Turbines

Turbine Engines

By Jun Shu, Malvika Gulati and Mike Graber

Turbine Engines Introduction and history ■ How it works ■ Current and Future Uses ■

The history of Gas-turbine engine

■How

start?

did it

The history of Gas-turbine engine ■

150BC – A toy was invented by Egyptian named Hero.

The history of Gas-turbine engine ■

In 1232 the Chinese used rockets to frighten enemy soldiers.

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Around 1500 A.D. Leonardo da Vinci drew a sketch of a device that rotated due to the effect of hot gasses.

The history of Gas-turbine engine ■

In 1629 another Italian name Giovanni Branca actually developed a device which used to operate machinery.

The history of Gas-turbine engine

The history of Gas-turbine engine ■

The first patent for turbine engine.

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In 1872 a man by the name of Stolze designed the first true gas turbine.

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Charles Curtis the inventor of the Curties steam engine

The history of Gas-turbine engine ■

The General Electric company started their gas turbine division in 1903. – An engineer named Stanford Moss lead most of the projects. – Sir Frank Whittle of Great Britain patented a design for a jet aircraft engine in1930.

The history of Gas-turbine engine ■

Hans von Ohain and Max Hahn, developed and patented their own engine design in 1936.

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In 1941 Frank Whittle began fight tests of a turbojet engine of his own design in England.

EFFICIENCY OF THE INTERNALCOMBUSTION ENGINE

EFFICIENCY OF THE INTERNALCOMBUSTION ENGINE

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Efficiency is the highest for a small range of values of torque and rotational speed--those in the darker green "sweet spot." At this level of efficiency, if the engine were propelling a vehicle, it might burn eight liters of gasoline per 100 kilometers. A series-type hybrid can be designed so that its engine operates only in this highest-efficiency mode; a parallel hybrid can be designed so that its engine stays within the efficiency represented by the dark and light green regions.

The Internal Workings of a Turbine Engine ■

Link to a 3-D model representing the internal working of a gas turbine engine

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http://www.pwc.ca/en_markets/demonst ration.html

Advantages – Gas turbine engines weigh less, last longer, and break down less often. – They can attain thermal efficiencies in the mid-40s; piston engine efficiencies are in the high-20s and unlikely to go much higher. – They excels from an emissions standpoint: gas turbines with no exhaust treatment whatsoever have lower emissions than spark ignition and compression ignition engines with the best treatment available. – Lastly unlike the spark ignition engine, which has stringent requirements for fuel, the gas turbine can burn a variety of fuels, including not only gasoline but also diesel, home-heating oil, and almost any other liquid or gaseous fuel.

Becoming a Contender ■

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The compressor and turbine would actually consist of multiple stages. The pressure ratio would be low. Compressor blades could be made from injection-molded, fiber-reinforced composite, while the compressor, turbine rotor, combustor, and turbine housings would be made of ceramic. A ceramic regenerator would recover heat from the compressed gas, reducing the amount of fuel that must be burned. Such an engine would be outstandingly responsive, capable of the quick acceleration that drivers

Turbine Problems ■

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Huge investments have been made in the spark-ignition engine. It is manufactured at astonishingly low cost and, in general, performs superbly. Also the real cost of gasoline, adjusted for inflation, is at or close to an alltime low. Thus even an 80-mile-per-gallon gas turbine car would offer only a moderate economic advantage over conventional vehicles, many of which now deliver 30 to 40 mpg. In the near future, gas turbine engines make sense for some niche markets, such as large trucks and buses. Such large vehicles now must use diesel engines; compared with diesels, gas turbines offer greatly reduced emissions, lower noise, lighter weight, and

Major Uses Hybrid automobiles ■ Military ■ Power plants ■ Other uses ■

Key Manufactures in the US Allison Advanced Development Co ■ General Electric ■ Pratt & Whitney ■ Allied Signal ■ Teledyne Ryan Aeronautical ■ Williams International ■

IHPTET Integrated High Performance Turbine Engine Technology program ■ Formed in 1988 ■ Goal: Double the propulsion capability of turbine engines by the turn of the century ■ Other big competitors from outside US include Volvo and Rolls Royce ■

Key Military Uses ■

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Turbofans and turbojets – fighters, bombers, and large transport Turbo shafts and turboprops – helicopters, small transports, and some trainers Expendables – missiles and unmanned aircraft such as drones

M1A2 Tank

Power Plants ■

Micro Turbine Generators – small power generator that can be located close the area the power is used – Advantages: greater reliability and lower costs by using fewer moving parts and lower manufacturing costs – Possible future use: scattered throughout the utility’s traditional distribution network working in

Power Plants ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

GE: MS7001FB Runs off of mainly natural gas Produces 280 MWe Future sizes are up to 5000MWe Higher efficiency and increased output by raising compressor pressure ratio and upping the firing temp.

Year introduced

7191F 7221FA 7231FA 7241FA 7251FB 7H 1991 1993 1997 1999 2001 2003

Firing temperature (degree C) Compressor pressure ratio Exhaust gas temp. (degree C) Heat rate (LHV) (Btu/kWh) Net output (MWe) Efficiency(% Net) NOx (ppmvd at 15% 02)

1260

1287

1315

1327

1402

1430

13.5

15

15

15.5

18.5

23

583

589

594

602

623

588

9880

9500

9380

9360

9173

9115

222 51 N/A

253 52.7 9

259 53.5 9

263 55 9

280.3 57.3 25

400 60 9

Other Uses The vast majority of all commercial jets ■ NASA ■ Offshore power generation(Volvo VT2600) produces 2.5 MW of energy, could be used on offshore oilrigs ■ Ferries ■ High performance racing boats ■