmif;jyifyynma&; (Non - formal Education) rodrom ynma&; (Incidental Education) ponf jzifh vlom;wpfOD; ynm&,lEkdifwJh ynma&;trsKd;tpm;awGukd trsKd;rsKd;cJGjcm;NyD; wifjyxm;w,f/ ]]cifAsm; &Sif;jyrSyJ uRefawmfwkdY em;vnfaewJh ynma&; qkw d hJ a0g[m&&JU t"dymÜ ,f[m orm;½k;d us ausmif;oifynma&; wpfckwnf;taMumif;ukdom ajymaeMuwm? qkdaeMuwmvkdY oabmaygufvmw,f/ cifAsm;ajymwJh ynm &,lEidk w f ?hJ &&SEd idk w f hJ ynma&;trsKd;tpm;awGtaMumif;ukd twkdcsKH;NyD; tESpfom&ukd &Sif;ay;ygOD; OD;ynm}} ]]tar; &S d a wmh v nf ; ajz&wmaygh / orm;½k d ; us ausmif;oifynma&;ukdawmh OD;&SmazG oabmaygufaeygNyD/ ausmif;? odyÜH aumvdyf? wuúokdvfwpfckckrSm ynmay;ol q&m wpfO;D OD;u wynfah wGudk jy|mef;xm;wJh oif½;dk twkid ;f owfrw S f xm;wJhtcsdeftwGif; oifMum;ay;NyD; wwfrwwf pmar;yJGppf tuJjzwfwJh vkyfief;pOfukd qkdvkdwmyg/ orm;½kd;usr[kwfwJh trSwfwrJh ynma&; (Informal Education)qkdwmuawmh ausmif;oiform;½kd;us ynma&;rsKd;r[kwfbJ vlom;wpfOD; taeeJY aeYpOfxad wGUaewJh vlU0ef;usirf S trSww f rJh &&Sw d hJ ynm a&;rsKd;ukd qkdvkdwmyg/ Oyrm ajym&&if rdwfaqGtaygif; toif;awGxHrS &wJh pdwfaeoabmxm;awG? tawGUtBuHKawG? pme,fZif;rsm; zwfv&Ydk wJh todw&m;awG? ½ky&f iS w f AD ?D AD', D dk pwJh vlxkqufoG,fa&; ud&d,mawGu wpfqifh &wJhA[kokwawG ponfwkdY jzpfygw,f}}

vufOD;q&m ESifh jrwfynm

37

]]uRefawmfwkdY ajymavh&SdwJh jrifq&m? Mum;q&mawGqDu &wJh ynmrsKd;ukd qkdvkdwmvm; OD;ynm}} ]][kwfygw,f OD;&SmazG? tJ'D ynma&;eJY qifwl½kd;rSm; ynma&;wpfrsKd;uawmh rodrom ynma&; (Incidental Education) jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D ynma&;rsK;d ukd vufqifu h rf;ynma&;vkYd qkdr,fqkd&ifvnf; qkdEkdifygw,f/ urÇmOD;tpupNyD; ,aeYwkdif rsKd;quftqifhqifh vufurf;ay;oGm;vkdY rsKd;qufopfawG &&SdwJh ,Ofaus;rIawG? xHk;"avhawG? trlt&mawG? twwfynmawG? Oyrm avSxkd; &Gufwkdif? vTqJG? v,fvkyf? Akdif;iif? &ufuef; pwJh twwfynmawG? yef;q,frsKd;twwfynmawG pwmawGukd vlBuD;awGxHrS om;orD;? wl? wlrrsm;u rodrom &,lwJh ynma&;rsKd; jzpfygw,f/ ausmif;jyifyynma&; (Non - Formal Education) uawmh pmoifausmif;? odyÜHaumvdyf? wuúokdvf awGu twef;vku d f oifMum;ay;wJh pmayynma&;rsK;d r[kwb f J vkyif ef;wpfcck ?k ynm&yfwpfrsK;d rsK;d ? ykrd w dk wfuRr;f atmif? wk;d wuf atmif? EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? usef;rma&;? ,Ofaus;rI pwJ h tzJ G U tpnf ; wpf c k u wm0ef , l N yD ; umvwk d o if ½ k d ; eJ Y pepfwusoifMum; ay;wJh ynma&;rsKd; jzpfygw,f}} ]]vkyfief;cGifoifwef;awGrSmay;wJh ynma&;rsKd;ukd qkdvkd wmvm; OD;ynm}} ]][kwyf gw,f OD;&SmazG…[kwyf gw,f/ Oyrmwpfck ajym& &if urÇmausmfwJh jrefrmEkdifiH t-oHk;vHk; pmwwfajrmufa&; vkyfief;&yfBuD;[m ausmif;jyify ynma&;jzpfw,f OD;&SmazG}} ]]OD;ynmeJY 'DaeYawGU&wm uRefawmfhrSm ynmwkd;oGm; ygw,f/ ynma&;qkdwJh a0g[m&&JU t"dyÜm,fukdvnf; em;vnf oifo h avmuf em;vnfygNy/D uReaf wmfwx Ydk ifwmxuf ykNd y;D eufeJ us,f0ef;ygvm;}} ]][kwfw,f OD;&SmazG… [kwfw,f/ ynma&;eJYywfouf NyD; aqG;aEG;p&mawGu rsm;vGef;aevkdY aemufwpfcgqHkrS xyfNyD; aqG;aEG;Mu&atmif/ OD;aomif;xG#f