Types Of Ships Ships Are Difficult To Classify, Mainly Because

Types of ships Ships are difficult to classify, mainly because there are so many criteria to base classification on. One classification is based on propulsion; with ships categorised as either a sailing ship or a motorship. Sailing ships are ships which are propelled solely by means of sails. Motorships are ships which are propelled by mechanical means to propel itself. Motorships include ships that propel itself through the use of both sail and mechanical means. Other classification systems exist that use criteria such as: •

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The number of hulls, giving categories like monohull, catamaran, trimaran. The shape and size, giving categories like dinghy, keelboat, and icebreaker. The building materials used, giving steel, aluminum, wood, fiberglass, and plastic. The type of propulsion system used, giving human-propelled, mechanical, and sails. The epoch in which the vessel was used, triremes of Ancient Greece, man' o' wars, eighteenth century. The geographic origin of the vessel, many vessels are associated with a particular region, such as the pinnace of Northern Europe, the gondolas of Venice, and the junks of China. The manufacturer, series, or class.

Another way to categorize ships and boats is based on their use, as described by Paulet and Presles.[29] This system

includes military ships, commercial vessels, fishing boats, pleasure craft and competitive boats. In this section, ships are classified using the first four of those categories, and adding a section for lake and river boats, and one for vessels which fall outside these categories.

Commercial vessels Commercial vessels or merchant ships can be divided into three broad categories: cargo ships, passenger ships, and special-purpose ships.[30] Cargo ships transport dry and liquid cargo. Dry cargo can be transported in bulk by bulk carriers, packed directly onto a general cargo ship in break-bulk, packed in intermodal containers as aboard a container ship, or driven aboard as in roll-on roll-off ships. Liquid cargo is generally carried in bulk aboard tankers, such as oil tankers, chemical tankers and LNG tankers. Passenger ships range in size from small river ferries to giant cruise ships. This type of vessel includes ferries, which move passengers and vehicles on short trips; ocean liners, which carry passengers on one-way trips; and cruise ships, which typically transport passengers on round-trip voyages promoting leisure activities onboard and in the ports they visit. Special-purpose vessels are not used for transport but are designed to perform other specific tasks. Examples include tugboats, pilot boats, rescue boats, cable ships, research vessels, survey vessels, and ice breakers. Most commercial vessels have full hullforms to maximize cargo capacity.[citation needed] Hulls are usually made of steel,

although aluminum can be used on faster craft, and fiberglass on the smallest service vessels.[citation needed] Commercial vessels generally have a crew headed by a captain, with deck officers and marine engineers on larger vessels. Specialpurpose vessels often have specialized crew if necessary, for example scientists aboard research vessels. Commercial vessels are typically powered by a single propeller driven by a diesel engine.[citation needed] Vessels which operate at the higher end of the speed spectrum may use pump-jet engines or sometimes gas turbine engines.[citation needed]

Two A pilot modern boat near container A ferry in the port ships in Hong of Kong San Rotterda Francisco m

The research vessel Pourquoi pas? at Brest, France

Military vessels There are many types of naval vessels currently and through history. Modern naval vessels can be broken down into three categories: warships, submarines, and support and auxiliary vessels. Modern warships are generally divided into seven main categories, which are: aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, frigates, corvettes, submarines and amphibious assault ships. Battleships encompass an eighth category, but are not in current service with any navy in the world.[31]

Most military submarines are either attack submarines or ballistic missile submarines. Until World War II , the primary role of the diesel/electric submarine was anti-ship warfare, inserting and removing covert agents and military forces, and intelligencegathering. With the development of the homing torpedo, better sonar systems, and nuclear propulsion, submarines also became able to effectively hunt each other. The development of submarinelaunched nuclear missiles and submarine-launched cruise missiles gave submarines a substantial and longranged ability to attack both land and sea targets with a variety of weapons ranging from cluster bombs to nuclear weapons. Most navies also include many types of support and auxiliary vessels, such as minesweepers, patrol boats, offshore patrol vessels, replenishment ships, and hospital ships which are designated medical treatment facilities.[32] Combat vessels like cruisers and destroyers usually have fine hulls to maximize speed and maneuverability.[33] They also usually have advanced electronics and communication systems, as well as weapons.

American American aircraft carrier Harry battleship S. Truman USS Iowa fires an and a replenishmen artillery salvo t ship

French landing craft Rapière near Toulon

Fishing vessels Main article: Fishing vessels Fishing vessels are a subset of commercial vessels, but generally small in size and often subject to different regulations and classification. They can be categorized by several criteria: architecture, the type of fish they catch, the fishing method used, geographical origin, and technical features such as rigging. As of 2004, the world's fishing fleet consisted of some 4 million vessels.[26] Of these, 1.3 million were decked vessels with enclosed areas and the rest were open vessels.[26] Most decked vessels were mechanized, but two-thirds of the open vessels were traditional craft propelled by sails and oars.[26] More than 60% of all existing large fishing vessels[34] were built in Japan, Peru, the Russian Federation, Spain or the United States of America.[35] Fishing boats are generally small, often little more than 30 metres (98 ft) but up to 100 metres (330 ft) for a large tuna or whaling ship. Aboard a fish processing vessel, the catch can be made ready for market and sold more quickly once the ship makes port. Special purpose vessels have special gear. For example, trawlers have winches and arms, stern-trawlers have a rear ramp, and tuna seiners have skiffs. In 2004, 85.8 million metric tons of fish were caught in the marine capture fishery.[36] Anchoveta represented the largest single catch at 10.7 million metric tons.[36] That year, the top ten marine capture species also included Alaska pollock, Blue whiting, Skipjack tuna, Atlantic herring, Chub mackerel, Japanese anchovy, Chilean jack

mackerel, Largehead hairtail, and Yellowfin tuna.[36] Other species including salmon, shrimp, lobster, clams, squid and crab, are also commercially fished. Modern commercial fishermen use many methods. One is fishing by nets, such as purse seine, beach seine, lift nets, gillnets, or entangling nets. Another is trawling, including bottom trawl. Hooks and lines are used in methods like longline fishing and hand-line fishing). Another method is the use of fishing trap.

The Albatun Fishing An oyster Dos, a boat in A trawler boat at La tuna boat Capat Saint- Trinité- at work Haïtien, Nazaire sur-Mer near Haïti Victoria, Seychelle s

Inland and coastal boats Many types of boats and ships are designed for inland and coastal waterways. These are the vessels that trade upon the lakes, rivers and canals. Barges are a prime example of inland vessels. Flat-bottomed boats built to transport heavy goods, most barges are not self-propelled and need to be moved by tugboats towing or towboats pushing them. Barges towed along canals by draft animals on an adjacent towpath

contended with the railway in the early industrial revolution but were out competed in the carriage of high value items due to the higher speed, falling costs, and route flexibility of rail transport.

Seaway. Similarly, the largest lakers are confined to the Upper Lakes (Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie) because they are too large to use the Seaway locks, beginning at the Welland Canal that bypasses the Niagara River.

Riverboats and inland ferries are specially designed to carry passengers, cargo, or both in the challenging river environment. Rivers present special hazards to vessels. They usually have varying water flows that alternately lead to high speed water flows or protruding rock hazards. Changing siltation patterns may cause the sudden appearance of shoal waters, and often floating or sunken logs and trees (called snags) can endanger the hulls and propulsion of riverboats. Riverboats are generally of shallow draft, being broad of beam and rather square in plan, with a low freeboard and high topsides. Riverboats can survive with this type of configuration as they do not have to withstand the high winds or large waves that are seen on large lakes, seas, or oceans.

Since the freshwater lakes are less corrosive to ships than the salt water of the oceans, lakers tend to last much longer than ocean freighters. Lakers older than 50 years are not unusual, and as of 2005, all were over 20 years of age.[37]

Lake freighters, also called lakers, are cargo vessels that ply the Great Lakes. The most well-known is the SS Edmund Fitzgerald, the latest major vessel to be wrecked on the Lakes. These vessels are traditionally called boats, not ships. Visiting ocean-going vessels are called "salties." Due to their additional beam, very large salties are never seen inland of the Saint Lawrence Seaway. Because the largest of the Soo Locks is larger than any Seaway lock, salties that can pass through the Seaway may travel anywhere in the Great Lakes. Because of their deeper draft, salties may accept partial loads on the Great Lakes, "topping off" when they have exited the

The St. Mary's Challenger, built in 1906 as the William P Snyder, is the oldest laker still working on the Lakes. Similarly, the E.M. Ford, built in 1898 as the Presque Isle, was sailing the lakes 98 years later in 1996. As of 2007 the Ford was still afloat as a stationary transfer vessel at a riverside cement silo in Saginaw, Michigan.

The lake Riverboat Riverboat freighter Natchez Commute Temptatio SS Edmu on the r boat on n on the nd Mississip the Seine Rhine Fitzgeral pi River d

Other The wide variety of vessels at work on the earth's waters defy a simple classification scheme. A representative few that fail to fit into the above categories include:

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Historical boats, frequently used as museum ships, training ships, or as good-will ambassadors of a country abroad. Houseboats, floating structures used as dwellings. Scientific, technical, and industrial vessels such as mobile offshore drilling units, offshore wind farms, survey ships, and research vessels. Submarines, for underwater navigation and exploration

A A mobile bathyscap The A offshore he at the Polish houseboat drilling oceanogra sailing near unit in the phic frigate Kerala Gulf of museum Dar Mexico in Pomorza Monaco

I. Purpose It is the intent of this policy to identify safe boating operational procedures and equipment requirements for the protection of Department employees who utilize vessels during their work assignments. A. The safe operation of vessels by Department personnel is of utmost importance given the great number of employees who use vessels during their work assignments. B. Proper safety equipment and training are of critical importance to safe vessel operations. C. While there are many different uses of vessels within the Department and many different work tasks being performed while personnel are on vessels, there are fundamental safety requirements which must be understood and adhered to by Department employees. D. It is important that the Department provide a good example for the safe operation of its vessels. II. Policy It is the policy of the Department of Natural Resources that: A. Personal Flotation Devices (PFD’s)

Department of Natural Resources Policy Safe Vessel Operation Policy Policy Number: 95:07 Effective Date: January 1, 1996 (Reviewed: May 2003) See signed policy - Adobe Acrobat file

1. Department vessels shall be equipped with and/or carry United States Coast Guard (USCG) or Department approved PFD’s in the number required by the USCG including life rafts or launchable lifeboats. 2. Employees and others shall wear a USCG approved Type I, II, III or V or Department approved inflatable PFD while on deck, outside of an enclosed cabin and/or while operating/working aboard an open vessel.

B. Anti-exposure Coveralls 1. Department units shall provide sufficient quantities of antiexposure coveralls for use by employees during certain water and air temperatures as identified below. 2. Employees may wear USCG or Department approved antiexposure coveralls when the water temperature is less than 59° fahrenheit unless the air temperature is sufficient that wearing the coveralls would be impractical or unsafe. Supervisory personnel shall use their discretion to determine when cold weather conditions would require the wearing of anti-exposure coveralls.

laws and regulations shall be provided for the safe operation of Department vessels. D. Boating Safety Courses Training 1. Non-USCG licensed employees who operate any Department vessel must successfully complete a boating safety course or pass an equivalency exam. 2. In addition, employees who operate Department vessels shall receive training in survival procedures and use of safety equipment including PFD’s, anti-exposure coveralls, fire fighting, basic first aid and radio operations. Training logs shall be maintained by supervisors.

C. Safety Equipment 1. A lanyard type kill-switch shall be installed on vessels whenever it is feasible. Operators of such vessels shall utilize the kill-switch device when the nature of work permits and most particularly when operating the vessel at high speeds. 2. Permanently mounted steps or a boarding ladder is recommended for vessels, particularly those 30 feet or less in length, to enable an operator or crew to self-rescue in an overboard situation. 3. Fire extinguishers or fire suppressant systems shall be installed or provided for Department vessels in accordance with USCG requirements or recommendations. 4. Appropriate communications equipment should be provided to Department vessels. 5. Other safety equipment as required by State and federal

E. Cold Weather Operations 1. When the water temperature is less than 59° fahrenheit, more than one employee should be aboard during the operation of a vessel; however, it is recognized that there are emergencies and other circumstances when an employee must operate a vessel without a mate. III. Procedures

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES PROCEDURES FOR SAFE VESSEL OPERATION A Task force of Department employees with experience and responsibility for working on the water, operating vessels and risk management, developed the following procedures for safe vessel operation.

A. Personal Flotation Devices (PFD) It is critical that all DNR personnel wear a United States Coast Guard (USCG) approved PFD or one of the various inflatable PFD’s while working on or aboard vessels. The USCG ratings for PFD’s are well understood and such PFD’s are easily obtained. With respect to the inflatable PFD’s, some types are not USCG approved (the USCG has not yet approved them) but many DNR personnel have been wearing them with satisfactory results. Examples are the Stearns “hip huggers” or S.O.S. – PAK (Stearns Overboard Survivor-PAP) that are worn on a belt and inflate automatically upon immersion or can be activated by lanyard. These devices are designed to be worn and inflate in front of the person. Another example is the SUSPENDERS, which is a vest-like apparel similar in appearance to suspenders. Both models are CO² activated either manually or automatically and with an oral inflate back up. Both of these PFD’s are very appropriate when personnel are doing physical work on vessels. Every DNR vessel should be equipped with the appropriate number of PFD’s in accordance with the number of personnel who would be aboard the vessel while underway. B. Anti-Exposure Coveralls Anti-exposure coveralls are similar to jump suits; and when worn can be USCG approved PFD’s depending on type and manufacturer. They reduce exposure to the elements and will delay effects of hypothermia when one is overboard. They are not immersion suits (gumby suits) which are designed for intentional, abandon ship situations in cold water and provide hypothermia protection for a longer period of time.

Anti-exposure suits should be worn when the water temperature is less than 59° Fahrenheit. Since these are work suits, there will be times when the air temperature is such that wearing these coveralls will become very uncomfortable (and even unsafe), especially when personnel are engaged in extreme physical exertion. Some discretion is recommended on the part of supervisors under those conditions. It is not recommended that antiexposure coveralls be acquired for every person who would ever use or be onboard a DNR vessel. Rather, each unit should obtain enough suits to assure that when vessels are utilized within the described water temperature parameter, all personnel aboard a vessel can be provided with one to wear. There are two manufacturers: Stearns and Mustang. The Department currently utilizes both. Catalogs and price lists are available. In addition, there may be available surplus suits, which while not Coast Guard approved, may be suitable. C. Safety Equipment It is realized that many DNR vessels were not equipped with kill-switches or boarding ladders when purchased; and, that to retrofit them may not be possible or may be too costly. The Department should thoroughly review its boat fleet with a goal toward retrofitting for kill-switches and ladders. Other USCG required fire and safety equipment should be provided to Department vessels. The issue of communication equipment is also important. Not all vessels need a marine radio or a cellular telephone. The necessity of such equipment depends on vessel use. There have been several suggestions that cellular telephones are not efficient and

practical. We are well aware of the sensitive nature of this issue, and it is recommended that each unit evaluate the need for marine radios or cellular telephones to be made available to vessel operators particularly during foul weather, cold weather or isolated conditions.

foul weather conditions, DNR personnel should not be alone in vessels. Where this cannot be avoided, the other safety items we recommend are all the more critical in importance.

D. Boating Safety Courses and Training The Natural Resources Police administers the DNR safe boating course and under the law issues the Boater Education Certificate. All DNR personnel operating vessels who have not passed the DNR course or received a certification should receive and pass the DNR course or an equivalent one offered by the Coast Guard Auxiliary or the Power Squadron. All units with vessels should work together to offer a standardized training program that covers PFD’s, man overboard drills, anti-exposure coveralls, firefighting, CPR, basic first aid and radio operations. The Task Force will work with the various units and provide recommendations regarding such training. E. Cold Weather Operations By necessity, there are DNR personnel who often work alone on the water. When possible and certainly in cold or

ANTIQUE SHIPYARD ADVERTISING DRAWING Ca 1900

PRESENTED is an original shipyard drawing by an unknown draftsman, artist of a small stack steam ship. The drawing is a rare piece of shipyard advertising art and was used to show prospective owners what the yard was capable of doing. In this case, based on the piping and valves shown on the deck view of the drawing, this vessel was a rigged for carrying liquid cargo, maybe fuel oil. After the plan type drawing was complete water colors were washed over certain areas to high light them. The colors range from orange to a dark blue with brown highlights.

After sections of vessel

Pilot house and engine detail

Forward section of vessel. Note pipes and valves

Bow section and tanks