Types Reactions 08 Web

Overview of Chemistry

What’s the center or target?

Chemical Reactions

Synthesis (combination) •Medicine •Flavorings •Plastics •High energy fuels

Acetic acid splits into acetate (C2H3O2)- and H+

O

-

-

H3C H

H

C H

O C

O H

OH

H H

C H

H

H

C

C

H

H

O O

H

H

O

C

C H

H

H

H H

O

H

H

H

C

C

C

H

H

H

O ||

CH3-CH2-CH2-OH

+

+

O O ||

CH3C-OH  H2O + CH3CH2CH2-O-CCH3

Propyl alcohol (vinegar) OH

O

H

+ HO

O ||

acetic acid H2O +

O || O

C

H

C H

H

OH + HO

O ||

O ||

O

Octanol (or gasoline>alcohol) +acetic acid acetate (orange flavor)

OH +

HO

O ||

water + Octyl



H2O +

O

O ||

Benzyl alcohol (globs in lava lamps) + acetic acid  water + Benzyl acetate OH

+

HO

O ||

Isopentenyl alcohol acetate (Juicy-Fruit)

H2O +

O

O ||

+ acetic acid  water + Isopentenyl

OH + HO

O ||

H2O +

O

Ethanol (liquor) + butyric acid (rancid butter) butyrate (Apple flavor) OH

+

HO

O ||

H2O +

O ||

water + Ethyl



O

O ||

HO

Amyl alcohol (oil of potato spirit) + salicylic acid (wart remover)  water +Amyl salicylate

amyl (unmilled grain) (5 carbon) (butyric acid= rancid butter) ALCOHOL ACID ESTER FRAGRANCE 1 n-amyl alcohol butyric acid

apricot

2 n-amyl alcohol salicylic acid

pineapple

3 n-amyl alcohol glacial acetic acid

banana

4 n-octyl alcohol glacial acetic acid

fruity

5 methyl alcohol salicylic acid

wintergreen

6 ethyl alcohol

butyric acid

apple

7 ethyl alcohol

glacial acetic acid

fruity

H+ RCOOH + HOR  RCOOR' + H2O organic acid + alcohol ester + water

Decomposition •Speed up decomposition •Toxic waste •Waste •Fats •Explosives •Slow down decomposition •Anti-rust •Anti-aging

Anything into Oil Technological savvy could turn 600 million tons of turkey guts and other waste into 4 billion barrels of light Texas crude each year

AB



A+B

(NH4)2Cr2O7  N2 + 4H2O + Cr2O3 (NH4)2Cr2O7  N2 + 4H2O + Cr2O3

Single replacement A + BC

B + AC

•Design of batteries 3Zn + 2Cu3PO4  6Cu + Zn3(PO4)2

Each potato generates about 0.5 volts and 0.2 milliamps. The entire 500 lb battery generated around 5 volts and 4 milliamps.

Single replacement A + BC

B + AC

•Sacrificial corrosion Zn + FeCl2  Fe + ZnCl2

Protects all metals below it

Zinc corrodes so iron or aluminum will not corrode.

These corrosion products occupy from 2 to 14 times the volume of the original steel, creating an expansive force that is sufficient to cause the concrete to crack.

Any time you have two different metals that are physically or electrically connected and immersed in seawater, they become a battery. Some amount of current flows between the two metals. The electrons that make up that current are supplied by one of the metals giving up bits of itself-in the form of metal ions-to the seawater. This is called galvanic corrosion and, left unchecked, it quickly destroys underwater metals. The most common casualty of galvanic corrosion is a bronze or aluminum propeller on a stainless steel shaft, but metal struts, rudders, rudder fittings, outboards, and stern drives are also at risk. The way we counteract galvanic corrosion is to add a third metal into the circuit, one that is quicker than the other two to give up its electrons. This piece of metal is called a sacrificial anode, and most often it is zinc. In fact, most boaters refer to sacrificial anodes simply as zincs. It would be hard to overstate the importance of maintaining the zinc anodes on your boat. When a zinc is gone, the metal component it was installed to protect begins to dissolve-guaranteed.

Corrosion products commonly observed when concrete cores containing corroding rebar were broken open were ferrous hydroxide (Fe(OH)2), hydrated ferrous chloride (FeC12H2O), and black ferrous oxide (Fe304).The exact product formed depends on the availability of oxygen, water, and chloride ion, but the result is essentially the same. These corrosion products occupy from 2 to 14 times the volume of the original steel, creating an expansive force that is sufficient to cause the concrete to crack. Propagation of the cracks leads to staining, spalling and delamination of concrete. Zinc, as a sacrificial anode, has been used to cathodically protect ship’s hulls for more than a century now. It has become a common practice to use cathodic protection either alone or in combination with coatings for buried pipelines, storage tanks and offshore structures. It has been well established both in theory and in practice that the process achieves an immediate reduction in corrosion rate by making the reinforcing steel the cathode, inhibiting its tendency to oxidize. In

Double replacement AB + CD

AD + CB

• Purification (barium is poisonous) •BaCl2 + MgSO4 •Ba2+(aq)+2Cl-(aq)+Mg2+(aq)+SO42-(aq)

BaSO4 + MgCl2 BaSO4(s)+Mg2+(aq)+2Cl-(aq)

Double replacement AB + CD

• Extraction

AD + CB Ag + Mg

(Nitric acid)  AgNO3(aq) + Mg(NO3)2(aq) AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)  AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

Double replacement AB + CD

AD + CB

• Neutralizing corrosives • NaOH + CH3COOH

NaC2H3O2 +HOH

Double replacement AB + CD

AD + CB

Neutralizing corrosives 2HCl + Na2CO3

HCl 2NaCl + H2CO3

H2CO3  H2O + CO2(g)

Oxidation (combustion) [loss of electrons]

•Improve oxidation •Cleaner burning fuels •Better fireworks •Antiseptic •Hyperbaric chambers •Resist oxidation •Rust proofing •Antioxidants

Chemical Reactions

Atoms combine to form compounds in simple ratios, such as 1:1, 1:2, 2:2, 1:3, and so forth.

Double replacement.

3NaOH + Al(NO3)3  3NaNO3 + Al(OH)3

Recall slow moving inventory and transfer tires to fast moving inventory

Car Body = Cb

Pair of Wheels = W2

Cb + W2 

CbW4

How many orders of each do we make?

Cb + 2W2 

CbW4

Carbon~Car body

C + Cl2 

Chlorine~Pair wheels

CCl4

Carbon tetrachloride

How many orders of each do we make?

C + 2Cl2  Cl Cl

CCl4 Cl Cl C Cl Cl

Trike Body = Tb

Pair of Wheels = W2

Tb + W2 

TbW3

How many orders of each do we make?

2Tb + 3W2 

2TbW3

Aluminum~Tricycle body Chlorine~Pair wheels

Al + Cl2 

AlCl3

How many orders of each do we make?

2Al + 3Cl2 

2AlCl3 Cl

Cl

Al

Cl

Car body = Cb Pair of Wheels = W2 Bicycle body = Bb bike bodies + cars 

Bb + CbW4 2 bike bodies + 1 car 



bicycles + car bodies

BbW2 + Cb 2 bicycles + 1 car body

2Bb + CbW4  2BbW2 + Cb

Carbon~Car body Chlorine~pair of wheels Calcium~bicycle body Calcium + carbon tetrachloride  Calcium chloride + carbon

Ca + CCl4



CaCl2 + C

2Ca + CCl4  2CaCl2 + C

Cl Cl C Cl Cl

Cl Ca Cl

Trike Body = Tb Pair of Wheels = W2 Bicycle body = Bb Tricycles + bike bodies 

TbW3 + Bb  2 tricycles + 3 bike bodies 

bicycles + trike bodies

BbW2 + Tb 3 bicycles + 2 trike bodies

2TbW3 + 3Bb  3BbW2 + 2Tb

Aluminum~Tricycle body Chlorine~Pair wheels Calcium~bicycle body

AlCl3 + Ca 

CaCl2 + Al

2AlCl3 + 3Ca  3CaCl2 + 2Al

Cl

Al Cl Cl

Trike Body = Tb Pair of Wheels = W2 Wagon body = Wb Wagon bodies + Tricycles 

Wb + TbW3



Wagons + trike bodies

WbW4 + Tb

3 Wagon bodies + 4 Tricycles  3 Wagons + 4 trike bodies

3Wb + 4TbW3

 3WbW4 + 4Tb

Aluminum~Tricycle body Chlorine~Pair wheels Silicon~Wagon Body

Si + AlCl3 3Si + 4AlCl3

Cl Cl Si Cl Cl



SiCl4 + Al

 3SiCl4 + 4Al

Cl

Al Cl Cl

Oxidation numbers (# electrons lost or gained) Cb4+ Wb4+ Tb3+ Bb2+ Ub+ WC4+ Si4+ Al3+ Ca2+ Na+ Cl-

Tr2O2-

Track = Tr2Wb4+ + Tr2-  WbTr2 Si4+ + O2-  SiO2 Axels offered / needed