True History Of Israel & Palastine

2006 April-October Issue No: 10&11

A[n-\n-th-ihpw s Ndp-Øp-\n¬]pw sNdp-

Ncn-{X-sa-gp-Xnb "hnip-≤-\mSv ' bqtdm-]y≥ {Iqc-X-Iƒ°n-c-bmb PqXsc ]p\-c-[n-h-kn-∏n-°m≥ ]e-kvXo≥ sh´n-ap-dn®v C{k-tb¬ cmjv{Sw cq]o-Ic- n-®X - p-ap-X¬ Bcw-`n-®X - mWv ^e-kvXo≥ P\-Xb - psS thZ-\. Hmtcm hmZ-ßf- p-∂b - n®v ^e-kvXo≥ P\-Xsb th´-bm-Sp∂ C{k-tb¬ Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ {]tZ-ihpw kz¥-am-°m-\mWv {ian-®Xv. ]c-am-[n-Imc cmjv{S-sa∂ kz]v\w km£m¬°-cn-°m-\m-hmØ ^e-kvXo≥ P\X ho≠pw AXn-{Ia-߃°n-c-bm-hp-I-bm-Wv. Ahsc klm-bn-°m≥ DW-tc≠ temIw Dd°w \Sn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ ^e-kvXo≥ P\-Xsb klm-bn-°m-\p≈ {ia-Øn-emWv C¥y-bnse CS-Xp-]£ {]ÿm-\w. AXns‚ `mK-ambn ^e-kvXos‚ Ncn{Xw Hm¿an-∏n®pw h¿Ø-am-\-Øn-te°v hnc¬Nq-≠nbp-ap≈ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ.

C{k-tb¬ HutZym-KnI \maw: tÉv Hm^v C{k-tb¬ ÿm\w: Gjy- b psS sX°v ]Sn-™m-dmbn ÿnXn sNøp-∂p. hS°v˛e-_-t\m¨, Ing- ° v - ˛ - k n- d n- b , tPm¿±m≥, sX°v-˛-Cu-Pn-]v‰v, ]Sn-™mdv saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ IS¬ F∂nh AXn¿∞n-Iƒ. temI-Ønse GI PqX cmjv{S-amWv C{ktb¬. Xe-ÿm\w: Pdq-ktew hnkv X o¿Æw: 20,722 N.In.ao P\-kwJy: 64,20,000 `mj: lo{_p, Ad- _ n, Cw•ojv aXw: PqX-aXw 80%, kp∂napkvenw 15 %, {InkvXy≥ 2% a‰p-≈h 3% \mWbw: \yq tj°¬ km£-cX: 96% {][m\ \K-c-߃: sS¬ Aho- h v, bm^p, lmbv^, _m´ymw, slmf≥, cmam-´vKm≥, s]‰m-Sn-°zm, dntkm¨ enkntbm¨, _o¿jo-_m.

GI- s sZ- h - h n- i zmkw ]pe¿Øp∂ PqX, ss{IkvX-h, Ckvemw aX-ß-sf√mw Hcpt]mse hnip-≤a - mbn IW-°m-°p∂ \mSmWv C{k-tbepw ^e-kvXo-\p-a-S-ßp∂ {]tZ-iw. C∂sØ ^e-kvXo≥-˛-C-{k-tb¬ {]tZ-i-ßfpsS Adn-bs∏-Sp∂ Ncn{Xw Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv {InkvXp-hn\pw aqhm-bncw h¿jw apºm-Wv. _n.-kn. 3000˛Øn¬ CuPn]vXv Cu {]tZiw Iog-S°n B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-®-tXm-sS-bm-WnXv. _n.-kn. 2000˛Øn¬ CuPn]vXv £bn-s®¶nepw CS-°m-e-Øn\p tijw ho≠pw i‡nbm¿Pn-®p. _n.-kn. 1400˛hsc CuPn-]vXns‚ A[o-\-X-bn-em-bn-cp∂ ^e-kvXo≥ ]n∂oSv F{km-b¿, s^en-kvXy¿ XpS-ßnb ]pXnb i‡n-I-fpsS A[o-\-X-bn-em-bn. _n.-kn. 1000˛Øn¬ ZmhoZv cmPmhv s^en-kvXysc tXm¬]n®v ChnsS PqX-cmPyw ÿm]n-®Xv as‰mcp hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bn. Zmho-Zns‚ aI≥ tkmf-as‚ `cWw Ah-km-\n-®-tXmsS _n.-kn. 922˛¬ cmPyw C{k-tb¬, PqX F∂nßs\ c≠mbn hn`-Pn-°s - ∏-´p. _n.-kn. 721˛¬ Ako-dn-b-°mcpw XpS¿∂v 586˛¬ _m_n-temWn-b-°mcpw ChnsS B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-®p. _m_n-tem-Wn-b≥ cmPm-hmb s\_p-°Zv \k¿ Pdp-kt- eapw tkmf-a≥ ]Wn-bn® tZhme-bhpw \in-∏n-®p. PqXsc ASn-a-I-fm°n _m_n-tem-Wn-bb - n¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn. _n.-kn. 539˛¬ t]¿jy≥ cmPmhv sskdkv _m_ntem-Wnb IogS°nb-t∏m-gmWv ]ns∂ PpX∑m¿ tamNn-Xc - m-bX - v. sPdp-ktew tIm´ ]WnXXpw tami-bpsS \nb-a] - p-kX v I - w(-tXm-d) Xømdm-°n-bXpw C°m-eØ - m-Wv. _n.-kn. 333˛¬ Ae-Ivkm-≠d - psS t\XrXz-Øn¬ {Ko°p-Im¿ ^e-kvXo≥ ]nSn-®p. ]n∂oSv CuPn-]X v p-Im-cpsS \nb-{¥-WØ - n-emb ^e-kvXo≥ _n.-kn. 63˛¬ tdma≥ km{am-PyØns‚ Iogn-em-bn. tbip-hns\ PqX-∑m¿ Ipcnin-te-‰n-b-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂p-≠mb Acm-P-I-XzØn-s\m-Sp-hn¬ tdma≥ N{I-h¿Øn ssS‰-

kns‚ tk\ ^e-kvXo≥ \in-∏n-°m≥ XpS-ßn. F.-Un. Fgp-]-tXmsS PqX-tZhm- e - b - ß ƒ XI¿Øv B[n- ] Xyw ]q¿W-am-°n. temI-Øns‚ \m\m-`mKtØ°p Xpc-Ø-s∏´ PqX¿ sPdp-kte-an¬ IS-°p-∂-Xp-t]mepw h[-in£ e`n- ° p∂ Ip‰- a m- ° n. ^e- k v X o≥ tdmam km{am-Py-Øns‚ {]hn-iy-bm-bn. \memw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-]I - p-Xnbn¬ tdma≥ N{I-h¿Øn tIm¨Ã‚bn≥ {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-®t- XmsS CXv cmPy-Øns‚ HutZym-KnI aX-am-bn. XpS¿∂v t]¿jy-°m¿, Ad-_n-Iƒ, Xp¿°n- I ƒ XpSßn ]ecpw ^ekvXo≥`-cWw amdn-amdn Iøm-fn. aplΩZv \_n- b psS ac- W - t ijw F.- U n. 632˛emWv Ad-_n-Iƒ Ckvemw aX-ktµ-i-hp-ambn ^e-kvXo-\n-se-Øn-b-Xv. 638˛¬ Ad-_vtk\ ^e-kvXo≥ IogS°n. P\-ß-fn¬ \mSp-hn-Sm≥ Xocp-am\n-®-hsc km[-\-ß-fp-ambn t]mIm≥ A\p-h-Zn® Ad-_n-I-ƒ AhnsS XpScm≥ B{K-ln-®-h¿°v F√m ]cn-c£bpw \¬In. AXn-\m¬ Iq´-s°m-eIƒ D≠m-bn-√. 750-˛-\p-tijw _KvZmZnse A∫m-kn-Zv, sk¬_p-°¿, CuPn]vXnse ^mXnan-Uvkv, Xp¿°n-bnse sk¬Pq-°v, ama-eq-°¿ F∂n-h¿ ^ekvXo-\n-se-Øn. ChnsS F.Un 1095˛¬ kn\-Un≥ D¿P¿ c≠m-a≥ am¿]m∏ Ipcn-ip-bp-≤ß - ƒ°v Blzm-\w-sN-bvXXn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v ss{IkvX-h-tk-\-Iƒ Ad-_n-Isf XpcØn sPdp-kew tI{µam°n ss{IkvX-h-cmPyw ÿm]n-®p. F.Un 1291˛¬ CuPn]vXv kp¬Øm-\mbn-cp∂ kem-lp-±o≥ Ipcn-ip-bp-≤°msc tXm¬]n®v Ckvemw`cWw ]p\cm-cw-`n-®p. 1517˛¬ Gjym ssa\-dnse Hmt´m- a ≥ Xp¿°n- I ƒ ameq- ° sc

^e-kvXo≥/C{k-tb¬ tXm¬]n®v cmPysØ ]e \K-cß - f - mbn hn`-Pn-®p. ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰mt≠msS Xp¿°nIƒ £bn-s®-¶nepw Ah-cpsS `cWw XpS¿∂p. PqX IpSn-tb-‰hpw Ad_v sNdp-Øp-\n¬]pw sNdnb Hcp {Kma-Øn¬ Dƒs°m≈m-hp∂ PqX¿ am{X-amWv Ign™ \q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ Ahn-`‡ ^e-kvXo-\n¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v. CXn\p am‰w h∂Xv {_n´≥ ^e-k v X os‚ am≥tU‰v `cWw Bcw-`n-®t- Xm-sS-bm-W.v {_n´ojv klm-b-tØmsS ]Xn-\m-bn-c°-W-°n\v PqX¿ bqtdm-∏ns‚ \m\m`m-Kß - f - n¬\n∂v ^e-kX v o-\n-te°p HgpIn. CXn- s \- X nsc Xe- a p- d - I - f mbn AhnsS Ign-™p-h∂ Ad_v P\X aX-hy-Xym-k-߃°-Xo-X-ambn H‰-s°´mbn \S- Ø nb sNdp- Ø p- \ n¬]v {_n´ojv hmgvN-s°-Xnsc \S∂ kzmX{¥y-t]m-cm-´t- Øm-sSm∏w {i≤-t\-Sn. 18˛mw \q‰m≠v Ah- k m- \ n- ° ptºmƒ ^e-kX v o-\nse PqX P\-kwJy 5000˛Øn¬ Xmsg am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. A¥y-Im-eØv hnip-≤-\m-´n¬ Ign-bmsa-∂m-{K-ln®v FØnb hr-≤c - m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cn¬ Gsdbpw. 1838˛¬ sPdp-kt- ean¬ tIm¨kp-te‰v ÿm]n® {_´≥ tIm¨k-en\v \¬Inb BZy \n¿tZiw Xs∂ IpSn-tb-‰Ø - n\p hcp∂ PpX¿°v kwc-£Ww \¬I-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p. F∂n´pw 1876˛¬ ChnsS PqX P\kwJy 14000˛Øn¬ Xmsg-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1881˛\pw 1914˛\pw CS-bn¬ kmdnÃv djy- b n¬\n∂pw Ing- ° ≥ bqtdm∏n¬\n∂pw 24 e£-tØmfw PqX¿ ]pdØm-°s - ∏-s´-¶nepw AXn¬ 55000 t]¿ am{Xsa ^e-kX v o-\n¬ IpSn-tb-‰Ø - n-s\Øn-bp-≈q. F∂m¬ ^e-kvXo≥ `cn°m≥ {_n´≥ eoKv Hm^v t\j≥kn¬ \n∂v am≥tU‰v t\Sp-Ibpw sl¿_¿´v kmap-h-ens\ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-°pIbpw sNbvX-tXmsS ÿnXn amdn. 1922˛¬ ^e-kX v o-\nse Gg-ce - £w P\ß-fn¬ 11 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp∂p PqX¿. F∂m¬ ^e-kvXo≥ hn`-Pn-°p-tºm-

tg°pw PqX P\-kwJy 30 iX-am-\-ambn. 1940˛HmsS Irjn tbmKy-amb `qanbn¬ 20 iX-am-\hpw PqX-cpsS ssIhi-am-bn. ^e- k v X o- \ n¬ PqX- c mjv { Sw ÿm]n-°p-Is - b∂ e£y-tØm-sS-bmWv IpSn-tb‰w F∂v Xncn-®-dn-™-t∏mƒ ^e-kvXo≥ P\X t]mcm-´-am-cw-`n-®p. 1937˛¬ kndn-b-bn¬ tN¿∂ Ad_v tZiob tIm¨{Kkv ^e-kvXo-\nse am≥tU‰v `c-W-Øn\v A¥yw Ipdn°m\pw PqX IpSn-tb‰w \n¿Øm\pw Ad-_n-I-fpsS \ne-߃ kb-Wn-ÃpIƒ°v ssIam-dp-∂Xv \ntcm-[n-°m\pw Bh- i y- s ∏- ´ p. Ad_v D∂X kanXnsbbpw F√m ^e-kvXo≥ kwL-S\-I-sfbpw \ntcm-[n-®mWv {_n´ojv am≥tU‰v `cWw {]Xn-I-cn-®-Xv. CXns\-Xnsc tcmjw hf¿∂-t∏mƒ D∂X kan-Xn-bpsS A©p t\Xm-°sf \mSpI-S-Øn. s]¨]≈n°qS-ß-fn-e-S°w i‡- a mbn \S∂ {]t£m- ` - ß - f n¬ ss{IkvX-h, apkvenw hn`m-K-ß-fn¬\n∂p≈ Ad_v Ip´n-Iƒt]mepw kPoh-am-bn-cp-∂p. IpSn-tb-‰t- Øm-sSm∏w PqX¿ ^ekvXo≥Imsc P∑-\m-´n¬ \n∂p XpcØm≥ \njvTp-c-amb `oI-c-{]-h¿Ø-\ßfpw sI´-gn-®p-hn-´p. lKm-\, C¿Kp¨ XpS-ßnb kb-WnÃv `oI-c-kw-L-S-\Iƒ \S-Ønb t_mw_v kvt^mS-\-ßfn¬ \nc- h [n ^e- k v X o≥Im- c mWv A°m-eØv sIm√-s∏-´-Xv. {_n´ojv DtZym-K-ÿ¿ lKm-\-bp-ambn tN¿∂v ^e-kX v o≥ {Kma-ßf - n¬ an∂-em-{I-aW - ߃ \S-Øm≥ cm{Xn-Ime kvIzmUpIƒt]m-ep-ap-≠m-°n-bn-cp-∂p. CXn-s\sb√mw AXn- P o- h n- ® mWv ^ekvXo≥Im¿ t]mcm´w XpS¿∂-Xv. {_n´ojv hmgvNs - °-Xnsc t]mcm´w PqX-Ip-Sn-tb-‰Ø - n-s\-Xn-cmb sNdpØp-\n¬∏n-s\m∏w Xs∂-bmWv Ahn`‡ ^e-kX v o-\n¬ {_n´ojv am≥tU‰v `c-WØ - n-s\-Xn-cmb t]mcm-´hpw \S-∂Xv. kndnb 1936˛¬ {^©v ta¬t°mbva-bn¬\n∂v kzmX{¥yw t\Sn-bXv ^e-kvXo≥ Ad-_n-Is - fbpw Bthiw sIm≈n-®p. Ahcpw \nc-¥-c-k-a-c-hpambn sXcp-hn-en-d-ßn.

{_n´ojv IpX{¥w krjvSn® \cIw ]›n-tajysb \nXy-kw-L¿j-Øns‚ \c-I-am-°n-am-‰n-b-Xn¬ {][m\ ]¶p-hl - n-®Xv {_n´ojv km{am-PyXz IpX-{¥-ßf- m-Wv. H∂mw-temI-bp-≤-Im-ew-hsc Xp¿°n-bnse Dt´m-a≥ km{am-Py-Øns‚ Iogn-em-bncp∂p Cu {]tZ-iw. {_n´s‚ \nb-{¥-WØ - n-em-bXv henb h©-\b - n-eqsS-bm-Wv. temI-bp-≤-tijw tamNn-∏n®p \¬Im-sa∂v hmKvZm\w \¬InbmWv P¿a≥ tNcn-bn-em-bn-cp∂ Xp¿°nb tXm¬]n-°m≥ {_n´≥ ^ekvXo≥ Ad-_n-I-fpsS ]n¥pW t\Sn-b-Xv. F∂m¬ CXp-kw-_-‘n®v sa°m jdo-^n\v hmKvZm\w \¬Inb tijw Xp¿°n km{am-Py-Øn\p Iognse Ad_v {]tZ-iß - ƒ ]¶n-s´-Sp-°m≥ {_n´≥ {^m≥kp-ambn Icmdn-se-Øn. ]gb kmdnÃv djybpw C‰-enbpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ "sskIvkv ˛ ss]t°m´v ' Icm-dns‚ hnhcw ]pd-Øp-h-∂Xv djy-bn¬ hnπ-hm-\-¥c k¿°m¿ AXp ]pd-Øp-hn-´t- ∏m-gm-Wv. ^e-kvXos\ A¥¿tZ-inb \nb{¥-WØ - n-em-°m\pw a‰p {]tZ-iß - ƒ hoXn-s®-Sp-°m-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p [mcW. CXn-\nsS 1917˛¬ _¬^q¿ {]Jym-]\ - Ø - n-eqsS {_n´≥ ^e-kvXo\n¬ PqX-cmPyw ÿm]n-°m-sa∂pw hmKv-Zm\w sNbvXp.

2

hmb- \ - ° m- t cmSv hnhcti-J-c-W-Øn¬ Xm¬]-cy-ap-≈h¿°v DØa d^-d≥-kmbn D]-tbm-Ks∏-Sp-Øm-\pw Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ kq-£n®v sh°m\-pw ]-‰p∂ Hcp {]kn-≤o-I-c-WamWv Z _p≈-‰n-≥. CXns‚ Ign-™ e°-߃ {i≤n-® am\y--hm-b-\-°m¿-°v CXv t_m[y-hpam-bn-cn-°pw. Dd-hnSw kqNn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ coXn CØcw hnj- b - ß - f n- ¬ Xm¬]- c y- a p- ≈ - h sc BI¿jn-°m-Xn-cn-°n-√. Pohn-X-Øns‚ hy-Xy--kvX Xpd-I-fn¬ {]h¿Øn- ° p- I bpw C- S - s ]- S p- I bpw sNøp-∂-h¿°v hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb hnhc-ßfpw Bi-b-ßfpw kuI-cy--Ønepw Ffp-∏-Ønepw e`y-am-°p-I-bmWv CXneqsS sNøp- ∂ - X v . CXns‚ hcpw e°ßfn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]‰p-∂/ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ, teJ-\߃, hm¿Ø-Iƒ.... F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ h-√Xpw Xß-fpsS hm-b-\-°n-S-bn¬ {i≤-bn¬s]-Sp-∂-h¿ Ah-bpsS tIm∏ntbm t^mt´m-Ãmt‰m F-Øn-®p-X∂v Cu kw- c w- ` - t ØmSv klI- c n- ° - W - s a∂v A`y¿Yn-°p-∂p. CXns‚ D≈-S-°-sØ-°p-dn®pw a‰pw am\y-hm-b-\-°m¿°p-≈ A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw \n¿tZ-iß - fpw Adn-bn-°m≥ {]tXyIw {i≤n-°p-sa∂ {]Xo-£-tbm-sS. FUn-‰¿

kv{XoIfpw Ip´n-If - p-aS- °w kPoh-ambn ]s¶-SpØ B ka-c-Øn-eq-sSbmWv ]n¬°m-eØv ^e-kX v o≥ hntamN\ {]ÿm-\Ø - ns‚ hoc-\m-bI - \ - mbn amdnb bmk¿ Ad-^mØv Xs‚ PohnX t]mcm-´-am-cw-`n-®-Xv. Btdgp hb- p-am{X-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Ad-^mØv A∂v Pdpk-te-an¬ {_n´ojv hml-\-߃°v Is√-dn-bm\pw a‰pw ap∂n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p. sPdp-k-te-anse apJy ]ptcm-ln-

A¥m-cmjv{S PqX-tem-_nsb kzm[o-\n-°m\mWv {_n´s‚ _¬^q¿ {]Jym-]\ - sa∂v Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp-hn-s\-t∏m-ep-≈h - ¿ Nq≠n°m-´n-bn-´p-≠v. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ _¬^¿ {]Jym-]-\-Øn\p as‰mcp ]›mØ-e-ap-≠v. ]›n-ta-jy-bnse FÆ km∂n[yw Is≠-Ø-s∏´ kml-N-cyØn-em-bn-cp∂p {_n´s‚ \o°w. 1914˛¬ Xs∂ {_n´ojv a{¥n-k`- b - nse PqXAwK-amb sl¿s_¿´v kmap-h¬ A∂sØ hntZ-i-sk-{I-´dn FtUzUv t{Kbp-ambn \S-Ønb N¿®-bn¬ ]e-kvXo-\n¬ PqX-cmjv{Sw ÿm]n-t°-≠Xv AXym-hi - y-am-sW∂v [cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. Cdm-Jnepw Ipssh-Ønepw h≥ FÆ \nt£-]Ø - n-\p≈ km[yX sXfn-™-Xn-\m¬ ]e-kvXo≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ {_n´ojv A\p-Iq-e-amb Hcp `c-W-Iq-S-ap-≠m-th-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-sW-∂mWv sl¿_¿´v kmaph¬ {][m-\a- mbpw hmZn-®X - v. bp≤m-\¥ - cw ^e-kvXo≥ {_n´ojv am≥tU‰v `c-W-Øn-em-b-t∏mƒ CtX sl¿_¿´v kmap-h-emWv ChnsS `c-Wm-[nIm-cn-bm-bX - v. sskIvkv ˛ ss]t°m´v [mc-W-b-\p-k-cn®v kndn-b, se_-\m≥ XpS-ßn-bh bp≤-tijw {^m≥kns‚ A[o-\X - b - n-em-bn. Cdm-Jv, ssl^ XpS-ßnb {]tZ-iß - ƒ {_n´ojv A[o-\X - b - nepw h∂p. {_n´ojv am≥tU‰n-\p-Io-gn¬ ^e-kvXo-\n-te°p PqX-Ip-Sn-tb‰w i‡-am-bn.

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

ss{IkvXh P\-Xbpw

t]mcm-´-Øn¬ ^e-kvXo≥ {]iv\w PqXcpw apkvenw-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ kmap-ZmbnI {]iv\a- m-sW∂ sX‰n-≤m-cW ]e¿°p-ap-≠v. ]W-kzm-[o-\Ø - n¬ temIØv G‰hpw {]_-ea- mb PqX-tem-_n-bpsS Xm¬]-cy-߃°v hgßp∂ ]m›m-Xy-tem-Ihpw Ah-cpsS am[ya km{am-Pyhpw Cu [mcW ]c-Øm≥ ]c-am-h[n {ian-°p-∂pap≠v. Ad-_n-Ifpw Ah-cpsS `qan X´n-∏-dn® PqX IpSn-tb-‰-°mcpw XΩn-ep≈ {]iv\-am-Wn-sX∂ hkvXpX-bn¬\n∂v {i≤ Xncn-°m-\mWv kmap-Zm-bn-I-h¬°-c-Ww. ^e-kvXo-\nse Ad_v apkvenw-Is- f-∂t- ]mse Ad_v {InkvXym\n-Ifpw PqX IpSn-tb-‰-Øn\pw ]n∂oSv C{k-tb-ens‚ AXn-{I-a߃°psa-Xn-cmb t]mcm-´Ø - ns‚ ap≥\n-cb - n-ep-≠v. PqXIpSn-tb-‰Ø - ns\-Xn-cmb Ad_v t]mcm-´-Øns‚ XpS-°w-ap-X¬ Xt±i ss{IkvXh P\X AXn¬ {][m\ ]¶p-hl - n-®p. ss{IkvXh ]fin-X¿ \S-Øn-bncp∂ "A¬ Im¿a¬', "^e-kvXo≥' F∂o ]{X-ßfpw djoZv dnZ \SØnb "A¬ a\m¿' ]{X-hp-amWv BZyw PqX IpSn-tb-‰-Øn-s\-Xnsc i‡-amb \ne-]m-sS-Sp-ØX - v. ^e-kvXo-\nse apkvenw-Ifpw ss{IkvXh - cpw HØp-tN¿∂mWv 1934˛¬ kzmX-{¥y-t]m-cm´w i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ kmbp[ Kdn√m kwL-S\-I-fp-≠m-°n-b-Xv. Fan¬ Kqdn F∂ ss{IkvXh t\Xm-hm-bn-cp-∂p {][m\ kwLm-S-I≥. Kdn√m kwL t\Xm-°-fm-bn-cp∂ tPm¿Pv l_mjpw \bo^v lbm-Xvtabpw ss{IkvXh IpSpw-_ß - f- n¬ P\n-®X-\m-bn-cp∂ lPv Aao≥ A¬lp-ssk\n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p kzmX{¥y-t]m-cm-´w. {_n´s‚ hmKvZm-\ß - sf XpS¿∂v kuZn Atd-_ybpw a‰v Ad_v cmjv{S-ßfpw A`y¿Yn-®-X-\p-k-cn®v t\Xm-°ƒ kacw Ah-km-\n-∏n-®p. F∂m¬ ASp-Ø-h¿jw ^e-kvXos\ aq∂mbn hn`-Pn-°m≥ \n¿tZ-in-°p∂ ]o¬ {]`p- h ns‚ dnt∏m¿´v {_n´≥ apt∂m´p h®-t∏mƒ ho≠pw {]t£m`w Bcw-`n-®p. CX-Sn-®-a¿Øm≥ {_n´≥ {ian-s®-¶nepw AsXmcp tZiob apt∂‰-ambn ]S¿∂p]nSn-®p. ^e-kvXos\ hn`-Pn®v Hcp PqXcm-Pyhpw hnime tPm¿Zmt\mSptN¿∂v Ad_v cmPyhpw ÿm]n-°m\pw th≠nh-∂m¬ \n¿ZnjvS PqX-cm-Py-Øns‚ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n∂v ^e-kvXo≥Imsc _ew {]tbm-Kn®v Hgn-∏n-°m\pw \n¿tZin-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p ]o¬ {]`p A[y£-\mb tdmb¬ Iao-j≥ ka¿∏n® dnt∏m¿´v. CXv X≈nb Ad_n D∂-Xm[n-Im-ck - a - nXn PqX-cS- °w apgp-h≥ \yq\]£ hn`m-Kß - f - p-sSbpw \nb-a] - c - a - mb Ah- I m- i - ß ƒ AwKo- I - c n- ° p∂ kzX{¥ sFIy-^-e-kvXo≥ cmjv{SamWv th≠-sX∂v hy‡-am-°n. CXn-\nsS c≠mw temI-bp≤w s]m´n-∏p-d-s∏-´-t∏mƒ Ad_v ]n¥pW Dd-∏m-°m≥ {_n´≥ a‰p-Nne X{¥-ßfm-cw-`n-®p. sImtfm-Wn-b¬ sk{I-´dn am¬°w aIvsUm-WmƒUv '39˛¬ ]pdØn-d° - nb [h-f] - {Xw ]Øp h¿j-Øn\p- t ijw ^e- k v X o\v kzmX{¥yw hmKvZm\w sNbvXp. A©p-h¿j-tØ°v 15000 PqX-Ip-Sn-tb-‰-°m-sc-hoXw A\ph- Z n- ° p- s a∂pw F∂m¬ ^ekvXo≥ImcpsS Ah-Im-iß - ƒ kwc-£n°p-sa-∂p-am-bn-cp∂p [h-f-]-{X-Øn¬ ]d-™n-cp-∂-Xv. {_n´s‚ bp≤-b-Xv\ßsf Imcy- a mbn Atem- k - c - s ∏- S p-

h-cm-Wv. kzmX-{¥y-˛I - p-Sn-tb-‰h - n-cp≤ {]t£m-`Ø - ns‚ `mK-ambn 1935˛¬ cq]o-Ic- n-°s- ∏´ Ad_v ^e-kX v o≥ ]m¿´nbpw apkvenw-˛{- In-kX v y≥ kwLS-\-bm-bn-cp-∂p. sPdp-ktew ap^vXn lPv Aao≥ A¬ lpssk\n A[y-£\ - mbn cq]o-Ic- n® ]m¿´n-bpsS sshkv {]kn-U‚pw sk{I-´d- nbpw {InkvXym-\n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Ad_n sFIyw, ^e-kvXo-\ns‚ tamN\w F∂nh e£y-am°n CS-Xp-]£ - t- \-Xmhv tPm¿Pv l_m-jns‚ t\Xr-XzØn¬ 1950˛¬ ÿm]n® Ad_v tZiob {]ÿm\w "A¬ Juan-bq≥ A¬ Ad_v ' BWv 1964˛¬ ^e-kvXo≥ hntam-N-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ P\Iob ap∂-Wn-bm-bXv (]n.-F-^v.-F¬.-]n). ^e-kvXo≥ t]mcm-´-Øn¬ FtUz¿Uv skbvZv hln® ]¶pw hnkvac- n-°m-\m-hn-√. {InkvXym-\n-bmbn P\n® CS-Xp-]£ t\Xm-°ƒ am{X-am-bn-cp∂n√ t]mcm-´Ø - n¬ ]¶p-hl - n-®X - v. C{k-tb¬ cq]o-Ic- W - t- ØmsS \mSpw hoSpw \jvSs- ∏´ Ad_n kaq-lØ - n\v kmº-ØnI klmbw \¬Im≥ kao] ]uckvXy {InkvXob k`m Iu¨kn¬ (C-t∏mƒ a[y ]uckvXy {InkvXob k`m Iu¨kn¬) C‚¿\m-j-W¬ {InkvXy≥ IΩn‰n C≥ C{k-tb¬ (sF.-kn.-kn.-sF) F∂ kan-Xn-bp-≠m°n {it≤-b-amb {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ \S-Øn. 1957˛¬ Ad_n hwio-bc- mb ss{IkvXh - sc C{k-tb-en¬ \n∂v en_n-b, A¿P‚o-\, kndn-b-bnse A¬P-kod F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-te°v am‰m≥ C{k-tb¬ ]≤-Xn-bn-´n-cp-∂p. CXp \S-∏m-°m≥ Ad_n k`m Iu¨kn-ens‚ Bflm-b-°m-c-\mb BZy A[y-£≥ \ns°mfm km_sb kzm[o-\n-s®-¶nepw k`m Iu¨kn-ew-K-߃ Cu \o°sØ i‡-ambn sNdp-Øp-tXm¬∏n-®p. CØ-c-Øn¬ ^e-kvXo≥ t]mcm-´Øn¬ A`n-am-\I - c- a- mb ]¶mWv Xt±i ss{IkvXh hn`m-KØ - n-t‚-Xv.

ØmsX ^e-kvXo≥Im¿ s]mXp-hn¬ kl-I-cn-s®-¶nepw PqX-Ip-Sn-tb-‰hpw `qan-I-tø-‰hpw adp-h-iØv XpS¿∂p. bp.-F∂ - ns\ ad-bm°n h≥NXn ^e-kvXo≥ P\-Xsb Xe-ap-d-Ifmbn Pohn-®p-h∂ \m´n¬ \n∂p- XpcØn A`-bm¿Yn-I-fm-°n-am-‰n-b-Xn¬ sFIy- c m- j v { Sk- ` bv ° pw ]¶p- ≠ v . sFIy-cm-jv{S-k-`sb ad-bm-°n-bmWv Ata- c n- ° bpw {_n´\pw a‰pw ^ekvXos\ sh´n-ap-dn®v C{k-tb-ens\ krjvSn-®-Xv. CXmWv Bdp ]Xn-‰mt≠mfw ]n∂n-´n´pw sI´-S-ßmØ Ipg∏-߃°v ]›n-ta-jy-bn¬ hnØp-]m-Inb-Xv. 1947 \hw-_¿ 29-˛-\mWv ^ekvXos\ hn`-Pn-°m≥ sFIy-cm-j{v S-k` Xocp-am-\n-®X - v. \q‰m-≠p-If - mbn AhnsS Pohn- ® p- h ∂ P\- X bv ° v ]p√p- h ne \¬ImsX ]m›mXy Xm¬]-cy-߃ Ah¿°p-ta¬ ASn-t®¬]n-°p-Ib - m-bncp-∂p. ^e-kX v os\ aq∂mbn hn`-Pn-°m\m-bn-cp∂p bp.-F≥ ]≤-Xn. A∂sØ P\- k - w Jy- b n¬ 13,64,330 t]c-S-ßp∂ Ad-_n-Iƒ°v shdpw 4300 NXp-c{i ssa¬ `qanbpw 6,08. 230 t]¿am- { Xw- h - c p∂ (^- e kvXo≥Im-cpsS ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ Xmsg) PqXIp-Sn-tb-‰-°m¿°v 5700 NXp-c{i ssa¬ `qanbpw \n›-bn-®X - n¬\n-∂p-Xs∂ bp.F≥ NXn hy‡-am-bn-cp-∂p. hnime Pdp-ktew {]tZiw A¥m-cm{„ \nb{¥-W-Øn-em-°pI F∂Xpw bp.-F≥ ]≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-´n-cp-∂p. am≥tU‰v `cWw \S-Øn-h∂ {_n´s‚ ap≥I-øn¬ Xømdm°nb hn`P-\-]-≤-Xn-b-\p-k-cn®v Xt±-i-hm-kn-Ifmb ^e-kvXo≥ P\-Xbv°p e`n-®Xv Xcn-ip-`q-an-Ifpw sam´-°p-∂p-If - p-am-bn-cp∂p. bqtdm-∏n¬\n-∂p≈ PqX IpSn-tb‰-°m¿°v ^e-`q-bn-jvT-amb {]tZ-iwZ _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

Xs∂ e`n-®p. IpSn-sh-≈Ø - n-\p-t]mepw ^e-kvXo≥Im¿ C{k-tb-ens\ B{ibn-t°≠ ÿnXn-bm-Wp-≠m-bX - v. Ad-_vtemIw H∂-S¶w bp.-F∂ns‚ hn`-P-\-]-≤-Xnsb FXn¿Øp. In´n-b-Xp-t]mc F∂p-I-cp-Xnb PqX-t\Xr- X zhpw FXn¿∏v {]I- S n- ∏ n- ® p. F∂m¬, H∂pw \jvSs - ∏-Sm-\n-√m-Xn-cp∂ PqX IpSn-tb-‰° - m¿°v kt¥m-ja - m-bn. bp.-F≥ ]≤Xn {]Jym-]n-°s - ∏-´X - n-s\Øp-S¿∂v am≥tU‰v `cWw Ah-km-\n∏n-°m≥ {_n´≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. 1948 sabv 14-˛\v {_n´ojv ssk\yw ]q¿W-ambn ^e-kX v o≥ {]tZ-iØ - p-\n∂p ]n∑m-dnb A∂p-Xs∂ C{k-tb¬ kzX-{¥-cmjv{Sw {]Jym- ] n- ® p. F∂m¬ ^e- k v X o≥ cmjv{Sw Hcn-°epw bmYm¿Yy-am-bn-√. bp.-F≥ {]Xn-\n-[n-sbbpw sIm∂p bp.-F≥ C{k-tb-en\p \o°nsh® ÿeØv 51 iX-am-\-Øn-e-[nIw Ad_n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ 1948 sabv 14˛\v C{k-tb¬ cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ AhnsS Ad-_n-I-fpsS FÆw ]Øpi-X-am-\-ambn Npcp-ßn. \njvTp-c-amb `oI-cm-{I-a-W-ß-fn-eqsS Ah-ti-jn-®hsc PqX-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ Xpc-Øp-I-bmbn-cp-∂p. 1948 G{]n¬ 9˛\v sZbv¿ bmko-\n¬ 254 t]sc sIm∂v `oI-cm{I-aW ]≤Xn ]pd-sØ-SpØ PqX-kwL- ß ƒ ]e ÿe- ß - f nepw CXmh¿Øn-®p. sdUvt{Imkpw bp.-F∂ - ns‚ apJy{]-Xn-\n[n Iu¨ s_¿Wm-tUm´pw dnt∏m¿´p-If - n¬ C°mcyw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønbn-´p-≠v. bp.-F≥ ]≤-Xn-b\ - p-kc - n®v Hgn™p-t]m-tI-≠-Xn-s√-¶nepw {]mW-`-bØm¬ Ad-_n-Iƒ ]em-b-\-am-cw-`n-®p. A`- b m¿Yn- I - f mb e£- ° - W °n\p ^e-kvXo≥Im¿ Ah-in„ ^ekvXo≥ {]tZ-iß - f - n-te°pw a‰v Ad_v cmPy-ßf - n-te°pw Hgp-In. X߃°p-t\-

2

Ad-^mØv t\Xr-Xz-Øn-te°v Ad_v cmjv{S-߃°v 1948-˛se bp≤-Øn-ep-≠mb tXm¬hn ^e-kvXo≥ P\-X-bpsS t]mcm-´sØ ]nt∂m-´Sn®p. ]n∂oSv H∂c ]Xn-‰m-t≠mfw hnhn[ Ad_v cmPy-ß-fpsS Xm¬]-cy-߃°-\p-k-cn®p am{X-ambn AXns‚ KXn-hn-KX - n-Iƒ. bmk¿ Ad-^m-ØS- ° - a- p≈ bphm-°ƒ t\XrXz-Øn-te°v IS∂p h∂-tXm-sS-bmWv ^e-kvXo≥ {]t£m`w ]ns∂ i‡n-bm¿Pn-®X - v. 1959˛¬ Ipssh-Øn¬sh®v Ad-^mØpw a‰pw tN¿∂v cq]o-Icn® ^Øm ]n¬°m-eØv t]mcm-´-Øns‚ Ip¥-ap-\-bm-bn. 1964˛¬ ^e-kvXo≥ hntam-N\ - k - w-LS- \ - (-]n.-F¬.-H) cq]o-Ic- n-°s- ∏-s´-¶nepw AXv CuPn-]vXns‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. 1967˛se Bdp-Zn-hk bp≤Ønse \mWwsI´ ]cm-Pb - Ø - n-\p-tijw Ad_vtemI-Øp-≠mb \ncmi a-dn-IS- ° - m≥ klm-bn-®X - n-eq-sS-bmWv Ad-^mØv ]n.-F¬.H t\Xr-XzØn-te°p h∂-Xv. Bdp-Zn-hk bp≤w Ign™pw tPm¿Zm-\nse Icmsa A`-bm¿Yn-tI{µw Xmh-f-am°n Ad-^mØpw kwLhpw C{k-tb-en-s\Xnsc B{I-a-W-߃ \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. C{k-tb¬ I\Ø B{Iscbpw C{k-tb¬ Xncn-bp-sa∂p hy‡am-bt- XmsS a‰v Ad_v cmPy-ßfpw sNdpØp-\n¬]n-s\m-cp-ßn. 1948 sabv 14-˛\v C{k- t b¬ cq]o- I - c W {]Jym- ] - \ tØmsS Xs∂ Ad_v cmPy-ßfpw C{k-tbepw XΩn¬ bp≤-hp-am-cw-`n-®p. c≠mw-tem-Ib - p-≤t- ijw Xnc-°n´v ^ekvXo-\n-te°p IpSn-bn-cp-Ønb PqX-cn¬ \√-]¶pw {_n´-s‚bpw Ata-cn-°-bpsSbpw ssk\n-I] - c - n-io-e\w e`n®hcmb-Xn-\m¬ C{k-tb-en-\m-bn-cp∂p bp≤Øn¬ apt∂-‰w. CXn-\nsS sabv 29-˛\v bp.-F≥ c£m-ka - nXn shSn-\n¿Ø-en\v Bh-iy-s∏-s´-¶nepw C{k-tb¬ X≈n. ]n∂oSv _¿Wm-tUm-´ns‚ {ia-^e - a - mbn \mem-gN v t- Ø°v shSn-\n¿Øn-sb-¶nepw CS-thf Ign™v ho≠pw bp≤-am-cw-`n®p. A`-bm¿YntI-{µ-߃ kµ¿in®v ^e-kvXo≥Im-cpsS Zmcp-Wm-hÿ a\ n-em-°nb _¿Wm-tUm´v hn`-P\ ]≤Xn t`Z-KXn sNø-W-sa∂p \n¿tZin-®p. CXp-kw-_‘ - n® dnt∏m¿´v At±tZlw bp.-F-∂n\p ka¿∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ 48 sk]v‰w-_¿ 17˛\v s_¿Wm-tUm-´n-s\bpw bp.-F∂ - ns‚ as‰mcp {]Xn-\n-[n-bmb Bs{µ ktdm´n-sbbpw shSn-sh-®p-sIm-∂mWv C{ktb¬ {]Xn-I-cn-®-Xv. bp.-F-∂ns‚ c≠v D∂X {]Xn-\n-[n-Isf h[n-®n-´p-t]mepw C{k-tb-en-s\-Xnsc Hcp \S-]-Snbpw D≠m-bn-√. ^e-kvXo\p th≠n \o°nsh® {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS KWy-`mKw IqSn bp≤-Øn¬ ]nSn-s®-SpØ C{k-tb¬ 1949 Bb-t∏mƒ Hmtcm Ad_v cmPyhp-ambn sht∆sd shSn-\n¿Ø¬ Icmdp-Iƒ H∏n-´p. ktlm-Zc - c - m-jv{S-ßfpw h©n®p ^e- k v X o≥Imsc A`bm¿YnIfpw cmPy-an-√mØ P\-Xb - p-am°n am‰nb- X n¬ Ad_v temIØv {_n´ojv km{am-PyXzw hmgn® ]mh `c-Wm-[n-Imcn-Ifpw ]¶p-h-ln-®n-´p-≠v. 1948-˛¬ ^ekvXo≥ hntam-N-\-Øn\p cq]o-I-cn® kwbp‡ Ad_v tk\-bpsS t\Xrÿm-\-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ tPm¿Zm-\m-Wv Ad_v P\-Xsb Gsd NXn-®-Xv. Xp¿°n km{am-Py-Øn\p Iogn-em-

4

aWw \S-Øp-sa∂p hy‡-am-bt- ∏mƒ a‰p Kdn-√m-kw-Lß - ƒ kpc-£m-Xmh-f-ß-fn-te°v ]n≥hm-ßn. F∂m¬ Ad-^mØpw ^Ømbpw AXn\p Xøm-dm-bn-√. 1968 am¿®n¬ i‡-amb thymam-{I-a-W-tØmsS bp≤-am-cw`n® C{k-tb-ens\ Ad-^mØpw ^Ømbpw [oc-ambn sNdp-Øp. t]mcmfn-Iƒ°v thyma-tk-\b - p-sS-bS- °w klmbw \¬Im≥ tPm¿Zm≥ \n¿_‘n-X-am-bn. cq£-bp-≤-Øn-s\m-Sp-hn¬ hnP-bn-°m-\m-hmsX GXm\pw Sm¶p-Ifpw Ih-NnX hml-\ß - fpw Dt]-£n®v C{k-tb¬ ]n≥hm-ßp-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p. CtXmsS Ad-^mØv Ad-_vtem-I-Øns‚ hoc-\m-b-I-\mbn. temI-Øn-s‚-bmsI {i≤m-tI-{µ-hp-am-bn. ASpØ h¿jw \S∂ ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]n.-F¬.H t\XrXzw ]nSn-s®-Sp-°m≥ Cu hnPbw Ad^m-Øn\pw ^Ømbv°pw klm-b-I-am-bn. ^Øm-bpsS apt∂‰w a‰p ^e-kvXo≥ kwL-S\ - I - s- fbpw t]mcm´-Øn¬ kPo-h-am-°n. tPm¿Pv l_m-jns‚ ]n.-F-^v.-F¬.]n sPdp-kte-an¬ \S-Ønb kvt^mS-\-]-c-ºc C{k-tb-en-Isf ]cn-{`m-¥-cm-°n. '60˛I-fpsS Ah-km-\hpw '70˛I-fpsS BZyhpw ]n.-F-^v.-F¬.]n \SØnb hnam-\-dm-©-ep-Ifpw t]mcm-fn-I-fpsS at\m-hocyw Db¿Øn. CXn\nsS Ata-cn-°b - p-sSbpw C{k-tb-en-s‚bpw ]n¥p-Wt- bmsS tPm¿Zm≥ ssk\yw 1970 sk]v‰w-_-dn¬ A`-bm¿Yn-tI-{µ-ß-fn¬ B{I-aWw \SØn-bt- XmsS ]pXnb Xmhfw tXSm≥ t]mcm-fn-Iƒ \n¿_-‘n-Xc- m-bn.

bn-cp∂ Ad_v taJe tamNn-∏n®p \¬Im-sa∂ hmKvZm-\-tØmsS H∂mw temI-bp-≤-Im-eØv {_n´≥ sa°m sjdo^v Aao¿ lpssk-\p-ambn [mcW-bn-se-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. apl-ΩZv \_nbpsS ]n¥p- S ¿®- ° m- c - \ mb sa°m sjdo- ^ n\v Ad_v temI- Ø p≈ kzm[o\w D]-tbm-Kn®v taJ-e-bn¬ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p {_n´s‚ ]≤-Xn. CX-\p-k-cn®v temIbp- ≤ - t ijw 1918- ˛ ¬ {_n´≥ sa° sjdo-^ns‚ aI≥ ss^k-ens\ kndnb-bnse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmbn hmgn-®p. kndnb {^m≥kns‚ Iogn-em-b-t∏mƒ ]pd-Ømb ss^k-ens\ Cdm-Jn¬ hmgn®pw {_n´≥ ]n¥pW Dd-∏n-®p. 1920-˛¬ {Sm≥kv tPm¿Zm≥ F∂ cmPyap-≠m-°n, sa°m sjdo-^ns‚ aqØ-aI≥ A_vZp-√sb Ahn-SsØ cmPmhmbpw {_n´≥ Ah-tcm-[n-®p. X{¥-{][m-\a - mb ^e-kX v o≥ {]tZiw {_n´ojv B[n-]-Xy-Ønepw XpS¿∂p. ^e-kvXo≥ P\-X-bv°p-th≠n kwkm-cn-°m≥ Hc-h-Im-i-hp-an-√mØ sa°m sjdo-^n-s\bpw a°-sfbpw adbm°n \SØnb D]-Pm-]-ß-fn-eq-sSbmWv {_n´≥ AhnsS PqX-cmjv{Sw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn¬ hnP-bn-®-Xv. c≠mw temI-bp-≤t- ijw 1948-˛¬ ^e-kX v os\ hn`-Pn®v cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ bp.-F≥ Xocpam-\n-®t- ∏mƒ Ah-in-jvS` - mKw kz¥-am°m-\mWv tPm¿Zm≥ cmPmhv {ian-®-Xv. tPm¿Zm≥ cmPm-hns‚ {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ {_n´ojv hntZ-is - k-{I-´d - nsb kao-]n®v A\p-hmZw tNmZn-®n-cp-∂p. C{k-tbens\ B{I-an-°n-s√∂ Dd-∏n¬ {_n´≥ CX- \ p- h - Z n- ° p- I - b mWp sNbv X - X v . XpS¿∂p-≠mb bp≤-Øn¬ C{k-tb-ente°v IS-°-cp-sX∂v ssk\n-I¿°v tPm¿Zm≥ \n¿tZiw \¬In-bXv CXns‚ ^e-am-bm-Wv. ^e-kvXo\p \o°n-sh® {]tZ- i - Ø ns‚ ]Ip- X nbpw hnime sPdp-ktew {]tZ-ihpw bp≤-Øn¬ C{k-tb¬ ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp. shSn-\n¿Øep-≠m-b-t∏mƒ shÃv _m¶v {]tZiw tPm¿Zm\p Iogn-em-bn. C{k-tben a{¥nk-`-bnse apXn¿∂ AwKw tKmƒU sab-dp-ambn ]e-h´w cl-ky-N¿®-Iƒ Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

\SØn A_vZp≈ cmPmhv CXpkw-_‘n®v [mc-Wb - n-se-Øn-bn-cp∂p kb-WnÃp- I - f n¬\n∂v ]Ww ]‰n 1930- ˛ Ifn¬Øs∂ A_vZp≈ cmPmhv h©\-bpsS BZy-Np-h-Sp-Iƒ sh®n-cp-∂p. tPm¿Zm≥ cmPm-hns‚ \o°-߃ a\ n-em-°nb a‰v Ad_v cmPy-߃ sNdp°m≥ {ia-߃ \S-Øn-sb-¶nepw ^ekvXo≥ Xm¬]-cy-tØ-°mƒ kz¥w Xm¬]-cy-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah-sbbpw \bn-®X - v. 1948- ˛ se bp≤- s Ø- Ø p- S ¿∂v tPm¿Zm\p Iogn-emb {]tZ-i-Øp-\n∂mWv ^e-kvXo≥Im¿ t]mcm´w \SØn-b-Xv. 1970˛¬ C{k-tb-en-s‚bpw Ata-cn-°-bp-sSbpw ]n¥p-W-tbmsS \njvTp-ca - mb ssk\n-Im-{I-aW - Ø - n-eqsS ^e-kX v o≥ t]mcm-fn-Isf \m´n¬\n∂p XpcØn tPm¿Zm≥ km{am-PyXz {]oW\-Øns‚ ]pXnb Ncn-{Xhpw Ipdn-®p. C≥Xn-^m-Z-bn¬ \n∂v Hmkvtem-bn-te°v tPm¿Zm-\n¬\n∂v ]pd-Øm-°s - ∏s´-¶nepw ^e-kvXo≥ P\-X-°-\p-Iq-eamb temIm-`n-{]mbw i‡n-s∏-Sp-I-bmWp-≠m-b-Xv. 1974˛¬ bp.F-∂n¬ ]n.F¬.-Hbv°v \nco-£-I-]-Zhn e`n-®p. CtXm-S-\p-_-‘n®v bmk¿ Ad-^mØv bp.- F ≥ s]mXp- k - ` - b n¬ \S- Ø nb {]kwKw Ncn-{X-{]-kn-≤a - m-W.v sXm´p-]n∂mse tNcn-tN-cm-{]-ÿm-\-Ønepw Ad_v eoKnepw Ckvem-anI cmjv{S-kwL-S-\-bnepw ]n.-F¬.-Hbv°v ]q¿W AwKXzw e`n-®p. tPm¿Zm- \ n¬\n∂v e_- \ m- \ nte°p \oßnb ^e-kX v o≥ A`-bm¿YnIsf C{k-tben tk\-Ifpw C{k-tbe-\p-Iqe ^em-©nÃv tk\-Ifpw ]eh´w th´-bm-Sn. 1982˛¬ \o≠ t]mcm-´Øn-s\m-Sp-hn¬ Ad_v kJy-I-£n-IfpsS A`y¿Y am\n®v e_-\m- \n¬\n∂v amdm≥ Ad-^mØpw ^e-kX v o≥ t]mcmfn-Ifpw Xoc-am-\n-®p. Ch¿ ]n∑m-dn-bXn\p ]n∂mse km{_-bn-sebpw jm‰ne-bn-sebpw A`-bm¿Yn tI{µ-ß-fn¬ C{k-tben ssk\y-Øns‚ klm-btØmsS Agn-™m-Snb ^em-©nÃv tk\ B-bn-c-°-W-°n\p kv{XoIfpw

Ip´n-If - p-aS- °w Ccp-]X - n-\m-bn-ct- Ømfw t]sc sIm∂Xv C{k-tb-en¬ t]mepw {]Xn-tj-[-Øn-\n-S-bm-°n. A∂v C{ktben {]Xn-tcm-[-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp∂ Gcnb¬ jmtcm-Wn\v ÿm\w \jvSs - ∏-Sm≥ CXn-Sb - m-°n. se_-\m-\n¬\n∂v SpWo-jy-bn-te°mWv Ad-^mØpw kwLhpw \oßnb-Xv. Ahn-sSbpw C{k-tb¬ Ch¿s°Xnsc A{I-aWw \S-Øn. CXn-\nsS A[n- \ n- t hi {]tZ- i - ß - f nse ^ekvXo≥Im-cpsS PohnXw Xo¿Øpw hjfm-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1987 Unkw-_-dn-emcw-`n® H∂mw C≥Xn-^mZ Ch-cpsS t]mcm-´-am-bn-cp-∂p. C{k-tben tk\m {S°n-Sn®v \mep ^e-kvXo≥ sXmgn-emfn-Iƒ acn® kw`-h-Øn-ep-b¿∂ {]Xntj-[-amWv h≥ _lp-P\ apt∂-‰-am-bXv. b{¥-tØm-°p-I-fp-ambn B{I-an°p∂ C{k-tben ssk\n-Isc shdpw I√pw Ih-Wnbpw a‰p-ambn t\cn´ ^ekvXo≥ Ip´n-If - psS Nn{Xw temI-sa-ßpap≈ a\p-jy-ktv \-ln-If - psS D≈p-e® - p. F∂m¬ temI im‡nI _em_-e-Øn¬ km{am-Py-Øn-\-\p-Iq-e-ap≠mb am‰w ^e-kvXo≥ t]mcm-´sØ {]Xn-Iq-ea - mbn _m[n-®p. F∂pw Xmßmbn- \ n∂ tkmhn- b ‰v bqWn- b s‚ XI¿®bpw H∂mw Kƒ^v bp≤hpw C≥Xn-^m-Zsb £oWn-∏n-®p. Kƒ^v bp≤-Øn¬ Cdm-Jns\ A\p-Iq-en® ]n.F¬.- H bv ° v a‰v Ad_v cmPy- ß ƒ \¬In- h ∂ klmbw Ata- c n° \n¿Øn-®p. Cu hnj-a-I-c-amb kmlN-cy-Øn-emWv Gsd Ah-Im-i-߃ _en-I-gn®v Hmkvtem Icm-dn\v ]n.F¬.H \n¿_-‘n-X-am-b-Xv. 1993 sk]v‰w-_-dn-emWv C{ktb¬ {][m-\-a{¥n bnjmIv d_o\pw bmk¿ Ad-^mØpw Hmkvtem Icm¿ H∏n-´-Xv. Hcp h¿jw apºp am{X-amWv ]n.- F ¬.- H bpw Ad- ^ m- Ø n- s \bpw AwKo-Ic - n-°m\pw Ah-cp-ambn N¿® \SØm\pw C{k-tb¬ Xøm-dm-b-Xv. ^ekvXo≥ cmjv{S-ÿm-]-\-Øn\p apt∂mSn-bmbn Kmk-bnepw shÃv_m-¶nepw kzbw `cWw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xm-bncp∂p Icm¿. 1948˛\p apºp≈ Ahn`‡ ^e-kvXo-\nse 22 iX-am\w {]tZiw am{X-amWv Hmkvtem Icm-d-\pk-cn®v ^e-kvXo≥ cmjv{S-Øn-\mbn \o°n-sh-®X - v. Hmkvtembpw C{k-tb¬ A´n-ad - n®p ]n.- F ¬.H Gsd hn´p- h o- g v N Iƒ°p hgßn AwKo-I-cn® Hmkvtem Icm-dn-s\bpw A´n-ad - n-°p-Ib - mWv C{ktb¬ sNbvX-Xv. Hmkvtem Icm-d-\p-kcn®v cq]o- I - c n- ° - s ∏´ ^e- k v X o≥ AtXm-dn-‰n°v Kmk-bn-sebpw shÃv _m¶n-sebpw `mKn-Ia - mb {]tZ-iß - f - n¬ kzbw-`c - W - m-[n-Imcw am{X-am-Wp-≠m-bncp-∂X - v. Chn-Sß - f - nse C{k-tben IpSntb-‰-°msc Hgn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Icm¿ hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-cp-s∂-¶nepw IqSp-X¬ {]tZ-i-ß-ƒ Itødn C{k-tb-en-Isf IpSn-bn-cp-Øp-Ib - mWv C{k-tben t\Xm°ƒ sNbvXX - v. Hmkvtem-°v tijw shÃv_m-

¶n¬ PqX-Ip-Sn-tb-‰° - m-cpsS FÆw ]ea-Sß - m-bn. C∂Xv c≠-ce - £ - t- Øm-fa - mWv. shÃv_m¶v {]tZ-iß - ƒ PqX IpSntb‰ tI{µ-ß-tfmSp tN¿°p-∂-Xn\v C{k-tb¬ Iq‰≥ aXn¬ \n¿an-®X - ns\ A¥m-cmjv{S tImSXn FXn¿sØ-¶nepw ]p√p-hnet]mepw \¬ImsX ]Wn XpScp- I - b mWv kb- W nÃv `c- W - I qSw sNbvXX - .v CØ-cØ - n¬ \nc-¥cw Icm-dp-Iƒ ewLn® C{k-tben AXn-{I-a-Øn-s\Xnsc ^e-kvXo-\n¬ tcmjw AW-s]m´p-∂X - n-\n-sS-bmWv Gcn-b¬ jmtcm¨ sPdp-k-te-anse A¬ AJvk ]≈n kap-®-b-Øn-te°v bm{X-\-S-Øn-b-Xv. 2000 sk]v‰w-_-dn¬ A∂v C{k-tben {]Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hm-bn-cp∂ jmtcm¨ {][m-\a - {¥n FlqZv _cm-°ns‚ HØmi-tbmsS \S-Ønb bm{X-bmWv ^ekvXo-\n¬ c≠mw C≥Xn-^m-Z°p ImcW-am-b-Xv. jmtcm¨ amk-߃°Iw {][m-\-a-{¥n-bm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ^e-kvXo≥ AtXm-dn-‰n-sbbpw AXn-s‚ sNb¿am≥ bmk¿ Ad-^mØn-s\bpw IqSp-X¬ Zp¿_-e-am-°m\p≈ C{k-tben t\Xm-°f - psS KqVmtem-N-\-bpsS ^e-am-bn-cp∂p jmtcmWns‚ bm{X. c≠mw C≥Xn-^m-Z-tbm-sS-bmWv AXp-hsc Imcy-amb kzm[o-\-an-√m-Xncp∂ lamkpw Ckvem-anIv PnlmZpw a‰pw ^e- k v X o≥ t]mcm- ´ - Ø ns‚ ap≥\nc-bn¬ h∂-Xv. Ch-cpsS B{I-aW-߃ XS-bp-∂n-s√∂ t]cn-em-bncp∂p ]n∂oSv C{k-tb¬ th´-bm-Sn-bXv. F∂m¬ lamkv AS-°a - p≈ kwLS-\-Isf A\p-\-bn-∏n®v kam-[m-\-]-camb ]cn-lm-c-Øn\v Ad-^mØv hgnXp-d-°p-tºm-sgms° apXn¿∂ t\Xm°sf hI-h-cpØn C{k-tb¬ B {i-a߃ s]mfn°pIbpw sNbvXp. temImcm-[y-\mb Ad-^m-Øns\ C{k-tb¬ aq∂p-h¿j-tØmfw ho´p-XS- ¶ - e - n-em-°nbn´pw ]m›m-Xy-temIw I≠n-s√∂p \Sn-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p. P\m-[n-]Xyhpw ]Sn-™m-d≥ Im]-Syhpw amdn-am-dn- h∂ C{k-tben k¿°mcp-Iƒ Hmkvtem Icm¿ \S-∏m-°msX IqSp- X ¬ ^e- k v X o≥ {]tZ- i - ß ƒ Itødn PqX IpSn-tb‰w hym]n-∏n-®Xpw atX-X-c-I-£n-bmb ^Øm t\XrXzw \¬In-bn-cp∂ ^e-kvXo≥ AtXm-dn‰nsb \nc-¥cw Ah-tl-fn-®-Xp-amWv Ckvem-anI I£n-bmb lam-kns‚ hf¿®-°n-S-bm-°n-b-Xv. Ign™ P\p-hcn-bn¬ ^e-kvXo≥ ]m¿e-sa‚n-te°p \S∂ sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ lamkv Pbn®-t∏mƒ AXns‚ t]cn-em-bn-cp∂p C{ktb-ens‚ AXn-{I-a-߃. Hmkvtem Icm-d-\p-k-cn®v ^ekvXo≥Im- c n¬\n∂p ]ncn- ° p∂ IÃwkv hnlnXw ^e-kvXo≥ AtXmdn-‰n°p \¬Im≥ _m[y-X-s∏´ C{ktb¬ AXp \n¿Øn- b - t ∏mƒ ^ekvXo≥ AtXm-dn-‰n°v \¬tI≠ [\k-lmbw \n¿Øn ^e-kvXo≥ P\Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

Xsb izmkw ap´n-°m≥ Iq´p-\n¬°pI-bmWv ]m›m-Xy-cm-jv{S-߃ sNbvXXv. bqtdm-]y≥ bqWn-bs‚bpw a‰pw P\m-[n-]Xy hmbvØm-cn-If - psS Im]Syw Xpd-∂p-Im-´p-∂-Xmbn Ah-bpsS \S-]Sn. lamkv A{Iaw shSn-bW - s - a∂pw Ct{k-tb-ens\ AwKo-Ic - n-°W - s - a∂pw Hmkvtem Icm¿ am\n-°W - s - a∂pamWv ]m›mXycmjv{S-߃ Bh-iy-s∏-´-Xv. C{k-tben {]tIm-]-\-ap-≠m-bn´pw Hcp h¿j-Øn-te-sd-bmbn lamkv A{I-aW - ߃ \S-Øn-bn-´n-s√∂Xpw Hmkvtem Icm-dn\v hncp-≤-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ \nc¥cw kzoI-cn-®p-hc - p∂ C{k-tb¬ ^ekvXzo≥ P\-Xsb AwKo-I-cn-®n-´n-s√∂Xpw ]m›m-Xy-t\-Xm-°ƒ I≠n-s√∂v \Sn-®p. lam-kp-ambn N¿®-bn-s√∂v C{k-tben t\Xm-°ƒ iTn-®-t∏mƒ Ign™ A©p-h¿j-ambn ^e-kvXo≥ t\Xr-Xz-hp-ambn Ah¿ N¿®bv°v Xbmdm- b n- ´ n- s √- ∂ Xpw C.bp t\Xm- °ƒ hnkva-cn-®p. bmk¿ Ad-^m-Øp-ambn N¿®-bns√∂v C{k- t b¬ iTn- ® - X n- s \- Ø pS¿∂mWv ^e-kX v o≥ AtXm-dn-‰n°v {]m\- a - { ¥n- ÿ m\w G¿s∏- S p- Ø n- b - X v . F∂m¬ lamkv t\Xmhv Ckva-bn¬ l\nb {][m-\-a-{¥n-bm-b-t∏mƒ {][m\-a-{¥n-bp-ambn N¿®-bn-s√-∂mbn \ne]m-Sv. C{k-tb-ens‚ Cu \ne-]mSpw AXns\ ]n¥m-ßp∂ ]m›m-Xy-cm-j{v Sßfpw taJ-e-bn¬ Ckvem-anI Xo{hhm-ZsØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-sW∂v ]e \nco-£I - cpw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p-≠.v ]m›m-Xy-cm-j{v S-ßf - psS \ntj-[\n-e-]m-Sp-aqew ISpØ hnj-a-Øn-emb ^e-kvXo≥ P\-Xsb klm-bn-°m≥ {]kn-U‚ v alvaqZv A∫mkpw lamkv k¿°mcpw XΩn¬ A\p-c⁄ \ - Ø - n\v hgn sXfn-™-t∏m-gmWv AXv A´na-dn°m≥ C{k-tb¬ ]pXnb IS-∂m-{I-aW-߃ Bcw-`n-®-Xv. Ign™ PqWn¬ am{Xw 49 ^e-kvXo≥Im-cmWv C{k-tbens‚ sj√m{Ia-W-ß-fn¬ sIm√-s∏´-Xv. shSn-\n¿Ø-en¬\n∂v ]n≥hmßm≥ lamkpw \n¿_-‘n-X-am-bn. \njvTp-c-amb C{k-tben tk\m B{Ia-Wß - ƒ°p {]Xn-Im-ca - m-bmWv Pq¨ 25˛\v ^e-kvXo≥ t]mcm-fn-Iƒ C{ktben tk\m t]mÃn¬ B{I-aWw \SØn Hcp ssk\n-Is\ X´n-s°m-≠pt]m-bX - .v XpS¿∂v cm]-Ie - n-√msX Kmkbn¬ C{k-tb¬ \S-Øn-h-cp∂ bp≤k-am-\a - mb B{I-aW - Ø - n¬ 150-˛e - [ - nIw t]¿ acn-®p-I-gn-™p. Ct∏mgpw C{ktben ssk\n-Is\ X´n-s°m-≠p-t]mb-XmWv kwL¿j-Øn\p Imc-W-am-bsX∂p hcp-Øm-\mWv ]m›mXy t\Xm°ƒ {ian-°p∂-Xv. ^e-kvXo≥ t]mcmfn-Iƒ°v \mS≥ Bbp-[-߃ am{X-ap≈-t∏mƒ C{k-tb¬ bp≤-hn-am-\ß - fpw Sm¶p-Ifpw a‰p-ap-]t- bm-Kn®v P\-߃°pt\sc B{I- a Ww \S- Ø p- ∂ - X nse Ak-¥p-en-Xm-hÿ - sb am{X-amWv apXe-°Æ - o-scm-gp°n Ah¿ hna¿in-°p-∂Xv. (tZ-im-`n-am-\n, 1˛7/06)

4

tdmam- ° mcpw XpS¿∂v ss_km‚o≥Imcpw ]e-kvXzo≥ `cn-®p. Ime-{I-taW ChnsS {InkvXp-aXw {]Ncn-°-s∏-´p. B{I-an-°-s∏-SpI F∂ Zp¿hn[n ho≠pw ^e-kvXos\ ]nSn-Iq-Sn. F.-Un. A{_-lm-an\p ap∂n¬ {]Xy-£-\mbn I¿Ømhv C{]-Imcw ]d™p: ""\n\°pw A\600-˛-I-fn-em-bn-cp∂p AXv. Atd-_y-bn¬ ¥c Xe-ap-d-Iƒ°pw \ns‚ {]hm-k-tZ-i-amb Cu I\m≥ apgp-h≥ imizX Ah-Im-i\n∂p≈ apkv e nw ssk\yw ^eambn Rm≥ Xcpw.'' kvXzo≥ (PqZm As√-¶n¬ C{km-tb¬) ss__nƒ ˛ DXv]Ø - n(17:8) B{I- a n- ® p. Chn- S psØ P\- ß ƒ Ckvemw aX-Øn-te°v aXw am‰-Øn\v C{k-tb-ens‚ Ncn{Xw Hc¿Y-Øn¬ Pn- s ®- S pØ P\- d ¬am- c n¬ Hcm- f mb hnt[-b-cm-bn. F∂m¬, ^e-kvXzo-\ns‚ Iog-S^e- k v X o- \ ns‚ IqSn Ncn- { X- a m- W v . B‚n- t bm- ° kv \mem- a ≥ PqX- c psS saUn-‰t- d-\n-b≥ IS-ens‚ Ing-°≥ Xoc- aXm-Nmcw (Judaism) XSbm≥ {ian-®p. ߬ XpS¿°Ybmhp- I - b m- b n- c p- ∂ p. tZ-iØv _n.-kn. 2000-˛¬ Atam-dn-s‰-kv, CXv PqX-∑m-cpsS Iem-]-Øn\v hgn-sbm- F.Un 1000- ˛ Øn¬ Xp¿°n- b nse I\m-ss\-‰p-Iƒ XpS-ßnb skan-‰nIv cp-°n. _n.-kn. 100-˛-I-fn¬ PqZm a°m- sk¬Pq-\nIvkv F∂ hn`mKw ^eP\-hn-`m-K-߃ IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øp. Cu _o- b psS t\Xr- X z- Ø n¬ PqX- ∑ m¿ kvXzo≥ A[o-\-s∏-Sp-Øn. 1071-˛¬ sPdp{]tZiw Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ I\m≥tZiw t]gvky-°msc ]pd-Øm-°n. hnP-b-{io- ktew Iog- S - ° nb Ah¿ 30 h¿jF∂-dn-b-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn. _n.-kn. 1800- em-fn-X-cmb PqX-∑m¿ kzX-{¥-cmPyw °mew ChnsS `cWw \S-Øn. Cu ˛\pw 1500-˛\pw CS-bvs°-t∏mtgm sak- ÿm]n-®p. PqZm F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p cmPy- Ime-L-´-Øn¬ bqtdm-∏nse {InkvXy≥ Ipcn- i p- b p- ≤ - ° m¿ s∏m-t´-an-b-bn¬ \n∂pw lo{_p As√- Øns‚ t]cv. (crusaders) X߶n¬ C{k-tb-en-Iƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ F∂m¬ PqZmfpsS {InkvXp-aXw (Kibbutz) skan-‰nIv P\-hn-`mKw Im\m≥ tZiØv bpsS kzmX{¥yw hmkw Bcw-`n-®p. A[nIw \o≠p-\n- C{km-tb-ense Hcp PqX-k-aq-lw. Ch¿°n- P∑w-sIm≠v C{km_n.- k n. 1200- ˛ - I - f n¬ I\ms‚ ∂n- √ . _n.- k n. 63- S-bn¬ B¿°pw hkvXp-°ƒ kz¥-a√ - . F√m tb¬tZiw (^- e sX°v ]Sn-™m-d≥ Xoc-tZ-i-amb ^nen- ˛¬ tdma≥ hkvXp-°f- p-sSbpw Ah-Imiw In_p-Xvkn-\m- kvXzo≥) Xncn-®p-]nkvXn-b-bnse P\-ß-fmb ^nen-kvXy-cp- ssk\yw PqZm bn-cn-°pw. Ch-cpsS Bh-iy-߃ \nd-th-‰p- Sn-°m≥ {iaw XpS1096˛¬ Bcwambn lo{_p-P-\X (C-{k-tb-en-Iƒ) B{I- a n®p Iog- S - ∂Xpw In_p-Xk v m-W.v 250-˛t- esd In_pXvknw ßn. `n® Cu {ia-߃ bp≤w Bcw-`n-®p. C°m-e-Øm-Wv C{k- °n. PqZnb F∂v (k- a q- l w) Ct{k- m tb- e n- e p- ≠ v . Hcp tb-en-Iƒ Xß-fpsS cmPm-hmbn kmhq- tdmam- ° m¿ Cu In_pXvkn¬ 275-˛t- esd AwK-ßf- p-≠m-bn-cn- Ipcn- i p- b p- ≤ - ß ƒ F∂dnb-s∏-Sp-∂p. fns\ (Saul) sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. Ct±- tZi-Øn\v t]cn-´p. °pw. 1099˛¬ {InkvXym-\nl-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmb ZmhoZv _n.- tdmam-°m-cpsS `cIƒ sPdp- k tew kn. 1000-˛Ø - n-t\m-SS- pØv C{k-tb-en-Isf W - I m - e - Ø m W v Hcp- a n- ∏ n®v Hcp cmPyw cq]o- I - c n- ® p. _Xvet- l-an¬ tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ P\- ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v hnPbw t\Sn. AXns‚ t]cm- b n- c p∂p C{k- t b¬. \w. tdmam-°m¿s°-Xnsc PqX-∑m¿ Iem- F∂m¬ 1187-˛¬ apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-ImXpS¿∂v sPdp-k-te-ans\ Xs‚ cmPy- ]-ß-fp-b¿Øn. F∂m¬ Ah-sb√mw cn-bmb kem-lpZo≥ ^e-kvXzo≥ B{IØns‚ Xe-ÿm-\-ambn ZmhoZv sXc- ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F.-Un. an-°p-Ibpw sPdp-k-te-ans\ \nb-{¥-Ws™-Sp-Øp. 135- ˛ ¬ PqX- ∑ msc sPdp- k - t e- a n¬ Øn-em-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1200-˛-I-fpsS a[y-Øn¬ CuPnZmho-Zns‚ ]p{X-\mb tkmf-a-\m- \n∂pw tdma-°m¿ ]pd-Øm-°n. XpS¿∂v ]v X nse ata-eqIv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ bn-cp∂p ASpØ cmPm-hv. Ct±-l-amWv Cu {]tZ-i-Øn\v Chn-SpsØ {]mNo\ ssZhm-cm-[-\-bv°p≈ BZysØ tZhm- P\- X - b mb ^nen- k v X y- c psS kv a c- ^e-kvXzo≥ Iog-S°n 1517 Bb-t∏mebw (Temple of Jerusalem) \n¿an- ® - Wm¿Yw ]me- à n\ (Palestina) F∂v tg°pw Ht´m- a ≥ km{amPyw ^eXv. _n.-kn. 922-˛¬ tkmf-as‚ acWw tdmam-°m¿ \ma-I-cWw \S-Øn. ]me- kvXzo≥ ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øn. C°m-eØv hsc H∂n-®p-\n∂ C{k-tb-en-Iƒ Ct±- Ãn\ F∂ t]cmWv ]n∂oSv Cw•o-jn¬ saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ XocsØ hnhn-[-tZ-il-Øns‚ ac-Wm-\¥ - cw `n∂n-°m≥ XpS- ]me- s sÃ≥ (Palestine) F∂m- b - X v . ß-fn¬ hkn-®n-cp∂ PqX-∑m¿ sPdp-kßn. C{k-tb-ens‚ hS°v `mK-Øp-≈- PqX- ∑ m¿ hnhn[ cmPy- ß - f n- t e°v te-anepw ^e-kvXzo-\nepw Xma-k-amh¿ C{k-tb¬ F∂v XpS¿∂pw Adn-b- ]emb\w sNbvXp. F.-Un. 300-˛-hsc °m≥ XpS-ßn. 1880-˛¬ Chn-SpsØ PqX s∏-´p. F∂m¬ sX°v tZi-Øp-≈-h¿ PqZm (Judah) F∂ t]cp kzoI-cn-®p. FACT FILE Ch¿ sPdp-k-te-ans\ Xß-fpsS XeHutZym-KnI \maw ˛ C{k-tb¬ ÿm-\-am-°n. lo{_p P\-X-sb-°p-dnXe-ÿm\w ˛ sPdp-ktew °p∂ PqX (Jew) F∂ ]Zw D¤-hnAXn¿Øn-Iƒ ˛ se_-\≥, kndn-b, tPm¿Zm≥, °p-∂Xv PqZm F∂ hm°n¬ \n∂m-Wv. CuPn-]vXv, AIzm_ Dƒ°-S¬, _n.-kn. 700˛I-fpsS BZy-]-Ip-XnsaUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ IS¬ bn¬ Cdm-Jn-sebpw Ako-dn-bb - n-sebpw Kh¨sa‚ v ˛ dn∏-ªnIv {]mNo\ P\X C{ktb¬ Iog-S-°n. GXm≠v _n.-kn. 500-˛-I-fpsS ]Ip-Xn`mj-Iƒ ˛ lo{_p (Hu-tZym-Kn-Iw), Ad_n bn¬ _m_n-tem-Wn-b-°m¿ PqZm Iog-SaX-߃ ˛ PqX-a-Xw, Ckvemw, {InkvXp-aXw °p- I bpw tkmf- a s‚ tZhm- e bw * GI-k-`-bmb (Unicameral) ]m¿e-sa‚ v. CXv s\sk‰v (Knesset) F∂XI¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. PqXsc ASn-adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. I-fm-°p-Ibpw ]pd-Øm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXv * C{k-tb-ens‚ \mWbw C{k-tben tj°¬ BWv. (1 tj°¬ = 100 _m_n-tem-Wn-b° - msc t]gvky≥ cmPmAK-tdm-Ø)v hmb sskdkv Iog-S° - p-Ibpw PqX¿°v * kzmX-{¥y-Zn-\-amb sabv 14 BWv tZiob Ah-[n. sPdp- k - t e- a n¬ ]p\x- { ]- t h- i hpw * {]kn-U‚mWv cmjv{S-Ø-e-h≥, {][m-\-a{¥n cmPy-`-cWw \S-Øp-∂p. ]p\¿\n¿am-Whpw A\p-h-Zn-®p-sIm-Sp°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. * sPdp-kt- ew, sS¬-˛A - h - o-hv, sslbv^ F∂n-hb - mWv {][m\ \K-cß - ƒ. alm- \ mb Ae- I vkm- ≠ ¿ * tPm¿Zm≥, Intjm¿, bm¿t°m¨ F∂nh {][m\ \Zn-Iƒ. t]gvky≥ km{amPyw Iog-S-°n. Ct±-l* temI-Ønse GI PqX-cm-jv{S-amWv C{k-tb¬. Øns‚ ac-Wm-\-¥cw km{amPyw hn`-

C{k-tb-ens‚ Ncn{Xw;

^e-kvXzo-\n-s‚bpw

In_pXvkv

6

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

C{km-tb¬ P\n-°p-∂p 1948 sabv 14 sh≈n-bmgvN ˛ sS¬-A-hohv kabw sshIpt∂cw 4.06. ]Sn-™mdv kqcy≥ AkvX-an-°m≥ Xøm-sd-Sp°p-∂p. kqcy-\k - X v a - n-°mØ {_n´ojv km{amPyw ^e-kX v zo\nse `cWw Ah-km-\n-∏n-®p-sIm≠v C{km-tb-ens‚ P\\-Øn\v hgn-am-dp∂ [\y-ap-lq¿Øw. hmKvZØ`qan kz¥am-Ip∂ Ncn-{X-\n-an-jw. 2500 h¿jw ]g-°-ap≈ Hcp PqXkz-]v\Ø - ns‚ km£m-XvIm-ca - m-bn-cp∂p AXv. C{km-tb-ens‚ {]Ya {][m-\a - {- ¥n-bmbn Npa-Xe - t- b‰ tUhnUv s_≥Kp-dn-b≥ tdUn-tbm-hn-eqsS C{km-tb-ens‚ kzmX{¥yw {]Jym-]n-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p. 1948 sabv 16-˛\v tUm. sNbnw hokvam≥ C{km-tbens‚ BZysØ {]kn-U‚mbn Npa-X-e-tb-‰p. kzmX-{¥ym-\¥ - c C{km-tb¬ C{km-tb-ens‚ kzmX-{¥y-{]-Jym-]\ - Ø - ns‚ ASpØ Znhkw Ad_v cmPy߃ C{km-tb-ens\ B{I-an®p. 1949-˛¬ bp≤w sFIy-cm-j{v S-kw-LS- \ - b - psS t\XrXz-Øn¬ Ah-km-\n-°p-tºmƒ IqSp-X¬ {]tZi-߃ C{km-tb¬ AXn¿Øn-°∏ - p-dØv ssIb-S° - n-bn-cp-∂p. 700,000 Ad-_n-Iƒ C{km-tb-en¬\n∂v \mSp-hn-´p. 1949-˛¬ C{km-tb-ense BZysØ sXc-s™-Sp∏v \S∂p. sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ s_≥ Kpdn-b≥ A[n-Im-cØn¬ Xncn-s®-Øn-sb-¶nepw At±-lØ - ns‚ te_¿(a-]m-bv) ]m¿´n ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. 1969-˛¬ s_≥ Kpdn-b≥ {][m-\-a-{¥n-ÿm\w cmPn-sh®p. XpS¿∂v 1965-˛¬ dm^n (Rafi) F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp cmjv{So-bk - w-LS- \ cq]o-Ic - n-®p-sh-¶nepw sXc-s™P\kwJy Im¬e-£t- Øm-fa - m-bn-cp-∂p. kntbm- W nkw (Zionism) B[p- \ nI C{k- t b- e ns‚ ]ndhn°v _oPm-hm]w \S-Øn-bXv kntbmWnÃv {]ÿm- \ - a m- W v . sPdp- k tew F∂¿Yw hcp∂ kntbm¨(Tziyon) F∂ lo{_p-]Z- Ø - n¬\n-∂mWv kntbmWnkw F∂ hm°ns‚ DXv ] - Ø n. ]sØm≥ ]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥yØn¬ Ing-°≥ bqtdm-∏n-em-bn-cp∂p kntbm-Wnkw Hcp {]ÿm-\-ambn cq]w sIm≈p-∂-Xv. skan-‰nIv P\-߃s°Xnsc bqtdm-∏n-ep-≠mb hntZz-j-amWv PqX-∑msc kz¥-am-sbmcp cmPyw D≠mbn-cn-t°-≠-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-∏n-®-Xv. Xß- f psS P∑- ` q- a n- b mb C{k- t b¬ Xncn®p ]nSn-°p-I-bmWv AXn-s\mcp am¿K- s a∂v PqX- P - \ X Xncn- ® - d n™ kµ¿`-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. kntbm- W nkw F∂ t]cn¬ AsXmcp tZiob hmZ-{]-ÿm-\-ambn cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂Xv 1896-˛\v tij-am-bn-cp∂p. B h¿j-amWv hnsb-∂b - nse ]{X{]- h ¿Ø- I - \ m- b n- c p∂ Xntbm- U ¿ slgvk¬ (Theodor Herzl) PqX cmPyw (The Jewish State) F∂ eLp- t eJ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv. PqX-cmjv{Sw F∂ PqX- ∑ m- c psS k¶¬]- ß ƒ°v AXv IqSp-X¬ {]tNm-Z\w \¬In. ASp-Øh¿jw kzn‰vk¿e‚nse t_k-en¬ sh®v BZysØ kntbm- W nÃv tIm¨{Kkv ktΩ-fn-®p. XpS¿∂v PqX∑m- c psS ]n¥p- W - t bmsS tlgv k ¬ kntbm-WnÃv kwL-S-\bv°v (Zionist Organization) cq]w \¬In. kwL-S\ Hcp PqX- t Z- i ob \n[n (Jewish National Fund) Xøm- d m- ° n. PqX- c m- P y- Ø n- \ p- t h≠n cq]wsIm≠ kntbm-WnÃv {]ÿm-\-Øns‚

Sp-∏n¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. 1967-˛¬ Bdp-Zn-h-ksØ bp≤w (Six Day War) s]m´n∏p-d-s∏-´p. sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S\ shSn-\n-dp-ج {]Jym-]n-s®-¶nepw C{k-tb¬ shÃv _m¶pw Kmkbpw A[o-\-Øn-em-°n-bn-cp-∂p. Cu bp≤-Øn¬ Zi-e-£tØmfw ^e-kvXo≥ Ad-_n-Iƒ C{kmtb-ens‚ `cW-\n-b{- ¥-WØ - n-em-bn. IqSmsX CuPn-]vXnse kn\mbv{]-tZihpw kndn-bb - nse sKmem≥Ip-∂p-Ifpw C{kmtb¬ ssIh-is - ∏-Sp-Øn. 1964-˛¬ ^e-kvXzo≥ en_-td-j≥ Hm¿K-ss\-tk-j≥ (]n.-F¬.-H) ÿm]n-Xa - m-bn. 1969-˛¬ bmkn¿ Ad-^mØv ]n.-F¬.H bpsS sNb¿am-\m-bn. C{km-tb¬ ]n.-F¬.Hsb FXn¿Øp. 1973-˛¬ CuPn]vXpw kndn-bbpw C{km-tb-en-s\-Xnsc bp≤w Bcw-`n-®p. 1974-˛¬ shSn-\n-dp-ج {]Jym-]n®p. 1978-˛¬ Iymºv tUhnUv DS-º-Sn-bn¬ CuPn]vXpw C{km-tbepw H∏p-sh-®p. 1982-˛¬ kn\m-bv{]-tZ-i-Øp\n∂v C{km-tb¬ ]n≥hm-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1977-˛se sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ sa\m®w t_Kns‚ t\XrXz-Øn-ep≈ en°pUv ]m¿´n hnP-bn-®p. en°pUv ]m¿´n-bpsS BZysØ hnP-b-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. 1987˛¬ Ad-_n-Iƒ Kmk-bnepw shÃv_m-¶nepw A{Ia-߃ Bcw-`n-®p. CXv C≥Xn-^mZ(Intifadah) F∂-dnb-s∏-Sp-∂p. "P\-ap-t∂‰w' F∂mWv Ad-_n-bn¬ Cu hm°ns‚ A¿Yw.

"amsk¬-˛-sSmhv' kt¥m-jØ - ns‚ \nan-jß - f- n¬ PqX¿ ]ckv ] cw ssIam- d p∂ Biw- k m- h m- ° v , amsk¬-˛-sSmhv (Mazel-Tov). BZy-Im-esØ {]ikvX ap{Zm-hm-Iy-ambn- c p∂p ^e- k v X zo≥ iq\y- s a∂ A¿Yw [z\n-∏n-°p∂ "P\-X-bn-√mØ (a-\p-jy-hm-k-an-√m-Ø) tZiw, tZi-an√mØ P\-Xbv°v' (A Land without a people for a people without a land) F∂-Xv. PqX-cmPyw F∂ kz]v\h - p-ambn kntbm-Wn-Ãp-Iƒ apt∂m´v t]msb¶nepw AXns‚ km£m-XvIm-c-Øn\v bqtdm-∏ns‚ i‡-amb ]n¥pW Bhiy-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1917-˛-emWv AØ-c-Ønsemcp klmbw {_n´- \ n¬ \n∂pw kntbm-Wn-Ãp-Iƒ°v e`n-°p-∂Xv. ^ekv X zo- \ n¬ Hcp PqX- c mPyw F∂ _¬t^m¿ {]Jym-]-\-am-bn-cp∂p AXv (Balfour Declaration). Cu kabw H∂mw temI alm-bp≤w (1914-˛1918) Acßp XI¿°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. bp≤m\- ¥ cw eoKv Hm^v t\j≥kv \nehn¬h-∂p. Ht´m-a≥ km{amPyw hn`-Pn°-s∏-´p. 1920-˛¬ {_n´o-jp-Im¿°v ^ekv X zo- \ ns‚ `c- W m- [ n- I mcw e`n- ® p. kntbm-Wn-Ãp-Iƒ°v PqX-cmPyw krjvSn°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ {_n´s‚ Bflm¿YX-bn¬ kwi-bhpw ^e-kvXzo-\nse

_o¿tj_ (Beersheba) PqX-a-X-Øns‚ ÿm]-I-\mb A{_ lmw hkn- ® n- c p∂ C{k- t b- e nse {]tZ- i - a mWv _o¿tj-_. Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

Ad-_n-Iƒ°v PqX-cmPyw F∂ Bib-Øn-t\mSv shdp∏pw h¿[n-®p-h-∂p. CXn- s \- Ø p- S ¿∂v Hcp ^e- k v X zo≥ Ad_v tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\hpw cq]w sIm≈p-I-bp-≠mbn! PqXcpw Ad-_n-Ifpw {_n´s‚ \b-ßsf FXn¿Øp-h-∂p. 1930- ˛ - I - f n¬ \mkn P¿a- \ nbn¬\n∂pw t]mf-≠n¬\n∂pw ^ekvXzo-\n¬ PqX-∑m¿ A`-bm¿Yn-I-fmbn {]h-ln-°m≥ XpS-ßn. CXns\ XpS¿∂v 1939-˛¬ PqX-cpsS IpSn-tb-‰hpw a‰pw {_n´o-jp-Im¿ \nP-s∏-SpØn; A©ph¿j-tØ-°m-bn-cp-∂p CXv. temI-Øns‚ KXnbpw PqX-cpsS hn[nbpw \n›-bn-°-s∏´ c≠mw temIa-lm-bp≤w (1939-˛1945) hc-hm-bn. 1942˛¬, ^e-kvXzo≥ ]q¿W-ambpw C{ktb¬ F∂ t]cn¬ PqX-cm-Py-am-°-Wsa∂v kntbm-WnÃv {]ÿm\w ]c-kyambn {]Jym-]n-®p. CØ-c-samcp Bhiy-Øn\v temI-Øns‚ ]n¥p-Wbpw e`n-®p. ln‰ve-dpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ PqX∑m¿s°-Xnsc \mkn-Iƒ \S-Ønb {Iqcamb \c-lX - y-Iƒ temI-a\ - x-km-£nsb sR´n- ® - X mWv PqX¿°- \ p- I q- e - a mbn temIsØ Nn¥n-∏n-®-Xv. 1945-˛¬ \nehn¬ h∂ sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S\ (bp.F≥) Ad- _ n- I ƒ°pw PqX¿°pw {]tXyI cmjv{Sw cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xns\ kw_-‘n-°p∂ ]T-\-Øn-\mbn Hcp kv s ]jy¬ Iao- j s\ \ntbm- K n- ® p. skdp-k-te-ans\ A¥m-cmjv{S \nb-{¥W-Øn¬ \n¿Øm≥ Iao-j≥ \n¿tZ-in®p. 1947 \hw-_¿ 29-˛\v sFIy-cm-jv{Sk-`-bpsS s]mXp-k` Cu ]≤-Xn°v AwKo-Imcw \¬In. bp.-F≥ Xocp-am\w PqX-∑m¿ kzoI-cn-s®-¶nepw Ad-_n-Iƒ CXv X≈n- ° - f - ™ p. PqX- ˛ - A - d _v t]mcm´w s]m´n-∏p-d-s∏-´p.

6

CuPn]vXv `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ {]tZ-ia - m-bn-cp∂p Kmk (Gaza). 1967-˛¬ \S∂ Ad-_v-˛-C-{km-tb¬ bp≤-Øn¬ C{km-tb¬ Cu {]tZiw ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp. saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ IS-ens‚ Xoc-{]-tZ-iØp≈ Kmk-bnse P\-߃ IqSp-Xepw ^e-kX v zo-\n-b≥ Ad-_n-If - m-W.v {]mNo\-Im-eØv CuPn-]vXnse ^tdm-h-amcmWv Kmk `cn-®n-cp-∂X - .v XpS¿∂v ^nenkvXy¿, PqX¿, Ad-_n-Iƒ, Xp¿°n-Iƒ F∂o h¿K-߃ ChnsS `cWw \SØn. 1920 apX¬ 1948 hsc {_n´ojv `c-W-Øn≥Io-gn-em-bn-cp-∂p Kmk. 1948˛¬ \S∂ bp≤-Øn¬ CuPn]vXv Kmk ssIb-S° - n-sb-¶nepw 1967-˛¬ AXv C{ktb¬ kz¥-am-°n. C{k- t b- e n\pw tPm¿Zm- \ p- a n- S bv°p≈ `q{]-tZ-i-amWv shÃv _m¶v. temI-Ønse G‰hpw Ncn-{X-{]-[m-\amb ÿe-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wn-Xv. _n.-kn. 1200-If - n¬ C{km-tb-en-Iƒ ChnsS Xmak-ap-d-∏n-®p. Ako-dnb°m¿, _m_ntem-Wn-b-°m¿, t]gvky-°m¿, tdma°m¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ ChnsS `cWw \SØn-bn-´p-≠v. F.-Un. 600-˛¬ Ad_v apkvenw-Iƒ ChnSw ssIb-S-°n. 1994˛¬ C{km-tbepw ]n.-F¬.-Hbpw AwKoI-cn® Icm¿ {]Imcw C{km-tb¬ Kmkbn¬\n∂pw shÃv_m-¶nse sPdot°m ]´-W-Øn¬\n∂pw ]n∑m-dn. C{km-tb-ens‚ Xe-ÿm\w

Kmkbpw shÃv_m¶pw Pdp-ktew (Jerusalem) temI-Ønse {][m-\-s∏´ aq∂v aX-߃ sPdp-k-te-ans\ ]pWy-\-K-cambn Icp-Xp-∂p. 3000 h¿j-tØmfw PqX-cpsS tI{µ-ambncp∂p Cu \K-cw. tbip-{In-kvXp-hp-ambn Cu \K-c-Øn\p≈ _‘sØ IW- ° n- s e- S pØv {InkvXp-a-X-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ sPdp-k-teans\ hnip- ≤ - a mbn Icp- X p- ∂ p. sa°bv°pw aZo-\bv°pw tijw aq∂masØ ]pWy-\-K-c-ambn CkvemwaXw Cu \K-csØ IW-°m-°p-∂p. lo{_p `mj-bn¬ "sbdp-itew' (Yerushalayim) F∂pw Ad-_n-bn¬ A¬ JpZvkv (Al Quds) F∂pw Pdp-ktew Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. 1948-˛se Ad-_˛-v C - {- km-tb¬ bp≤m\-¥cw Cu \K-csØ c≠mbn hn`-Pn®p. ]pcm-X\ \Kcw (Old City) Dƒs∏Sp∂ Ing-°≥ sPdp-ktew tPm¿Zms‚ `mK-am-bn. ]Sn-™m-d≥ sPdp-ktew C{km-tb-ens‚ `mK-hpw. F∂m¬ 1967˛¬ \S∂ Bdp-Zn-hk - sØ bp≤-Øn¬ Ing-°≥ sPdp-ktew ]nSn-s®-SpØ

hy‡n-Nn-{X-߃ tUhnUv s_≥ Kpdn-b≥ (David Ben-Gurion) 1948-˛¬ kzmX{¥yw t\Snb C{kmtb-ens‚ BZysØ {][m-\a - {- ¥n-bmWv Ct±-lw. 1948 apX¬ 1953 hsc-bm-bncp∂p `c-WI - m-ew. 1919-˛H - m-Sp-IqSn kntbmWnÃv t\Xm-hmbn Db¿∂ s_≥Kp-dnb≥ PqX-cm-Py-Øns‚ km£m-XvIm-cØn-\mbn {]h¿Øn-®p. 1930-˛¬ am]mbv ]m¿´n (Mapai-Israel Worker's Pary) ÿm]n-®p. \nc-h[n {KŸ-߃ cNn-®n´p-≠v. sNbnw hokvam≥ (Chaim Weizman) kzX{¥ C{km- t b- e ns‚ BZysØ {]kn-U‚ v. 1920-˛1931, 1935˛1948 F∂o Ime-L-´-ß-fn¬ temI kntbm-WnÃv kwL-S\ - b - psS t\Xm-hmbn-cp-∂p. 1919-˛¬ ]mco-kn¬ \S∂ kam[m\ ktΩ-f-\-Øn-te-°p≈ PqX-kwL-Øns‚ Xe-h-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ck-X-{¥Øn¬ hnZym-`ymkw ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb hokvam≥ H∂mw-temI -bp-≤-Im-eØv kvt^mS-I-h-kvXp-°-fmb _yqss´¬ B¬°-tlmƒ, Ask-t‰m¨ F∂n-hbpsS \n¿am-W-Øn\v sa®-s∏´ coXn I≠p- ] n- S n- ® p. Cu I≠p- ] n- S pØw {_n´s\ bp≤-Øn¬ klm-bn-°p-I-bp≠m-bn. tKmƒUm tasb¿ (Golda Meir) C{km- t b- e ns‚ BZysØ

8

h\nXm {][m-\-a-{¥n. 1969 apX¬ 1974 hsc-bm-bn-cp∂p `c-W-Im-ew. 1973-˛se Ad-_v˛- C - {- km-tb¬ bp≤-Øn¬ C{kmtb-en-\p-≠mb Xncn-®-Sn-I-fn¬ hna¿i\-hn-t[-bb - m-bX - n-s\-Xp-S¿∂v tKmƒUm tasb¿ {][m-\-a-{¥n-]Zw cmPn-sh-®p. sXmgn¬, hntZ-i-Imcyw F∂o hIp-∏pI-fpsS a{¥n-bmbn {]h¿Øn-®n-´p-≠v. sa\ms®w t_Kn≥ (Menachem Bagin) 1977 apX¬ 1983 hsc C{km-tbens‚ {][m-\a - {- ¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂p t_Kn≥. bmYm-ÿn-XnI enIpUv ]m¿´n-bpsS t\Xm-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ad-_˛-v C - {- km-tb¬ t]mcm-´ß - f - psS ]cn-lm-cØ - n\v \¬Inb kw`m- h - \ - I sf am\n®v t_Kn\pw CuPn]vXv {]kn-U‚m-bn-cp∂ A≥h¿ F¬. kmZØpw 1978-˛se kam-[m-\Ø - n\p≈ t\m_¬k-Ωm\w ]¶n-´p. jntam¨ s]sckv (Shimon Peres) 1992-˛¬ C{km-tb-ens‚ hntZ-iI - mcy-a{- ¥n-bm-bn. 1989-˛se sXc-s™-Sp-∏n\v te_¿ ]m¿´nbpw enIpUv ]m¿´nbpw tN¿∂v cq]o-Ic - n® sFIy-k¿°m-cns‚ {][m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn. 50 amkw am{X-ambn-cp∂p k¿°m-cns‚ Bbp- v. PqZm- a-°m_o (Judah Maccabee) _n.-kn. 100-˛I - f - n¬ kzmX-{¥y-Øn\m-bp≈ PqX-cpsS ka-cß - f - nse t\Xmhm-bn-cp∂p a°m-_o ss__n-fnse Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

C{km-tb¬ \K-csØ C{km-tb-ens‚ A\-iz-chpw Ahn-`m-Py-hp-amb Xe-ÿm\-ambn {]Jym-]n-®p. sPdp-k-te-ans‚ Ah-Im-isØ kw_-‘n®v C∂pw Ad_v˛- C - {- kmtb¬ X¿°w XpS-cp-∂p. PqZmbn-b≥ Ip∂p-I-fn-emWv sPdp-ktew \Kcw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xv. s\sk‰v (Knesset) sUtam- { Im- ‰ nIv dn∏- ª n- ° mb C{km-tb-ens‚ ]m¿e-sa‚mWv s\sk‰v. GI-k` am{X-ap≈ (Uni cameral) s\sk‰n¬ 120 AwK-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. \mev h¿j-amWv ]m¿e-sa‚n¬ AwKß-fpsS Imem-h[ - n. \nbaw ]m m-°¬, tZiob \b-Øns‚ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ ]¶p-tN-cp-I, \nIp-Xn-Ifpw _P‰pw ]m m-°pI F∂n-hb - mWv s\sk-‰ns‚ [¿a-߃. C{km-tb-ens‚ cmjv{S-Øe - h-\mb {]kn-U‚ns\ sXc-s™-Sp-°p∂Xv s\sk-‰m-Wv. A©p-h¿j-amWv {]kn-U‚ns‚ Imem-h[ - n. XpS¿®-bmbn c≠p Xh-W-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ Hcmƒ°v {]knU‚mbn sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bn-√. * C{km-tb-ense {][m-\-s∏´ c≠v cmjv { Sob ]m¿´n- I - f mWv enIpUv ]m¿´nbpw te_¿ ]m¿´n-bpw. Gcn-b¬ jmtcm¨ ImZna F∂ t]cn¬ ]pXnsbmcp ]m¿´n°v cq]w \¬In. * C{km-tb-ens‚ Ct∏m-gsØ {][m-\a{¥n sblqZv Hmƒsa¿´m-Wv. As∏m-{In-^-bn¬ a°m_o H∂m-as‚ ]pkvXI - Ø - n¬ At±-lØ - ns‚ IY ]d™n-´p-≠v. bnXvjmIv d_n≥ (Yitzhak Rabin) 1992-˛¬ C{km-tb-ens‚ {][m-\a - {¥n-bm-bn. CXn-\p-apºv 1974 apX¬ 1977 hsc Ct±lw C{km-tb-ens‚ {][m-a{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂n-´p-≠v. sPdp-k-te-an¬ P\n® bnXvjmIv BWv {][m-\-a-{¥nÿm-\-sØ-Øp∂ BZysØ C{kmtben (a-‰p -{]-[m-\-a-{¥n-am-cpsS P\\w hntZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p). 1967-˛se Bdp Znh- k sØ bp≤- X - { ¥- ß ƒ Bkq-{XWw sNbvX Ct±lw 1964 apX¬ 1967 hsc C{km-tb-ens‚ {]Xntcm-[-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ^e-kvXzo≥ t\Xmhv bmkn¿ Acm-^-Øv, C{kmtb¬ hntZ-i-Im-cy-a{¥n jntam¨ s]sckv F∂n-h¿s°m∏w 1994-˛se kam-[m-\Ø - n-\p≈ t\m_¬ kΩm\w bnXvjmIv d_n≥ t\Sn. am¿´n≥ _yqs_¿ (Martin Buber) B[p- \ n- I - I m- e sØ G‰hpw {]ap-J\ - mb PqX XXz-Nn-¥I - ≥. kntbmWnÃv {]ÿm-\Ø - ns‚ ÿm]-Ic - n-semcmƒ. lkn-Znkw (Hasidism) F∂-dn-bs∏-Sp∂ PqX anÃnIv {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ hymJym-Xm-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p _yqs_¿. PqX-a-X-Øn¬ ASn-bp-d-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ct±-lØ - ns‚ XØz-Nn-¥. sF B≥Uv bp, sSbn¬kv Hm^v lkn-Znkw F∂nh-bmWv Ct±-lØ - ns‚ {KŸ-߃.

tlmtfm-tImÃv (Holocaust) 1941-˛\pw 1949-˛\pw CSbv°v Bdv Zie-£Ø - n-e[ - nIw PqX-∑m¿ bqtdm-∏nse tIm¨k≥t{S-j≥ Iymºp-If - n¬sh®v sIm√-s∏´ AXn-Zm-cp-W-amb kw`-hamWv tlmtfm-tImÃv F∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂Xv. 1933-˛¬ \mkn-Iƒ (Nazis) P¿a-\nbn¬ A[n- I m- c - Ø n- s e- Ø n- b - X ns\ BwKew kwkm- c n- ° p∂ hep- X pw sNdp-Xp-amb cmPy-ß-fnse hniz-a-lmhn-Zym-eb - ß - f - n¬ aq∏n¬ÿm\w sX°\nw-•-≠n¬, t]cm≠ sXkv\n-\-Zn-bpsSbpw A{X-°p-Xs∂ Adn-b-s∏-SmØ sN¿sh¬ ]pg-bp-sSbpw Iq´p-ap-°n¬ ÿnXn- s N- ø p∂ HmIv k v t ^m- U n\p Xs∂. Cu apXp-ap-Ø-»n°v sXm≈mbn-c-Øn¬®n-ezm\w hb-kp-≠v. P\-\Øn-øXn Indp-In-dp-Xy-a-mbn ]d-bm≥ ]‰mØ Ah-ÿbmWv. 1906 apX¬ HmIvkvt^m-Un¬ Hme-hm-b\ XpS-ßnsb-∂mWv sFXn-lyw. F∂m¬ Hcp k¿h-I-em-im-e-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ CXv hb- d - n-bn-®Xv ]{¥≠mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-bn-em-Wv. sl≥dn c≠ma-s\-s∂mcp cmPmhv Cw•ojv a°ƒ ]mco-kn¬ t]mbn ]Tn-°p-∂Xv Hcp kp{Ko- h m- ⁄ - b n- e qsS \ntcm- [ n- ® p. AtXmsS hnZym-tam-ln-I-fpsS sa°bmbn amdn HmIvkvt^m-Uv. {]mNo\ \maw HmIvsk≥t^Uv (Oxenford) F∂m- b n- c p- ∂ p. F∂psh-®m¬ "Imf-Iƒ ]pg-ap-dn-®p IS-°panSw'. alm- I hn tNmk- d psS ImesØms° Cu t]cmWv {]Nm-c-Øn-ep≠m-bn-cp-∂X - .v At±-lØ - ns‚ Im‚¿_dn- ° - Y - I ƒ (Canterbury Tales)°p≈ apJ- h p- c - b n¬ (Prologue) Hcp ¢mIv A‰v HmIvk≥t^-

XpS¿∂v PqX-ka - q-lØ - n-s\-Xnsc hym]I-amb A{I-aß - ƒ Agn-®p-hn-´p. temIw I≠ G‰hpw {Iqc-amb hwi-lX - y-bmWv PqX¿s°-Xnsc bqtdm-∏n¬ \S-∂Xv; {]tXy-In®v P¿a-\n-bn¬. "`qan-bnse \cIw' F∂v hnti- j n- ∏ n- ° m- h p∂ tIm¨k≥t{S-j≥ Iymºp-If - n¬ PqX∑m¿ {Iqc- a mbn sIme- s N- ø - s ∏- ´ p. AtUmƒ^v ln‰ved - psS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \mkn-If - m-bn-cp∂p hwi-lXy \S-∏m-°nb-Xv. * \mkn-I-fpsS {Iqc-X-I-sf-°pdn-

®p≈ sR´n-°p∂ hnh-c-߃ Xs‚ Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏n-eqsS temIsØ Adnbn® PqX-_m-en-I-bmWv B≥ {^m¶v. "B≥ {^m¶ns‚ Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ' F∂mWv B {]ikvX {KŸ-Øns‚ t]cv. * tIm¨k≥t{S-j≥ Iymºp-Ifnse `oI-cX - sb "jn≥Uvtegvkv enÃv' F∂ Ne-®n-{X-Øn-eqsS PqX-hw-iP - ≥IqSn-bmb kv]n¬_¿Kv F∂ kwhn-[m-bI≥ temI-Øn\p ap∂n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®p.

HmIvkv-˛-{_nUvPv amlmflyw Uns‚ (Clerk at Oxenford) kz`m-hN - n-{X-hp-ap-≠.v (C-hnsS ¢mIv, KpakvXm-h-√, ]´-°m-c-\m-Wv. k¿h-I-em-ime HmIvkvt^mUv \Kcw apgp-h≥ ]¥-en-®mWv InS-°p∂-Xv. XpS-°w-ap-X¬s° "Su¨ B‚ v Ku¨' (Town and Gown) kwL¿jw km[m-cW - a- m-bn-cp-∂p. Su¨ F∂m¬ ]pchm-kn-Iƒ, AßmSn A∏pam¿, Ku¨ F∂m¬ ]Tn-°m-s\-Ønb ]nt≈¿, Iymºkv N´-ºn-Iƒ. AßmSnbpw A°m-Z-anbpw XΩn-ep≈ t]mcv tNmc-bnepw Nmhn-ep-sa-Øn-bt- ∏m-gmWv \mSp- h mgpw Xºp- c m≥ CS- s ]- ´ - X v . Aßs\ lmfp- I ƒ (Halls) F∂ tlmÃ-ep-I-fp-≠m-bn. XpS¿∂v tImtfPp-Iƒ s]m¥n-h-∂p. Hmtcm tImtfPn\pw Hmtcm ta´m-Wnbpw Ah-tcm-[n°-s∏-´p. Ct±-l-amWv "amÿ' AYhm henb Ipdp- ∏ v . kzbw]cym- ] v X hpw kzm{i-bk - z-`m-ha - p-≈X - p-amb hnZym-\n-tIX-\-ß-fmWv HmIvkvt^Uv tImtf-PpIƒ. FÆw ap∏-Øn-sbm-º-Xv. an° tImtf-Pp-Ifpw a¨a-d™ {]`p-°-fpsStbm Ipt_- c - ∑ m- c p- s Stbm

PqX-∑m¿

(JEWS)

ss__nƒIY-If - n-emWv PqX-∑m-cpsS D¬]-Øn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-cß - f - p-≈Xv. CX-\p-k-cn-®v, _n.-kn. 1800-˛\pw 1500-˛\panS-bvs°-t∏mtgm sX°≥ saks∏m-t´-an-b-bn¬ (C-∂sØ sX°p-In-g-°≥ Cdm-Jv) Pohn-®n-cp∂ A{_-lman¬ \n∂mWv PqX-cpsS XpS-°w. ssZhw A{_-lm-an-t\mSp sak-s∏m-t´an-b-bn¬\n∂v I\m≥tZ-iØp t]mbn hkn-°m≥ \n¿tZ-in-®p-hs{X! CX-\p-kc - n®v A{_lmw I\m≥ tZi-sØ-Øn. Chn-Sa - mWv ]n∂oSv C{km-tb¬ F∂-dn-bs - ∏-´X - v. ChnsS A{_lmw ÿm]n® P\X lo{_p-P-\X (Hebrews) F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn. A{_-lm-an-s‚bpw c≠p ]p{X-∑m-cp-sSbpw (C-kvlm-Jv, bAvJq_v) t]cp-Iƒ C{km-tb¬ F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. Ch-cmWv PqX-P-\-X-bpsS ]nXm-°-∑m¿ (Patriarchs). A{_lm-ans‚ `mcy-bmb kmd, Ckvlm-Jns‚ `mcy-bmb sdt_-°, bAvJq_ns‚ `mcy-am-cmb enb, tdbv®¬ F∂o \mep-t]-cmWv PqX-P-\-X-bpsS amXm-°ƒ (Matriarchs). bmt°m-_ns‚ ]{¥≠p ]p{X-∑m-cpsS ]n≥Xp-S¿®-°m¿ C{ktb-ense BZn-a-h¿K-°m¿ (Twelve Tribes of Israel) As√-¶n¬ C{k-tb-en-Iƒ (Israelites) F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. C{km-tb¬ F∂ PqX-cm-PyØv A`n-am-\t- _m-[t- ØmsS Pohn-°p∂ PqX-∑m¿ C∂pw t\cn-Sp∂ {][m-\-{]iv\w Ab¬°m-cmb Ad_vcm-Py-ß-fp-ambn XpScp∂ kwL-´\ - ß - f - m-Wv. Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

F≥tUmhvsa‚p-I-fm-Ip-∂p. _mensbmƒ (Balliol), sa¿´¿ (Merton) F∂o Iem- i m- e - I ƒ°v F´p \q‰m≠p {]mbw hcpw. 1263˛emWs{X _en-sbm-fns‚ XpS-°w. ÿm]-I-\mb tPm¨ Un _en-sbmfns‚ t]cmWv tImtf-Pn-\.v {]mb-Øn¬ am{X-a-√, {]uVn-bnepw hnØ-{]-Xm-]Øn-ep-ap≠v Cu tImtf-Pn\p ap≥Xq°w. am¿]m-∏-sbbpw Xncp-k-`-sbbpw ]ckyambn [n°-cn-®p-sIm≠v eØo≥ ss__nƒ Cw•o-jn-te°p samgn-am-‰m≥ apt∂m-´p-h∂ Hcp aX]cn-jvI-c-W-hmZn-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p ]Xn-∂memw \q‰m≠n¬; tPm¨ ssh¢n-^v. At±lw _en-sbm-fn¬ Hcp "tUmWm'bncp∂p. F∂p-sh-®m¬ amjv. (Hm-Ivkvt^mUv D]m-[ym-b∑ - msc DON F∂mWv hfn-®ncp-∂-Xv). teIvIhn-I-fn¬ aq∂m-a-\mb tdm_¿Svks - X, hnIvtSm-dn-b≥ Ihnbpw sdmam‚nIv \ncq-]-W-Øns‚ sh≈n-\£- { X- h p- a mb amXyp B¿t\mƒUv , Cw•ojv Imhy-`m-jsb s]mfn-s®-gp-Xnb Pdm¿Uv am≥en-tlm-]vIn≥kv; Chscms° _en-sbm-fns‚ k¥m-\-ß-fs{X. {]i-kvXsc s]‰ HmIvk-t^mUv If-cn-Iƒ thsd-bp-ap-≠v. ss{IÃv N¿®v (Christ Church), sa¿´≥ (Merton), Hmdn- s b¬ (Oriel). k¿h-Ie - m-im-e° - I - Ø - p≈ Htc-sbmcp s]¨]-≈n-°qSw 1893˛¬ sUmtdm-Ønb _o¬ ÿm]n® St. Hilda BWv. \q‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw Cu k¿h-I-em-im-ebpsS hmXn-ep-Iƒ A_-e-h¿K-Øn\p t\¿°v AS™mWv InS-∂n-cp-∂X - .v Cu enwK hnth-N\w C∂n-√. Bw•n- ° ≥ k`- b psS ssZhimkv{Xw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®p-sIm-≠mWv \thm- ∞ m- \ - Ø n\pw (Renaissance) aX- ] - c n- j vI- c - W - Ø n\pw (Reformation) tijw HmIvkvt^mUv bqWn-th-gvkn‰n {][m-\ambpw {]h¿Øn-®-Xv. {Im≥a¿, em‰na¿, dnUven F∂o aXNn¥-Isc ssZh\n-µ°p ]®°p IØn-®Xv HmIvktv ^mUn¬ sh®m-Wv. as‰mcp HmIvkvt^mUv Zm¿i-\n-I\ - mb tPm¨ tem°n\v {]mW-

8

{]i-kvX-cmb PqX-∑m¿ B¬_¿´v sF≥Ão≥ knKva≠v t{^mbvUv Imƒam¿Ivkv Xntbm-tUm¿ slgvk¬ I\pw _dq°v sZ kv]nt\mk KpkvXmhv amse¿ \o¬kvt_m¿ tamkkv sa≥U¬tkm≥ t]mƒ G¿enIv s_©-an≥ Unkvtden {^m≥kv Im^vI tPm¨ thm¨ \yqam≥ amgvk¬ {]qÃv tab¿ tdmØvjn¬Uv lo≥dn®v lo≥ {KnKdn ]n≥Ikv

˛ ˛ ˛ ˛

Du¿P-X{- ¥-⁄≥ a\x-im-kv{X-⁄≥ cmjv{Sob XØz-Nn-¥I - ≥ Fgp-Øp-Im-c\pw ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-

˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛

entbm t{SmSvkvIn tUhnUv dn°m¿tUm

˛ ˛

entbm knem¿Uv am¿°v tdmØvtIm s^¿Un-\m‚v tIml≥ sP{SqUv Ão≥ B¬_¿´v ssat°¬k¨ sl≥dn _¿Kvk¨ s^enIvkv sa≥tU¬k¨ A¿t\mƒUv tjmsb≥s_¿Kv Fanen U¿Jow s_‰n {^oUvam≥ Pqen-bkv tdmsk≥hmƒUv tPm¿Pv K¿jvhn≥ {^m≥kv t_mkv eqbnkv {_m≥Uokv kmdm t_¨lm¿Xv sPm\kv km¬Iv sPdmw tdm_n≥kv sl≥dn Inknw-K¿ hn¬slw Ão\n‰vkv B¿X¿ an√¿ FΩ-tKmƒUvam≥ t_mdnkv ]mÿ\m°v lmcn-lu-Un\n FUzm¿Uv s_¿sWbv

˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛

entbm t]mƒUv Ghp¿ {Kut°m am¿Ivkv am≥td Ãoh≥ kv]o¬ s_¿Kv am¿°v NK¬ t_m_v ssUe≥

˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛

XØz-Nn-¥I - ≥ kwKo-X- kw-hn-[m-bI - ≥ `uXn-I- im-kv{X-⁄≥ XØz-Nn-¥I - ≥ sshZy- im-kv{X-⁄≥ cmjv{S-X{- ¥-⁄≥ kmln-Xy-Im-c≥ KWn-X- im-kv{X-⁄≥ t\mh-enÃv kmº-Øn-II - mcy hnZ-Kv[≥ Ihn P\\ \nb-{¥-Wa- c- p∂v hnI-kn∏n®p djy≥ hnπ-hØ - ns‚ in¬]n C°-tWm-an-Ivknse ¢mkn-°¬ hn`mKw ÿm]n-®p `uXnI imkv{X-⁄≥ Nn{X-Im-c≥ _mIvSo-cn-tbm-fP - nÃv Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ `uXn-Ii - m-kv{X-⁄≥ XØz-Nn-¥I - ≥ kwKo-X⁄ - ≥ kwKoX kwhn-[m-bI - ≥ kmaq-lnI imkv{X-⁄≥ s^an-\nÃv Poh-Im-cpWy {]h¿Ø-I≥ kwKo-X- kw-hn-[m-bI - ≥ \c-hwi imkv{X-⁄≥ \nb-a⁄ - ≥ \Sn sshZy-im-kv{X-⁄≥ \rØ-kw-hn-[m-bI - ≥ cmjv{Sob \b-X{- ¥-⁄≥ sNkv Nmºy≥ \mS-II - rØv s^an-\nÃv t\mh-enÃpw Ihnbpw am{¥n-I≥ ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv ÿm]-I≥ hb-en-\nÃv lmky-\S- ≥ Iem-Im-c≥ Ne-®n{X kwhn-[m-bI - ≥ Nn{X-Im-c≥ kwKo-X⁄ - ≥

Ah-ew_w ssat°¬ jm]ntdm cNn® The jewish 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Jews of all Time. (1994 edition)

c-£m¿Yw \mSp-hn-tS-≠n-h∂p. 1811˛¬ HmIv k v t ^mUnse bqWn- t h- g vkn‰n tImtf-Pn¬ hnZym¿Yn-bm-bncp∂ t]gvkn ss_sj sj√n (kw- i - b n- t °- ≠ , sdmam‚ nIv Ihn sj√n Xs∂)sb ASn-®n-d-°n. B ]sØm-º-Xp-Im-c≥ sNbvX

10

A]- c m- [ - s a- ¥ m- s Wt∂m? "The Necessity for Atheism' (\mkvXn- I - X zØns‚ Bh- i y- I - X ) Fs∂mcp eLp-te-Js - b-gpXn hnX-cWw sNbvXp F∂-Xv. HmIvktv ^m-Un-s\-°p-dn®p≈ hyh-lm-c-Øn¬ AhnSsØ hnkva-b-ß-fn¬ apJy-

amb t_mkvsebv≥ sse{_dnsb hnkvac - n-°m≥ hø. Ggp-Z-i-e£w ]pkvXI-ßf - mWv Cu Iq‰≥ {KŸ∏p-cb - n-ep-≈X - v. k¿ tXmakv t_mUven (Sir. Thomas Bodley) 1602˛¬ ÿm]n® Cu sse{_-dn-bnte°v {_n´ojv s]mXp-Po-hnX-Ønepw kwkvIm-cØ - nepw ]mZ-ap{Z ]Xn-∏n® ]e almi- b - ∑ mcpw Ah- c psS kzImcy {KŸ-ti-J-c-߃ kw`m-h\ sNbvXn-´p-≠.v Henh¿ t{Imwsh¬, hneyw temUv (William Land), tdm_¿´v _¿´≥ (Robert Burton), tPm¨ sk¬U≥ (John Selden), {^m≥knkv Pq\n-bkv XpS-ßn-b-h¿. h¿Whn]-cym-kØns‚ ˛ ]®ae-bm-f-Øn¬ sNmdn®p a√ns‚ ˛ Bim\m- b n- c p∂ dh- d ‚ v Uªyp.F kv]qW¿ (Rev. W.A. Spooner) HmIvkvt^m-Un¬ kqtIm-tfPns‚ hm¿U- \ m- b n- c p- ∂ p. (Kinquering Congs F∂p kv]qW¿ ]d-™m¬ A¿Yw Conquering Kings F∂m- W v . AXs{X kv]qW-dn-kw). bix-i-co-c\mb s{]m^-k¿ Pn.-sI. tN‰q¿ Xs‚ HmIvkvt^mUv Ime-ßs - f-°p-dn-s®-gp-Xnb "Zn emÃv F≥Nm‚ vsa‚ v (The Last Enchantment) F∂ ]pkvX- I - Ø n¬ kv]qW-sd-°p-dn®p kwkm-cn°p-∂p-≠v. FÆ- a ‰ AXn- I m- b ∑msc temI-k-aq-l-Øn\v kΩm-\n® kc-kzXo t£{XamWv HmIvktv ^m-U.v kmlnXy-km-c-Yn-Iƒ, t\ms_¬ tPXm-°ƒ, cmjv{S-Ø-e-h∑m¿, Zm¿i\nI¿ Ah-cn¬ F√m \nd-ß-fp-ap≠v; F√m aX-ß-fp-ap-≠v. HmIvkvt^mUn\v H∏w \n¬°m≥ HmIvkvt^mtU D≈q;

lo{_p˛ `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw temI- Ø nse G‰hpw ]gb `mj-I-fn-sem-∂mWv lo{_p. hS-°p-]S- n-™m-d≥ skan- ‰ n- I - f psS imJbn¬s]´ I\m-ss\-‰ns‚ `mjm-t`-Z-amWv lo{_p. lo{_p `mj-bn¬ Acm-ambn-°ns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ImcWw hyXykvX coXn-Ifn¬ lo{_p D®-cn-°s - ∏-Sp∂p- ≠ v . a[y- b q- t dm- ] y≥ D®m-c-W-amb AjvsI-\mknIv (Ashkenazic), saUn‰-td-\n-b≥ D®m-c-W-amb sk^m¿UnIv (Sephardic) F∂n-hb - mWv CXn¬ {][m\-s∏´h. * lo{_p `mj-bn¬ hm°pIƒ Fgp-Xp-∂Xv he-Øp\n∂v CS-tØm-´m-Wv. * lo{_p A£-ca - m-eb - n¬ 26 hyRvP- \ - ß - f p- ≠ v. CsXm-sSm∏w kzc-Nn-”߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. * aq∂v A£-cß - f - S- ß - p∂ aqe-Øn¬ (roots) \n∂mWv lo{_p hm°p- I ƒ Gsdbpw cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂Xv. A∂pw C∂pw. Ing- ° ≥ Cw•- ≠ n¬ Iymw (Cam)\Zn-bpsS h°Øn- c n- ° p∂ tIw{_nUv P v Xd- h m- S n- Ø - Ø ns‚ ImcyØn¬ H´pw ]nd- t Im- ´ - √ . ]{¥≠mw \q‰m-≠n¬ D¤hn® Cu k¿h-Ie - m-im-ebpw kz¬]w ko\n-tbm-dn-‰n-bp≈ HmIvkvt^mUpw XΩn-ep≈ InS- a - ’ cw XpS°w apX¬t° D≈-Xm-W.v 2009˛¬ Cu AΩqΩ Xs‚ FÆqdmw ]nd- ∂ mƒ sIt¶- a - a mbn BtLm-jn-°m≥ t]mIp-∂p. AXn-\p≈ Hcp-°ß - ƒ XIrXn-bmbn \S-°p-Ibpw sNøp-

ss__nfpw C{km-tbepw C{km-tb¬ F∂ hm°v ss__n-fn¬ Bh¿Øn-®p-hcp∂p. F∂m¬, F√m C{km-tbepw H∂-√. ss__n-fnse DXv]Øn 32:29-˛¬ bmt°m-_ns‚ t]cmWv C{km-tb¬. _n.kn 13-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ I\m≥ tZiØv hmk-ap-d-∏n-®-hcpsS t]cpw C{km-tb¬ F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. sPtdm-_m-ans‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \ne-\n-∂Xpw Ako-dn-b-°m¿ \in-∏n-®Xpamb cmPy-Øns‚ t]cpw C{km-tb¬ BWv. PqZm-bpsS cmPy-amWv as‰m-cn-{km-tb¬. PqX-∑m-cpsS t]cpw C{kmtb¬ F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. sasd≥]vXm-bpsS Imew apX¬ (1224˛1216 _n.-kn) Hcp P\-X-bpsS t]cmbn C{km-tb¬ {]tbm-KØ - n-ep-≠v.

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

PqX-im-k\w ""kzkvXn {iotIm (tK) ssWa-s°m≠m≥ tIm {io ]m¿°c Cc-hn-h¿a≥ Xncp- h Sn ]e \qdm- b n- c - Ø m≠pw sk≥tIm¬ \S-Øn-bm-fm-\n-s‚-bm≠p Cc-≠-am-t≠°p FXn¿ ap∏-Øm-dmam≠v apbn-cn-t°m´p Ccp-¥c - p-fnb \mƒ ]cn-im-Zn-®-cp-fnb ]nc-imZw Bh-Zv.'' tIc-fØ - n¬ sImSp-ß√ - q-cnse PqX{]-am-Wn-bm-bn-cp∂ tPmk^v d∫m\v `mkvIc chn-h¿a≥ tNc-am≥ s]cp-amƒ \¬Inb imk-\-amWv apI-fn¬. PqXim-k\w F∂v CX-dnb-s∏-Sp-∂p. tIc-

f-Ønse PqX-∑m-cpsS G‰hpw {][m\hpw ]pcm-X-\-hp-amWv Cu Ncn-{X-tcJ. ]gb Xan-gmWv imk-\-Øn¬ D]tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. "hs´-gpØv' en]nbmWv CXns‚ cN-\. F.-Un. 1000-˛-ØnemWv CXns‚ \n¿am-WI - m-es - a∂v Kth-

\k-tdØv (Nazareth) w. tbip-{InhS-°≥ C{km-tb-ense \K-c \K-c-Øn\v Cu mbn a ph X nPoh ns‚ kvXp-h _‘a- p-≠v.

jW \nK-a-\w. imk-\Ø - n¬ apbn-cn-t°mSv F∂p ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv sImSp-ß√ - q-cn-s\-bm-

tIc-f-Ønse PqX-∑m¿ C¥y-bn¬ PqX-∑m¿ BZy-ambn IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿ØXv tIc-f-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p. tIc-f-Ønse kpK-‘-hy-RvP-\߃°mbn {]mNo-\I - m-eØv tkmf-as‚ I®-h-S-°-∏-ep-Iƒ Chn-sS-sb-Øn-bn-cp∂p. CXp-h-gn-bmWv BZysØ PqXkwLw tIc-fØ - n-se-Øn-bs - X∂p IcpX-s∏-Sp-∂p. CXp-Iq-SmsX Ako-dn-b°m¿, _m_n-tem-Wn-b¿, tdma-°m¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS PqXm-tZ-isØ B{Ia-Wß-sf-Øp-S¿∂v PqX-∑m¿ ]e-Im-eß-fn-embn A`-bm¿Yn-kw-L-ß-fmbn tIc-f-Øn-se-Øp-Ibpw ChnsS hmk∂p. BZyw apXte imkv{XIu-Xp-I-amWv Cu k¿h-Iem- i m- e - b psS apJ- a p- { Z. HmIvkvt^mUv lyqam-\n-‰okn\v Du∂¬ \¬In- b t∏mƒ tIw{_nUvPv kb≥kn- t \m- S mWv B`napJyw Im´n-b-Xv. Kpcp-XzmI¿jW kn≤m-¥-am-hn-jvIcn® sFkIv\yq-´≥, ]cn-Wma-hm-Z-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xmhmb Nmƒkv Um¿hn≥, c‡- k w- { I- a W hyhÿ BZy- a mbn hnkvX- c n® hnebw lm¿hn, B[p-\nI Izm≠w sa°m-\n-Ivkns‚ BNm-cy-\mb t]mƒ F{Unb≥ tamdnkv Undm-Iv, B‰Øns‚ \yq¢n-b¿ kv{SIvN¿ I≠p-]n-Sn® dqX¿t^m¿Uv, CeIvt{Sm ams·-‰nIv Xnb-dnbpsS ]nXm-hmb sPbnwkv ¢m¿°v amIvkvsh¬ Chscms° tIw{_n- U v P ns‚ ]p{X-∑m-cm-Ip-∂p. temI- Ø nse GXp

ap- d - ∏ n- ° p- I bpw sNbv X p. Ch- c psS {][m-\t- I{µw sImSp-ß√ - q-cm-bn-cp-∂p. 1341-˛-ep-≠mb sh≈-s∏m-°sØ XpS¿∂v sImSp-ß-√q¿ Xpd-ap-J-Øn-\p≠mb \mihpw PqX-hn-tcm-[n-I-fmb t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS sImSp-ß√ - q-cn-te°p≈ BK-a-\hpw PqX-∑msc sIm®nbn-te°p amdm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-°nsb∂p Icp-Xp-∂p. sIm®n-bn¬ PqX∑m¿°v \√ kzoI-cWw e`n-®p. A°meØv hntZ-i-Øp-\n∂v sIm®n-bn-seØnb PqX-kw-L-Ønse t\Xm-hm-bncp∂ tamkkv s]c-bn¿ Zss]h cNn®

k¿h-I-em-im-e-sbbpw ISØn-sh-´nb sdt°m-UmWv t\m_¬ ]pc-kvImc tPXm°-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ tIw{_nUvPn- \ p- ≈ - X v. 81 t]¿. kb≥kn-\mWv {]kn-≤-sa¶nepw kmln- X y- I o¿Ønbnepw tIw{_nUvPv H´pw ]n∂n-e-√. sdmam‚nIv Ihn] p w - K - h - c m b th¿Uv k z¿Øpw, tImfndnUvPpw ]Tn-®Xv tIw{_nUvPn-em-W,v ss_d¨, sS∂n-

Nmhp-I-S¬ Npcp-fp-Iƒ (Dead Sea Scrolls) Nmhp-IS- e - ns‚ hS° - p-]S- n-™m-d≥ `mKsØ acp-`q-an-bnse Kpl-I-fn¬ \n∂ SpØ {]mNo\ ssIsb-gp-Ø pw Is≠Jpavdm≥ Xmgvh-c-bnse Hcp p-{]-Xn-Iƒ. Kpl-bn¬ \n∂pw HcnS- b - _ - m-e\ - mWv 1947-˛¬ Npcp-fpIƒ BZy-ambn Is≠-Øn-bX - v. FkvsX-dpsS ]pkvXI - s- am-gn®v ]gb \nba- Ø - nse as‰√m ]pkvXI - ß - fpw Cu Npcp-fp-If- n¬ Dƒs∏ ´n-cp-∂p.

Wv. "apNncn' F∂v kwL IrXn-If - nepw apkn-cokv F∂v {Ko°nepw kn¶vfn F∂v lo{_p-hnepw sImSp-ß√ - q¿ Adnb-s∏-Sp-∂p.

]pkv X - I - a mWv "t\m´o- j ykv Zkv PqtZmkv sZ sIm®n≥'. * sIm®n-bnse PqX-∑m-cp-sS-bn-Sbn¬ Idp- Ø - h - s c∂pw shfp- Ø - h sc∂pw c≠p- hn-`m-K-ß-fp-≠v. * PqX-∑m-cpsS tZhm-e-b-amb kn\-tKm-Kp-Iƒ tIc-f-Øn-ep-ap-≠v. * tIc-fs - Ø-°q-SmsX C¥y-bpsS CX-c-`m-K-ß-fnepw PqX-∑m¿ hkn-°p∂p≠v. apwss_-˛] - qsW {]tZ-iß - f - n¬ hkn-°p∂ adm-Øn-Pq-X-∑m¿ t_\n C{km-tb-en-Iƒ (C-{km-tb-ens‚ k¥Xn-Iƒ) F∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p. * tIc-f-Ønse PqX-kzm-[o-\Øns‚ sXfn-hp-I-fmWv Nmh-°m-´p≈ PqX-°p∂pw amSm-bn-ep≈ PqX-°p-fhpw.

k¨ F∂o Imhy-{]-Xn-`-Ifpw. 31 tImtf- P p- I - f mWv tIw{_n-UvPn¬; aqs∂Æw h\n- X - I ƒ°v kwh- c Ww sNø-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm tImtfPpw kzX-{¥-amWv; hnZym¿Yn-Isf {]th-in-∏n°p∂ Imcy- Ø n¬, ^m°ƒ´n-bpsS \n-b-a-\-ßfn¬. c≠p k¿h-I-em-im-e-

t^m m b ˛ v h o h A sS¬ ¬ Aho-hmWv

- p≈ sS IS-ens‚ XocØ Xpd-apsaUn-‰t- d-\n-b≥ ‰hpw henb \K-cw. {]mNo\ bpw G Ø e s \K-c C{km-tb-ens ¬-A-hohv F∂ mt^m \Kcw sS pw mb ^ mt J-amb b -A-hohv˛b mkvXpv 1950-˛¬ sS¬-˛ kwtbm-Pn-∏n® sUkv F∂ h kqsK v I Sn m{ ] ¿ k p. Kcw B \ne-hn¬ h∂ sS¬ Ahohv \ n-th-gvkn‰n nI \ p[ B v hohv bq\ in¬]n-bmW v. 1953-˛¬ sS¬ A {XWw sNbvX-X - m-bn. ÿm]n-Xa

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

I-fnepw sshkv Nm≥k-edpsS Imem-h[n Ggp sIm√am-Wv. Hcp s^U-d¬ k{ºZm- b - a mWv ]n¥p- S - c p- ∂ - X v . bqWn-th-gvkn‰n Iu¨kn¬ \b- c q- ] - h - X v I - c - W - Ø ns‚ Npa-Xe \n¿h-ln-°p-∂p. ]pXnb bqWn-th-gvkn‰n-I-fpsS hchpw hf¿®bpw HmIvkv-˛-{_nUvPv {]mam-WyØn\p sh√p-hn-fn-bp-b¿Øp∂p. {]mb-ta-sd-s®∂ Cu A°m-Z-anIv AΩq-Ω-am¿°v Hcp Imb- I ¬] NnIn’ AXym-h-iy-am-sW∂ A`n{]m- b hpw ]c- s °- b p- ≠ v . Fs¥ms° ]d-™mepw Cu Nnc-]p-cm-X\ hnZym-t£-{X-ßfpsS Xncp-ap-‰-ß-fn¬ C∂pw h≥ Xnc-°m-Wv. HmIvkvt^Uv-˛-tIw-{_nUvPv kwkvIm-cØns‚ A\n¿h-N-\o-b-amb Bfl- i ‡n (Mystique) A`w-Kp-ca - m-bn-Øp-Sc - p-∂p.

10

hnZym-`ymkw hnZym-`ymkw `c-WL - S- \ - b - n¬ 1. ]Xn-∂mep hb-kp-hsc Ip´nIƒ°v kuP\y \n¿_-‘nX hnZym`ym-ka - mWv `c-WL - S- \ A\p-im-kn-°p∂-Xv. `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 45˛mw hIp∏v kuP\y \n¿_-‘nX {]mY-anI hnZym`ymkw N¿® sNøp-∂p. ""Cu `c-W-LS\ \S- ∏ n- e m- ° n 10 h¿j- Ø n- \ Iw kuP-\yhpw \n¿_-‘n-Xh - p-amb {]mYanI hnZym-`ymkw 14 hbkp ]q¿Ønbm- I pw- h sc F√m Ip´n- I ƒ°pw \¬Im≥ k¿°m¿ ]cn-{i-an-t°≠XmWv.'' (45˛mw hIp-∏v) 2. kmaq-ln-I-ambpw hnZym-`ym-k]-c-ambpw ]n∂m°w \n¬°p∂ hn`mK- ß - f psS hnZym- ` ym- k - Ø n¬ 46˛mw hIp∏v Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p. ""kaq-l-Ønse Zp¿_-e-hn-`m-KØns‚ {]tXy-In®pw ]´n-I-Pm-Xn-˛-]-´nI-h¿K-°m-cpsS hnZym-`ym-k-]-chpw kmº-Øn-Ih - p-amb Xm¬]-cy-߃ D∂an- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ - X n¬ {]tXyI {i≤ ]pe¿ØWw; ]pdta kmaq-ln-I-amb A\o-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw F√m-X-c-Ønep≈ Nqj-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Ahsc c£n-°p-Ibpw thWw.'' 3. kv{Xohn-Zym-`ymkw 15(1)(3)16(1) ""`c-W-IqSw Hcp ]uc-t\mSpw enwK- t `- Z - Ø ns‚ ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ hnth-N\w Im´m≥ ]mSn-√.'' 15(1). ""`c-W-L-S\ kv{XoIƒ°v AhcpsS hnZym-`ym-kØ - n-epƒs∏´ {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ \¬Im≥ `c-W-Iq-S-Øn\v

hnZybpw hnf-°p-am-S-ßfpw Xe-ap-dI - sf hnZym-`ym-kØ - n\v klm-bn-°p∂ GP≥kn-bmWv hnZym-eb - w. Ip´n-Iƒ°v Adnhv t\Sm\p≈ {][m\ tI{µhpw hnZym-eb - a- m-Wv. kXym-kX - y-߃, \∑-Xn-∑I - ƒ, bp‡n-Iƒ Abp-‡nIƒ, hkvXp-XI - ƒ, {]N-cW - ß - ƒ F∂nh th¿Xn-cn-®d- n-bm≥ hnZym-ebw \sΩ klm-bn-°p-∂p. e`n® Adnhp-Iƒ DNn-X-amb kµ¿`-ß-f-n¬ {]tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ Ignhv \mw B¿Pn-°p∂Xpw hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ \n∂m-Wv. cmjv{S-Øns‚ Bflo-b-i‡n ZrV-am-°p-I, Ncn-{X-]-c-amb XpS¿® kwc-£n-°p-I, `qX-Ime t\´-ßf- psS kwc-£W - w, anI-®`- mhn F∂nh hnZym-eb - Ø - ns‚ [¿a-ßfn¬ hcp-∂p. A[n-Imcw \¬Ip-∂p.'' 15(3) ""F√m ]uc-∑m¿°pw-˛-]p-cp-j∑m¿°pw kv{XoIƒ°pw-˛-`-c-W-Iq-SØns‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn-ep≈ sXmgn-epI-fnepw ÿm]-\ß - fn-te°pap≈ \nba-\ß - f - nepw Ah-kc - k - a - Xzw \¬tI-≠Xm-Wv.'' 16(1) 4. hnZym- ` ymk ÿm]- \ - ß ƒ ÿm]n-°m\pw \S-Øm\pw \yq\-]-£ßƒ°p≈ Ah-Im-iw. (29˛mw hIp-∏v) ""`mc- X - Ø ns‚ AXn¿Øn- ° p≈ntem AXns‚ GsX- ¶ nepw `mKtØm ]m¿°p- ∂ , kz¥- a mb {]tXyI `mj-tbm, en]ntbm kwkvImctam D≈ F√m-h¿°pw AXv kwc-£n°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-ia - p-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.'' ""aX-Øn-s‚tbm `mj-bp-tStbm ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-ep≈ F√m \yq\-]£ - ߃°pw Ah¿°n-jvS-ap≈ hnZym-

hnZym-`ym-k-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ \n¿h-N-\-߃ ""Btcm-Ky-ap≈ ico-c-Øn¬ Btcm-Ky-ap≈ a\-kns‚ krjvSn.'' ˛ Acn-tÃm-´n¬ ""hnZym-`ym-kw, a\p-jys‚ B¥-cn-I-i-‡n-I-fpsS P∑-kn≤hpw CW-°-ap-≈Xpw ]ptcm-K-a-t\m-∑p-J-hp-amb hnIk\w.'' ˛ s]Ã-temXvkn ""hnZym`ymkw a\p-jy-\n-ep≈ kºq¿W-X-bpsS BhnjvIm-c-amWv.'' ˛kzman hnth-Im-\-µ≥ ""Ip´nIfnepw apXn¿∂-h-cn-ep-ap≈ imco-cn-Ihpw Bflobhpw am\-kn-I-hp-ambn DØ-amw-i-ß-fpsS Bhn-jvIm-c-amWv hnZym-`ym-kw.'' ˛Km-‘nPn ""hf-∏-‰p-≈Xpw sh≈w e`n-°p-∂-Xp-amb ÿeØv \´ Hcp hr£-tØm-SmWv \√ hnZym-`ym-ksØ Rm≥ D]-an-°p∂Xv.'' ˛s]Ã-temXvkn ""{]Ir-Xnsb ]n¥p-S-c-emWv hnZym`ymkw.'' ˛dqt m ""]cn]q¿W Pohn-X-Øn-\p≈ Xbm-sd-Sp-∏mWv hnZym-`ymkw.''

12

`ymk ÿm]-\ß - ƒ {]h¿Øn-∏n-°m≥ Ah-Im-ia - p-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.'' (30) 5. amXr-`mjm hnZym-`ymkw (hIp∏v 350) ""`mjm \yq\-]-£-Øn¬s∏Sp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°v {]mY-anI L´-Øn¬ amXr`m-j-bn-eqsS t_m[\w e`y-am-°m≥ th≠ kuI-cy-߃ Hmtcm kwÿm\hpw G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. AXv Bh-iyam-sW∂p tXm∂n-bmtem AXv icn-bmsW∂p tXm∂n-bmtem AØcw kuIcy-߃ \¬Im≥ GXp kwÿm-\Ø - nt\mSpw cmjv{S-]Xn Bh-iy-s∏-SW - w.'' hnZym-`ym-ksØ `cW LS-\bpsS "I¨I-d‚ v enÃn-'emWv s]SpØn- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ - X v . tI{µ- Ø nepw, kwÿm- \ - Ø nepw hnj- b - Ø n¬ Xpey{]m[m-\y-amWp-≈X - v.

˛kvs]≥k¿ ""hnZym-`ymkØns‚ Dt±iyw GsX-¶nepw Hcp imkv{XØn¬ bphm- ° ƒ°v ]q¿W- a mb Adnhv \¬Ip- I - b - √ , AØcw hn⁄m\w Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ahsc k∂-≤-cm-°pI-bmWv'' ˛tPm¨ tem°v ""bph-Xe - a - p-db - psS {Iao-Ir-Xa - mb kmaq-ly-h¬I-cW - a - mWv hnZym-`ymkw.'' ˛sk¿hnw ""hnZym-`ymkw Pohn-X-Øns‚ kz`mhw Xs∂-bm-I-bm¬ AXv hf¿® Xs∂-bm-Wv. A√msX AXn-s\mcp e£y-hpan√.'' ˛tPm¨Uyqbn ""Hcp hy‡n-bn¬ Ign-bp-∂{X ]q¿WX hf¿Øp-I-bmWv hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ D∂w.'' ˛C-Ωm-\p-h¬ Im‚ v ""hy‡nsb k¬kz-`m-hnbpw temI-Øn\v D]-Im-cn-bp-am°n-Øo¿°p-I-bmWv hnZym-`ym-kw-sIm≠v km[n-t°-≠Xv.'' ˛bm-⁄-h¬Iy≥ ""a\p-jys\ Hcp kºq¿W a\p-jy-\m°n am‰p∂ {]{Inb-bmWv hnZym-`ymkw.'' ˛A-c-hntµm ""hnZym-`ym-k-sa-∂Xv B¿Pn-°p∂ Adn-hp-I-fpsS BsIØp-I-b-√. AXv Pohn-XsØ krjvSn-°p-∂Xpw a\p-jys\ Icp-∏n-Sn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw kz`m-h-cq-]-h¬°-cWw \S-Øp-∂Xpw Bibw kzmwio-I-cWw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xp-am-IWw.'' ˛hnth-Im-\-µ≥

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

C´y-bnse hnZym-`ymk coXn-I-fn kaq-e-amb amä-¯n\v {_n«ojv `cWw CS-bm-¡n. Ht«sd ]pXnb hnZym-`ymk Øm]-\§ - Ä XÂ^-ea - mbn DbÀ¶p-h¶p.

{_n´ojv `c-Whpw

Ad-_nIv, t]Àjy³ `mj-If - psS ]T\-¯n-\mbn 1781þ "I¡« a{Zk' Øm]n-¨Xv hmd³tl-Ìnw-Kvkm-Wv.

C¥y≥ hnZym-`ym-khpw

]ckvXy ]T-\-§Ä¡v {]m[m\yw \ÂIm-\p-t±-in-¨v, 1784þ I¡-«b - n "Gjym-änIv skmsskän' Øm]n-¨Xv kÀ. hneyw tPm¬km-Wv.

sa¡m-fb - psS an\nSvkv (1835)

1791þ _\m- d - k n kwkv I rX tImtfPv XpS-§n-bXv sP\m-X³ U¦Wm-W.v knhn skÀhâ vkns\ ]cnio-en¸n- ¡ m- \ m- b n, 1800þ I¡- « - b n t^mÀ«v hneyw tImtfPv XpS-§n-bXv shÃÉn {]`p-hm-Wv. 1817þ I¡« lnµp tImtfPv Øm]n- ¡ m³ ap³ssI FSp- ¯ Xv cmPmdmw taml- ³ tdm- b n, tUhnUv lmsc F¶n-h-cm-Wv. ]n¶o-SnXv "{]knU³kn tImtf-Pmbn' hnI-kn-¸n¨p. C´y³ bqWn-th-gvkn-äokv BIvSv \ne-hn h¶Xv 1904þem-Wv. 1902þse dmse Iao-jsâ (Raleigh Commission) ip]mÀi-If - mWv BIvSn\v Dt]mÂ_-eI-am-b-Xv. Iao-j-\nse GI C´y³ AwK-am-bn-cp¶ Kpcp-Zmkv _m\ÀPn Iao-j³ \nÀtZ-i-§sf ià-ambn FXnÀ¯p. "C´y-bnse Cw¥ojv hnZym-`ym-k¯nsâ amám-ImÀ«' F¶-dn-bs - ¸-Sp-¶Xv 1854þse hpUvkv sUkv]m-¨m-Wv. "C´y-bnse B[p-\nI ]mÝmXy hnZym-`ym-k-¯nsâ ]nXmhv' F¶-dn-bs¸-Sp-¶Xv KhÀWÀ P\-d hneyw s_ân-¡m-Wv. 1835, amÀ¨n hneyw- s _â nIv sa¡msf an\p«vkv AwKo-Ic - n-¡p-Ibpw Cw¥o-jns\ C´y-bnse HutZym-KnI `mj-bm-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. NmÀ«À AIvSv (1813) C´y-bn B[p-\nI hnZym-`ymk- ¯ n ]pXnb Zni \ÂIn- b Xv 1813þse NmÀ«À BIvSm-W.v C´y-¡msc ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw AXn-\pÅ [\-klmbw \ÂIp-¶-Xn\pw CuÌn-´ym-I¼\n D¯-c-hm-Z-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xmbn {InkvXy³ anj-\-dn-amÀ \nÀtZ-in-¨p. Cu \nÀtZ-is¯ 1813þse NmÀ«-dn-eqsS I¼\n AwKo-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. XÂ^-embn Hcpe£w cq] Cu Dt±i-¯n-te-¡mbn hI-bn-cp-¯n.

C´y³ hnZym-`ym-k¯ - n ]mÝmXy-h¡-cWw \S-¸m-¡s - ¸-«Xv 1835þse sa¡m-sf-bpsS an\n-Svtkm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. Cw¥ojv `mj-bmWv B[p-\nI hnÚm\-¯nsâ ImXÂ. `mc-X-¯n \thm°m\w sIm-p-h-cp-¶-Xn\v Cw¥o-jn\v Ign-bpw, \m«p-ImÀ Cw¥ojv ]Tn-¡p-¶Xn\p s]mXpth XÂ]-c-cmWv XpS-§nb-hb - m-bn-cp¶p sa¡m-sf-bpsS {][m\ ip]mÀi-IÄ. kaq-l-¯nse ta¯«n-ep-Å-h-cpsS hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-\mWv sa¡msf {]m[m\yw \ÂIn-b-Xv. CXv ]n¶oSv Down Filtration Theory F¶ t]cn Adn-b-s¸-«p. apIį-«n sImSp-¡p¶ hnZym-`ymkw {ItaW Xmsg-¯«- n F¯n-s¡mÅpw F¶-Xmbn-cp¶p At±-l¯ - nsâ k¦Â]w. hpUvkv sUkv]m¨v (1854) C´y-bn ]pXn-sbmcp hnZym`ymk \bw {]N- c n- ¸ n- t ¡- - X nsâ Bhiyw {_n«ojv ]mÀe-saâ v AwKoI-cn-¨t- Xm-sS, I¼-\n-bpsS I¬t{SmÄ t_mÀUnsâ A[y- £ - \ m- b n- c p¶ NmÄkv h pUv 1854þ ]pXn- s bmcp NmÀ«À {]kn- ² o- I - c n- ¨ p. CXv "hpUvks v Ukv]m¨v' F¶ t]cn Adnb-s¸-Sp-¶p. FÃm kwØm-\-§-fnepw hnZym`ym-k- Ub-d-IvS-dpsS Hm^okv Øm]n¡- W w, s]mXp- h n- Z ym- ` ym- k - ¯ n\pw ]pXnb hnZym-eb - § - Ä XpS-§p-¶X - n\pw {]m[m\yw \ÂI-Ww, A[ym-]I ]cnio-e-\-¯n-\mbn Øm]-\-§Ä Bcw`n- ¡ - W w, kv { Xohn- Z ym- ` ym- k - ¯ n\v {]m[m\yw \ÂI-Ww, ]uc-kvXy-hn-Zym`ym-ks¯ t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-I, I¡¯, t_mws_, a{Zmkv F¶n-hn-S§ - f - n kÀh- I - e m- i m- e - I Ä Øm]n- ¡ p- I , \nbaw, sshZy-imkv{Xw, F©n-\o-bdnwKv F¶nh kÀh-I-em-im-e-I-fpsS \nb-{´-W-¯nÂsIm--p-h-cnI F¶n-hbm-bn-cp¶p hpUvkv sUkv]m-¨nse {][m\ ip]mÀi-IÄ. l- À Iao- j ³ (1882) dn¸¬ {]`p-hnsâ Ime-¯mWv C´y-bnse BZys¯ hnZym-`y-mk IaoZ _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

j-³ \nb-an-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. kÀ hneyw l--dm-bn-cp¶p Iao-jsâ A[y-£³. sk¡- - d n hnZym- ` ym- k - h p- a mbn _Ôs¸- « m- b n- c p¶p Iao- j sâ {][m\ ip]mÀi-IÄ. {]mY-anI hnZym-`ym-k¯nsâ Npa-X-e-IÄ kÀ¡mÀ Gsä-Sp¡-Ww, \m«p hnZym-eb - § - sf hnZym-`ymk- ¯ nsâ apJy- [ m- c - b n sIm- p - h - c Ww, A[ym- ] I ]cn- i o- e - \ - ¯ n\v t\mÀa kvIqfp-IÄ Øm]n-¡-Ww, kv { Xohn- Z ym- ` ym- k - ¯ n\v ]cn- K - W \ \ÂIWw F¶n- h - b m- b n- c p¶p aäp {][m\ ip]mÀi-IÄ. kmÀPâ v dnt¸mÀ«v (1944) C´y-bnse hnZym-`ym-kh - n-Ik - \ - ¯n\v cq]-tcJ Xbm-dm-¡m³ kÀ tPm¬ kmÀPânsâ A[y-£-X-bn bp²m-\´ - c Imes¯ hnZym-`ym-k¯ - n\mbn kaÀ¸n-¡-s¸« dnt¸mÀ«mWv kmÀPâ v dnt¸mÀ«v. kuP\y {]mY-anI-hn-Zym-`ym-kw, A¡m-Z-an-Iw, kmt¦XnIw F¶n- § s\ c- v coXn- b n- e pÅ sslkvIq-fp-IÄ Øm]n-¡pI F¶n-hbm-bn-cp¶p CXnse {][m\ ip]mÀiIÄ. kmUveÀ Iao-j³ 1917þ1919 Ime-b-f-hn \nb-an-Xamb kmUveÀ Iao-j³ (Sadler Commission) D¶X hnZym-`ym-k-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« Imcy-§Ä¡mWv Du¶Â \ÂIn-bX - v. kÀ. Ajp-tXmjv apJÀPn, tUm. knbm-hp-±o³ Al-½Zv F¶n-hcm-bn-cp¶p Iao-j\ - nse C´y-¡m-cmb AwK-§Ä. 12 hÀjw hsc ssZÀLy-apÅ sa{Sn¡p-te-j³, XpSÀ¶v CâÀao-Un-b-äpw, kÀh-I-em-ime ]T-\hpw F¶ k{¼Zmbw Iao-j³ apt¶m«p sh¨p. bqWn-th-gvknän tImgvkv aq¶p-hÀjambn \nP- s ¸- S p- ¯ p- I bpw ]mkv tImgvkv, HmtW-gvkv, F¶n-§s\ hn`Pn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. h\nXm hnZym-`ym-ks¯ Dt±-in¨v Hcp t_mÀUpw Iao-j³ \nÀtZ-in-¨p.

12

`n-¡W - w.

kzX-{¥-`m-cØ - nse hnZym-`ymk Iao-j-\p-Iƒ kÀh-Ie - m-ime hnZym-`ymk Iao-j³ (1948þ49) tUm. Fkv . cm[m- I r- j v W ³ A[y-£\ - mbn 1948þ bqWn-th-gvknän FUyp-t¡-j³ Iao-j³ cq]o-Ir-Xa- m-bn. kÀh-I-em-ime hnZym-`ym-k-¯nsâ hnhn[ hi-§Ä ]Tn¨v {]iv\-]-cn-lmc-§Ä¡pÅ ip]mÀi \ÂIpI F¶ Dt±-iy-t¯m-sS-bmWv Iao-j³ \nb-an-¡s¸-«-Xv. 1949þ Iao-j³ dnt¸mÀ«v \ÂIn. Iao-jsâ {][m\ ip]mÀiIÄ Ch-bm-bn-cp¶p; kÀh-I-em-im-e-IÄ, `mc-X-¯nsâ kmaq-ln-Iþ- c - m-j{v Sob Nn{Xw IW-¡n-seSp-¯ hnZym-`ymk e£y-§Ä BhnjvIc - n-¡W - w. A[ym-]I - c - psS KpW-\n-eh - mcw sa¨s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\p-Å- ¢m-kp-IÄ \ÂIWw. tkh\ thX\ hyh- Ø - I Ä Imem-\p-kc - Ww ]cn-jvIc - n-¡W - w. Kth-j-Ws¯ t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡m³ Hmtcm kÀh-Ie - m-im-eb - nepw Kth-jW s^tem-jn-¸p-IÄ D-m-bn-cn-¡-Ww. sXmgn-e-[n-jvTnX hnZym-`ym-k-¯n\v {]m[m\yw \ÂI-Ww. C´y-s¡m-«m-sI-bpÅ bqWn-th-gvknän-I-fpsS taÂt\m-«-¯n\pw {]hÀ¯\- ¯ n\pw [\- k - l mbw \ÂIm³ bqWn-th-gk v nän {Kmâ k v v Iao-j³ cq]oI-cn-¡W - w. kv{Xohn-Zym-`ymkw t{]mÕm-ln-¸n¡m³ h\nXm tImtf-Pp-IÄ Øm]n-¡Ww. D]- \ ymk coXn- b n- e pÅ tNmZy§Ä¡p ]I- c w hkv X p- \ n- j v T - a mb tNmZy-§Ä¡p {]m[m\yw \ÂI-Ww. hmNm ]co-£I - Ä GÀs¸-Sp-¯W - w. apX-en-bmÀ Iao-j³ sk¡âdn hnZym-`ymk cwK-¯nsâ ØnXn- I Ä ]Tn¨v hne- b n- c p- ¯ p- ¶ Xn\pw ]cn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw \ntbmKn-¡s - ¸« Iao-j\ - m-Wn-X.v a{Zmkv kÀhI-em-ime sshkv Nm³k-e-dm-bn-cp¶ tUm. F. e£va-W-kzman apX-en-bmÀ Bbn-cp¶p A[y-£³. 1952þ \nb-an¡-s¸« Iao-j³ 1953þ dnt¸mÀ«v kaÀ¸n-¨p. Iao-jsâ {][m\ \nÀtZi-§Ä: \mtem At©m hÀjs¯ {]mY-anI hnZym- ` ym- k - ¯ n\p tij- a mWv sk¡âdn hnZym- ` ymkw \ÂtI- - X v . ko\n-bÀ t_knIv hnZym-`ymkw aq¶p hÀjw \ÂI-Ww. kvIqÄ Xe-¯nsâ Xs¶ D¶X Xew 4 hÀj-am-¡-Ww. {Xn`mjm ]²Xn \S-¸n-em-¡Ww

14

þCw¥o-jv, lnµn, amXr-`m-j. hnhn-t[m-t±iy hnZym-e-b-§Ä Bcw`n¡-Ww. A[ym-]-IÀ¡v KpW-\n-e-hmcw sa¨s¸-Sp-¯m³ Bh-iy-amb ]cn-io-e\w \ÂI-Ww. {]hÀ¯-\-coXn, t{]mPIvSv coXn F¶n-h¡v {]m[m\yw sImSp-¡W - w. Iu¬k-enwKv ssKU³kv skâ-dpIÄ sk¡âdn hnZym-eb - § - f - n Bcw-

\mj-W¬ Iu¨kn¬ Hm^v dqd¬ C≥Ãn-‰yq´vkv KmÔn- P n- b psS ASn- Ø m\ hnZym-`ymkw (Nai Talim) F¶ Bib-amWv \mj-W Iu¬kn Hm^v dqd C³Ìn-äyq-«nsâ cq]-hÂI-cW - ¯n\v Imc-Wa - m-bX - .v A\u-]N - m-cnI hnZym-`ym-k¯ - n-eqsS kzbw]cym-]X v amb Hcp kaq-l-kr-jvSn-bmWv Cu Øm]-\-¯n--eqsS Dt±-in-¡p-¶-Xv. bqWn-th-gk v nän FUyp-t¡-j³ Iaoj³ sNbÀam-\m-bn-cp¶ tUm.- Fkv. cm[m-IrjvWsâ \nÀtZ-i-{]-Imcw 1949þemWv BZy-_m¨v {]th-i\w \S-¶-Xv. tUm. Bcw Bbn-cp¶p Iu¬kn-ensâ BZy sNbÀam³. sslZ- c m- _ m- Z mWv NCRI bpsS BØm-\w. ""\bo-Xm-en-ansâ hyàn-Xzhpw \ho- \ - X bpw a\- Ê n- e m- t ¡- - X p- - v . ]gb hnZym- ` ym- k - ¯ n- e pÅ \à Awi-§sfÃmw \bo-Xm-en-an \ne\nÀ¯pw. F¶m AXn\p ]pdsa ]pXnb Awi- § fpw [mcm- f - a p- - m hpw. \bo-Xmenw icn¡pw ]pXn-bXp-X-s¶-bm-sW-¦nÂ, AXp Xmsg sImSp-¡p¶ ^e-§-fn-te¡p \bn¡p-¶X - mbncn¡pw: \½psS ]c-mP-bt_m[w {]Xym-ib - pw KXn-tISpw ]«nWnbpw Poh-t\m-]m-b-¯nsâ ]cym]vX-X-bn-te-¡pw, sXmgn-en-Ãmbva DÕm- l - ¯ n\pw tPmen- ¡ pw Ass\Iyw sFIy-¯n\pw Øm\sam- g n- ª p- s Im- S p- ¡ - W w. AXv \½psS ]p{X- · m- s cbp ]p{Xn- a mscbpw Fgp¯pw hmb-\b - pw, AtXmsSm- ¶ n¨v Adn- h p- - m - ¡ p- h m- \ pÅ D]m- b - s a¶ \ne- b n Hcp ssIs¯m- g nepw ]Tn- ¸ n- ¡ m³ {]m]vXc - m-¡W - w.'' Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

tIm¯mcn Iao-j³ (C-´y³ FUyp-t¡-j³ Iao-j³) 1964þ cq]o-Ic - n-¡s - ¸« Iao-j³, tUm. kn.- F - k v . tIm¯m- c n- b m- b n- c p¶p CXnsâ A[y-£³. Hcp tZiob hnZym`ymk amXrI cq]-h¡-cn-¡p-I, hnZym`ym-k¯ - nsâ L«w L«-amb hnI-k\ - ¯n Bh- i y- a mb D]- t Z- i - § Ä kÀ¡m-dn\v \ÂIpI F¶n-h-bm-bncp¶p Iao-jsâ Dt±-iy-§Ä. 1966þ kaÀ¸n¨ dnt¸mÀ«nsâ {][m\ ip]mÀi-IÄ Ch-bm-Wv. kmaq-ln-Ihpw Bßo-bh - p-amb aqey§Ä DbÀ¯p-I, B[p-\n-I-h¡cWw thK-¯n-em-¡p-I, DÂ]m-Z-\-£X hÀ[n-¸n-¡pI F¶nh tZiob hnZym`ymk e£y-am-Wv. imkv{X-]T - \ - ¯ - n\v {]m[m\yw \ÂIWw. {]mY-anI L«-¯n¯s¶ AXv XpS-§W - w. kmaq-ln-I, tZiob tkh\w hnZym`ym-k¯ - nsâ `mK-am-¡W - w. {]hr- ¯ n- ] - c n- N - b - ¯ n\v Du¶Â sImSp-¡W - w. hnZym-`ym-k-¯nsâ `mjm am[yaw amXr-`m-jb - n-em-bn-cn-¡W - w. s]mXp-hn-Zym-eb kwhn-[m\w iàns¸-Sp-¯W - w. tZiob hnZym-`ymk \bw (National Policy on Education) 1968þse hnZym-`ymk \bw ]p\x-]-cntim-[n¨v ]pXn-sbmcp hnZym-`ym-k\ - bw Bhn-jvIc - n-¡m³ 1985þ Kh¬saâ v Xocp-am-\n-¨p. A§-s\-bmWv tZiob hnZym-`ymk \bw F¶ Bibw Dcp¯n-cn-bp-¶X - v. 1986þ ]mÀe-saâ v Cu \b-¯n\v AwKoImcw \ÂIn. \b¯nsâ {][m\ kmcmw-i§ - Ä: 10+2+3 F¶ ]mtä¬ cmPy-¯msI AwKo-Ic - n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. tZiob ]mTy-]-²-Xn-bpsS DÅn \n¶p sIm- p Å Hcp tZiob \bamWv e£y-an-Sp-¶X - v. Ah-kc - k - aXzw bmYmÀYy-am-¡m³-þhn-P-bn-¡m³ Bh-iy-amb kuI-cy§Ä GÀ¸m-Sm-¡W - w. {]mY-anI hnZym-e-b-§-fnse A[yb\w Imcy-£a - a - m-¡p-¶X - n\v ASn-Øm\- ] - c - a mbn th- ]T- t \m- ] - I - c - W - § Ä \ÂIp¶ ]²-XnþHm-¸-td-j³ »m¡v t_mÀUv. `mjm-]T - \ - ¯ - n\v þ hnhn[ `mj-Isf _Ôn- ¸ n- ¡ p¶ s]mXp `mj- s bþ t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡W - w. ASn- Ø m\ tbmKyX t\Sp¶ hnZymÀYn-IÄ¡v cmPys¯ GXp {]tZi-¯pÅ hnZym-eb - § - f - nepw {]th-i\w \ÂI-Ww. inip-]-cn-N-c-Whpw inip-hn-Zym-`ymkhpw kmÀh-{Xn-Ia - m-¡W - w. KpW-ta· Dd-¸m-¡m³ kaÀY-cmb hnZymÀYn-IÄ¡v \thm-Zb hnZym-e-b§Ä Øm]n-¡W - w. Hm¸¬ hnZqc hnZym-`ymk ]²Xn Bhn-jvIc - n-¡W - w.

hnZqc hnZym-`ymkw hnZym-`ym-ks¯ Øe-Im-e§ - f - p-sSbpw ¢mkvap-dn-If - p-sSbpw ]cn-an-Xn-bnÂ\n¶v apà- a m¡n kmt¦- X n- I - h n- Z y¡v {]m[m\yw \ÂIn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶XmWv hnZqc hnZym-`ym-kw. kmt¦-XnI D]-Ic - W - § - f - p-sSbpw A¨Sn¨ ]T-\k - ma-{Kn-If - p-sSbpw klm-bt- ¯m-sS-bmWv CXnse ]T-\w. sshhn-[y-amÀ¶ tPmenI-fn GÀs¸-«n-cn-¡p¶ ]Tn-Xm-¡Ä¡v X§-fpsS Adnhpw ss\]p-Wn-I-fpw Imem-\p-kr-X-ambn hnI-kn-¸n-¡m³ hnZq-ch - n-Zym-`ymkw D]-Ic - n-¡p-¶p. ]TnXm-hnsâ Bh-iy-§Ä¡pw kuI-cy§Ä¡pw B{K-l-§Ä¡pw A\p-kcW-ambn CXv kwL-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶p. tPmenbn XpS-cp-t¼mįs¶ _ncp-Ztam Unt¹m-atbm t\Sm³ hnZq-ch - n-Zym-`ymkw klm-bn-¡p-¶p. Hm¸¬ bqWn-th-gvknän 1970þI-fn ZÂln-bn sP.F³.bp. (Jawaharlal Nehru University) sshkv Nm³k-eÀ Pn. ]mÀY-km-cYn sNbÀam\m- b pÅ I½nän Xbm- d m- ¡ nb dnt¸mÀ«mWv Hm¸¬ bqWn-th-gvknän F¶ Bi-b¯ - n\v C´y-bn ASn-¯d ]mIn-bX - v. 1982þ B{Ôm-{]-tZ-in C´ybnse BZys¯ Hm¸¬ bqWp-thgvknän \ne-hn h¶p. {]mbw, kmaqlnI \ne- h mcw F¶nh ]cn- K - W n¡msX hnZym-`ymkw sN¿m³ B{K-ln¡p-¶h - À¡v AXn-\pÅ kuIcyw Hcp ¡pI F¶-XmWv Hm¸¬ bqWn-th-gk v nän-bpsS e£yw. ]Tn-Xm-hn\v Hgnhp kab-§f - n ho«n-en-cp-¶p-Xs¶ ]Tn-¡p-¶Xn\pw CS¡v tImgvkv apS-§n-b-hÀ¡v XpSÀ]-T\w \nÀh-ln-¡p-¶X - n\pw X¡-

kam-¥c hnZym-`ymkw h-®a- mWv CXnsâ Bkq-{X-Ww. A¡mZ-anIv hnZ-Kv[\pw aäpw ]mTy-]² - X - nbpw ]mTy-h-kvXp-¡fpw X¿m-dm¡n ]Tn-Xmhnsâ ho«n-te¡v Ab-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p. hnhn[ kmt¦-XnI am[y-a§ - Ä D]-tbmKn¨v ¢mkp-IÄ Imcy-£-a-am-¡m³ Ignbpw F¶Xv Hm¸¬ bqWn-th-gvknän-bpsS km[y-Xb - m-Wv. Cµn-cm-KmÔn Hm¸¬ bqWn-th-gvknän (IGNOU) 1985 sk]väw-_À 20þ\v ZÂln tI{µ- a mbn Øm]n- X - a mb Hm¸¬ bqWn-th-gvkn-än-bmWv Cµn-cm-KmÔn \mj-W Hm¸¬ bqWn-th-gvknän (Ctám). kÀh- I - e m- i m- e - I - f nÂ\n¶v hyXy-kvXa - mbn hnZym-`ym-ks¯ ]pXnsbmcp ho£-W-tIm-Wn-eqsS Ctám hnZq- c - h n- Z ym`ym- k - ¯ n\v {]m[m\yw \ÂIp-¶p. 17 {]mtZ-inI tI{µ-§f - n-eqsSbpw 225 ]T-\-tI-{µ-§-fn-eq-sSbpw cmPy-s¯m-«msI hym]n-¨p-In-S-¡p¶ Ctám temIs¯ Gähpw henb c-m-as¯ Hm¸¬ bqWn-th-gvkn-än-bmWv. Ctám-bpsS BZy sshkv Nm³keÀ s{]m^. Pn. dmw sdUvUn-bm-bn-cp¶p. tIc-f¯ - nse taJem skâ-dnsâ BØm\w sIm¨n-bm-Wv. C´y-bnse hnZq-c-hn-Zym-`ymk ]²-Xn-I-fpsS \nehmcw \nÝ- b n- ¡ p- I bpw Ah- b psS {]hÀ¯-\§ - Ä t{ImUo-Ic - n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ D¶-Xm-[n-Imc kanXn Ctámbm-W.v

hyXy-kvX-X-I-fpsS I¬°´ k¿h-I-em-ime C´y-bnse BZys¯ kÀh-Ie - m-im-eI - Ä þ I¡«, t_mws_, a{Zmkv kÀh-I-em-im-IÄ, Øm]n-X-am-bXv 1857þem-W.v Ch-bn BZyw \ne-hn h¶Xv I¡« kÀhI-em-im-eb - m-Wv. 1857 P\p-hcn 24þ\p \ne-hnÂh¶ I¡« kÀh- I - e m- i me C´y³ D]- ` q- J - Þ - ¯ nse Xs¶ BZys¯ B[p-\nI kÀh-I-em-im-e-bm-bn-cp-¶p. C´y³ hnZym-`ymk cwKs¯ Ht«sd \mgn-I-¡-Ãp-IÄ¡v I¡« kÀh- I - e m- i me km£yw hln- ¨ n- « p- - v . • 1890 apX 1892 hsc I¡« kÀh-I-em-im-e-bpsS sshkv Nm³k-ed - m-bn-cp¶ kÀ. Kpcp-Zmkv _m\ÀPn-bmWv C´y-¡m-c\ - mb BZys¯ sshkv Nm³k-eÀ. • Cw¥- n se bqWn- t h- g v k nän Hm^v e- s â amXr- I - b nemWv I¡« kÀh-Ie - m-im-esb hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-cp-¶Xv. • Gjy-bnse Xs¶ BZys¯ saUn-¡Â tImtf-Pmb I¡« saUn-¡Â tImtfPv 1835þemWv Øm]n-Xa - m-bX - v. CXns\ ]n¶oSv I¡« kÀh-Ie - m-im-et- bmSv tNÀ¯p. • C´y-bnse BZys¯ h\nXm tImtf-Pmb s_Yp³ tImtfPv (Bethune College) 1879þ Øm]n- X - a m- b Xv I¡-«b - nÂ, kÀh-Ie - m-im-e¡p Iogn-em-Wv.

kÀh-in£m A`n-bm³ (SSA) tI{µkÀ¡mÀ cq]-IÂ]-\-sNbvXn-cn-¡p¶ {]mY-anI hnZym-`ymk ]cn]m-Sn-bmWv Fkv.-F-kv.F F¶ t]cn Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶ kÀh-in£m A`n-bm³. 2001þ02þ Bcw-`n¨v 2010 hsc XpS-cm-\mWv ]²Xn e£y-an-«n-cn¡p-¶-Xv. 6 apX 14 hb-Êp-h-sc-bpÅ Ip«n-IÄ¡v \ne-hm-c-apÅ {]mY-anI hnZym- ` ymkw \ÂIpI F¶- X mWv Fkv.-F-kv.-F-bpsS apJy-e-£yw. Cu ]²-Xn¡v Bh-iy-amb km¼-¯nI klmbw tI{µ-kÀ¡mcpw kwØm\ kÀ¡m-cp-amWv ]¦n-Sp-¶-Xv. 9þmw ]²Xn-bn 85:15, ]¯mw ]²-Xn-bn 75:25 AXn\p tijw 50:50 F¶- X mWv AXnsâ HutZym-KnI IW-¡v. XpSÀ hnZym-`ymkw (Continuing Education) A\u-]N - mcnIhpw B\p-jw-Kn-Ihp-amb hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-\mWv XpSÀhnZym- ` ymkw {]m[m\yw \ÂIp- ¶ - X v . JÞn-Xa - mb Hcp ]mTy-]² - X - ntbm ]T\-co-Xntbm XpSÀ hnZym-`ym-k-¯nsâ A\n-hm-cy-Xb - à - . hnZym-`ymkw Pohn-X¯n- e q- s S, Pohn- X - ¯ n\p th- n F¶XmWv XpSÀ hnZym-`ym-k-¯nsâ hgn. ""GhÀ¡pw hnZym-`ymkw Fs¶¶pw hnZym-`ymkw'' F¶-XmWv XpSÀ hnZym`ymk ]²-Xn-bpsS {]Jym-]nX e£yw. {XnXe ]©m- b ¯v kwhn- [ m\w aptJ\ FÃm PnÃ- b n- e pw D- S - \ ofw

- n-tIm-tfPv 1880þ • C´y-bnse BZys¯ tlman-tbm-¸X Øm]n-Xa - m-bXpw I¡« kÀh-Ie - m-im-e¡p Iogn-em-Wv. • C´y-bnse BZys¯ kb³kv tImtfPv 1917þ I¡« kÀh-I-em-im-e¡p Iogn Øm]n-¨p. • C´y-bn AÔÀ¡p th-n-bpÅ BZys¯ hnZym-ebw, 1975þ I¡« kÀh-Ie - m-im-e¡p Iogn \ne-hn h¶p. • C´y-bnse BZys¯ bqWn-th-gvknän ayqknbw 1937þ \ne- h nÂh¶ Ajp- t Xmjv ayqknb (Ashuthosh Museum) amWv. I¡« Iem-im-e¡p Iogn-em-Wn-Xv. • C´y-bnse BZys¯ amt\-Pvsaâ v ]T-\-Øm-]-\-amb C´y³ C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v tkmjy shÂ^-bÀ B³Uv _nkn-\kv amt\-Pvsaâ v (IISWBM) 1953þ I¡« kÀhI-em-im-e¡p Iogn Øm]n-Xa - m-bn. • 2005 \hw-_-dn "ssSwkv lbÀ FPyp-t¡-j³ k¹nsaâ v' ]pd-¯n-d-¡nb ]«n-I-bn temI-¯n Gähpw anI¨ BZys¯ 50 BÀSvkv Bâ v lpam-\n-äokv kÀh-Iem-im-eI - f - n-sem-¶mWv I¡« bqWn-th-gvkn-än. BZy 100 Øm\-¯n-\I - s - ¯-¯nb asämcp C´y³ kÀh-Ie - m-ime ZÂln bqWn-th-gvkn-än-bm-Wv. • _wKmÄ F©n-\o-bd- nwKv tImtfPv 1921þemWv \ne-hn h¶-Xv. • 1883þ I¡« kÀh-I-em-im-e-bn \n¶pw _ncpZw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡nb ImZw-_n\n KmwKp-en, N{µ-ap-Jn _mkp F¶n-h-cmWv C´y-bnse BZys¯ h\nXm _ncp-Z-[m-cnWn-IÄ.

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

14

XpSÀhnZym tI{µ-§Ä XpS-§nb - m- e nX kÀhI BZy kwØm\w tIc-fa - m-Wv. - n-seÃmw I¸-Wm-h-Im-i-ap--mF¶n-hb c ` zbwtIcf A\u-]N - m-cnI im-e-IÄ¡v k hnZym-`ymk hnI-k\ kanXn . pw ¡ nity c nrs v b n.k n (U ni ve m- i m- e -I Ä ¡ 1977 Pq¬ 30þ\v Xncp-h-\-´19 56 þs e b p. - Pn) B I vS ns â mX r-k À h -I -em-eI W a `c S ps f io iss ]pcw BØm-\-ambn Øm]n-¡- m-i - e pG ra nt s C om mm-ca- mWv I¸nX kÀh- I¸nX kÀhI Ã. F¶m _ncms¸« kwL-S\ - b - mWv "Im³s^Uv' sk£³þ3 {]I (Deemed Universities) ¯n CS-s]S- m-\m-hn- Xr-kÀhI m-i e F¶ t]cn Adn-bs - ¸-Sp¶ tIcf - m-cw, Z-§Ä \ÂIp-¶Xv am I-em-im-e-IÄ n-¡p-¶X - v. CXp-{]I A\u-]-Nm-cnI hnZym-`ymk hnI- m-bn-c n-bpsS eI k Øm]n-Xa n.- m-bn-cn-¡pw. - f â n-\v, bp.-P k\ kan-Xn. XpSÀhn-Zym-`ymk hnIä yq «v H m^ v tI{µ Kh¬saw H^o-jy Kk-än - W  C ³ Ì n- ¡mSv F³.mj \ mc I k\ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn kPo-h-ambn nt - mcw Ä (tImg neh \nÀtZi {] sSIvt\m-f-Pn-IS), _mw¥q-cnse C´y³ ÂIn, anI¨ \ ]s¦-Sp-¡p¶ Cu Øm]-\¯ - nsâ hnÚm-]\w \D ¶ X ] T - \ - Ø m- ] - \ - sF.Sn DÄs¸s Bkp-{X-I³ {KÙ-im-em-kw-Lb³kv, aWn-¸m - mbn - f ] pe À ¯ p¶ kÀhI - m-im-eI - e Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v kbÀ FPyp-t¡-j³ ³ C nX ¯nsâ ]nXm-hmbn Adn-b-s¸-«n¸  I i m-I vl §sf kzbw `c-Wm-h -em-im-eA¡m-Zan Hm^ cp¶ ]n.-F³ ]Wn-¡c - m-W.v km£{]Jym-]n-¡mw. kÀh-I-em-im-e-bpsS XpS-§n-bh I¸nX kÀh-I c-Xm-þh - t- bm-P\ hnZym-`ym-k§ - f - n - m-Wv. - f - § amWv I¸nX mg v k v , k ne - _ - k v , IÄ¡v DZm-lc - W \nÀWm-bI Øm\w hln-¡m³ n oX c y{] tX y- I - X . tI mT ] okv LS-\, CXn\p Ign- ª n- « p- - v . AUvan-j³, ^ kwØm-\a- mbn Hm¸-td-j³ »m¡v t_mÀUv {]Jym-]n-¡-s¸-«p. C´y-bnse Xs¶ \§ fpsS kPoh A\m-tcm-Ky-I-c-amb kvIqÄ BZys¯ "k¼qÀW km£- c X A´-co-£w, kvIqÄ sI«n-S-§-fpsS ]¦m-fn¯w kam-l-cn-¡m³ klm-bn- t\cnb ]«-W-am-bn, 1989 Pq¬ 25þ\v ¡p¶ anj\ mWv tZiob km£c X mPoÀWm-hØ - , `uXnIkuI-cy-§f - psS tIm«bw {]Jym-]n-¡s - ¸-«p. Ipd-hv, t_m[\ kma-{Kn-I-fpsS A]- an-j³. 15þ\pw 35þ\pw CS-¡pÅ \nc1990 s^{_ph-cn-bn C´y-bnse • £c c mb P\§ Ä¡v km£c X cm-b] - vXX XpS-§n-bh {]mY-anI hnZymBZys¯ k¼qÀW km£c PnÃe-b-§-fpsS \ne-\nÂ]n\v `oj-Wn-bm- ]IÀ¶p- s Im- S p- ¡ m- \ mWv anjsâ bmbn Fd-Wm-Ipfw amdn. e£yw. {KmaoW taJe ¡pw ]«nI P mWv. Cu \yq\X ]cn-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pC´y³ AUÄ«v - «- n-Ih - ÀK-¯nÂs¸-«h - À¡pw anj³ th- n 1987þ88 Ime- b - f - h n \S- ¸ n- e m- Xn-þ] FUyp. Atkm-kn-tb-j³ {]tXyI {i²bpw ]cnK W \ bpw ¡nb ]²-Xn-bmWv Hm¸-td-j³ »m¡v htbm- P \ hnZym- ` ym- k - ¯ n\p t_mÀUv. ASn-Øm\ kuI-cy-§Ä¡v \ÂIp-¶p. th-n 1939þ cq]o-I-cn-¡-s¸« kwLA£c t Icfw þ k¼qÀW Cu ]²Xn {]m[m\yw \ÂIn. S-\. CXnsâ B`n-ap-Jy-¯n-epÅ {]knkm£-cXm ]cn-]mSn tZiob {]mY-anI hnZym-`ymk ²o-I-c-W-§-fmWv "C´y³ tPW tIcf s¯ \nc£ c X b nÂ\n¶v anj³ - m-an-j³ Hm^v AUÄ«v FUyp-t¡-j³', sF.{]mYn- a nI hnZym- ` ymkw tamNn-¸n-¡m³ tIcf km£-cX \S¸ ne m¡ nb ]²X nb mWv "A£-c- F.-C.F \yqkv seäÀ F¶n-h. CXnkm£m¡-cn-¡p-¶X - n\v Bh-iy-amb eqsS htbm-P\ XpSÀ hnZym-`ymk cwKhn`-h-§Ä Hcp-¡pI F¶ Dt±-iy- tIfw k¼qÀW km£-cXm ]cn-]mSn'. §Ä¡v hne- s ¸« kw`m- h - \ - I Ä 1990 G{]n 8þ\v kwØm\ h ym] I a mb t¯msS PnÃm {]mY-anI hnZym-`ymk \ÂIm³ Cu kwL-S-\¡v Ign-ªp. ]cn-]m-Snsb tI{µo-Ic - n¨v \S-¸n-em-¡nb Hcp km£-cXm kÀth-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv s\lvdp enä-dkn AhmÀUv F¶nh ]²Xn Bcw` n¨ X v . h¼n¨ P\] ¦ m]²-Xn. 1995þemWv tZiob {]mY-anI fn¯w Cu ]cn-]m-Sn-bpsS hnP-b¯ - n\v \ÂIp-¶Xpw C´y³ AUÄ«v FUyphnZym-`ymk anj³ Øm]n-Xa - m-bX - v. - m-Wv. hgns Xf n¨ p. ]TnX m¡ Ä¡pw ]cnio-e- t¡-j³ Atkm-kn-tb-j\ tZiob km£-cXm anj³ s\lv d p bpht I{µ kwLmX³ 1986þse tZiob hnZym-`ymk \b- IÀ¡pw Bh-iy-amb ]mT-]p-kvX-I15þ\pw 35þ\pw CS- b nÂs¸« §fpw ssI¸pk v X I § fpw \ÂInb Xv ¯nsâ `mK- a mbn cq]wsIm- p . 1988 hnZymÀYn-I-f-Ãm¯ sNdp-¸-¡m-cpsS sabv 5þ\v XpS-§n. km£-cX a\p-jy- tIcf km£-cXm kan-Xn-bm-Wv. ]cn- hnI-k-\-amWv CXp e£y-an-Sp-¶-Xv. ]mS nb n ]s¦S p¯ hnZK v [ cpw ]cnhn-`-h-ti-jn-bpsS {][m\ LS-I-amkzbw-sXm-gn-en GÀs¸-Sm³ klm-bsW¶pw hyàn- h n- I - k - \ - ¯ n\pw io-e-Icpw {]Xn-^ew hm§msX alm- I-amb ss\kÀKn-I-hm-k-\-IÄ hnI¯mb tkh\w A\pj v T n¨ p. 1991 cmjv{S-hn-I-k-\-¯n-\p-apÅ D]m-[nkn-¸n-s¨-Sp-¡m³ {KmaoW P\-Xsb bmWv AsX¶pw a\-Ên-em¡n kmam- G{]n 18þ\v tIcfw C´y- b nse k l m - b n - ¡ p - ¶ - X n \ p t h - n - b p Å k¼qÀW km£c X ssIhc n¨ BZy \y- P sXmgnÂ]- c n- i o- e \ ]cn- ] m- S n- I fpw \ÂIn-hc - p-¶p. sk³{S t_mÀUv Hm^v a {´ m- e - b - ¯ hÀt¡gvkv FUyp-t¡-j³ lbÀsk-¡âdnns â s k ¡ â d n & {]mtZ-inI tI{µ-§Â hgn hIp-¸n\p kzX{- ´k (J N V ) sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Adnhpw \n]p- a - X - n-bmWv sP.-F Iogn-epÅ ³.hn. hn 1986-þse ]pXnb W- X bpw sa¨- s ¸- S p- ¯ m³ th- n hnZym-`ymk \b - v . 485 kvIqfp-IÄ {]hÀ¯n-¡\ne¯nsâ `mKa p-¶pbpÅ ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ Bhn-jvIc - n-¡p- mbn {][m-\a - {´n Cµn-cmKmÔn XpS§ ¶p. t_mÀUnsâ BØm\w - nb ]²X k n.-_n.-Fk - n-bmWv P - v.C \thm-Zb hnZym - Ê À hm-ca - n \ \mKv]qÀ. - pÅ A[y-b\ kne_ - b - w. cmPys¯ hl PnÃ-I-fnepw {] e w ChnsS km[ neF à m {ianIv hnZym-]oTw I p¶ tX yp. {]tXyI Ign-h yI kvIqfp-IÄ hgn hp-I Ip«n-I-fpsS Iem-þ-Im-bnI am{ianIv hnZym-]o-T-§Ä Ah pÅ Ä I gn h I nI p« -kn-¸n-¡m-\pÅ n-IÄ¡v hnZym`ymkw \ÂIpØm]n¨ n« pÅ \K-c-§-fnepw ]cn] \ cn h i I pw os e £ yw . X a n- g b-¶-XmWv CXnsâ apX Imcy-£-a-ambn \S-¯p-¶ ekc { ]t Zi § f ne p-apÅ sXmgn-em-fn v p. \ 12 mS 6 þ v mw H ¢ gn s I F à m kwØm-\§ - f hÀK-¯nsâ {]tXyI Bh-iy-§Ä ]T-\w. ]T-\-amkp-h-sc-bmWv ChnsS - nepw tI{µ`- c - W {]tZi n-I-hnsâ ASn §-fn-ep-ambn 50 - - ¯ ]cn-l-cn-¡p-Ibpw sXmgn-e-[n-jvTn-X-Ø \thm-Zb hnZym 9 kvIqfp-IÄ Ph-lÀ IÄn {] th - i \ w e `n - ¡ p¶ m-\amb htbm-P\ hnZym-`ymkw \ÂInI ¡ e p« b v Xmak nkanX - w, `£- w, b - n-bps e p- - v . tI {µ - a mqWnt^mw, h-cp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. P\-in-£¬ \ - h - t i j n h S Iogn- ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-§ W nI - k \ F¶ Ä kwLm-X³ F¶mWv C¶v CXv Adnn-hbpw ChnsS , ]pkvXI§Ä e`y-am-¡p-¶p. b-s¸-Sp-¶X - v.

- me - e- mi I¬∏nX k¿hI

Phl - ¿ \thmZ- b hnZym e- b

16

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

tPmbnâ v amt\- P v s aâ v F³{S³kv sSÌnsâ (JMET) ASn-Øm-\-¯n-em-Wv. sF.-sF.-Fw-IÄ amt\-Pvsaâ v ]T-\-ta-J-e-bn C´yimkv{X-þ-km-t¦-XnI hnZym-`ym-k-þ-K-th- C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v sSIvt\m-f-Pnbpw (ITbnse Gähpw Xe-sb-Sp-¸pÅ Øm]-\§ - jW taJ-eb - n Gähpw anI¨ coXn-bn BHU) [³_m-Znse C´y³ kvIqÄ Hm^v fmWv C´y³ C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v amt\{]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ Øm]-\§ - f - mWv C´y³ ssa³kpw. Pvsaâ v AYhm sF.-sF.-F½ - p-IÄ. AlC³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v sSIvt\m-fPn AYhm ta¸-dª FÃm hnZym-`ymk Øm]sF.-sF.-Sn-IÄ. C´y-bn-em-bmepw hntZ-i- \-§-fnepw _ncpZ tImgvkp-I-fn {]th- ½- Z m- _ mZv (1961þ Øm]nXw), sIm¡¯ (1961), _mw¥qÀ (1973), eIvcm-Py-§f - n-em-bmepw sF.-sF.-Sn-IÄ¡v apJ- i\w sF.-sF.Sn s]mXp {]th-i\ - ] - c- o-£- \u, C³tUmÀ (1998), tImgn-t¡mSv (1998) hpc Bh-iy-an-Ã. Cu Øm]-\-§-fn bpsS (JEE]co-£) ASn-Øm-\¯ - n-em-Wv. F¶n-hn-S-§-fn-emWv sF.-sF.-F-½p-IÄ \n¶v ]Tn-¨n-d§ - p¶ anSp-¡· - m-cmb hyàn- ^nkn-Ik v ,v sIan-k{v Sn, amXvkv F¶o hnj- ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶X - .v Fw.-_n.F _ncp-Z¯ - n\p I-fpsS km¶n-[yw temI-¯nsâ FÃm b-§Ä ]Tn¨v ¹kvSp, AsÃ-¦n F©nXpeya mb amt\P v s aâ v ]n.-Pn. `mK- § - f n- e p- a p- - v . \o-bd- nwKv Unt¹m-ab - mWv Unt¹ma t{]m{Km-ap-If - mWv ChnF³.- B À kÀ¡mÀ I½- ä n- b psS S-§f - n {][m-\a- mbpw \S-¯p-¶in]mÀi-I-fmWv sF.-sF.-Sn-IXv. tI{µ am\-ht- ijn hnI-k\ fpsS Øm- ] - \ - ¯ n\v hgn- m-Zn- a{´m- e - b - ¯ nse sk¡âdn - X v{S km£c sbmcp¡nb-Xv. 1950þ Jc-Kv]qvtIm A´m-cj -cn-¡p-¶p. k \ ps b 8 Bâ v lbÀ FPp-t¡-jsâ À BN cnse (]-Ýn-a_ - w-KmÄ) lnwKven- • sk]väw-_ l Literacy Day) 23 temI ]pkvX- t\cn-«pÅ \nb-{´-W¯ na io - n-emWv at rn te (In bn-emWv BZys¯ sF.-sF.Sn \-ambn - mb G{]n Z- n-\a sF.- s F.- F - ½ p- I Ä. t]mÌv Øm]n-Xa- m-bX - .v 1951þemWv sF.- • tjIvkv]n-bd- psS P· oks Day) BN-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. sF.Sn F¶ t]-cv e`n-¨X - .v auem\m I-Zn-\-am-bmWv (World Bo tZiob lnµn-Zn-\-ambn (Na- {KmtPzäv Unt¹ma t{]m{Km-an\p ]pdsa _mw¥qÀ, Al-½Z- m-_mC´y-bn A_vZpÄ I-emw Bkm-ZmWv Cu sk]väw-_À 14 p. ¶ p• Zv, sIm¡-¯, eIv\u F¶o ¡ nc N . v B t]cv \nÀtZ-in-¨X - .v - m-W {_p-hcn 21þ- \ nal Hindi Day) tI{µ-§-fn ]n.-F-¨v.-Un¡v tI{µ am\-hh - n-`h - t- ijn a{´m- tio ´m-cmjv{S amXr-`m-jm-Zn\w s^ w-_À 9 h \ A Xpey-amb s^tem t{]m{Km-apw \ Zn • m X e- b - a mWv sF.- s F.SnIÄ¡v \nba km£-c m-hm-bn-cp¶ ]n.{]hÀ¯-\¯ - n-\pÅ km¼-¯n-I- • tZiob Ù-imem kwL-¯nsâ ]nX tIc-f-¯n Ifpw (F^v.]n.-Fw) \S-¯n-hcp-¶p. k-lmbw \ÂIp-¶-Xv. Ggv sF.- • tIcf {K -cpsS Nc-a-Zn-\-amb Pq¬ 19 sF.- s F.- F - ½ p- I - f n sF.-Sn-I-fmWv C´y-bn-ep-Å-Xv. F³ ]Wn-¡ n BNc p. ¶ p- n-¡ mb {][m\ tImgvkp- I - f n a \ nZ m\ apwss_ (1958þ Øm]n-Xa- m-bn), hmb { ] t h - i \ tIma¬ AUvan-j³ sSÌv (CAT) aptJZÂln (1961), Im¬]qÀ (1960), Jc- n Fw.-sS- \-bmWv {]th-i-\w. sSÌn DbÀ¶ Kv]qÀ (1950), sNss¶ (1959), Kphm-lXn tbmKy-X. hnhn[ sF.-sF.-Sn-If - À¡v {Kq¸v UnkvIj - ³, - .v k - n, ]n.-F¨ - .v U - n. tImgvkp-Ifpw kvtImÀ t\Sp-¶h (1994), dqÀ¡n (2001) F¶n-hn-S§ - f - nÂ. sF.- Iv, Fw.-Fk A`na pJw F¶o L«§ Ä¡p tija mWv \S¯ nh c p¶ p. {KmtPzäv B]v ä nä yqUv sSÌv sF.- S n- I Ä¡v kam- \ - a mb coXn- b n - v. tIma¬ AUvan{]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ A´m-cmjv{S \ne-hmcw F©n-\o-b-dnwKv (GATE) ]co-£-bpsS {]th-i\w \ÂIp-¶X - n-\pÅ ASn-Øm\ ]peÀ¯p¶ aäp c- v Øm]- \ - § - f mWv ASn-Øm-\-¯n-emWv ]n.-Pn. tImgvkp-I- j³ sSÌv Fgp-Xp-¶X _\m-dkv lnµp kÀh-I-em-im-e-bpsS fn {]th-i-\w. sF.-sF.-Sn-I-fn amt\- tbmKyX GsX-¦nepw hnj-b-¯n-epÅ Iogn hmc-W-kn-bn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ Pv s aâ v tImgv k p- I Ä¡v {]th- i \w _ncp-Za- m-W.v

sF.-sF.-Sn-Iƒ

A£-c-Zn-\-§

hnZym-`ym-khpw kwL-S-\-Ifpw bps\kvtIm bpss\-äUv t\j³kv FUyp-t¡-j³ kbân-^nIv Bâ v IĨ-d HmÀK-ss\-tk-j³ F¶v ]qÀWcq]w. sFIycmjv{S kwL-S-\-bpsS {][m\ GP³kn-I-fn-sem-¶m-Wn-Xv. 1946þ Øm]n-X-am-bn. BØm\w ]mco-kv. hnZym-`ym-k-]chpw imkv{X-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-]-c-hp-amb ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifn-eqsS kmÀh-eu-In-IX¡pw kam-[m-\-¯n\pw Cu kwLS\ e£y-an-Sp-¶p. kmÀh-{Xn-I-hn-Zym-`ym-kw, \nc-£-cXm \nÀamÀP\w F¶n-hbpw bps\-kvtIm-bpsS e£y-§-fn s]Sp-¶p. "hnZym-`ymkw a\p-jysâ P·m-h-Im-i'amsW¶v bps\kv t Im {]Jym- ] n- ¨ n- « p- - v . bps\- k v t Im- b psS hnZym`ymk C³Ìn-äyq«v 1951þ lmw_ÀKn Øm]n-X-am-bn. A[ym-]-I-þ-c-£m-IÀXrkwL-S\ (PTA) Ip«n-I-fpsS hnZym-`ym-k-¯n amXm-]n-Xm-¡-fpsS XmÂ]cyhpw km¶n-[yhpw Dd-¸n-¡m³ FÃm hnZym-e-b-§-fnepw A[ym-]-I-þ-c-£m-IÀXr kwL-S\ cq]o-I-cn-¡p-¶p. Ip«n-IfpsS ]T-\-]-c-amb hne-bn-cp-¯-ep-IÄ \nÀh-ln-¡p-¶-Xn\pw CXv hgn-sbm-cp-¡p-¶p. ]mTy, ]mtTy-Xc {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnepw hnZym-eb {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnepw ]s¦-Sp-¡m\pw CXn-eqsS c£n-Xm-¡Ä¡v Ign-bp-¶p. NCERT ( National Council of Educational Research and Training) D¶X \ne-hm-c-apÅ hnZym-`ymkw km[y-am-¡m³ Bhiy- a mb ]cn- ] m- S n- I Ä kwL- S n- ¸ n- ¡ p¶ Øm]- \ - a mWv

Ä

NCERT. tkh-\-Ime hnZym-`ymkw AXnsâ apJy e£yam-Wv. hnhn[ kwØm-\-§-fnse A[ym-]I ]cn-io-e-IÀ¡pw hnZ-Kv[À¡pw Iu¬kn s{Sbn-\nwKv \ÂIp-¶p. kb³kv _p¡p- I Ä, aäv ]T- t \m- ] - I - c - W - § Ä F¶nh A[ym- ] IÀ¡mbn Iu¬kn \ÂIp- ¶ p. ]pXnb Bi- b - § Ä kzmwio-I-cn-¡m³ X¡ ]co-£-W-§fpw A[ym-]-IÀ¡v \ÂIp- ¶ p- - v . hnZym- ` ymk cwK- ¯ p- - m - I p¶ amä- § - s fbpw {]iv\-§-sfbpw Ipdn¨v Kth-jWw \S¯n {]iv\-]-cn-lmcw \ÂIp¶ Øm]\w IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv. SCERT (State Council of Educational Research And Training) NCERTbpsS Iogn {]hÀ¯n- ¡ p¶ Hcp kwL- S - \ bmWv SCERT. AXXv kwØm-\-§-fnse hnZym-`ymk \nehm-c-§-fn {i²n-¡p-I-bmWv Cu kwL-S-\-bpsS Dt±-iyw. sk¡âdn kvIqfnse A[ym-]-IÀ¡v kwL-S\ ]cn-io-e\w \ÂIp-¶p. DIET IÄ¡v t\XrXzw sImSp-¡m\pw TTI Ifnse A[ym-]-I-]-cn-io-e-I-cp-sSbpw Adnhpw ss\]p-Wnbpw Imem\p-krXw DbÀ¯p-¶-Xn-\pÅ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw kwL-S\ Bkp{XWw sN¿p-¶p. ]T\w B[p-\n-I-co-Xn-IÄ A\p-k-cn¨v Imcy-£-a-am-¡p-¶-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb lm³Uv_p-¡p-IÄ, ]Tt\m- ] - I - c - W - § Ä, eLp- t e- J - I Ä F¶nh \ÂIp- ¶ Xpw SCERT-b m W v . DIET ( District Institute of Education and Training) 1986þse tZiob hnZym-`ymk \b-¯nsâ `mK-ambn cq]wsIm- Øm]- \ w. PnÃ- I - f nse {]mY- a n- I - X e hnZym- ` ym- k ¯nsâ KpW-\n-e-hmcw Dd-¸p-h-cp-¯p-¶p. {]mY-anI hnZyme-b-§-fnse A[ym-]-IÀ¡v ]cn-io-e\w \ÂIp-¶Xv DIET BWv. AhÀ¡m-h-iy-amb ssI¸p-kvX-I-§Ä, ]T-t\m-]-Ic-W-§Ä F¶nh \ÂIp-¶-Xn\pw DIET {i²n-¡p-¶p.

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

16

thdn´ hkvXp-X-Iƒ - n htbm-P\ - þ XpSÀ hnZym• tIc-f¯ `ymk- ¯ n\v XpS¡w Ipdn- ¨ Xv {KÙime kwL- a m- W v . 1945þ {KmaoW {KÙ-im-eI - Ä aptJ-\b - mWv kwLw CXn\v XpS¡w Ipdn-¨X - .v {KÙim-e, kwL-¯nsâ ]nXm-hmbn Adnb-s¸« ]n.-F³ ]Wn-¡-cmWv CXn\v t\XrXzw sImSp-¯X - v. • {KÙ-im-em-kw-L-¯nsâ tkh-\§sf ]cn-KW - n¨v 1975þ bps\kvtIm Ir]-k-Imb AhmÀUv (Krupsakaya Award) \ÂIp- I - b p- - m - b n. • htbm- P \ hnZym- ` ym- k - ¯ n\pw XpSÀhn- Z ym- ` ym- k - ¯ n\pw th- n cq]oI-cn-¡-s¸« Im³s^Uv Bkq-{XWw sNbvXXpw ]n.-F³ ]Wn-¡c - m-Wv. • dqd ^wKvj- W  enä- d kn t{]m{Kmw 1982þ83 Ime-b-f-hn-emWv Bcw-`n-¨-Xv. XpS-¡-¯n A©v PnÃI-fn-em-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw {ItaW ]Xns\m¶v PnÃ- I - f n¡qSn CXnsâ {]hÀ¯\w hym]n-¸n-¨p. • kwØm- \ - § - f nse \nc- £ - c Xm \nÀamÀP-\-¯n-\mbn Hcp k¼qÀWkm-£-cXm ]cn-]mSn 1990 ^n{_-hcn 4þ\v {][m-\a - {´n DZvLm-S\w sNbvXp. • GhÀ¡pw hnZym-`ymkw, Fs¶¶pw hnZym-`ymkw F¶XmWv tIcfm km£c-Xm-an-jsâ ap{Zm-hm-Iyw. (Education for all and for ever). • inip-¡-fpsS ]T-\-`mcw eLq-I-cn¡m³ kÀ¡mÀ \ntbm-Kn¨ I½n-änIÄ: Cuizc`mbv ]t«Â I½nän þ 1977 NCERT Working Group - 1984 NPE dhyq-I-½nän þ 1996 biv]m I½nän þ 1993 • 1993þ ]mÀe-saâ v ]mkm-¡nb \nbaw hgn (73/93) NCTE (National Council for Teacher Education) \ne-hn h¶p. - c ]²-Xn-bpsS `mK• H¶mw ]©-hÕ ambn arK-kw-c-£W {]hÀ¯-Isc ]cn-io-en-¸n-¡m³ 1955þ Xncp-þs - Im¨n kwØm-\-¯v, a®p¯n Kh¬saâ v shä-dn-\dn tImtfPv Øm]n-¨p. • 1972þ tImtfPv Hm^v shä-dn-\dn Bâ v A\n- a  kb³kv , tIcf ImÀjnI kÀh-I-em-im-e-bpsS Iognem-bn.

A£-c-h¿j-߃

• Fw.-Pn. kÀh-I-em-im-e-bpsS Ct¸mgs¯ hn.-kn. Pm³kn sPbnwkv þ tIcf-¯n hn.-kn.-bm-Ip¶ BZys¯ h\nX-bm-W.v • aqgn-¡p-fw, Xcp-h-Ã, Im´-ÅqÀ, ]mÀYn-h]pcw F¶o ime-IÄ tIc-f¯nse {]apJ hnZym-tI-{µ-§-fm-bn-cp¶p. - n-¡q-S§ - fpw If-cn-Ifpw tIc• IpSn-¸Å f-¯nse hnZym-tI-{µ-§f - m-bn-cp-¶p. • {InkvXy³ anj-\-dn-amÀ tIc-f-¯n bqtdm-]y³ coXn-bn-epÅ hnZym-`ym-k¯n\v {]m[m\yw \ÂIn. • kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mÄ 1834þ Cw¥ojv kvIqÄ Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn\v D¯-c-hn-«p. Cw¥ojv hnZym-`ym-ks¯ t{]mÕm-ln¸n¨ Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ cmPm-hmWv kzmXnXn-cp-\mÄ. • 1816þ tIm«-b¯v kn.-Fw.-Fkv kvIqÄ Øm]n-Xa - m-bn. • 1818þ sIm¨n- b nse BZys¯ Cw¥ojv kvIqÄ a«m-t©-cn-bn Øm]n¨p. • 1969þ70þ sk¡âdn Xew hscbpÅ hnZym-`ymkw kuP-\y-am-¡n. - I - p¸v a\p• tI{µ-¯nse hnZym-`ym-kh jy-hn-`-h-hn-I-k\ hIp¸v a{´m-e-b¯nsâ Iogn-em-Wv. • AÀPp³knwKmWv Ct¸m-gs¯ a\pjy-hn-`h hnI-k\ hIp¸v a{´n. • bqWn-th-gvknän {Kmâ vkv Iao-j³, C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v FUyp-t¡-j-\ ¹m\nwKv Bâ v AUvan-\n-kvt{S-j³, \mj- W  Iu¬kn Hm^v FUypt¡-j\ -  dnkÀ¨v Bâ v s{Sbn\nwKv F¶o Øm]-\§ - Ä hnZym-`ymk hnI- k - \ - ¯ n\v th- n {]hÀ¯n- ¡ p¶ tI{µ-Øm-]\ - § - f - m-Wv. • "hnZym-`ymkw C¶se C¶v \msf' F¶ IrXn cNn-¨Xv Fw.hn ss]en-bmWv. • \mj-W Fen-saâdn FUyp-t¡j³ anj³ (NEEM) Øm]n-X-am-bXv þ 1995þÂ. "Universalisation of Elementry Education' BWv NEEM sâ e£yw. • hnZym-`ym-ks¯ I¬I-dâ v enÌnepÄs¸-Sp-¯nb hÀjw þ1979 • The Central Institute of English • 1970 A´m- c mjv { S hnZym- ` ym-

khÀj-ambn bp.-F³ {]Jym-]n-¨p.

• 1990 A´m-cmjv{S km£-c-Xm-

hÀj-am-bmWv BN-cn-¨X - v. - m-hÀj-am-bmWv BN-cn-¨X - v. • 1996 kmÀ¡v km£-cX • kpØnc hnI-k-\-¯n-\pÅ hnZym-`ymk Zi-I-ambn sFIy-cm-jv{S-k` {]Jym-]n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv 2005þ14 BWv. • kpØnc hnI-k-\-¯n-\pÅ km£-cXm Zi-I-ambn bp.-F³ {]Jym-]n-¨ncn-¡p-¶Xv 2003þ12 BWv. • kpØnc hnI-k-\-¯n-\pÅ a\p-jym-h-Imi hnZym-`ymk Zi-I-ambn bp.F³ {]Jym-]n-¨Xv 1995þ2004 BWv. • 2001þ02 tZiob ]pkvX-I-hÀj-ambn tI{µ-kÀ¡mÀ BN-cn-¨p.

18

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

and Foreign Languagesþsâ BØm\w þssl-Zc - m-_m-Z.v • hnZym- ` ym- k - ¯ n {Xn`mjm t^mÀape \nÀtZ-in¨ Iao-j³ þ tIm¯mcn Iao-j³ • tIc-f-¯n BZys¯ Cw¥ojv kvIqÄ Øm]n-¨Xv þd-h. hneyw t{Sm_n-kvþ 1806þ Xncph-\-´-]p-c¯v • Z£n- t W- ´ y- b nse BZys¯ tKÄkv kvIqÄ þ tlmfn G©Âkv tIm¬shâ v (Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw) • bp.-Pn.kn BIvSnwKv sNbÀam³ Bb BZy-ae - b - mfn þ hn.-F³ cmP-ti-Jc - ³]nÅ • tIc-f-¯nse BZys¯ saUn-¡Â tImtfPv þ Xncp- h - \ - ´ - ] pcw saUn- ¡  tImtfPv - m-im-eb - psS Unþ-enäv • tIcf kÀh-Ie ]Zhn t\Snb BZy hyàn þ kÀ kn.-]n. cma-kzman A¿À • tIc-f-¯n BZy-ambn Fkv.-F-kv.FÂ.kn ]co£ \S-¶Xv 1952 amÀ¨nem-Wv. • tIcf FUyp-t¡-j-³ dqÄkv (sI.C.- B À) \nb- a - k ` ]mkm- ¡ n- b Xv 1957þem-W.v • C´y-bn BZy-ambn Un.-]n.-C.]n ]²Xn XpS-§n-bXv D¯À{]-tZ-in-em-W.v • tIc-f-¯n BZy-ambn Un.-]n.-C.]n \S- ¸ n- e m- ¡ n- b Xv 1994þ ae- ¸ p- d w, ImkÀtIm-Sv, hb-\mSv PnÃ-If - n-em-Wv. • tIc- f - ¯ n \S- ¸ n- e m¡nhcp¶ k¼qÀW I¼yq-«À km£-cXm ]²Xn-bmWv sF.Sn@ kvIqÄ. 2003þ CXv Bcw-`n-¨p. - n \S-¸n-em-¡p¶ • "A£b' tIc-f¯ sF.-Sn. km£-cXm ]²-Xn-bm-Wv. • tIc-f-¯nse BZys¯ saUn-¡Â tImtfPv 1951þ Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c¯v Øm]n-Xa - m-bn. • C´y- b nse BZys¯ h\nXm kÀh-I-em-ime ]ps\-bnse {ioaXn \mXn-`mbn Xm¡td C´y³ hna¬kv bqWn-th-gvkn-än-bm-Wv. • D¯À{]-tZ-inse tKmh-µ-h-Ã-`mbn ]´v kÀh-Ie - m-im-eb - mWv cmPys¯ BZys¯ ImÀjnI kÀh-Ie - m-im-e. • C´y-bn BZy-ambn Id-kvt]m- â vkv tImgvkv XpS-§n-bXv ZÂln bqWn-th-gvkn-än-bm-Wv. • temI-¯nse BZy-s¯, hnI-emwKÀ¡p- t h- - n - b pÅ kÀh- I - e m- i m- e bmbn Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv D¯À{]-tZinse PK-ZK v pcp cma-`{- Zm-Nmcy lm³UnIm¸vUv bqWn-th-gvkn-än-bm-Wv. • kz´-ambn tdUn-tbm-\n-e-b-apÅ kÀh-I-em-im-e-bmWv KpP-dm-¯nse hÃ-`mbn ]t«Â kÀh-I-em-im-e.

hniz-hn-Zym-e-b-߃ sP.-F³.bp C´y-bnse {][m\ D¶X hnZym`ymk tI{µ-§f - n-sem-¶mWv \yqZÂlnbnse Ph-lÀem s\lvdp kÀh-Iem- i me (JNU). C´y- b psS {]Ya {][m-\-a{´n ]Þnäv Ph-lÀem s\lvdp-hnsâ Bi-bm-`n-em-j§ - f - psS ]qÀ¯o- I - c - W - a m- b n- c p¶p 1969þ Øm]n-X-amb sP.-F³.bp. tZio-tbmZv{K-Y\ - w, kmaq-ly-\o-Xn, atX-Xc - X - zw, P\m-[n-]Xyw F¶n-h¡ - mbn kaq-lP - ohnXw ]cn-hÀ¯\w sN¿pI F¶XmWv Cu kÀh-I-em-im-e-bpsS alZve-£y-§Ä. Bc-hÃn ae-\n-c-I-fpsS Xmgvhm-c¯v Bbncw G¡À Øe-¯v \b-\m-`-amb ImgvN-I-sfm-cp¡n sP.F³.bp Im¼kv ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶p. cmPy¯pw ]pd-¯p-apÅ hnZymÀYn-IÄ ChnsS ]T-\þ- K - t- h-jW - § - f - n-teÀs¸-«ncn-¡p-¶p. hnhn[ tI{µ-§-fn \S¯p¶ {]th-i\ ]co-£-bpsS ASnØm-\-¯n-emWv sP.-F³.bp {]th-i\w. akm-¨p-skävkv C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v sSIvt\m-fPn þ MIT Ata-cn-¡b - nse {]Ir-Xn-im-k{v XÚ- \ m- b n- c p¶ hneyw _mÀ«¬ tdmtPgv k v BWv akm- ¨ p- s käv k v C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v sSIvt\m-f-Pn-bpsS Øm]-I³. hyh-km-bo-IrX Ata-cn-¡bpsS Bh-iy-§Ä ap¶n¡-v kmt¦-XnI hnZ-Kv[sc krjvSn-¡p¶ {]apJ Øm]- \ - a mWv Fw.- s F.Sn. 1865þemWv Fw.-sF.Sn Bcw-`n-¨-Xv. A©v kvIqfp-Ifpw Hcp Im¼-kp-apÅ Fw.-sF.-Sn-bn BsI 34 A¡m-Za - nIv hIp- ¸ p- I - f p- - v . sIbvtdm kÀh-Ie - m-ime CuPn- ] v X nse Knk- b n- e pÅ {]ikvX D¶X hnZym-`ymk tI{µamWv sIbv t dm kÀh- I - e m- i m- e . 1933þemWv kÀh-Ie - m-ime Øm]n-Xam-bX - v. {][m-\a - mbpw Hcp \nb-aþ- s - shZy-imkv{X kÀh-I-em-im-e-bm-Wn-Xv.

B{^n- ¡ ³ `qJ- Þ - ¯ nse BZy sshZy-im-kv{X-]-T-\-tI-{µ-§-fn-sem¶mWv sIbvtdm kÀh-Ie - m-im-eb - psS saUn-¡Â kvIqÄ. 2005þse kam-[m\ t\m_ ]pc-kvImc tPXmhv apl-½Zv FÂ_dm-tZbv, sFIy-cm-jv{S-k`- b - psS ap³ sk{I-«dn P\-d _Z-dqkv _Zdqkv Lmen, ]e-kvXo³ hntam-N\ kwL-S-\-bpsS {]ikvX t\Xm-hm-bncp¶ bmkÀ Ad-^m-¯v, CdmJv ap³

sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S\m

k¿h-I-em-ime A´m-cmjv{S _u²nI kl-IcWw hym]n-¸n-¡p-I, ASn-b´ - c kz`mh-apÅ BtKmf hnj-b§ - f - n Kthj-W-§Ä \S-¯p-I, hnI-kzc cmPy§-fnse Kth-j-W-]-T\ kwhn-[m-\§Ä iàn-s¸-Sp-¯pI XpS-§nb e£y-§-tfmsS P¸m-\nse tSmtIymhn-emWv sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S\m kÀh-I-em-ime {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xv (United Nationas Univertity). 1969þ bp.-F³ sk{I-«dn P\-dÂ, kÀh-Ie - m-ime Øm]n-¡p-¶X - p-ambn apt¶m- « p- s h¨ \nÀtZiw sFIycmjv{Sk` AwKo-Ic - n-¡p-Ib - m-bn-cp-¶p. sFIy-cmjv{S kÀh-Ie - m-im-eb - psS {]hÀ¯\ aqe-[\ - a - mb 100 Zi-e£w bp.-Fk - v. tUmfÀ \ÂIn-bXv P¸m-\mWv. 1992þ kÀh-I-em-im-e-bpsS BØm- \ - a - µ ncw tSmtIym- h n {]hÀ¯\w XpS-§n. _ncp-Zm-\´ - c _ncp-Zw, Kth-jWw F¶n-hb - mWv bp.-F³ bqWn-th-gvknän-bn {][m-\-ambpw \S-¡p-¶-Xv. sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S\m bqWn-thgvknänbpsS {][m\ _nÂUnwKv Adnb-s¸-Sp-¶Xv "bp.-F³. lukv' F¶mWv.

kam-[m\ k¿h-I-em-ime temI¯v kam-[m-\¯ - nsâ ktµiw {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-hm\pw A\p-_Ô ]T-\§Ä \S- ¯ p- ¶ - X n- \ p- a mbn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ Øm]-\a - mWv sFIycmjv{S kwL-S\ - b - psS kam-[m\ kÀhI-em-ime (University of Peace). 1980 Unkw-_À 5þ-\v, sFIy-cmjv{S kwLS- \ - b psS s]mXp- k ` ]mkm- ¡ nb {]tXyI {]ta-b¯ - n-eq-sS-bmWv kÀhI-em-ime Øm]n-X-am-b-Xv. sXt¡ Ata-cn-¡b - nse tImÌm-dn-¡b - n-emWv kÀh- I - e m- i m- e . Xe- Ø m- \ - a mb km³tPm-kn\v 30 Intem-ao-äÀ amdnbmWv BØm-\w.

B[p-\nI Ime¯v BZy-am-bn, ssk\ys¯ Hgn-hm-¡m³ Xocp-am-\n¨ cmPy-§-fn-sem¶mWv tImÌm-dn-¡. 1948þÂ tImÌm-dn¡ ssk\ys¯ ]ncn¨p-hn-«n-cp-¶p. kam-[m-\-¯n-\pÅ al¯mb Cu DZy-a-¯nsâ kvac-WmÀYamWv sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S\ kam[m\ kÀh-I-em-ime ChnsS Øm]n¨-Xv. tImÌm-dn-¡³ {]kn-Uâm-bn-cp¶ tdm{UntKm Icm- t kmbpw CXn\v ap³ssI FSp-¯n-cp-¶p. kÀhI- e m- i m- e ¡p kz´- a msbmcp \nb- a - k w- l n- X - b p- a p- - v (Charter of the University) anI¨ hnZym-`ymZ _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

{]kn-Uâ v k±mw lpssk³ F¶n-hÀ sIbvtdm kÀh-I-em-im-e-bn ]Tn-¨h-cm-Wv. _\m-dkv lnµp- kÀh-I-em-ime G¡-dp-I-tfmfw hym]n-¨p-In-S¡p¶ hnim-e-X. tIm¬{Ioäv sI«nS§fpw hr£-§fpw kaw-tNÀ¶v at\ml- c - a m- ¡ p¶ `qan- I . ac- § - f psS XWÂ]-änbpw sI«n-S-§-fpsS Hmcw tNÀ¶pw sskzc-hn-lmcw \S-¯p¶ abn-ep-IÄ. C´y-bnse al-¯mb Hcp kÀh- I - e m- i m- e - b psS Im¼kv \ÂIp¶ Zriy-am-WnXv þ D¯À{]-tZinse hcm-W-kn-bn-epÅ _\m-dkv lnµp kÀh-I-em-im-e. Imin alm-cm-Pm-hv ]-v {_n«ojv kÀ¡m-cn\p \ÂIn-b-XmWv at\m-lc - a - mb {]tZ-iw. alm-cmPm {]`p\m-cm-b-W³ knwKv, ]Þnäv aZ³taml³ amf-hy, B\n-_-kâ v XpS-§n-bhÀ ap³ssI FSp¯v Øm]n¨ Cu kÀh- I - e m- i me 1916þemWv {]hÀ¯\w Bcw-`n-¨-Xv. ]¯p- e - £ - t ¯mfw {KÙ- § fpÅ sse{_-dnbpw Kth-jW tI{µ§fpw tImtf- P p- I fpw IqSmsX GXm\pw kvIqfp-Ifpw kÀh-I-em-ime-Ifpw CXnsâ Iogn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p--v. temI-¯nse Gähpw henb aq¶v dkn-U³jy kÀh-I-em-im-eI-fn H¶m-Wn-Xv. 1300 G¡À hnkvXrXn-bn hym]n-¨p-In-S¡ - p¶ Cu Im¼kn aq¶v C³Ìn- ä yq- « p- I fpw 14 ^m¡Âän-Ifpw 124 hIp-¸p-Ifpw 4 CâÀ-þ-Un-kn-¹n-\dn skâ-dp-Ifpw D]cn-]-T-\-¯n-\mbn Bdv skâ-dp-Ifpw Chn- s Sbp- - v . CXp-Iq-SmsX Im¼-kn Xs¶ Hcp inh-t£-{Xhpw (_nÀfm aµnÀ) ^vfbnw ¢ºpw ayqkn-bhpw Bip-]{Xnbpw Hcp {]Êpw D- v .

k-¯n-eqsS am\-h-im-´n¡p kw`mh\ \ÂIp-¶-Xn-s\-bmWv NmÀ«À Du¶n-¸d - b - p-¶X - v. FÀ¯v Iu¬kn Fs¶mcp Kh¬saân-Xc kwL-S\ kÀh-Ie - mim-et- bmSp tNÀ¶p {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. 2001 Unkw-_À apX CâÀ\m-jW Hmw_p-Uvkvam³ skâÀ t^mÀ Z F³h-tbm¬saâ v Bâ v sUh-e]vsaâpw kÀh-Ie - m-imem Iym¼-kn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. ]mcn-Øn-XnI kpc-£bpw kam[m-\h - pw, A´m-cmjv{S \nb-ahpw a\pjym-h-Im-i-hpw, A´m-cmjv{S kam[m\ ]T-\-§Ä, kam-[m\ hnZym`ymkw XpS-§nb Ft«mfw taJ-e-IfnÂ, kÀh-I-em-ime _ncp-Zm-\-´c _ncpZ tImgv k p- I Ä \S- ¯ p- ¶ p- - v .

18

im¥n-\n-tI-X≥ B[p-\nI Pohn-X-Øns‚ Akz-ÿX-I-fn¬ \ns∂√mw AI∂v {]Ir-Xnbn¬ ebn-®p-tN¿∂v [ym\-\n-c-X-amb sskzc-Po-hnXw \bn-°m≥ ]‰nb A¥co£w Hcp-°m≥ alm-Ihn cho-{µ-\mY-Sm-tKm¿ Hcp B{iaw ÿm]n-®p. AXm-bn-cp∂p im¥n-\n-tI-X≥. ]pcmX-\a - mb `mc-Xob ]mc-ºc - y-Øn¬\n∂p {]tNm-Z\w Dƒs°m-≠n-cp∂ SmtKm¿, al¿jn-am-cpsS B{i-aP - o-hnX amXrI F∂pw a\p-jy\v A`n-Im-ay-am-sW∂ hnizm-kØ - n-emWv al¿jn-Xp-ey-\mb Xs‚ ]nXmhv tZth-{µ-\mY SmtKm-dns‚ A\p-{K-l-tØm-Sp-IqSn AXp-ey-amb Cu kmwkvIm-cnI {]ÿm-\Ø - n\v XpS°-an-´-Xv. ]n¬°m-eØv ss\k¿KnI {]Ir-Xn-bpsS aSn-Ø´- n¬ Xpd∂ A¥co-£Ø - n-ep≈ Kpcp-Ipe hnZym-`ymkw ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°-W-sa∂ Bibw alm-I-hn-bpsS a\- n¬ cq]w-sIm-≠t∏mƒ Dbn¿sIm≠ hniz-hnJymXamb k¿h-Ie - m-im-eb - mWv hniz-`m-cX - n. ]›na_wKm-fnse _o¿`pw Pn√bn¬ {]Ir-Xn-kp-µ-c-amb {Kma-{]-tZiØv ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Cu k¿h-Ie - mim- e - b n¬ ]m›m- X y- ˛ - ] u- c kv X y

kwkvIr-Xn-If - psS ka-\zbw Z¿in-°mw. 1901˛¬ cho-{µ-\m-Y-Sm-tKm¿ A©p hnZym¿Yn-I-sfbpw sIm≠v B{i-a-ap‰Øv shdpw ]co-£-Wm-Sn-ÿm-\-ØnemWv Hcp ¢mkv XpS-ßn-b-Xv. AXv h≥ hnP-ba - m-bn. al-Ømb Hcp k¿hI-em-im-e-bpsS P\-\hpw AhnsS \n∂m-bn-cp-∂p. 1921˛emWv hniz-`m-cXn cq]o-Ir-Xa - m-bX - v. 1951˛¬ ]m¿e-sa‚ v ]mkm-°nb Hcp \nb-a-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv hniz-`m-cXn Hcp k¿h-I-em-im-e-bmbn amdn-b-Xv. {][m-\-a-{¥n-bmWv hnkz-`m-c-Xn-bpsS Nm≥k-e¿. ChnSp-≈ cho-{µ-\m-Y-SmtKm¿ ayqkn-bØ - n¬ SmtKm-dns‚ 36000 t]Pv Isø-gpØp {]Xn-Iƒ kq£n-°p∂p-≠v. At±-l-Øns‚ 1500 s]bn‚nwKp-Ifpw 16000 kzImcy IØp-Ifpw \nch[n t^mt´m-Ifpw im¥n-\n-tI-X-\Ønse ayqkn-b-Øn-ep-≠v. {]oUn{Kn apX¬ ]n.-F® - .v Un hsc F√m-˛i - m-k{v X˛-km-ln-Xy-˛k - mw-kI v m-cnI hnj-bß - fpw ChnsS hnj-bß - f - m-Wv. Nn{X-Iem ]T-\-Øn\v Iem-`h≥, kwKo-X-Øn\pw \rØ-Øn\pw kwKoX `h≥, imkv{X-hn-j-b-Øn\v in£m-`-h≥ ˛ Aßs\ t]mIp∂p hIp-∏p-I-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ.

Aen-KVv k¿h-I-em-ime {_n´ojv `c-W-Im-eØv C¥y-bnse apkvenw-Iƒ ASn-®a - ¿Ø-s∏-´h - c - m-bn-cp∂p. kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw hnZym-`ym-k]-ca - mbpw Ahsc Db¿Øn-s°m-≠p-hcm≥ Bcp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ASn-S-®a¿Ø- s ∏´ apkv e nw- I ƒ°p hnZym`ymkw \¬Im-\mbn k¿ køZv AlΩ- Z v J m≥ 1872˛¬ Hcp hnZym- e bw ÿm]n-®p, DØ¿{]-tZ-inse Aen-KVv \K-cØ - n¬. apkvenw-Iƒ°v ]m›m-Xyim-kv{Xhpw Cw•ojpw ]Tn-°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw Cu hnZym-ebw Hcp-°n. AXn\v ^ehpw D≠m-bn. hnZym-`ym-kap≈ [mcmfw apkvenw-Iƒ°v A∂v {_n´ojv k¿°m- c n¬ tPmen- I n- ´ n. ]n∂oSv Nne¿ tZiob {]ÿm-\-Ønte°v BIr-jvSc - m-bn. sshImsX hnZym-ebw hf¿∂ph-f¿∂v Hcp tImtf-Pm-bn. I¬°´ k¿h-I-em-im-ebpsS Iogn-em-bn-cp∂p BZyw. ]n∂oSv 1885˛¬ Ae-lm-_mZv k¿h-I-em-im-e°p Iogn-em-bn CXv. {]K¬`cpw {]i-kvX-cp-amb [mcmfw apkvenw t\Xm-°fpw Ddp-Zp-]fi n-Xcpw ChnsS A[ym-]-I-cm-bn-´p-≠v. B[p\nI C¥y-bpsS Ncn{Xw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xn¬ {][m-\-]-¶p-h-ln® C¥ybnse {it≤-b-amb k¿h-I-em-im-e-

bmbn CXns\ ]e- Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑mcpw IW-°m-°p-∂p-≠v. C¥y- b nse BZysØ dknU≥jy¬ k¿h- I - e m- i m- e - b mb ChnsS Gjy≥-˛B - {- ^n-°≥ cmPy-ßfn¬ \n∂p≈ bph-Xo-bp-hm-°ƒ ]T\- Ø n- \ m- s b- Ø p- ∂ p. kv { Xohn- Z ym`ymkw hnI- k n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ - X n\p {]tXyI t{]m’m-l\ - ] - ≤ - X - n-If - p-≠v. e£- ° - W - ° n\v {KŸ- ß - f p≈ auem\m BkmZv sse{_dn {]kn-≤am-W.v Iem-kr-jvSn-Iƒ, \mW-b-߃, teJ-\-˛-I-em-c-N-\-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS Hc-aq-ey-ti-J-chpw ChnsS {]Z¿in-∏n®n-´p-≠v. ap∏-Xn-\m-bn-c-Øn-e-[nIw hnZym¿Yn- I ƒ°v Xma- k - k u- I cyw \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\p-th≠ k÷o-I-c-W߃ Htc Imº-kn¬ Xs∂ Hcp-°nbn-´p-≠v. 200 ^m°¬‰n saº¿amcpw 80 hIp-∏p-Ifpw Chn-sS-bp-≠v. C¥y°v kzmX{¥yw In´n- b t∏mƒ, AXp-hsc apkvenw hnZym`ymkw am{Xw e£yw-sh-®n-cp∂ Cu k¿h-I-em-im-esb atX-Xc kz`m-hap≈ Hcp Iem-im-e-bm°n am‰n. (am-Xr-`p-an, lcn-{io 25/02/2006)

20

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

FPyp-kmäv C´y-bn-se-hn-tS-bpw, KpW-\n-e-hm-capÅ hnZym-`ymkw Ipdª sNe-hn F¯n- ¡ p- I - b mWv _ln- c m- I mi hnZym`ymk ]²-Xn-bpsS e£yw. hnIk\ {]hÀ¯-\§ - Ä¡pÅ am\-ZÞw Hcp cmPys¯ kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw Ahn-Ss¯ hnZym-`ym-k¯ - nsâ KpW-\ne-hm-c-am-sW¶ Xncn-¨-dn-hmWv "FPypkm-änsâ' \nÀam-W¯ - n\p If-sam-cp-¡nb- X v . "hnZy- b psS D]- { K- l - ' sa¶pw FPyqkm-äns\ hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶p. 2004 sk]väw-_À 20þ\v B{Ôm-{]tZ-inse {iol-cn-t¡m-«b - n \n¶v C´ybpsS _ln-cm-Imi ]cy-th-jW - ¯ - nse asämcp \mgn-I-¡-Ãmbn "FPyp-kmäv' hnt£-]n-¡s - ¸-«p. C´y CXp-hsc hnt£-]n-¨n-«pÅ D]{K-l§ - f - n Gähpw `mcw IqSn-bX - mWv FPyp-km-ävþ1950 Intem. GSLV-FO1 BWv FPyp- k m- ä nt\bpw hln¨v _ln-cm-Im-i-t¯¡v IpXn-¨-Xv. G.S.L.V FO1 F¶m Geo Stationary Launching Vehicle Flight No:1 cmPys¯ {KmaoWþ\- K - c - { ]- t Zi§fnse hnZym-`ymk Øm]-\-§sf ]kv]cw _Ôn-¸n-¡m³ Cu D]-{K-lkw-hn-[m-\-¯n\p Ign-bpw. C´y-bpsS hS-¡v, hS-¡p-In-g¡ - v, ]Snªm-dv, a[y-tZiw XpS-§nb taJ-eIÄ¡v D]-tbm-K-{]-Z-amIpw hn[w 6 sI.bp _m³Uv {Sm³kv - s ]m- - d p- I Ä CXn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. 6 kn. _m³Uv {Sm³kvs]m-- dp-Ifpw {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p `ua Xe-¯n \n¶pw 36,000 In.-ao. Db-c¯ - n-emWv FPyp-km-änsâ Øm\w {]hÀ¯\ Imem-h[n 7 hÀjw. ]cn-ØnXn hnZym-`ym-kw, hyànXz hnIm-kw, hntZ-i`- mjm ]T\w F¶nh FPyp-km-än-eqsS Ffp-¸-¯n km[yam-¡pw. ]²- X n- b psS {]hÀ¯- \ - § Ä¡v t\XrXzw \ÂIn-bXv ae-bm-fn-bmb Pn. am[-h³ \mbÀ (I.S.R.O sNbÀam³). 90 tImSn cq] sNe-hn-«mWv FPypkmäv ]²Xn ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡n-bX - v. 13 aWn- ¡ qÀ 25 an\n- ä p- s Im- - m Wv FPyp- k mäv Hcp XhW `qansb hewsh¡p-I. lk- \ nse amÌÀ I¬t{SmÄ s^kn-en-än-bn \n¶mWv FPyp-kmäns\ \nb-{´n-¡p-¶-Xv. C´y-bnse "BZys¯ hnZym-`ymk Nm\Â' F¶v hnti-jn-¸n-¡s - ¸-Sp-¶Xv Kym³ ZÀi-\m-Wv.

bqWn-th-gvkn‰n {Km‚vkv Iao-j≥ C¥y-bnse k¿h-I-em-ime hnZym`ymk \ne-hmcw Db¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw Imcy-£a - a - m-°p-∂X - n-\pw-th≠n ÿm]n®-XmWv bqWn-th-gvkn‰n {Km‚ vkv Iaoj≥ (UGC). 1953 Unkw-_¿ 28-˛\v C¥y-bnse BZysØ hnZym-`ym-k-a{¥nbm-bn-cp∂ auem\m A_pƒIemw BkmZv Iao-j≥ DZvLm-S\w sNbvsX¶nepw \nb-a-]-c-ambn {]m_-ey-Øn¬ h∂Xv 1956˛em-Wv. k¿h-I-em-imem hnZym-`ym-ksØ GIo-Ic - n-°p-I, am¿K\n¿tZ-iß - fpw kmº-ØnI klm-bhpw \¬In ]T\ \ne-hm-chpw kuI-cyßfpw sa®-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂n-h-bm-bncp∂p Iao-js‚ {][m-\-e-£y-߃. cmPy-Øp-S-\ofw Xß-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\߃ hym]n-∏n-°p-∂X - n\pw Du¿Pn-Xs - ∏Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ambn Bdv {]mtZ-inI tI{µ- ß fpw Iao- j s‚ Iogn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. ]qsW, sslZ-cm-_mZv, I¬°-Ø, t`m∏m¬, Kphm-l-Øn, _mw•q¿ F∂n-hn-Sß - f - n¬. bp.-Pn.-kn-bpsS apJy e£y-߃ • cmPys¯ kÀh-I-em-im-em-hn-Zym`ymkw GIo-Ic - n-¡pI. • kÀh-I-em-im-e-I-fnse Kth-jW kuI-cy-§Ä, aqey-\nÀW-bw, A[ym]\w F¶nh Imem-Im-e-§-fn ]cntim-[n-¡p-Ibpw Bh-iy-amb \nÀtZ-i§fpw klm-b-§fpw \ÂIn sa¨-s¸Sp-¯p-I. • ASn-Øm\ hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-c¯n A\n-hm-cy-amb \nb-a\ - nÀamWw \S-¯p-I. • kÀh-I-em-im-e, tImtfPv hnZym-`ymk-§sf Iem-\p-kr-X-ambn ]cn-jvI-cn¡p-I. Iem-im-e-IÄ¡v Bh-iy-amb

[\-kl - mbw \ÂIp-I. • tI{µ-þ-kw-Øm\ kÀ¡m-cp-I-fpsS Iogn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ D¶X hnZym`ymk Øm]-\-§sf X½n _Ôn¸n-¡p¶ {][m\ I®n-bmbn hÀ¯n¡p-I. bp.-Pn.-kn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯n Øm]n-¡-s¸« \yq¢n-bÀ kb³kv

tIc-f-Ønse k¿h-I-em-im-e-Iƒ tIc-fk - ¿h-Ie - m-ime (Xncp hnXmw-Iq¿ k¿hI-em-im-e) 1937. 1957˛¬ tIc-f-k¿h-I-emim-e-bmbn ˛ Bÿm\w Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw Imen-°‰v k¿h-I-em-ime ˛ 1968. tX™n∏mew (a-e-∏p-dw) sIm®n imkv{X-km-t¶-XnI k¿h-Ie - m-ime ˛ 1971 ˛ If-a-t»cn (sIm-®n) BZysØ hn.-kn. ˛ ap≠-t»cn Im¿jnI k¿h-Ie - m-ime ˛ 1971 ˛ aÆpØn (Xr-iq¿) alm-flm-Km‘n k¿h-Ie - m-ime ˛ 1983. AXnc-ºpg (tIm-´-bw) {ioi-¶c- m-Nmcy kwkvIrX k¿h-Ie - m-ime ˛ 1993. ImeSn (F-d-Wm-Ip-fw) IÆq¿ k¿h-I-em-ime ˛ 1996. IÆq¿ skâÀ (1984) cmPys¯ BZys¯ A´À kÀh-Ie - m-ime tI{µ-amWv (Inter niversity Centre). CâÀ bqWn-thgvknän skâÀ t^mÀ Akvt{Sm-Wan

tIcf k¿h-I-em-ime 1937 \hw-_¿ 1˛\v Xs‚ 27˛ mw P∑-Zn-\-Øn¬ {ioNn-Ø nc Xncp-\mƒ _mec - m-ah - ¿a alm-cm-Pmhv ÿm]n-® X - mWv Xncphn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿hI - e - m-im-e. sFIyt- I-cfw hne h - n¬ h∂tXmsS 1957 BKÃv 30˛ \v CXv tIcf k¿h-I-e m-im-ebmbn amdn. hnZym-`ymk k {º-Zmbw ]p\-{I-ao-I-cn-° m\pw hnIk - \ - Ø - n-te°v \bn-°m\pw e£ yw-h®v imk{v Xob - hpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hp-amb ]ptc m-KXn D∂-an-´m-bn-cp∂p CX ns‚ XpS-°w. \m´p-cm-Py-ßf - n¬ aq∂m-as - Øbpw C¥y-bnse 16˛masØ k¿hI - e - m-im-eb - p-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. ]Øv tImtfP - pI-fp-ambn Bcw-`n® Xncp-h n-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿hI - e - m-im-eb - psS BZysØ Nm≥k-e¿ al m-cm-Pmhpw BZysØ ss hkv Nm≥k-e¿ k¿. kn.-]n. cma -kzman Aø-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Bâ v Bkvt{Sm ^nknIvkv (IUCAA) ]qsW, CâÀ bqWn-th-gvknän skâÀ t^mÀ CâÀ \mj- W  ÌUokv ssl{Zm-_mZv F¶nh aäv A´ÀkÀhI-em-ime tI{µ-§-fm-Wv. bqWn-thgvknän hnZym-`ymk \ne-hmcw ]cn-tim[n¨v hne-bn-cp¯n Ah¡v AwKo-Imcw \ÂIm³ th- n 1994þ National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) Øm]n-¨p. bp.-Pn.-kn-bpsS BZys¯ sNbÀt]- g v k ¬ tUm. im´n-kz-cq]v `Sv\-K-dmWv (1953þ55). Imem-h[n ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡nb BZys¯ sNbÀt]-gvk¬ kn.Un tZivap-JmWv (1956þ61). tUm. a³tam-l³knw-KmWv bp.-Pn.kn A[y-£-\m-bn-cp¶ GIv C´y³ {][m-\-a-{´n. tIc-fo-b-\mb s{]m^. hn.-F³ cmP- t i- J - c ³]nÅ bp.- P n.kn sNbÀamsâ Xm¡m-enI Øm\w hln- ¨ n- « p- - v . kpJv t Zhv sXmdm- « mWv ]pXnb bp.-Pn.kn sNbÀam³. bp.-Pn.-kn-bpsS `c-Wh - y-hØ bp.- P n.kn Hcp kzbw- ` - c W Øm]-\a - m-Wv. kz´-amb `c-Wk - a - n-XnIfpw DtZym-K-Øcpw [\-hn-\n-tbm-Km[n-Im-chpw AXn-\p--v. Hcp sNbÀam\pw sshkv sNbÀam\pw ]¯v AwK-§-fp-a-S-§p-¶-XmWv `c-Wk-an-Xn. Chsc \nb-an-¡p-¶Xv tI{µ kÀ¡m-cm-Wv. kÀ¡m-cp-tZym-K-Ø-\Ãm¯ Hcm-fm-bn-cn-¡Ww sNbÀam³ F¶mWv hyh-Ø. kÀh-Ie - m-ime hn.kn.-amÀ¡pw A¡m-Z-anIv {]mKÂ`yw DÅ-hÀ¡pw AwK-am-Imw. sNbÀamsâ Imem- h [n 5 sImÃhpw sshkv sNbÀam- s âbpw AwK- § - f p- s Sbpw Imem- h [n aq¶p- s Im- à - h p- a m- W v . c- p {]m-h-iy-¯n IqSp-X BÀ¡pw `cW-ka - n-Xn-bn XpS-cm-\m-hn-Ã.

hnIvtSgvkv t{]m{Kmw -{K-l¼qÀW hnZym-`ymk D] temIs¯ BZys¯ k mWv b nX ]² ymk ` pÅ hnZym amb FPyp-kmäv aptJ-\-b olhn rtu al Cla ssr oo m Tec VIC TER S Pro gra mm e (Vi \v þ 28e ss Schools). 200 5 Pq ogy on Edusat for Rural Xn ]² v mW a m. A_vZpÄ Ie cmjv{S-]Xn tUm.-F.-]n-.sP - Pn p-kmäv ¢mkvdqw sSIvt\mf Py F . v X X bv DZvLm-S\w sN m-Sv, \ ae-¸p-dw, ]me-¡m-Sv, hb Cu hÀjw tIc-f-¯n v 15 ¯ \ m-¸m-¡p-¶-Xv. kwØ CSp¡n PnÃ-I-fn-emWv \S sXc-sª-Sp¯ hnZymÀYnmbn shÀNz ¢mkvdq-ap-I-fn-e pÅ IvtSgvkv ]²Xn {]Im-c-a hn \v þ 20v X v IÄ¡v BKk Xw]v sk 4 200 p. ¶ \S Ä I pk Icn-bÀ Iu¬k-enwKv ¢m mw `mc-apÅ Edusat (Edum{K _À 20-þ-\mWv 1950 Inte m-«-bnse kXojv [hm³ ¡ t nc ol cational satellite) {i t£-]n-¨-Xv. hn v ¶ \n n d kvt]kv skâ-

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

20

B¿.Fkv.-Fkv/kwLv]-cn-hm¿ Pq¨amkw ]pe¿∂Xv cmPysØ kam[m\ Imw£n-If - mb `qcn-]£ - s - Øbpw Bi-¶-bn-em-gvØn-s°m-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \mKv]q- c nse B¿.- F - k v.- F - k v. Bÿm\w B{I-an-°m≥ {iaw \S-∂psh∂ dnt∏m¿´p-I-fm-bn-cp∂p CXn\v B[m-cw. B{I-aW {iaw \S-Ønb ]mIn- ÿ m≥ tI{µ- a mbn {]h¿Øn°p∂ `oI-c-kw-L-S-\-bpsS {]h¿ØIsc t]meokv shSn-sh-®p-sIm-∂psh∂ hm¿Øbpw kwb-a\w ]men-°W-sa∂v hnhn[ hn`mKw t\Xm-°f - psS {]kvXm-h\ - bpw P\w Bizm-kt- ØmsS tI´p. CXns‚ ]n¥p-S¿®-bmbn a‰v A\njvS kw`-hß - s - fm-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-s√∂Xpw Bizmkw P\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. B{I-aW {iaw XI¿°p-Ibpw `oI-csc shSn-sh-®p-sIm-√p-Ibpw sNbvX tijw C°m- c y- s Ø- ° p- d n®v t]meokv \¬Inb hni-Zo-I-c-W-ßfpw hnh-cßfpw hm¿Øm am[y-aß - f - n¬ \nd-™p\n-∂p. F∂m¬ Cu hnh-c-ß-sfm∂pw B{I-aWw \SØm≥ {ian® `oI-csc kw_-‘n® Zpcq-l-X-Iƒ apgp-h-\mbn AI-‰m≥ ]cym]vXa - m-bn-cp-∂p-an-√. `oIc-cpsS ]°¬ {Kt\-Up-Ifpw AXym-[p\nI tXm°p-I-fp-a-S°w h≥ Bbp[ tiJcw D≠m- b n- c p- ∂ p- s h- ∂ mWv t]meokv DtZym-Kÿ ¿ shfn-s∏-Sp-Ønb- X v . F∂n´pw Gsd Ffp- ∏ - Ø n¬ t]meo-kn\v Chsc Iog-S-°m-\mbn F∂Xv kwi-bß - f - psS sI´-gn-®p. CXpIm- c Ww t]meokv hnh- c - W - Ø n¬ kwibw {]I-Sn-∏n®v \nc-h[n t]¿ cwKsØ-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu kml-Ncy-Øn-emWv kw`-hß - f - psS bmYm¿Yyw a\- n-em-°m≥ Hcp \njv]£ kanXnsb \ntbm-Kn-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®-Xv. G‰p-ap-´¬ \S∂ {]tZ-ihpw B¿.-Fkv.F - kv Bÿm-\hpw kanXn kµ¿in®p. {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fn¬\n∂pw B¿.-Fkv.F - k - .v BkvYm-\Ø - ns‚ Npa-Xe - ° - mc-\mb {io\njv hmsX-bp-ambpw kwkmcn-®p. G‰p-ap-´-en¬ sIm√-s∏´ `oI-ccpsS icocw t]mÃvtam¿´w \S-Ønb tUmIvS¿ [- h m- s \bpw I≠p. t]mÃvtam¿´w kw_-‘n® {]mY-anI hnh- c - ß ƒ \¬Im≥ am{X- a mWv tUmIvS¿ Xøm-dm-b-Xv. t]mÃvtam¿´w \S∂ k¿°m¿ saUn-°¬ tImtfPv Uo≥ tUm. hn`m-hm-cn-Zm-\n-bp-ambpw kwkm-cn-s®-¶nepw CXv kw_-‘n® IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ahcpw Xøm- d m- b n- √ . \mKv]q¿ t]meokv IΩo-j-Wsd ImWm≥ ]eX-hW {ian-s®-¶nepw At±-lhpw hnkΩ-Xn-®p. kan-Xn-bpsS B[n-Im-cn-IX tNmZyw sNøp-I-bmWv IΩo-j-W¿ sNbvX-Xv. BcmWv kan-Xn°v [\-klmbw \¬Ip-∂X - v, F¥mWv Dt±-iyw, kan-Xn-bpsS A¥m-cmjv{S _‘-ßs - fs¥ms° F∂o hnh-c-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p IΩo-jW - ¿°v Adn-tb-≠n-bn-cp-∂X - v. B{I-aW {iasØ hne-bn-cp-Øptºmƒ, kw`hw kw_-‘n®v t]meokv

22

\mKv]q-cn¬ Pq¨ ]pe¿∂-t∏mƒ kw`-hn-®Xv hnL-S-\-hmZ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v XS-bn-Sm≥ ]©m_v Un.-Pn.-]n-bmbn \ntbm-Kn-°s∏´ sI.-]n.-F-kv. Kn¬ hymP G‰p-ap-´-ep-Iƒ krjvSn®v \nc-h[n knJv bphm°sf sIms∂m-Sp-°nb IY Ip{]-kn-≤-am-Wv. Xo{h-hmZn _‘w Btcm-]n®v bphm-°sf ]nSn-IqSn shSn-sh®p sIm∂ tijw AXv t]meo-kp-am-bp≈ G‰pap-´-en¬ sIm√-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂v hcp-Øn-Øo¿°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p ]Xn-hv. CØcw hymP G‰p-ap-´e - p-If- psS IY Iivao-cn¬ \n∂pw [mcmfw ]pd-Øp-h∂ - n-´p-≠v. Z¬lnbn¬ A≥k¬ πmk-bn¬ sh®v Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-sf∂v ap{Z-IpØn c≠v bphm-°sf shSn-sh®p sIm∂-Xn\v Xm≥ km£n-bm-sW∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏´v tUm. lcn-IrjvW F∂-bmƒ cwK-sØ-Øn-bXpw cmPyØv hnhmZw krjvSn-®n-cp-∂p. Ct∏mƒ \mKv]q-cnse B¿.-F-kv.-Fkv Bÿm-\-Øn\p t\¿°v \S∂ B{I-a-W-{i-ahpw ]¶m-fn-I-fmb aq∂p-t]sc t]meokv shSn-sh-®p-sIm-∂Xpw CtX hnhmZw Db¿Øp-I-bm-Wv. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ \mKv]q¿ tI{µ-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ ]o∏nƒkv bqWn-b≥ t^m¿ knhn¬ en_¿´okv, apwss_-bnse IΩn‰n t^m¿ s{]m´-£≥ Hm^v Utam-{Im-‰nIv ssd‰vkv, \mKv]q-cnse [¿a-\n-ct]£v \mK-cn-Iva-©v, sslZ-cm-_m-Znse B{‘m-{]-tZiv knhn¬ en_¿´okv IΩn‰n, C¥y≥ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ Hm^v ]o∏nƒkv temtb-gvkv, _lp-P≥ kwL¿j kanXn F∂o Bdv kwL-S-\-Iƒ tN¿∂v Cu kw`-h-Øns‚ bmYm¿Yyw a\- n-em°m≥ Hcp At\z-jWw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. At\z-jW dnt∏m¿´v ]q¿W cq]-Øn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂p. Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cn-°p∂ dnt∏m¿´v {][m-\am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ AXv BZyw ]cn-tim[n-°mw. \mKv]q¿ t]meokv IΩo-j-W¿ Fkv.] - n. bmZ-hns‚ dnt∏m¿´v C‚-en-P≥kv GP≥kn-bn¬\n∂v e`n® Nne clky hnh-c-ßfpsS ASnÿm-\-Øn¬ \mKv]q¿ kn‰n t]meokv Gsd Pm{KX ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. CXn\n-sS-bmWv kwi-bm-k] v Z- a - mb kml-Ncy- Ø n¬ k©- c n- ° p∂ shfpØ Aw_m- k n- U ¿ Im¿ t]meokv kwLØns‚ {i≤-bn¬ s]´-Xv. al¬ {]tZ-isØ eIvUn ]q¬ taJ-e-bn-embn-cp∂p AXv. Cu Imdns\ c≠p hml\-ß-fn¬ t]meokv kwLw ]n¥pS¿∂p. Hcp Izmfnkpw Hcp Sm‰m kptambp- a mWv t]meokv D]- t bm- K n- ® - X v . t]meokv kwLw apgp-h≥ - a^vSn-bn-embn-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ Imdn¬ k©-cn-®n-cp-∂h¿°v kwi-b-sam∂pw tXm∂n-bn-√. k¿°m-dn-s‚bpw D∂X DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsSbpw HutZym-Kn-I-hm-l-\-ß-fn-te-Xpt]mse Aw_m-kn-U¿ Imdns‚ apIfn¬ Nph∂ sse‰v ÿm]n-®n-cp-∂p. Cu Im¿ B¿.- F - k v.- F kv Bÿm-\Ø - n\p t\¿°v \oßm≥ XpSßn-b-t∏mƒ Sm‰ kptam-bn¬ k©cn®n-cp∂ t]meo-kp-Im¿ ASp-sØØn Imcy-at- \z-jn-®p. CtXmsS Imdn-ep-≠mbn-cp∂ bphm-°ƒ Akz-ÿ-cm-bn. Ah¿ t]meokv hml-\Ø - n\p t\¿°v shSn-bp-Xn¿°p-Ibpw Im¿ thK-Øn¬ apt∂m- s ´- S p- ° m≥ {ian- ° p- I bpw Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

sNbvXp. CXn-\n-Sb - n¬ B¿.-Fk - .v F - k - .v Bÿm- \ - Ø ns‚ Ing- ° p- ` m- K Øv ÿm]n-®n-cp∂ _mcn-t°-Un¬ Im¿ CSn®p. t]meo-kp-Im¿ _p≈‰v {]q^v Pm°‰p-Iƒ [cn-®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ch-cpsS shSn-bp-≠-I-fn¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-´p. Fkv.s - F-am-cmb cmtP{µ Xnhm-cn, Achnµv kc-^v, sU tamsd F∂n-h-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ t]meokv kwLw Xncn®p shSn-sh-®p. `oI-c¿ t]meokv kwLØn\p t\¿°v Hcp {Kt\Uv {]tbm-Kn-s®¶nepw AXv s]m´n-bn-√, {Kt\-Uns‚ ]n≥ Ducm≥ `oI-c¿ ad∂p-t]m-bX - p-sIm-≠mWv AXv s]m´m-Xncp-∂-Xv. Ccp-]-£hpw 20 an\p-t´mfw shSn- b p- X n¿Øp. `oI- c ¿ 76 Np‰pw t]meokv 63 Np‰pw shSn-bp-Xn¿Øp. `oI-c-cpsS ]°¬ aq∂v F. sI ˛ Fw. tXm°p-Ifpw 12 {Kt\-Up-Ifpw 5.6 Intem Db¿∂ kvt^mS-I-ti-jnbp≈ hkvXp-°fpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 30 Np‰p-hoXw shSn-bp-Xn¿°m-\m-hp∂ aq∂v Xnc-Ifpw Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. Cu hnh-c-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\Øn¬ t]meokv IΩo-j-W-sd-Øp∂ \nK-a\ - ß - ƒ CXm-Wv. Imdn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂-h¿ \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ Xøm-sd-Sp∏pw GXp- h n- t [- \ bpw B¿.- F - k v . - F - k v . Bÿm- \ Øv IS- ∂ p- I - b - d m- \ p≈ {iahpw IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-tºmƒ Ch¿ Nmth¿ B{I-aWw \S-Øm-s\-Øn-bh - cm-sW∂v Icp-X-Ww. B{I-a-W-Øn\p {ian® bphm- ° ƒ 20- ˛ \pw 22- ˛ \pw CSbv°v {]mb-ap-≈-h-cm-Wv (A-h-cpsS

IrXy-amb t]tcm a‰p-hn-hc - ß - tfm IΩo- Øn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øn-d-ßn. kc-^ns‚ temIvkØ Pq¨ aq∂n\v {]kn-≤o-Ij-W¿ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-√). F∂m¬ hb- ‰ n¬ _p≈‰v Xd- ® p- s h- ¶ nepw cn® dnt∏m¿´n¬ \¬Inb hnh-c-߃ Ah¿ Ckvem-anI `oI-c-cm-sW∂pw _p≈‰v {]q^v Pm°‰v [cn-®n-cp-∂Xv Xmsg-]-dbpw {]Im-c-am-Wv. B{I-a-WIΩo-j-W¿ ]d™p. c£-bm-bn. t]meokpw `oI-ccpw XΩn¬ ߃ kq£vaa - mbn Bkq-{XWw sNøpcq£-amb G‰p-ap-´e - mWv ]n∂o-Sp-≠m-b- Ibpw AXv ]mfn-®-bn-√msX \S-∏m-°pt]meokv \¬Inb hnh-cß - f - psS Xv. CXn¬ c≠p `oI-c¿ sIm√s∏-´p. I-bp-amWv `oI-c-cpsS coXn. F∂m¬ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ am[y-aß - ƒ Imdns‚ ss{Uh¿ c£-s∏-Sm≥ {ian- B¿.- F - k v . - F - k v . Bÿm- \ - Ø n\v dnt∏m¿´v sNbvXX - v s®-¶nepw shSn-tb-‰p. Abmfpw kw`h t\¿°v \S∂ B{I-aW - {- iaw XI¿°papI-fn¬ Nph∏p sse‰v LSn-∏n® ÿe-Øp-Xs∂ acn-®p. ∂-Xn¬ t]meokv t\Snb hnPbw kw`sh≈ Aw_m-kn-U¿ Im¿ (\-º¿ Fw.]pe¿s® \mep-ap-X¬ \mte-Im- h- s Ø- ° p- d n®v P\- ß ƒ°n- S - b nepw F-®v. 20˛8979) BZyw Is≠-Øn-bXv - c-bmWv G‰p-ap-´¬ \o≠p-\n-∂X - v. B¿.-F-kv.-F-kv. t\Xm-°ƒ°pw Aht]meokv ]t{Sm-fnwKv ]m¿´n-bm-W.v G‰p- ep-hs cpsS FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ°p-an-S-bnepw kwikw`hw Adnb n® X \ pk c n®v Db¿∂ ap-´¬ \S-°p-∂X - n\v A¬]-t\cw apºm- ¿ ÿe-sØ-Øn. aq∂p `oI- b- ß ƒ P\n- ∏ n- ® n- ´ p- ≠ v . km[m- c W Wn-Xv. Imdn¬ t]meokv C≥kvs]- DtZym-Kÿ cs cbpw DS≥ saUn-°¬ tImtfPv B{I-a-W-߃°p ]ndsI AXns‚ IvS¿amcpsS thj-Øn¬ aq∂p bphmDØ-c-hm-ZnXzw Gs‰-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p≈ °-fmWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - .v NnX-tcm-fb - n¬ Bip-]-{Xn-bn-te°v am‰p-Ibpw acn® Xo{h-hmZn kwL-ß-fpsS Adn-bn∏v \neb n¬ sIm≠ph ∂ X mbn tcJs ∏S p\n∂v _UvImkv Nu°n-te°v Im¿ FØm-dp-≠v. F∂m¬ \mKv]q¿ kwh\oßp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. NnX-tem-fn-bn¬ Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. kw`-h-ÿ-e-Øv Øn¬ AXp-≠m-bn-√. AXp-sIm-≠pXmak n° p∂ ZuXv I mW nbpw IpSpwIm¿ FØn-b-t∏mƒ t]meo-kp-Im¿°v Xs∂ B¿.- F - k v . - F kv Bÿm\w CtX-°p-dn®v kwibw tXm∂n. c≠v _hpw shSn-sbm® tI´mWv DW¿∂- B{I- a n- ° m≥ {ian- ® - h ¿ ISpØ Xv . Ah¿ hmXn¬ Xpd∂v ]pdt Ø° pC≥kvs]-IvS¿amcpw A©v tIm¨ÃCkvem-anI Xo{h-hm-Zn-If - mtWm AtXm _nƒamcpw Hcp Sm‰-kp-tam-bnepw A©v h-cm≥ {ian-s®-¶nepw ÿe-Øp-≠m-bn- Cu taJ-e-bn¬ ]pXp-Xmbn FØn-bcp∂ t]meokv XS™ p. hmXn¬ AS®v k_v C≥kvs]-IvS¿am¿ Hcp Izmfnh-cmtWm F∂v kwi-b-ap-b-cp-∂p-≠v. knepw Imdns\ ]n¥p-S¿∂p. Im¿ AI-Øn-cn-°m≥ Ah-tcmSv t]meokv B¿.- F - k v . - F - k v . Bÿm- \ - Ø n\p \n¿tZi n° pI b mb nc p∂ p. `oIc ¿ BZyw Pp≠-Nu-°n-te°pw ]n∂oSv t\¿°v B{I-a-W-ap-≠m-hm-sa∂ ap∂kwL Bÿm\w \n¬°p∂ eIvUn ZuXvIm-Wn-bpsS ho´n¬ IS-°p-Ibpw dn- b n∏v Hcp h¿j- a mbn \ne- h n- e pAhsc _µnI f m° p∂Xv XSb pI b p]q¬ {]tZ-i-tØ°pw Xncn-™p. s≠∂pw AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Bÿmam-bn-cp∂p t]meo-kns‚ e£yw. Im¿ Abm-NnXv t£{X-Øn-te\-Øn-\p≈ kpc£ i‡-am-°n-bn-cpc≠n\v ]pd-Øn-dß - nb am[y-aß - - ∂p-sh-∂p-amWv t]meokv ]d-bp-∂-Xv. °mWv t]mhp-∂-sX∂ [mc-W-bn¬ t]meokv A¬]- t \cw ]n¥p- S - c ¬ fn-se√mw B{I-a-W-Øn\v {ian® `oI- F∂m¬ CtX-°p-dn-s®m∂pw B{I-aW \n¿Øn. t]meokv kwLw ]Xnhp c- c n¬ c≠p- t ]¿ ]mIv ]uc- ∑ m- c m- {iaw \S-Øn-b-h¿°v [mc-W-bp-≠m-bn]t{Smƒ XpS¿∂p. A¬]ka-b-Øn\p sW∂pw Hcmƒ KpPvd≥hme kztZ-in- cp-∂n-√. Ah¿°v B¿.-F-kv.-F-kv. tijw ]t{Sm-fnwKv kwLw eIvUn ]q¬ bp-am-sW∂pw dnt∏m¿´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Bÿm- \ - t Ø- ° p≈ hgn- t ]mepw - e - Ø - p-\n∂v t]meokv Is≠- hy‡-ambn Adn-bn-√m-bn-cp∂p F∂ptaJ- e - b n- s e- Ø n- b - t ∏mƒ eIv U n kw`-hÿ ]qen\pw KPm-\µv aµn-dn-\p-an-Sb - v°p≈ SpØ Ub-dn-bn¬ D¿Zp-hn¬ Fgp-Xnb thWw kw`-h-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-csNdnb {]tZ-iØv Im¿ I≠p. B¿.- C˛-sa-bn¬ hnem-khpw emtlm-dn-se- ߃ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ hne-bn-cpF-kv.-Fkv Bÿm-\-Øns‚ Ing-°p- bpw KpPvd≥hm-e-bn-sebpw GXm\pw tØ-≠-Xv. B¿.-F-kv.-Fkv Bÿm- p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 45,000 \tam AXns‚ kao] {]tZ-i-ßtfm `m-KsØ Ihm-SØ - n\v ap∂n-emWv Im¿ t^m¨ \º-dp-If I≠-Xv. CtX-Øp-S¿∂v c≠p t]meokv cq]bpw \mKv]q¿ \K-c-Øns‚ am∏pw Nn{Xo- I - c n- ° p∂ am∏pw Ch- c psS hml-\-ßfpw {i≤n-°msX Xm¬°m- `oI- c - c n¬ \n∂v Is≠- S p- Ø p. ]°¬\n∂v Is≠-Sp-Øn-´n-√. G‰p-ap-´enI _mcn- t °- U p- I ƒ°n- S - b n- e qsS A^v k ¬ Al- Ω Zv `´v , _nem¬ en-\nsS Hcp {Kt\-UmWv `oI-c¿ D]apt∂m´p \oßm-\mWv Imdn-ep-≈-h¿ AlvaZv `´v, apl-ΩZv Dkvam≥ l_o_v tbm-Kn-®-Xv. AXpw ]n≥ ]q¿W-ambpw {ian-®-Xv. B¿.-F-kv.-F-kv. Bÿm-\- F∂n-ßs\ sIm√-s∏´ `oI-c-cpsS Ducn am‰m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ s]m´n-bp-an-√. Øns‚ Ihm-SØ - ns‚ 50 ao‰¿ AI-se- t]cp-I-sf∂pw am[y-a-߃ dnt∏m¿´p ]Xn-\©p an\n‰v XpS¿®bmbn shSnbm- b n- c p∂p CXv . Cu ka- b Øv sNbvXp. C¥y≥ FIvk{v ]kv {Kq∏ns‚ bp-Xn¿Øn´pw Hcp t]meo-kp-Im-c-\p{]kn- ≤ o- I - c - W - a mb t]mepw ]cn-t°-‰n-´n-√. CXv `oI-ccpsS C≥kvs]-IvS¿ Xnhmcn Im¿ XS™v admØn Ftßm-´mWv t]mhp{]l- c - t ijn kw_∂-sX∂v tNmZn-°p‘n®v kwi- b - ß - f pAt\z-jW kanXn Ibpw sNbvXp. W¿Øp- ∂ p. tXm°pCtXmsS Imdns‚ Iƒ, {Kt\Uv, B¿.-Un.A[y-£≥: apwss_ sslt°m-SXn ap≥ PUvPn _n Pn tJmkvse ]m´o¬ ]n≥ko-‰n-en-cp∂ FIv k v XpSßn Hcp I¨ho-\¿: tUm. kptcjv ssJ¿\m¿ c≠p `oI-c¿ ]pd-ØpIm¿ \ndsb kvt^mS-IAwK-߃: h- ∂ p. F.- s I. 56 h-kvXp-hp-ambn Bbn-c1. tUm. B\µv sX¬XpwsU (kn.-]n.-Un.-B¿ apwss_) tXm°pw {Kt\Upw °-W° - n\v Intem-ao-‰d - pAh-cpsS ssIbn-ep2. AUz. ]n. kptcjv Ipam¿ (B-{‘-{]-tZiv knhn¬ en_¿´okv IΩn-‰n) Iƒ `oI- c ¿ k©- c n≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Hcmƒ 3. AlvaZv eXzo^v (kn-hn¬ en_¿´okv tamWn-‰-dnwKv IΩn-‰n) ®n´pw t]meo-kn-s‚tbm t]meo-kn\p t\¿°v a‰v ]cn-tim-[\m kwL4. tUm. Un. tPm¨ sN√-Zpssc (C-¥y≥ ]okv sk‚¿, \mKv]q¿) {Kt\Uv Fdn- ™ p. ß-fp-sStbm IÆn¬s]5. \mtKjv Nu[cn (_-lp-P≥ kwL¿j kan-Xn) F∂m¬ ]n≥ ]q¿W´n√ F∂Xpw Bi6. Ac-hnµv tLmjv (]n.-bp.-kn.F¬. \mKv]q¿) ambn am‰m-ØX - n-\m¬ ¶tbm kwi-b-ßtfm 7. AUz. A\n¬ Imse (C¥ y≥ Atkmk nt bj ≥ Hm^v ]o∏nƒkv temtbg v k v ) AXv s]m´n- b n- √ . Db¿Øp- ∂ p. CtX 8. AUz. kptc{µ KUvenwKv (C-¥y≥ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ Hm^v ]o∏nƒkv temtb-gvkv) kwi-bhpw Bi-¶bpw CXn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v `oI9. PAv^¿ i°o¿ ([¿a \nc-t]£ \mK-cnIv a©v) c¿ t]meo- k n\p B¿.-F-kv.-Fkv tI{µ10. F.-sI. tLmjv (]n.-bp.-kn.-F¬) t\¿°v Xpcp- X pcm ßfpw Db¿Øp-∂p-≠v. shSn-bp-Xn¿Øp. CXn11. Ac-hnµv tZivapJv (_-lp-P≥ kwL¿j kan-Xn) kwL tI{µw B{I-an\nsS k_vC - ≥kvs]12. Sn.-hn. ImXs\ (_-lp-P≥ kwL¿j kan-Xn) °m≥ {ia-ap-≠m-bm¬ IvS¿ kc^v 13. AUz. B\µv KPv`nb(sF.-F.-]n.-F¬) km[m- c - W - K - X n- b n¬ t]meokv hml- \ D≠m-hm-dp≈ {]Xn-tjZ _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿ 22

[-ß-sfm∂pw Cu kw`-h-Øn¬ D≠mbn-√ F∂Xpw {it≤-b-amWv. CØcw Hcp kwh-ap-≠m-bm¬ B¿.-Fk - .v F - kpw Ah-cpsS kl kwL-SI - fpw Ipd-™Xv cmPy-hym-]I {]Xn-tj-[-Øn-s\-¶nepw Blzm\w sNøm-Xn-cn-°n-√. F∂m¬ \mKv]q¿ kw`-h-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v CsXm∂p-ap-≠m-bn-√. B¿.-Fk - .v F - kv Bÿm\Øv F√m Znh-khpw cmhnse \S-°mdp≈ imJ Pq¨ H∂n\pw ]Xn-hpt]mse \S-∂p. Ipd-®[ - nIw t]¿ imJbn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXv B¿.-Fk - v.F - kv {]h¿Ø-Ic - n¬ Xs∂ kwi-b-ß-fp-b¿Øn-bn-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ Ch¿ i_vZ-ap-b¿Øn kwkm-cn-°m≥ Xøm-dm-hp-∂n-s√∂v am{Xw. apwss_-bn¬ \n∂v {]kn-≤o-Ic - n°p∂ admØn Zn\-]{Xw alm-\m-bIns‚ dnt∏m¿´v C{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp sNdp-tXm°p t]mepw D]-tbm-Kn°m≥ Adn-bm-Ø-h-cmWv G‰p-ap-´-en¬ ]s¶-SpØ 11 t]meo-kp-Im-cp-sa∂v \mKv]q¿ t]meo-kn¬ kwkm-c-ap-≠v. t]meokv hIp∏v A®-S° \S-]-Sn-sbSpØv Xcw-Xm-gvØn-b-h-cmWv Ah-cn¬ Nne¿. "Xß-fpsS Ignhv' sXfn-bn-°m≥ Ah¿°v \¬Inb "Ah- k c'amWnsX∂pw Hcp hn`mKw t]meo-kpIm¿ ]d-bp-∂p. G‰p-ap-´e - n¬ ]s¶-SpØ ]Xn- s \m∂p t]meo- k p- I m- c n¬ Hcmƒ°p-t]mepw Iam≥t‚m ]cn-ioe\w e`n-®n-´n-s√∂pw t]meokv hrØ߃ hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v. Hcp KpXvI I®-hS- ° - m-c\ - n¬ \n∂v aq∂-ce - £ - w-cq] hmßn-b-Xn\v Un∏m¿´p-sa‚ v in£n-®h-cmWv CXn¬ c≠p-t]¿. tXm°v ssIImcyw sNøm≥ Adn-bmØ CØ-c°msc Dƒs∏-SpØn an°-hmdpw t]meokp-Im¿s°-Xnsc \ne-hn-ep≈ A®S° \S-]S- n-If - psS hnh-cß - ƒ alm-\mb-Ins‚ dnt∏m¿´n-ep-≠v. B¿.-F-kv.-Fkv. Bÿm-\-Øns‚ kpc£ Dd-∏m°p- ∂ - X p- t ]mse {][m- \ - s ∏´ Hcp ZuXy-Øn\v Chsc F¥-Sn-ÿm-\-ØnemWv sXc-s™-Sp-Øs - X∂pw alm-\mb-Ins‚ dnt∏m¿´n¬ tNmZn-°p-∂p. kwi-b-ß-fpsS \nc-h[n \mºp-Iƒ \mKv ] q- c n¬ B¿.- F - k v . - F - k v . Bÿm-\Ø - n\p t\sc-bp-≠mb B{IaW {ia-Øns‚ hkvXp-XI - ƒ Adn-bm≥ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏´ apwss_ sslt°mSXn ap≥ PUvPn _n.-Pn. tJms… ]m´oens‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ kanXn Nne \nco-£-W-߃ \S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. kan-Xn-bpsS {][m\ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ CXm-bn-cp∂p: 1. B¿.-F-kv.-F-kv. Bÿm-\Øn\p t\¿°v B{I-aW - a - p-≠m-hm≥ CSbp-s≠∂v ap≥Iq¿ hnhcw e`n-°p-Ibpw AXp t\cn-Sm≥ t]meokv Xøm-sd-Sp-°pIbpw sNbvXp-sh-∂mWv \mKv]q¿ IΩoj-W¿ ]d-bp-∂X - v. F¶n¬ F¥n-\mWv A{I-an-Iƒ°v B¿.-Fk - .v F - k - .v Bÿm\-Øns‚ C{X ASp-sØ-Øm≥ Ahkcw \¬In-b-Xv. BZyw I≠-t∏mƒ Xs∂ Ahsc XS-bm≥ t]meokv {ian-

°m-Xn-cp-∂X - ns‚ ImcWw F¥v? 2. kw`hw \S- ° p- ∂ - X n\v GXm\pw Znhkw apºv t]meokv Hcp G‰p-ap-´e - ns‚ dntl-gvk¬ \S-Øn-bn-cp∂-Xmbn {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fn¬ \n∂v a\ n- e m- ° m- \ m- b n. G‰p- a p- ´ ¬ \S∂ AtX ÿe-Øp-sh-®m-bn-cp-∂p dntlgvk-epw. dntl-gvk-en-\nsS t]meokv BIm-it- Ø°v shSn-sh-®X - mbpw {]tZi-hm-kn-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂p. bYm¿Y G‰pap-´¬ \S-°p-tºmƒ ]cn-k-c-hm-kn-Iƒ BZyw Icp-Xn-bXv CXpw t\csØ \S∂-Xp-t]m-ep≈ Hcp ]cn-io-e\ {]IS\w am{X-am-sW-∂m-Wv. F¥n-\mWv GXm\pw Znhkw apºv t]meokv Cu ]cn-io-e\ {]I-S\w \S-Øn-bXv? 3. apI- f n¬ Nph∏v sse‰v ÿm]n® Aw_m-kn-U¿ Im¿ B¿.-Fkv.-F-kv. Bÿm-\-tØ°v \oßn-bt∏mƒ Sm‰ kptam-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp t]meo-kp-Im-c≥ Imdn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂-h-tcmSv Ah-cpsS e£y-sa-s¥∂v tNmZn-®p-sh-∂mWv t]meokv IΩojW¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. CtXmsS Imdn-ep-≠mbn-cp-∂-h¿ {]tIm-]n-X-cmbn F∂pw Ah¿ t]meo-kn\p t\¿°v shSn-bpXn¿Øv Imdp-ambn apt∂m-´p-\o-ßm≥ {ian-®p-sh∂pw IΩo-j-W¿ ]d-bp-∂p. Imdn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h-tcmSv t]meokv tIm¨Ã-_n-fn\v hnhcw Xnc-°-W-sa¶n¬ t]meokv hml\w Imdns‚ H∏Øn- s \m∏w FØ- W w. As√- ¶ n¬ tIm¨Ã-_nƒ Imdn-\S- p-tØ°v \S-s∂Ø-Ww. c≠m-bmepw `oI-c-cpsS hfsc ASp-Øm-bn-cn°pw tIm¨Ã-_nƒ D≠mhp-I. C{X kao-]-Øp-\n∂v B{I-a-Wap-≠m-bn´pw ]cp-t°¬°msX tIm¨Ã_nƒ c£-s]-´Xv Fßs\? t]meokv IΩo- j - W - d psS hnh- c - W - Ø nse C°mcyw hy‡-am-°p∂ bmsXm-∂p-an√. 4. kw`-hn® Imcy-߃s°m∂pw ZrIvkm-£n-I-fn-√. G‰p-ap-´¬ Ah-km\n- ® Xv \mte Imtem- s S- b m- s W∂v t]meokv ]d-bp-∂p. A©p-aW - n-tbmsS ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I¿ kw`h ÿe-sØØn-bn-´p-≠v. t]meo-knse apXn¿∂ DtZym-K-ÿ-s\-Øp-∂-Xn\p apºv ]{X{]- h ¿Ø- I - c m- s W- Ø n- b - X v . At∏mtg°pw B{I-an-°m≥ {ian-®-h-sc∂p ]d-bp-∂-h-cpsS arX-tZlw saUn-°¬ tImtf-Pn-te°v am‰n-bn-cp-∂p. Cu XnSp°-Øns‚ Imc-Ws - a¥v? 5. kw`hw \S- ∂ - X n\p ]nt‰∂sØ am[ya dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ sU]yq´n t]meokv IΩoj-W¿ {]`mXv Ipamdns‚t]cv ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p-≠v. Sm‰m kptam-bn¬ k©-cn-®n-cp∂ ]t{Sm-fnwKv kwL-Øn-s\m∏w {]`mXv Ipam-dp-ap-≠mbn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Aw_m-kn-U¿ Imdns‚ \o°-Øn¬ kwibw tXm∂n-b-{]-`mXmWv AXns\ ]n¥p-S-cm≥ Bcw-`n-®sX∂pw dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ ]d-™n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ kw`- h - s Ø- ° p- d n- ® p≈ t]meokv IΩoj-W-dpsS hnh-c-WØn¬ sU]yq´n IΩo-j-W-sd-°p-dn®v

24

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

]cm-a¿i-an-√. F¥n-\mWv IΩo-jW - ¿, sU]yq´n IΩoj-Wsd Hfn-∏n-®Xv? 6. Imdns\ ]n¥p-S¿∂ t]meokv kwLw Hcn-S-Øp-sh®v ]n≥hm-ßn-bXmbn dnt∏m¿´p-≠v. Abm-NnXv t£{XØn-te-°mWv Im¿ t]mhp-∂s - X∂v IcpXn-bmWv ]n¥p-S-c¬ \n¿Øn-b-sX∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. ]n∂oSv ]Xnhp ]t{Sm-fnwKv \S-Ønb t]meokv kwLw XncnsI AtX ÿeØv FØn-bt- ∏mƒ eIvUn ]qen\pw KPm- \ µv t£{X- Ø n\pw kao]w B¿.-F-kv.-Fkv. Bÿm-\Øns‚ Ingt° Imhm- S - Ø n- t e°v \ofp∂ hgn-bn¬ Im¿ ho≠pw Is≠Øn. ]n¥p-S-c¬ Dt]-£n® ÿehpw ]n∂oSv Im¿ Is≠-Ønb ÿehpw H∂m-sW-∂mWv CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂X - v. t]meokv ho≠pw Is≠-Øp∂ kabw hsc B{I-aWØns\-Øn-bh - ¿ ImØncp-∂p-sh-∂mtWm CXn¬\n∂v a\- nem-t°-≠Xv? 7. B¿.-F-kv.-F-kv. Bÿm-\Øns‚ Ihm-S-Øn\v AºXp ao‰¿ AIse ÿm]n-®n-cp∂ _mcn-t°-UpIƒ XI¿Øp apt∂m´p \oßm≥ `oIc¿ k©-cn-®n-cp∂ Im¿ {ian-®p-sh∂mWv t]meokv ]d-bp-∂-Xv. B{I-aW-{i-aa - p-≠m-hp∂ Pq¨ H∂n\v BgvNIƒ°p apºmWv ChnsS _mcnt°-UpIƒ ÿm]n-®-Xv. kwÿm-\-Øns‚ Nne `mK-ßf - n¬ \n∂v Bbp-[t- i-Jcw ]nSn-®X - ns\ XpS¿∂m-bn-cp∂p CXv. `oIc¿ FØp-tºmƒ _mcn-t°-Up-Iƒ°p kao]w \ntbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ skIyq-cn‰n DtZym- K - ÿ ¿ FhnsS bmbn- c p∂p? _mcn- t °Uv XI¿Øv Bsc- ¶ nepw apt∂m-´p-\o-ßm≥ {ian-®m¬ km[m-cW - K-Xn-bn¬ BZyw XS-bpI skIyq-cn‰n DtZym-Kÿ - c - m-bn-cn°pw. Ah¿ Fhn-sSt∏mbn? 8. G‰p-ap-´¬ 20 an\n´v \o≠p\n∂p F∂mWv dnt∏m¿´v. {Kt\-Up-Ifpw 360 Np‰v shSn-sh-°m-\p≈ _p≈-‰pIfpw 5.6 Intem AXoh kvt^mS-\t- ijn-bp≈ hkvXp-°f - p-am-sb-Ønb (Cu hkvXp B¿.-Un.-FI - k v m-sW∂v ]n∂oSv ÿnco-I-cn-®p) `oI-csc C{X-s]-s´∂v t]meo-kn\v Iog-S° - m-\m-bXv Fßs\? C{Xbpw kmbp-[-cm-sb-Ønb A{I-anIƒ CsXm∂pw D]-tbm-Kn-°msX 20 an\p´v t]meo-kp-ambn G‰p-ap-´ntbm? Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ AXv kmam-\y-_p≤n°v hniz-kn-°m-hp-∂-Xnepw A∏p-dØm-W.v 9. `oI-c¿ k©-cn-®n-cp∂ Imdn¬ \n∂v AS®p-]q´n `{Z-am°n sh® \nebn¬ ]{¥≠v {Kt\Up-Iƒ Is≠-SpØp-sh∂pw t]meokv dnt∏m¿´n¬ ]dbp-∂p. Nmth¿ B{I-a-W-Øn\v e£yan-s´-Øp∂ `oI-c¿ {Kt\-Up-Iƒ s]´n°p-≈n¬ AS-®p-]q´n `{Z-am°n sh°psa∂v Icp-Xm-\m-hn-√. 20 an\p´v \o≠ G‰p- a p- ´ - e n- \ nsS {Kt\Uv kq£n® s]´n Xpd-°m≥ t]mepw `oI-c¿ {ian®n√ F∂Xpw hnizm-k-tbm-Ky-a-√. 10. Nmth¿ B{I- a - W - Ø n\v

kan-Xn-bpsS

\n¿tZ-i-߃ G‰p-ap-´¬, XpS¿∂p≈ kw`-hß - ƒ F∂nh ]£m-t`-Za - n-√msX t\m°p∂ GsXm-cmƒ°p-ap-≠m-Im-hp∂ kzm`m-hnI kwi-b-߃ ta¬ hnh-cn-®-Xp-t]mse Gsd-bm-Wv. C°m-cy-ß-fn¬ kan-Xn°v t]meokv IΩoj-W-dn¬ \n∂v hni-Zo-I-cWw e`n-t°-≠-Xp-≠m-bncp-∂p. XpS¿®-bmbn A©p-Zn-hkw CXn-\mbn IΩn-j-Wsd kao]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ kan-Xnsb t\cn´p I≠v tNmZy߃°v adp-]Sn \¬Im≥ At±lw Xøm-dm-bn-√. hfsc kphy-‡amb tNmZy-߃°v t]mepw adp-]Sn e`n-®n-s√∂ kqN-\-bmWv CXn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p-∂X - v. Nne Imcy-߃ P\-ßf - n¬ \n∂v At±lw ad-bv°p-bm-sW-∂pw. G‰p-ap-´¬ hymP-am-sW∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-emWv kanXn FØn-t®¿∂-Xv. cmPyØn-s‚bpw P\-ß-fp-sSbpw Xm¬]cy-ß-sf-°-cpXn CtX-°p-dn®v At\z-jWw \S-tØ≠ ISa k¿°mdn-\p-≠v. AXn-\m¬, Cu kw`-hs - Ø-°p-dn®v At\z-jn-°m≥ kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v hnc-an® PUvPn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Hcp PpUojy¬ IΩo-js\ \ntbm-Kn-°-W-sa∂v kanXn Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. e£y-an´v FØnb Ch¿ k©-cn-®n-cp∂Xv Nph∂ sse‰v apI-fn¬ LSn-∏n® sh≈ Aw_m-kn-U¿ Imdn-em-W.v Ah¿ [cn- ® n- c p- ∂ Xv t]meokv k_v C≥kvs]-IvSd - psS thj-hpw. cmPysØ HutZym-KnI t{]mt´m-tIm-sfm∂pw Adnbm-Ø-h-cm-hWw `oI-c¿. Aß-s\-sb¶n¬ Ch¿ ]cn-io-e\w e`n® Nmth¿ t]mcm-fn-If - m-sW∂ t]meokv IΩo-jW-dpsS hmZw sX‰m-hpw. 11. Imdn-\-I-Øp-\n∂v \\™ ASn- h - k v { Xhpw \\™ tkm∏pw t]meokv Is≠-Øn-bX - mbpw dnt∏m¿´p≠v. kz¥w Poh≥ XyPn®v B{I-aWw \S-Øm≥ Xøm-dmb `oI-c-cmWv Chsc∂ hmZ-Øn\v tbmPn-°p-∂-X√ Cu Is≠-Ønb km[-\-߃. `oI-cm-{I-aW-Øn-s\-Øn-b-h¿ h≠n \n¿Øn- Ipfn®v ASn-hkv{Xw Ae°n hrØn-bm°n bm{X XpS¿∂p-sh∂v A\p-am-\n-°m≥ Ign-bn-√-t√m. 12. Ckvem-anI `oI-c¿ F∂pw ]mIn-kvXm≥ tI{µ-ambn {]h¿Øn°p∂ kwL- S - \ - b nse Nmth- d p- I sf∂pamWv t]meokv Ch-sc-°p-dn®v ]d™-Xv. kz¥w t]cpw t^m¨ \º-dpIfpw tcJ- s ∏- S p- Ø nb Ub- d n - I mdn¬\n∂v Is≠-Sp-Øp-sh-∂Xpw hnizmk-tbm-Ky-a-√. km[m-cW KXn-bn¬ kz¥w t^m¨ \º¿ Bcpw kz¥w Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-dn-√. `oI-cm{I-aW - Ø - n\v Xp\n-™n-dß - n-bh - ¿ Xncn®-dn-bm≥ klm-b-I-amb hnh-c-߃ Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-SpØn sIm≠p-\-S∂p- s h∂v ]d- b p- ∂ Xpw kmam\y _p≤n°v \nc-°p-∂-X-√. 13. `oI-c-sc-°p-dn-®p≈ ap≥Ime A\p-`-h-߃ hy‡-am-°p-∂Xv Ah¿ tcJ-I-sfm∂pw ssIbn¬ Icp-Xm-dn√ F∂-Xm-Wv. GsX-¶nepw tcJ-Iƒ IcpXn- b m¬ Xs∂ Ah Fs¥- ¶ nepw

tImUp-If - n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øs - ∏-´h - bm-bncn-°pw. `oI-c-cp-tS-sX∂v Icp-Xp∂ Hcp Ubdn Is≠-Sp-Øm¬ Xs∂bpw ]Øp aWn-°q-dnepw Ipd™ ka-b-Øn¬ Fß-s\-bmWv t]meokv tImUp-`mj a\- n-em-°n-sb-Sp-Ø-Xv. G‰p-ap-´¬ Ign™v ]Øp- a - W n- ° q- d n- \ p- ≈ n¬ A{Ian- I ƒ Ckv e m- a nI `oI- c cpw Nmth¿ t]mcm-fn-If - p-am-sW∂v t]meokv IΩo-jW - ¿ hy‡-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p. 14. G‰p-ap-´-en¬ sIm√-s∏-´-h¿ apkvenw-If - m-sW∂v ÿnco-Ic - n-°pIbpw Ckvem- a nI BNmc {]Imcw kwkvImcw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXXv F¥-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv? Ch¿ Bscms°- s b∂v Xncn- ® - d nbpw apºv kwkvImcw \S-Øm≥ XnSp°w Iq´n-bXv F¥n-\mWv? 15. Imdns\ ]n¥p-S¿∂ t]meokns‚ Sm‰ kptam-bn¬ _p≈-‰p-Iƒ Xd® Bdv ]mSp-I-fp-≠v. CXn¬ Ipd™Xv cs≠-Æ-sa-¶nepw ]nÃ-fn¬ \n∂p≈ _p≈‰v Xd-®X - ns‚ ]mSm-Wv. `oI- c ¿ ]nà D]- t bm- K n- ® - X mbn t]meokv dnt∏m¿´n-en-√. ]ns∂ Fßs\-bmWv Sm‰ kptam-bn¬ ]nÃ-fn¬ \n∂p≈ _p≈‰v Xd® ]mSp-I-fp-≠mhpI? 16. `oI-c¿ F.-sI. ˛ Fw Hmt´mam-‰nIv tXm°p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v shSnbp-Xn¿Øp-sh-∂mWv dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ. F∂m¬ t]meo-kns‚ Sm‰ kptam-bnep≈ _p≈‰v Xd® ]mSp-I-sf√mw Hmtcmtcm _p≈‰v h∂p Xd-®X - n-t‚-XmWv. Hmt´m-am-‰nIv tXm°p-]t- bm-Kn-®m¬ D≠m-hp∂ hn[-Øn-ep≈ XpS¿®-bmbn _p≈‰v Xd® ]mSp-Iƒ Fßp-an-√. CXv G‰p-ap-´e - ns‚ kz`m-hs - Ø-°p-dn®v kwi-ba - p-W¿Øp-∂p. 17. kptam-bpsS ap≥h-iØv heZ _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

Xp-h-isØ hmXn-ens‚ Dƒ`m-KØv Gsd-°psd ss{Uh¿ ko‰ns‚ ]n≥`mK-tØmSv tN¿∂v shSn-bp≠ Xd® ]mSp≠v. ko‰n¬ ss{Uh¿ D≠m-bn-cp-s∂¶n¬ Bbm-fpsS tZl-Øm-bn-cn°pw Cu _p≈‰v Xd-°p-I. F∂m¬ ss{Uh¿°v shSn-tb-‰X - mbn dnt∏m¿´n-√. shSn-sh∏v \S-°p-tºmƒ ss{Uh¿ ko‰n-ep-≠m-bncp-∂n√ F∂Xv hy‡w. kptam-bpsS CS-Xp-h-iØv aq∂p Zni-I-fn¬\n∂v _p≈‰v Xd-®X - ns‚ ]mSp-If - p-≠v. hml\-Øns‚ ]nd-In¬\n∂v 45 Un{Kn-bn¬ shSn-bp-Xn¿Ø-Xns‚ aq∂p ]mSp-Ifpw CS-Xp-hi - Ø - p-\n∂v 90 Un{Kn-bn¬ ew_ambn shSn-bp-Xn¿ØXns‚ c≠p]m-SpIfpw 130 Un{Kn-bn¬ shSn-bp-Xn¿ØXns‚ Hcp ]mSp-amWv CS-Xp-hi - Ø - p-≈Xv. G‰p-ap-´¬ \S-°p-tºmƒ hml\w HmSn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-Ib - m-sW-¶nte CØc-Øn¬ aq∂p Zni-I-fn¬ \n∂v shSntb¬°m≥ CS-bp-≈q. ss{Uh¿°v shSn-tb-‰n-´n√ F∂-Xn-\m¬ Abmƒ ko‰n-en-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw hml\w \n›-ea - m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw A\p-am-\n-°Ww. `oI-c¿, Ah¿ k©-cn-®n-cp∂ hml-\-Øn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øn-d-ßm-\mhmØ Ah-ÿb - n-em-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS hml\w InS∂ {]tZ-i-am-hs´ sNdnb CSp-°n-epw. CØ-c-Øn¬ Gd-°psd sIWn-bn-eI - s - ∏´ Ah-ÿb - n¬ Ah¿ ]pd-Øn-dßn k©-cn®v t]meo-kn\p t\sc shSn-bp-Xn¿Øp F∂Xv hnizkn-°m-\m-hn-√. 18. Xøm-sd-Sp-∏p-Ifpw B¿.-F-kv.Fkv. Bÿm-\-Øn-te°v IS∂p Ibdm-\p≈ \n›-bZ- m¿Vyhpw IW-°n-seSp-Øm¬ `oI-c-cpsS Dt±iyw Nmth¿ B{I-aW - a - m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hy‡-am-sW∂mWv t]meokv IΩoj-W¿ Fkv.] - n. bmZhv ]d-™X - .v Cu \nK-a\ - Ø - n-te°v IΩoj-W¿ FØp-∂Xv hfsc s]s´∂m-Wv. As√-¶n¬ G‰p-ap-´-en\p apºv `oI-c¿ At±-l-Øns‚ ssIh-i-ap-≠mbn-cp∂p F∂v A\p-am-\n-t°-≠n-h-cpw. As√- ¶ n¬ Imcy- ß ƒ thK- Ø n¬ At±lw Adn-™Xv Fßs\? 19. G‰p-ap-´¬ \S-°p-tºmƒ Cu {]tZ- i Øv Hcp shfpØ amcpXn Hmwav\n ]m¿°p sNbvXn- c p- ∂ p. \mKv ] q¿ Bÿm- \ - Ø n\p kao]w _mcn-t°-Up-Iƒ XpS-ßp-∂X - n\v t\sc tPm]Sv F∂- b m- f psS hf- ∏ n- e mWv Hmwav\n ]m¿°p sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. hf∏n\p Np‰pw hb-dp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ Zp¿_-ea - mb then-bm-Wp-≈X - v. `oI-c¿ FØn-s∏´ CSp-ßnb hgn-bpsS XpS-°Øn-ep≈ BZysØ hf-∏mWv tPm]Sn-t‚-Xv. t]meo-kn\v `oI-csc e£yw sh°-W-sa-¶n¬ Cu Hmwav\nbpsS ]n∂n¬ FtØ-≠n-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ 140 Np‰v shSn-sh∏v \S∂ Hcp G‰p-ap´-en\p tijhpw Hcp _p≈‰v Xd® ]mSp-t]mepw Hmwav\n-bn-en-√. G‰p-ap-´¬ kw_-‘n®v t]meokv ]d-bp∂ hnh-cW-ßf - psS B[n-Im-cn-IX CXv tNmZyw sNøp-∂p-≠v. (h¿Ø-am-\w, 21,22/06/06)

24

]T\w

Ak-aXzw h¿[n-°p∂ tIcfw (im-kv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-j-Øns‚ tIcf ]T-\w) kaq-lØ - nse Xmgv∂ 10 iX-am-\hpw Db¿∂ 10 iX-am-\hpw XΩn¬ hcp-am\-Øns‚ DS-a-ÿ-X-bn¬ KWy-amb A¥cw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. Db¿∂ hcpam-\-ap≈ 10 iX-am-\-Øns‚ \nb-{¥W-Øn-emWv kº-Øns‚ 42%. Xmgv∂ 10 iX-am-\Ø - ns‚ hcp-am\w shdpw 1.3% am{Xta hcq. F∂m¬ apkvenwIƒ°n-S-bn¬ a[yh¿K-°m¿ Ipdhpw Zcn-{Z¿ Xmc-X-tay\ IqSp-Xe - p-am-Wv. D∂X hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ ImcyØn¬, P\- k w- J ym- \ p- ] m- X n- I - a mbn t\m°n-bm¬, apkvenw-I-fpsS ]¶mfnØw ]´nIPmXn-°m-scbpw ]´n-Ih - ¿K°m-scbpw Imƒ ]n∂n-em-Wv. `qan-ssI-am-‰-Øns‚ IW-°p-Iƒ ImWn-°p-∂Xv 91% hcp∂ Zcn-{Zcpw Xmgv∂ CS-Ø-c-°m-cp-a-S-ßp∂ hn`m-K߃°p-IqSn \jvS-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂m-Wv. Ch¿°p \jvS-s∏´ `qan 9% hcp∂-kº - ∂ - c - mWv hmßn-°q-´n-bn-cn-°p∂-X.v NnIn-’m-sN-ehv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ BsW∂p IW- ° m- ° n- b n- ´ p≈ kwÿm\w tIc-fa - mWv. Zcn-{Z¿°v AhcpsS hcp-am-\-Øns‚ aq∂n-sem-∂n-e[nIw (34.5%) NnIn-’-°mbn th≠n-hcp-∂p. hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ Imcy-Ønepw sXmgn¬ ]¶m- f n- Ø - Ø ns‚ ImcyØnepw apkvenw-Iƒ ]n∂m-°-am-Wv. F∂m¬ hcp-am-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬

{][m\ Is≠Ø-ep-Iƒ tIc-f-Ønse P\-߃°v Ah-cpsS Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-ß-fn-eqsS t_m[y-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ ssZ\y-Xbv°v hkvXp-X-I-fpsS ]n≥_ew \¬Im≥ tIcf ]T-\-Øn\v Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p.

Ah¿ H∏- a m- W v. lnµp- ° - f nse ap∂m° PmXn-°m¿°pw {InkvXym-\nIƒ°pw Fkv.kn/Fkv.‰n hn`m-K-ßfpsS Ahÿ hfsc hfsc ]n∂n¬ X-s∂-bm-W.v Zmcn-{Zy-Øns‚ tXmXv G‰-hp-a-[nIw ]me-°m-S,v hb-\m-S,v CSp°n F∂o Pn√I-fn-em-Wv. G‰hpw Ipdhv Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√-bn-epw. G‰hpw A[nIw Bfp-Iƒ ]Wn-sbSp- ° p- ∂ Xv I¿j- I - s Øm- g n- e m- f n- I fmbn´mWv, 18.86 e£w. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ hcp-am-\ap≈ ]WnIƒ tUmIvS¿ (tam-tU¨ saUn-kn≥), hyh-km-bn-Iƒ, tImtfPv A[ym-]-I¿, F≥Pn-\o-b¿am¿, Hm^okv FIvkn-Iyq´o-hp-Iƒ apX-em-bh - b - m-Wv. ho´p- t Pm- e n- ° m¿, Ae- ° p- I m¿, \gvkdn So®¿am¿, h\-hn-`h - ß - ƒ tiJcn-°p-∂-h¿, ]c-º-cm-KX hyh-kmb sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ XpSßn kv{XoIfpw Zp¿_e hn`m-Kß - fpw G¿s∏-´n-cn-°p∂

F¶nepw Nne-Im-cy-ß-fn¬

tIcfw ap∂n¬ InW-dp-sh≈w IpSn-°p-∂-h¿ 65%, 23 iX-am-\-Øn\v ss]∏v IW-£≥, 10% t]¿°v s]mXp-Sm-∏p-Iƒ ic-Ww. 107% hoSp-Iƒ°v Ct∏mgpw kpc-£n-Xa-√mØ IpSn-sh-≈-ta-bp≈q. tIc-fo-b¿ 95 iX-am-\hpw kz¥w ho´n¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. Ah-bn¬ 60 iXam-\-Øn-tesd Ign™ Ccp-]Xp h¿j-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ ]Wn-X-h-b-s{X. 90% hoSp-I-fn¬ HmSn-´-htbm tIm¨{Io‰v ta¬°q-c-bp-≈-htbm BWv. 12% hoSp-If - nse a¨X-db - p-≈q. a‰p-≈h - s - bms° kna‚ v, samtk-bv°v, ssS¬kv apX-em-bh - b - m-Wv. 49% hoSp-Iƒ°v KymkvI-W-£≥ D≠v. 85% hoSp-I-fn¬ sshZyp-Xn. CXv DØ-ct- I-cf - Ø - n¬ 80% am{Xw. 91.5% hoSp-Iƒ°pw kz¥-ambn I°q-kp-≠v.

26

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

sXmgn-ep-I-fmWv G‰hpw Ipdhp hcpam-\-ap-≈-h. kaq-lsØ \mep {Kq∏p-If - mbn Xncn®m¬, Db¿∂ a[y-h¿Khpw kº-∂-cpa-S-ßp∂ \memw {Kq∏n¬ Hcp \√ ]¶v (10.6%) kvIqƒ A[ym-]I - c - m-Wv. (A-°q´-cn¬ 35.9% Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]Spw). ASp-ØXv _nkn-\- p-Im-cm-Wv (8.6%). Hm^okv Kpa-kvX≥am¿ (8.2%) Hm^ok¿am¿ (7.2%) Irjn- ° m¿ (7.2%) s]≥j≥Im¿ (13.7%) F∂n-hc - mWv Cu hn`m-KØ - n¬ s]Sp∂ a‰p {][m\ Iq´¿. _nkn-\- p-Im-cn¬ 8.6% hpw Hm^okv Kpa-kvX-cn¬ 29.4% hpw Hm^o-k¿amcn¬ 65.1% hpw s]≥j≥Im-cn¬ 27.7% hpw BWv \memw {Kq∏n¬ FØp-∂h¿. AtX-k-a-bw, tUmIvS¿am-cn¬ 91.7% hpw hyh-kmb amt\-P¿am-cn¬ 72.7% hpw a‰p sshZy-∑m-cn¬ 66.7% hpw F≥Pn-\o-b¿am-cn¬ 59.4% hpw tImtfP-[ym-]-I-cn¬ 56% hpw Cu hn`m-K-ØnemWv . s]mXpsh ]d- ™ m¬ Cu sXmgn- e p- I m- s c√mw Xs∂ kaq- l Ønse Xmgv∂tXm Db¿∂tXm Bb a[y-h¿K-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂-h-cm-Wv. I¿j-I-sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fn¬ 35.5% hpw ]c-a-Z-cn-{Z-cm-Wv. h\-hn-`-h-ti-J-cWw sXmgn-em-°n-b-h-cn¬ 66.7% t]cpw ]ca-Zc - n-{Z-cs - {X. ]pdsa \n∂p≈ ]Ww hchns\ B{i-bn®p Ign-bp∂ IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ 19.1% hpw ]c-a-Z-cn-{Z-cn¬s]Spw! (F√m Kƒ^p-Imcpw kº-∂c - √!) k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿ-cn¬ 86 iX-am\hpw Xmgv∂Xpw Db¿∂-Xp-amb a[yh¿K-amWv. PmXn a - X ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ t\m°n-bm¬ kh¿W lnµp aX-hn-`mK- Ø n¬ s]´- h ¿°pw {Inkv X ym- \ nIƒ°pw P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn A¿l-Xs - ]-´X - n-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ ]¶v In´p-∂p-≠.v Cug-hc - p-tSXv GXm≠v kaXp-en-X-am-Wv. apkvenw-I-fmWv G‰hpw ]n∂n¬.

tIc-f-Øns‚ hnI-k\ {]h¿Ø-\߃ kPo-ha - mbn N¿® sNø-s∏´ Hcp \nb-a-k`m sXc-s™-Sp∏v Bbn-cp∂p CØ-h-W-tØ-Xv. Cu N¿®-Iƒ XpStc-≠-Xp-≠v. F∂m¬ hnI-k\ N¿®Isf ImX-ep-≈-Xm-°m≥ hkvXp-X-IfpsS ]n≥_-et- Øm-sS-bp≈ hni-Zmw-i߃ Bh-iy-am-Wv. tIcf imkv{X-kmlnXy ]cn-jØv \S-Ønb hn]p-e-amb "tIcf ]T-\-'Øn-eqsS e`y-amb Imcy߃ hnI-k\ N¿®-Isf IqSpX¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂h - b - m-W.v AXn-\m¬ tIcf ]T-\sØ ASn-ÿm\-s∏-SpØn Nne Imcy-߃ Ah-X-cn∏n-°m-\mWv R߃ Dt±-in-°p-∂X - v. 940 ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ, 51 ap≥kn∏m-en-‰n-Iƒ, 5 tIm¿∏-td-j\ - p-Iƒ F∂nhn-Sß - f - nse sXc-s™-SpØ 5696 hoSpIsf ASn-ÿm-\a - m-°n-bmWv ]T\w \S∂-Xv. CXn¬ 28049 t]¿ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. Cu kmºnƒ ]T-\-Øn-eqsS e`y-amb

hnI-k\ N¿®-Iƒ tUm.-sI.-]n. Ac-hn-µ≥ s{]m^. Sn.-]n. Ip™n-°-Æ≥ sI.sI P\m¿±-\≥ PmXn-˛-a-Xw, kv{Xo]p-cpj A\p-]mXw F∂n hkw-_‘ - n® IW-°p-Is - fms° kwÿm-\-Ønse 2001˛se sk≥kkv IW-°p-If - p-ambn tbmPn®p t]mcp-∂X - mWv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ tIc-f-]-T-\Ønse \nK-a\ - ß - ƒ tIc-fsØ s]mXphn¬ {]Xn-\n-[o-Ic - n-°p-hm≥ {]m]vXa - mWv. Zcn-{Zcpw ]c-a-Z-cn-{Zcpw ]mXn-tbmfw Btfm-lcn hcp-am-\w, hoSns‚ s]mXp ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ, Btfm-lcn sNe-h,v D]-t`m‡r D¬]-∂ß - f - psS DS-

]´nI ˛ 1 {]Xn-amk {]Xn-io¿j sNehv (cq-]) ]T\w

{Kmaw

\Kcw

NSS

881 1059

1267 1397

2002

KSSP2004

samØw ˛ 1106

]´nI ˛ 2 Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv°p Xmsg-bp-≈h - c - psS iX-am\w ]T\w NSS KSSP

1999˛2000 2004

{Kmaw

\Kcw

samØw

9.4 22.9

20.3 20.8

12.7 22.6

]´nI ˛ 3 \mep-hn-`m-K-ß-fnepw s]Sp-∂-h¿ hn`mKw

IpSpw-_ß - ƒ 14.0 32.2 43.2 10.6

I II III IV

]´nI ˛ 4 hcp-am\ hnX-c-W-Ønse Ak-aXzw (P-\-ßsf ]Øp Xpey hn`m-K-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-®m¬ ]Øn-sem∂p hn`m-K-Øns‚bpw ssIbn- s e- Ø p∂ hcp- a m- \ Øns‚ iX-am\w F{X-bm-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂v) P\-kw-JybpsS Zimwiw 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

hcp-am-\-Øns‚ iX-am\w 1.3 2.6 3.5 4.4 5.4 6.4 8.5 10.9 15.8 41.2

(%)

hy‡n-Iƒ (%) 15.1 34.8 41.2 8.8

]´nI ˛ 5 Zmcn{Zyw hnhn[ Pn√-I-fn¬ Pn√

]me-°mSv ae-∏pdw Imk-¿t- KmUv hb-\mSv tImgn-t°mSv IÆq¿ tIm´bw Be-∏pg CSp°n sIm√w Xriq¿ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw Fd-Wm-Ipfw ]Ø\wXn´

Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv°p Iogn-ep≈hcpsS iX-am\w

42.5 34.4 31.3 25.7 24.6 21.2 21.1 20.4 19.3 16.6 16.1 12.7 12.4 11.8

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

a-ÿX F∂o am\-Z-fi-ß-fpsS ASnÿm\-Øn-emWv IpSpw-_ß - f - psS kmºØnI ÿnXn ]cn-tim-[n-°m≥ {ian-®Xv. Ch-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\Øn¬ IpSpw_-ßsf A]-{K-Y\ - Ø - n-\mbn \membn Xcw Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. tIcf ]T-\Øn¬ ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw t]¿ ]ca Zcn-{Zcpw Zcn-{Z-cpw-Iq-Sn-t®¿∂ hn`m-K-am-Wv. 41% Xmgv∂ a[y-h¿Khpw 9% Db¿∂ a[yh¿Khpw kº-∂cpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. AXmbXv kaq-lØ - n¬ GXm≠v ]Ip-Xnbpw Ah-iy-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ t]mepw Zmcn{Zyw A\p-`-hn-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂-h-cm-Wv. (]-´nI 1˛3). P\-ß-fpsS kmº-ØnI ÿnXn hni-Za - mbn ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ Ah¿°n-Sbnse kmº-ØnI A¥cw IqSp-X¬ t_m[y-s∏-Spw. Hcp ]t£, tIc-f] - T - \w Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂ {][m\ hkvXpXbpw CXp-Xs - ∂-bm-Ipw. kaq-lØ - nse Xmgv∂ 10 iX-am-\hpw Db¿∂ 10 iXam-\hpw XΩn¬ hcp-am-\-Øns‚ DS-aÿ-X-bn¬ KWy-amb A¥cw ImWn°p-∂p. (]-´n-I-˛4). kº-∂-cmb 10 iX-am\w hcp-am\-Øns‚ 42 iX-am\w ssIb-S° - n-bn-cn°p- ∂ p. Zcn{Z 10 iX- a m- \ - Ø ns‚ ssIbn¬ tIhew 1.3 iX-am\w am{Xam- W p- ≈ - X v . P\- ß - f n¬ XmgsØ ]IpXn hcp-am-\-Øns‚ 17.2 iX-am\hpw adp-]-IpXn hcp-am-\-Øns‚ 82.2 iX-am-\hpw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂p. Ak-aXzw Af-°p∂ Kn\n kqN-Im¶w tIc-fØn¬ 0.51 BWv. CXm-Is´ C¥y≥ icm-ic - n-sb-°mfpw CX-ck - w-ÿm-\ß - fn¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ tXmXn-ep≈ Aka-Xz-amWv C∂v tIc-fØ - n-ep-≈X - .v kmaqly-\o-Xn°pw Xpey-Xbv°pw t]cp-tI´ tIcfw C∂v hcp-am-\-Øns‚ ImcyØn¬ G‰hpw Ak-a-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CXp ImWn-°p-∂Xv C∂v tIc-fØ - n¬ D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ F√m ]pXn-bt\- ´ - ß fpw hf¿®m km[y- X - I fpw G‰hpw kº-∂-cmb Hcp-]n-Sn-bm-fp-IfpsS \nb- { ¥- W - Ø n- e m- s W- ∂ m- W v . Gsd A]-I-S-I-c-amWv Cu Ah-ÿ. CXns‚ Imc-Wß - fpw ]cn-lm-cß - f - p-amIWw C∂sØ N¿®m-hn-jb - w. Im¿jnI hymh-km-bnI taJ-eI-fpsS ]nd-tIm-´-Sn, D≈ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ D]- P o- h - \ - Ø n\v klm- b - I - a - √ mØ ÿnXn, AXn-Po-h-\-Øn\v th≠ hcpam\w e`y-am-°m≥ th≠ sshZ-Kv[yan-√m-bva, Ch-sbms° sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp∂Xn¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ hnZym-`ymk hyhÿ-bpsS ]cm-Pbw F∂n-h-sbms° tN¿∂p-≠mb Ah-ÿb - mWv Cu Aka-Xz-Øns‚ ]›m-Øe - w. C°m-cy-߃ ]cn-lc - n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂n√ F∂-XmWv \sΩ

26

DXvIWvTs∏Sp-Øp∂ {][m\ {]iv\w. ]n∂m° Pn√-Iƒ

Zmcn-{Zy-Øns‚ tXmXv G‰-hp-a[nIw ]me-°m-Sv, hb-\m-Sv, CSp°n Pn√-

]´nI ˛ 6 kºØp hnX-cWw ˛ hnhn[ Pn√-I-fn¬ Pn√ Zmcn{Zy kqNnI

I (a)

Hmtcm hn`m-K-Ønepw s]´ hy‡n-I-fpsS iX-am\w II III (b) (c)

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw sIm√w ]Ø\wXn´ Be-∏pg tIm´bw CSp°n Fd-Wm-Ipfw Xriq¿ ]me-°mSv ae-∏pdw tImgn-t°mSv hb-\mSv IÆq¿ Imk¿tKmUv

7.4 12.4 9.4 13.6 14.6 24.2 6.7 9.7 23.9 22.5 16.5 27.5 13.6 22.3

31.0 33.1 27.3 37.4 27.6 38.6 25.9 32.7 48.1 42.4 36.1 39.3 33.5 32.7

50.9 46.1 49.3 40.4 46.0 31.3 52.2 43.7 24.9 30.2 40.8 29.7 44.7 40.3

IV (d)

a+b c+d

10.7 8.3 14.0 8.7 11.8 5.8 15.2 13.9 3.1 4.9 6.6 3.5 8.2 4.8

0.6 0.8 0.6 1.0 0.7 1.7 0.5 0.7 2.6 1.9 1.1 2.0 0.9 1.2

]´nI ˛ 7 Zmcn{Zyw hnhn[ PmXnaX hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ hn`mKw

Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv°p Iogn-ep-≈-h-cpsS iX-am\w

lnµp-˛-ap-∂m° PmXn-°m¿ lnµp-˛-]n-∂m° PmXn-°m¿ Fkv.-kn. Fkv.Sn. samØw lnµp apkvenw {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ

14.2 21.4 38.0 38.7 22.6 28.7 14.0

]´nI ˛ 8 kºØp hnX-cWw ˛ hnhn[ kmaqly hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ hn`mKw

Hmtcm hn`m-K-Ønepw s]´ Zmcn{Zyhy‡n-I-fpsS iX-am\wkqNnI I

lnµp-˛-]n-∂m°w lnµp-˛-ap-∂m°w Fkv.kn. Fkv.-Sn. samØw lnµp apkvenw {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ

14.0 8.0 29.5 37.5 15.5 16.6 12.0

II

III

IV

36.9 26.5 45.4 52.3 35.6 38.2 27.8

41.6 51.8 23.6 10.2 41.0 38.3 46.3

7.5 13.8 1.5 0.0 8.0 6.9 13.9

1.0 0.5 3.0 8.8 1.0 1.2 0.7

]´nI ˛ 9 hcp-am-\w, D]-t`m-Kw, `qan, D∂X hnZym-`ymkw F∂n-h-bnse Hmtcm hn`m-K-Øn-s‚bpw hnlnX kqNnI hn`mKw hcp-am\w D]-t`mKw `qan hnZym-`ymkw I II III IV

0.3 0.5 1.2 3.3

0.4 0.6 1.2 2.6

0.4 0.6 1.2 2.7

0.2 0.4 1.3 3.5

hnlnX kqNnI: Hcp Imcy-Øn¬ Hcp {]tXyI hn`m-K-Øns‚ hnln-Xhpw B hn`m-KØn\v P\-kw-Jy-bn-ep≈ ]¶pw XΩn-ep≈ A\p-]m-Xw. CXv H∂n¬ Ipd-hm-sW-¶n¬ AXv Xpey-X-bpsS \ntj-[-ambn ImW-Ww. Ipdn∏v 1. hcp-am-\sØ At]-£n®v D]-t`mKw IqSp-X¬ ka-Xp-en-X-am-sW-∂Xv ck-I-cam-Wv. D]-t`m-K-Øn\v kzm`m-hn-I-amb ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ D≠v F∂-XmImw CXn-\p-Im-c-Ww. Ipdn∏v 2. `qan-bpsS hnX-c-W-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ t`Z-s∏´ Ahÿ BZy-Im-esØ `q]-cn-jI v c - W bXv\ß - f - psS ^e-am-W.v CXpw ]nt∂m-´S- n-°p∂Xns‚ e£-Wß - ƒ ImWp∂p-≠.v

28

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

I-fn-em-Wv, G‰hpw Ipdhv Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√-bnepw (]-´n-I˛5,6). \K-c-ßsf At]-£n®v {Kma-ßfn¬ Zmcn{Zyw IqSp-Xe - m-W.v ]´n-IP - mXn/ h¿K hn`m-Kß - f - n¬ Ct∏mgpw Zmcn{Zyw hfsc IqSp-X-embn \ne-\n¬°p∂p (]´nI ˛ 7,8). apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Ønepw Zcn-{Z¿ a[y- h ¿K- t Ø- ° mƒ IqSp- X - e m- W v . ap∂m° PmXn-I-fnepw {InkvXy≥ aXhn-`m-K-ß-fn-ep-amWv Zcn-{Z¿ Bt]-£nI-ambn Ipd-hp-≈-Xv. Ak- a Xzw tIhew hcp- a m- \ Øn¬ am{X-a-√, Ign™ A©p-h¿jØn-\p-≈n¬ \S∂ `qan-ssI-am-‰Ø - ns‚ IW-°p-Iƒ ImWn-°p-∂Xv 91% hcp∂ Zcn-{Zcpw Xmgv∂ CS-Øc - ° - m-cp-aS- ß - p∂ hn`m-K-߃°v `qan \jvS-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bncp∂p F∂m-Wv. Ch¿°p \jvS-s∏´ `qan 9% hcp∂ kº-∂-cmWv hmßn°q-´n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv (]-´nI ˛ 9, 10). `q]- c n- j v I - c Ww tIc- f - Ø n\v \¬Inb F√m kmaq-ly-t\-´-ß-fpsSbpw ]pd-tIm-´Sn kw`-hn-°p∂p F∂XmWv CXns‚ ^ew. IS-_m-[yX h¿[n-®p-hc - p∂ IS-_m-[y-Xb - mWv tIc-fØ - nse as‰mcp kmaq-ly-{]-iv\w. tIc-f-Øn¬ hen-sbmcp hn`mKw hcp∂-bm-fp-I-fn¬ ISw s]cpIn hcp-∂-XmbmWv ]T\w ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. Ahiy PohnX sNe-hp-Iƒ IqSn-h-cp-Ibpw D¬]m-Z\w apc-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ PohnX sNe-hp-Iƒ°v ]Ww Is≠Øm≥ km[m-cW P\-߃°v BIp∂n- √ . CXp- h sc \ne- \ n- ∂ p- t ]m∂ k¿°m¿ klmbw C√m-Xm-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CXp-sIm-≠mWv ISw s]cpIp-∂-Xv. Zcn-{Z¿°v ]pXp-Xmbn ISw hmtß≠n hcp-∂Xv ap≥ISw ho´mt\m NnIn-’t°m IeymW sNe-hnt\m th≠n-bm-Wv. D]-t`mKw IqSp-t¥mdpw hy‡n-KX IS-_m-[y-Xbpw s]cp-Ip∂p. ISw hmßp- ∂ Xv s]mXp- h n¬ c≠p- X cw Imcy- ß ƒ°m- W v - ˛ (1) BkvXn h¿[n-∏n-°m≥ (sXm-gn-en\v ]Ww \¬Im≥, `qan hmßm≥, hyhkmb \nt£]w F∂n-ß-s\). (2) ssZ\yX Hgn-hm-°¬ (Nn-In-’bv°pw a‰pw). tIcf ]T\w ImWn-°p-∂Xv Zcn{Z P\-ßf - nse IS-Øns‚ ImcWw {][m\- a mbpw ssZ\y- X - b msW- ∂ m- W v . F∂m¬, kº-∂-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ CXv BkvXn h¿[n-∏n-°m≥ th≠n-bmWv (]-´n-I˛- 11). C°q-´-Øn¬ FSpØp ]d-tb≠ Imcyw NnIn- ’ m- s N- e - h n- s ‚- b m- W v . NnIn’m sNehv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ BsW∂p IW- ° m- ° n- b n- ´ p≈ kwÿm\w tIc-fa - m-W.v Zcn-{Z¿°v AhcpsS hcp-am-\-Øns‚ aq∂n-sem-∂m-f[nIw (34.5%) NnIn-’-bv°mbn th≠nh-cp-∂p. ]´nWn InS∂pw ISw-hm-ßn-bpamWv NnIn’ sNøp-∂-Xv. CXns‚ {][m-\-Im-c-W-ß-fn¬ H∂v s]mXp BtcmKy kwhn-[m\Øns‚ XI¿®-bmWv. Ahn-sS-\n∂v Zcn-{Z¿°p In´n-s°m-

≠n-cn-°p∂ NnIn’ C√m-Xm-hp-I-bmWv. aWn-tbm¿U¿ kar≤n tIc-f-Ønse \s√mcp hn`mKw IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS D]-Po-h\w ]pd-Øp-]Wn-sb-Sp-°p∂ IpSpw-_mw-Kß - ƒ Abbv°p∂ ]WsØ B{i-bn-®m-sW-∂Xv Hcp ]pXnb Adn-h-√. ]t£, F{XbmWv Cu B{in-XXzw? (]-´nI ˛ 12) icm-icn IpSpw-_h - c - p-am-\Ø - ns‚ 14.7 iX-am\w Cubn-\-Øn¬ s]Sp∂p F∂v tIcf ]T\w ImWn- ° p- ∂ p. ]pdØp ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂h - c - n¬ C¥ybn¬ Xs∂ a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ tPmen sNøp-∂-h¿ 22.7% hcpw. ]t£ _lp-`q-cn-]-£hpw Kƒ^p-Im¿ BWv (74.5%). sNdn-sbmcp Iq´¿ a‰p hntZ-icm-Py-ß-fnepw(]-´nI ˛ 13). ck- I - c - a mb kwKXn Hmtcm Iq´cpw ho´n-te°v Ab-bv°p∂ XpIbnse {]I-Sa - mb A¥-ca - m-Wv. samØw IW-s°-Sp-Øm¬ ]pdw-hc - h - ns‚ knwl`mKw (83.8%) Kƒ^n¬ \n∂p Xs∂bm-W.v Kƒ^v hcp-am\w F√m Pn√m hn`m-K-ß-fnepw F√m kmaq-ln-I-˛-kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ß-fnepw Hcp t]me-√. (]-´n-I-˛14, 15) {]Xo-£n°pwt]mse Xs∂ ae∏pdw Pn√-bn-emWv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ {]hmkn IpSpw_-߃ (32.5%). ]t£ Xriq¿°m-cmWv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ ]Ww ho´n-te°v Ab-bv°p∂h¿ (i-cm-icn amkw 10697 cq]). ]me- ° m´pIm¿ G‰hpw ]n∂nepw (shdpw 2914 cq] am{Xw). {]hm-kn-I-fpsS A\p-]mXw G‰hpw Ipdhv CSp°n Pn√-bn-emWv (8.1%). ho´n-te°v ]Ww Ab-°p-hm\p≈ Ignhv Ah¿ ]pd-Øp-sN-øp∂ ]Wnbpw Iqenbpw B{i-bn-®m-bn-cn-°pa-t√m (]-´n-I-˛16). ]pd-Øp-t]mbn ]Wn-sb-SpØv hoSp-t]m-‰p-∂h - c - n¬ \s√mcp ]¶v XpOh-cp-am-\° - m-cm-sW∂pw Ah-cpsS IpSpw_-߃ ]c-a-Z-cn-{Z-hn-`m-K-Øn-emWv s]Sp-Is - b∂pw tIc-f] - T - \w ImWn-°p∂p. (sXm-gnepw hnZym-`ym-khpw F∂ teJ\w t\m°p-I). B`y-¥c - h - c - p-am-\hpw ]pdw-hc - p-am\hpw tN¿∂p≈ samØ IpSpw-_-h-cpam\w ]´nI 17-˛¬ ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. I, II, III, IV hn`mKßfnse A¥cw {]I-Shpw {]Xo-£n-X-hp-am-Wv. hnZym- ` ym- k - Ø ns‚ Imcy- Ø nepw sXmgn¬ ]¶m- f n- Ø - Ø ns‚ ImcyØnepw ]n∂m°w \n¬°p∂ apkvenw]´nI ˛ 12 IpSpw-_-h-cp--am-\-Ønse LS-Iß - ƒ t{kmX v {]mY-anI taJe ZznXob taJe XrXob taJe s]≥j≥ apX-em-bh ]pd-Øp-\n-∂p≈ ]Ww

Afhv (%) 14.3 12.8 47.6 10.6 14.7

]´nI ˛ 10 Ign™ A©p-h¿j-ß-fnse `qan ssIam-‰-ß-fnse A‰ em`w/\jvSw hn`mKw

icm-icn Hcp IpSpw-_-Øns‚ `qkzØnse am‰w IqSn/Ipd™p (hn-e-˛-cq-]) I II III IV

˛275 ˛2110 ˛3681 +33023

]´nI ˛ 11 `qan hn‰Xv F¥n\v? BkvXn ssZ\yX Iq´m≥ am‰m≥

hn`mKw

BkvXn ssZ\yX A\p-]mXw

icm-icn XpI (cq-]) I

3416 6883 20759 53328

II III IV

6049 11017 14461 10554

0.6 0.6 1.4 5.1

]´nI ˛ 13 {]hmkn sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS tPmen ÿehpw icm-icn {]Xn-amk ]Ww AShpw ÿew

a‰p kwÿm-\-߃ Kƒ^v a‰p cmPy-߃

FÆ-Ønse ]¶v(%)

Hcmƒ Ab-°p∂ samØw Abbv-°p∂ icm-icn XpI (cq-]) XpI-bpsS ]¶v(%)

22.7 74.5 2.8

2246 5233 10961

10.7 83.8 5.5

]´nI ˛ 14 ]pdw-h-c-hp≈ IpSpw-_-ß-fnse icm-icn ]Ww hchv (Pn√ Xncn-®v) Pn√

]pdw-h-c-hp≈ IpSpw-_ß - f - psS A\p-]mXw(%)

Xncph\-¥-]pcw sIm√w ]Ø\wXn´ Be-∏pg tIm´bw CSp°n Fd-Wm-Ipfw Xriq¿ ]me-°mSv ae-∏pdw tImgn-t°mSv hb-\mSv IÆq¿ Imk¿tImUv

15.2 20.4 22.7 17.5 13.0 8.1 9.8 21.6 18.0 32.5 19.2 10.4 24.8 19.2

Iƒ (sXm-gnepw hnZym-`ym-khpw F∂ teJ\w t\m°p-I) hcp-am-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ ap∂n-em-sW-∂Xv IuXp-II-ca - s - {X. lnµp-°f - nse ap∂m° PmXn°m¿ {InkvXym-\n-I-tfmSpw apkvenw-ItfmSpw H∏w \n¬°p-tºmƒ Fkv.k - n./ Fkv.‰n hn`m-Kß - f - psS Ahÿ hfsc hfsc ]n∂n¬ Xs∂-bm-Wv. kmºZ _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

Hcp- Ip-Spw-_-Øn-te-°p≈ icm-icn {]Xn-amk ]Ww hchv (cq-]) 8204 5269 6797 4428 7924 4180 7231 10697 2914 5231 4841 6976 4756 5979

ØnI ÿnXn \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ PmXn Ct∏mgpw G‰hpw {][m\ LSI-am-sW-∂mWv sXfn-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂X - v. CXn-\Iw hni-Zo-Ic - n-®X - n-ep-ap-]cn as‰m-t´sd Imcy-ßfpw hkvXp-X-Ifpw tIc-f-]-T-\-Øn-eqsS e`n-°p-∂p-≠v. Ah-sb√mw ChnsS {]Xn-]m-Zy-hn-j-bam-Ip-∂n-√. Ch s]mXphn¬ ImWn-°p-

28

]´nI ˛ 15 kmº-ØnI hn`m-Kß - ƒ

]pdw-h-c-hp≈ IpSpw-_ß - f - psS iX-am\w

]pdw-h-c-hp≈ IpSpw _ß-fnse {]Xn-amk ]Ww hchv (cq-])

I II III IV

1.6 3.8 7.1 8.5

1752.7 2958.3 5522.4 15224.4

PmXn/aX hn`m-Kß - ƒ lnµp apkvenw {InkvXy≥ lnµp ]n∂m°w lnµp ap∂m°w ]´n-IP - mXn ]´n-Ih - ¿Kw

3.5 8.7 5.3 3.5 5.3 1.1 1.8

4521.6 6708.8 7349.6 4572.9 4995.6 3066.3 4000.0

]´nI ˛ 16 {]hm-kn-I-fpsS sXmgnepw icm-icn ]W-a-Shpw sXmgn¬ Iqen-∏Wn sh≈-t°m-f¿ _nkn-\ v s{]m^-j-W¬

icm-icn {]Xnamk ]Ww AShv (cq-]) 3727 4970 5470 9697

Ak- a - X z- s Øbpw sXmgn- e n- √ m- b v a sbbpw Ah hgn -cq-]-s∏-´p-h-cp∂ kmaqly kwL¿j-ßs - fbpw {]Xn-tcm[n®v ÿmbn-bmb Hcp hnI-k\ ]mX sXfn-bn-°-s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q. AXn-\m¬, \oXn-bp-‡-amb hnI-k-\Øn-\p-X-Ip∂ ]pXnb \b-ßfpw ]Xnsbmcp kmaqly Icmdpw Bh-iy-am-bncn-°p-∂p. kmº-ØnI hf¿®sb {]Xn]´nI ˛ 17 Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°msX Xs∂ CsXßs\ t\Sn-sb-Sp°mw F∂-XmWv C∂v icm-icn {]Xn-amk IpSpw-_-h-cp-am-\w˛ hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ tIcfw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ {][m\ B¥-cnIw ]pdw-h-chv samØw {]iv\w. IpSpw-_h - c - p-am\w tIc-f-Ønse P\-߃°v Ahkmº-ØnI hn`m-Kß - ƒ cpsS Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-ß-fn-eqsS t_m[yam- b n- s °m- ≠ n- c n- ° p∂ ssZ\y- X °v I 2188.9 94.4 2283.3 hkvXp-X-I-fpsS ]n≥_ew \¬Im≥ II 3626.0 415.4 4041.5 tIcf ]T-\-Øn\v Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p. III 6689.8 1222.6 7912.3 AXp- s Im- ≠ p- X s∂ Cu PohnX IV 16084.8 3206.5 19291.3 bmYm¿Yy-Øn\p t\sc IÆ-S-®p-sIm≠p≈ GsXmcp hnI-k\ N¿®bpw PmXn˛aX hn`m-Kß - ƒ ]cn-]m-Snbpw hkvXp-X-Iƒ°p \nc-°plnµp 5893.1 508.9 6402.0 ∂-X√ - . C∂sØ Itºmf \n¿Wn-Xhpw apkvenw 5835.3 2447.9 8283.2 D]-t`m-K-{]m-[m-\y-ap-≈-Xp-amb hnI-k{InkvXy≥ 6912.2 915.2 7827.5 \-k-ao-]-\-Øn\p ]Icw D¬]m-Z-\-tIlnµp ]n∂m°w 5979.4 564.7 6544.1 {µn-Xhpw \oXn-]q¿hhp-amb hnX-c-Wlnµp ap∂m°w 7025.4 773.1 7798.4 Øn¬ Du∂p-∂-Xp-amb P\-]-£-hn-I]´n-IP - mXn 4290.3 107.6 4397.9 k\ kao-]\w A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]´n-Ih - ¿Kw 3193.0 75.5 3268.5 CXns‚ ap∂p-]m[n F∂ \ne-bn¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-߃°v {]Ya ∂Xv s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ym-kw, s]mXp-P-\m- Xm¬]-cy-߃°mWv Du∂¬ \¬Ip- ]cn-KW - \ \¬I-Ws - a-∂mWv Rß-fpsS tcm-Kyw, s]mXp-hn-X-c-Ww, `q]-cn-jvI-c- ∂-Xv. AhnsS Zcn-{Z-P-\-ß-fpsS Pohn- A`n-{]m-bw. Ww, an\naw Iqen F∂nhhgn tIcfw Xm-hi - y-߃ Ah-KW - n-°p-Ib - m-W.v Cu H∂v, {]mY-an-I-˛-Zzn-Xob taJ-e-ICXn-\Iw ssIh-cn® t\´-߃ Hmtcm- ÿnXn tIc-f-Øns‚ ka-{K-hn-I-k-\fn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂h - c - psS hcp-am\w ∂mbn C√m-Xmbn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂p Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-a-√. h¿[n∏ n° m\ p≈ \S] S n-Iƒ, Ah-cpsS F∂-Xm-Wv. Xpey-X, kmaq-ly-\o-Xn, ]pXn-sbmcp hnI-k-\-{]-{In-bv yhpw h¿[n-∏n-°¬, Ah-kc kaXzw F∂n-hbpw Chsb bpsS ASn-Ød ASn-ÿm\ D¬]m-Z\ tijnbpw sshZ-K[ B[m-ca - m-°n-bp≈ sa®-s∏´ Pohn-XK - p- taJ-e-I-fpsS hf¿®-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww. D¬]m-Z\ taJ-e-I-fpsS ]p\x-kw-LmW-\n-e-hm-chpw tIc-f-Øn¬ XI¿∂p- tate-Ø´- n-ep≈ Ipd-®p-t]-cpsS kmº- S-\w, \nt£] kzcq-]Ww F∂nh DdsIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. ]Icw kº- ØnI {]h¿Ø-\-߃ AYhm {Ib- ∏m-°¬. c≠v, kmaqly kpc£ Dd-∏p-hØns‚ tI{µo-I-c-Whpw Ak-a-Xzhpw hn-{I-bß - ƒ krjvSn-°p∂ kmº-ØnI hn¿[n-°p-I-bm-Wv. C∂v HutZym-KnI hf¿®-sIm≠v ÿmbn-bmb hnI-k-\- cp-ج, KpW\ne-hm-c-ap≈ BtcmKy Xe-Øn¬ kzoI-cn-®p-h-cp∂ \S-]-Sn-I- Øn- t e°v apt∂- d m≥ km[n- ° n- √ . kwc-£-Whpw hnZym-`ym-khpw kuPfm-I-s´, Cu {]h-WX i‡n-s∏-Sp-∂- bYm¿Y-Øn-ep≈ Im¿jn-I-˛-hy-h-km- \y- a mbn Bh- i y- a p- ≈ - h ¿s°√mw Xn-te-°mWv \bn-°p-∂X - .v AØcw \S- bnI D¬]-∂ß - f - psS D¬]m-Z\w h¿[n- FØn- ° ¬. `£Ww AS- ° - a p≈ ]- S n- I ƒ kº- ∂ - c mb 10% Øns‚ ∏n-®p-sIm≠p am{Xta h¿[n-®p-h-cp∂ kmaq-ly-kp-c£m kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ ]n≥_ew Bh-iy-am-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂h¿s°√mw FØn- ° pI F∂Xv k¿°m-cns‚ {]Ya ]cn-K-W-\-bm-hWw. \mep LS-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Cu ]T-\-Øn¬ tIcf kaq-lsØ hne-bn-cp-Øn-b-Xv. aq∂v , CXn\p klm- b - I - a mw1. {]Xn-io¿j hcp-am\w 1˛5 kvsIbn-en¬ 5 t]mbn‚v hn[w `c-WØ - ns‚ F√m Xe-ßf - nepw 2. {]Xn-io¿j sNehv 1˛10 kvsIbn-en¬ 10 t]mbn‚v P\-Iob kwhn-[m-\-ßsf ]cn-jvI-cn3. hoSns‚ kz`mhw 9 t]mbn‚v °p-Ibpw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Ibpw P\m-[n-]Xy-h¬°-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw. kaq-l4. PwKa BkvXn-Iƒ 10 t]mbn‚v CX-\p-kc- n®v tIc-fob kaqlw IrXy-ambn th¿Xn-cn-°m-hp∂ \mep X´p-If- mbn th¿Xn-cn-bp-∂Xp ImWmw. Øns‚ hym]- I - a mb P\m- [ n- ] Xyh¬°-c-Whpw P\-ß-fpsS Adn-bmI ]c-a-Z-cn-{Z¿ kvtIm¿ <11 (Zm-cn{ZytcJbv°p Xmsg) II Zcn-{Z¿ kvtIm¿ 11-˛16 (Zm-cn-{Zy-tc-Jbv°p sXm´p apI-fn¬) \p≈ Ah-Im-ihpw a‰p a\p-jym-hIII Xmgv∂ CS-Ø-c-°m¿ kvtIm¿ 17-˛24 Im-iß - fpw kwc-£n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂v IV Db¿∂ CS-Ø-c-°m¿ kvtIm¿ >24 (C-hc - n¬ Ipd®p kº-∂cpw s]Spw) Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw thWw.

4 X´p-Im¿ Fßs\?

30

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

sXmgnepw hnZym-`ym-khpw ""tIcfw Fßs\ Pohn- ° p∂p?'' F∂p Is≠-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p tIcf ]T-\-Øns‚ {][m\ e£yw. AXpsIm-≠p-Xs∂ sXmgn¬cwKw Cu ]T\-]-≤-Xn-bpsS khn-tij {i≤bv°p hnt[-b-am-bn. ]c-º-cm-KX sXmgn-ep-Ifn¬\n∂p hyXy-kvX-ambn Xm¬Im-enIhpw A\n-bX kz`m-h-ap-≈-Xp-amb ]e D]-Po-h-\-am¿K-ßfpw hym]-I-ambn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ C∂sØ kml-Ncy-Øn¬, t\cn´p≈ tNmZy-߃°p ]pdsa IpSpw-_mw-Kß - f - p-am-bp≈ N¿®bn-eq-sS-bmWv apXn¿∂ IpSpw-_mw-Kß - fpsS hcp-am\ am¿§-߃ a\- n-em°m≥ {ian-®X - .v Cu coXn-bn-eqsS ÿncamb hcp-am-\-ap≈ sXmgn-en-s√-¶nepw as‰-s¥-¶nepw ]Wn-sNbvXp Pohn-°p∂-h-cpsS sXmgn-ep-Ifpw k¿th-bpsS ]cn-[n-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cm≥ Ign-™p. F∂m¬ AØcw ]Wn-Iƒ t]mepw (Iq-en-∏-Wn, tem´dn Sn°‰p hn¬]-\, Xc-Iv.........) C√m-Ø-h-sc-bmWv "]Wnbn- √ m- Ø - h ¿' (Unemployed) F∂ hn`mKØn¬ s]Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu ]T-\Ø - n-eqsS In´nb samØsXm-gn¬ ]¶m-fnØ (work participation) kwJy-Iƒ 2001 sk≥k-knse hnh- c - ß - f p- a mbn HØp t]mIp∂p F∂Xv Cu ]T-\Ø - ns‚ km[p-Xb - psS Hcp sXfn-hmbn IW-°m°mw (]-´n-I˛1). sXmgn¬ taJ-eI - ƒ sXmgn¬ cwKØv 52.6% t]¿°p ]Wn \¬Ip∂ XrXob (tk-h\ - ) taJe-bmWv ap∂n¬. F¶nepw hen-sbmcp hn`mKw P\-߃ (28.6%) Ct∏mgpw {]mY-anI taJ-es - b-Øs - ∂-bmWv sXmgnen-\mbn B{i-bn-°p-∂Xv F∂v ]T\w ImWn-°p∂p (]-´n-I˛- 2). {]mY-anI taJ-eb - n¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp°p-∂-h-cpsS icm-icn hcp-am\w a‰p c≠p taJ-e-bn¬ D≈-h-cp-tS-Xn-t\°mƒ Ipd-hm-W.v AXn¬Øs∂ kv{Xo sXmgn-em-fn-If - psS hcp-am\w KWy-amb tXmXn¬ ]n∂n-em-Wv. Cu hnth-N\w IqSp-X-ep-≈Xv {]mY-anI taJ-e-bnepw \n¿am-W∏ - W - n-bpƒs∏-Sp∂ ZznXob taJe-bn-ep-am-Wv. C°m-cy-Ønepw XrXo-bta-J-e-bmWp Xmc-X-tay\ t`Zw. {]mY- a nI taJ- e - b n¬\n∂p XrXob taJ-e-bn-te-°p≈ sXmgn¬ am‰w Hcp Xe-ap-d-°m-eØp kw`-hn® Hcp {]Xn-`m-ka - m-sW∂v ]´nI˛3 hy‡am-°p-∂p. Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ {]mY-anI taJ-eb - nse sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw 62.5% Øn¬ \n∂v 28.6% Bbn Ipd-™t- ∏mƒ tkh\ taJ-e-bnepw hyh-kmb taJe-bnepw KWy-amb h¿[-\hv D≠m-bn. Hc¿Y-Øn¬ CXv tIcf kº-Zh v yh-ÿb - psS B[p-\o-Ic - W - Ø - ns‚ kqN\-bmbn IW-°m-°mw. "hnI-k\w' F∂-

Xp-Xs∂ {]mY-an-Im-h-iy-߃ \nd-th‰m-\p≈ A[zm-\-Øn¬\n∂v IqSp-X¬ `uXnI kuI-cy-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw e`y-am-°m-\p≈ A[zm-\Ø - n-te-°p≈ am‰-ambn hymJym-\n-°m-hp∂XmW-t√m. ]t£, tIc-fØ - ns‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ hnIkz-ca - mb Cu tkh-\t- a-Je - sb Xmßn\n¿Øp- ∂ Xv B¥- c nI kºØp D¬]m-Z-\-a-s√∂pw ]pd-sa-\n-∂p≈ ]W- a - S hv BsW∂pap≈Xv DXv I WvTbv°v hI-\¬Ip-∂p. GsXms° ]Wn-Iƒ kwÿm-\Øv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Bfp-Iƒ°p ]Wn-\¬Ip∂ sXmgn¬ Xpd-Iƒ ]´n-I \men¬ ImWn-®n-cn-°p∂p. kmºnƒ k¿t∆-bpsS ASn-ÿm\-Øn¬ kwÿm-\Øp samØw Cu taJ-e-bn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h-cpsS FÆhpw Ah-cpsS icm-icn amk-h-cpam-\hpw IqSn Cu ]´n-I-bn¬ sImSpØn-´p-≠v. CX-\p-k-cn®v G‰hpw A[nIw

Bfp-Iƒ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂Xv I¿j-IsØm-gn-em-fn-I-fm-bn-´m-Wv, 18.86 e£w. Irjn-°m¿ 10.2 e£w hcpw. hnZ-Kv[\n¿amW sXmgn-em-fn-I-fmbn 3.1 e£w t]cpw kq∏¿ssh-k¿(ta-kvXn-cn)-amcmbn 1.27 e£w t]cpw Ahn-ZK - [ v s - Ømgn-em-fn-I-fmbn 6.99 e£w t]cpw ]Wnsb-Sp-°p∂ \n¿amW taJe Irjn -Ign- ™ m¬ ASpØ G‰hpw henb sXmgn¬ta-Je - b - s - {X. CXp-c≠pw Ign-™m¬ sNdp-InS I®-hS- ° - m-cmWv ASp-ØXv, 7.63 e£w (I-S-I-fn¬ FSp-Øp-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-hcpw a‰p klm-bn-I-fp-ambn CXn-\p-]p-dsa 3.81 e£w t]cpw FgpØp ]Wn-Iƒ sNøp-∂h - c - mbn 0.60 e£w t]cpw IqSn Cu taJ-eb - n¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂p-≠v.) \n¿amW taJe 11.36 e£w t]scbpw ]c-ºc - m-KX hyh-km-bß - ƒ 6.04 e£w t]scbpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. ss{Uh¿amcmbn 4.15 e£w t]cpw I≠-IvS¿amcmbn 0.69 e£w- t ]cpw Bt´m ss{Uh¿am-cmbn 2.05 e£w t]cpw ]Wn- s b- S p- ° p∂ KXm- K - X - t a- J e as‰mcp {][m\ sXmgn¬Zm-Xm-hm-Wv. k¿°mcpw Fbn-UUpw kzIm-cyhpw kam- ¥ - c - h p- a mb ÿm]- \ - ß - f nse

]´nI ˛ 1 samØw P\-kw-Jy-bnse sXmgn-¬ ]¶m-fnØw ]cn-jØ - v˛2004 B¨ s]¨ samØw

sk≥kkv˛2001

53.5% 13.1% 32.7%

50.4% 15.3% 32.3%

]´nI ˛ 2 hnhn[ ta-J-e-I-fn¬ sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fn-Øhpw hcp-am-\hpw 2 F. samØ-Øn-ep≈ Nn{Xw taJe sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw (%) B taJ-e-bnse samØw hcp-am\w {]mY-anIw ZznXobw XrXobw

28.6 18.8 52.6

19.2 17.3 63.5

]´nI ˛ 2._n sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fn-Ø-Ønse enwK-]-Zhn Hcp sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS icm-icn hcp-am\w (cq-])

taJe {]mY-anIw ZznXobw XrXobw

s]¨

B¨

samØw

1185 1146 3570

2560 3510 4216

2307 3016 4078

]´nI ˛ 3 sXmgn¬ tk\-bpsS LS-\-bn¬ h∂ am‰w taJe {]mY-anIw ZznXobw XrXobw

Ign™ Xe-ap-d-bnse ]¶m-fnØw (%)

Cu Xe-ap-d-bnse ]¶m-fnØw

62.5 12.6 25.0

28.6 18.8 52.6

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

30

A[ym-]-I¿ samØw 3.6 e£-tØmfw hcpw. Hm^okp Kpa- ÿ ∑m¿ 3.3

e£w. ]yq¨ apX-em-b-h¿ 1.69 e£w. B[p-\nI hyh-km-b-ß-fn¬ ]Wn-sb-

]´nI ˛ 4 G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Bfp-Iƒ G¿s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ sXmgn-ep-Ifpw AXn¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am-\hpw sXmgn¬

I¿j-Is - Øm-gn-emfn I¿j-I¿ IS/I®-hSw Ahn-ZKv[ \n¿amW sXmgn-emfn ]c-ºc - m-KX hyh-kmb sXmgn-emfn ss{Uh¿ IS-If - nse klmbn kvIqƒ A[ym-]I - ¿ Hm^okv Kpa-ÿ≥ hnZ-Kv[-\n¿am-W-sXm-gn-emfn Bt´m-dn£m ss{Uh¿ ]yq¨ B[p-\nI hyh-kmb sXmgn-emfn Xp∂¬°m-c≥ ho´p-tPm-en-°m¿ Ce-I{v So-jy≥ I¨kv{S-£≥ kq∏¿ssh-k¿ Im¿s]‚¿ Hm^o-k¿ h¿°vtjm∏v sXmgn-emfn arK-]c - n-]m-e\w a’y-_-‘\w s]bn‚¿ F©n-\o-b¿ \gvkv ]mcm-sa-Un-°¬ {Sm≥kvt]m¿´v DSa Npa-´p-sXm-gn-emfn Hm^o-k˛-v ^ - o¬Uv h¿°v _kv I≠-IvS¿ a’y-hn¬]\ apdp-°m≥ IS tjm∏v˛- I - W - s - °-gpØv a‰v A[ym-]-I¿

32

k¿thbn¬ In´nb FÆw

kwÿm\ P\-kw-Jy-bnse IW-°m-°s - ∏´ FÆw(-e£ - w)

Hcp sXmgn-em-fnbpsS icm-icn amkhcp-am\w (cq)

1557 842 630

18.86 10.20 7.63

1576 3599 4408

577

6.99

2233

499 343 315 299 275 261 170 140

6.05 4.16 3.82 3.62 3.33 3.16 2.06 1.70

1443 3063 2639 6269 6089 3183 2116 3291

139 136 129 126 105 91 88 82 76 76 70 67 65 63 63 61 59 57 57 56 50 49

1.68 1.65 1.56 1.53 1.27 1.10 1.07 0.99 0.92 0.92 0.85 0.81 0.79 0.76 0.76 0.74 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.61 0.59

4471 1856 907 2561 2743 3266 11672 2789 3094 2336 2202 12483 5019 5157 4402 2759 3866 4103 2471 2507 2843 1843

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

Sp-°p-∂-h¿ 1.68 e£-tØm-f-am-Wv. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Bfp-Iƒ°p sXmgn¬ \¬Ip-∂Xv ta¬∏-d™ taJe-I-fm-sW-¶n¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ hcpam-\a - p≈ ]Wn-Iƒ tUmIvS¿ (a-tU¨ saUn-kn≥), hyh-km-bn-Iƒ, tImtfPv A[ym-]I - ¿, F≥Pn-\o-b¿am¿, Hm^okv FIvkn-Iyq-´o-hp-Iƒ apX-em-b-h-bm-Wv. (]-´n-I˛- 5) at‰ A‰Øv ho´p-tPm-en-°m¿, Ae-°p-Im¿, \gvkdn So®¿am¿, h\hn-`h߃ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-h¿, ]c-º-cmKX hyh-kmb sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ XpSßn G‰hpw Ipdhp hcp-am-\-ap≈ sXmgnep-Iƒ ]´n-I-˛6 ¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. {it≤-b-amb hkvXpX Ch-bn¬ an°-hbpw {]mtbW kv{XoIƒ G¿s∏Sp∂ sXmgn-ep-I-fm-sW-∂-Xm-Wv. BZnhm-kn-I-fpsS D]-Po-h-\-am¿K-amb h\hn-`h tiJ-c-Ww, ]c-º-cm-KX hyhkmb sXmgn-ep-Iƒ, Im¿jnI taJ-ebnse Iqen-∏Wn XpSßn Zp¿_-e-hn`m-K-ß-fpsS B{i-b-amb ]Wn-I-fmWv Xp—-th-X\w \¬Ip∂ a‰p sXmgn-epIƒ. sXmgn¬ taJ-e-bnse GXm≠v 85% t]cpw 5000 cq]bv°p Xmsg-am-kh- c p- a m- \ - a p≈ sXmgn- e p- I - f n- e mWv G¿s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂X - v. Db¿∂ hcp- a m- \ - a p≈ an° sXmgn- e p- I fpw D∂X hnZym- ` ymk tbmKyX (hn-ti-jn®pw s{]m^jW¬ _ncp-Zw) Bh-iy-ap≈hbm-sW-∂Xpw {it≤-ba - m-W.v \mep hn`m-K-߃ tIcf ]T-\Ø - n-eqsS In´nb hnhc-߃ A\p-k-cn®v hcp-am-\w, sNe-hv, hoSns‚ kz`m-hw, a‰v BkvXn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tIc-fØnse IpSpw-_ß - sf ]ca Zcn-{Z¿, Zcn{Z¿, Xmgv∂ CS-Ø-c-°m¿, Db¿∂ CSØ-c° - m¿ (C-hc - n¬ Ipd®v [\n-Icpw s]Spw) F∂n- ß s\ \membn XcwXncn°mw. (]-´n-I˛- 7) Db¿∂ a[y-h¿K-°m-cn¬ (\memw hn`m-Kw) Hcp \√ ]¶v (10.6%) kvIqƒ A[ym-]I - c - m-W.v (A-°q-´c - n¬ 35.9% Cu hn`m-KØ - n¬ s]Spw). ASp-ØXv _nkn\- p-Im-cmWv (8.6%). Hm^okv KpakvX≥am¿ (8.2%) Hm^o-k¿am¿ (7.2%) Irjn-°m¿ (7.2%) s]≥j≥Im¿ (13.7%) F∂n-hc - mWv Cu hn`m-KØ - n¬ s]Sp∂ a‰p {][m\ Iq´¿. _nkn-\- p-Im-cn¬ 8.6% hpw Hm^okv Kpa-kvX-cn¬ 29.4% hpw Hm^o- k ¿am- c n¬ 65.1% hpw s]≥j≥Im- c n¬ 27.7% hpw BWv \meqw {Kq∏n¬ FØp-∂-h¿. AtX-ka-bw, tUmIvS¿am-cn¬ 91.7% hpw hyhkmb amt\-P¿am-cn¬ 72.7% hpw a‰p sshZy-∑m-cn¬ 66.7% hpw F≥Pn-\o-b¿amcn¬ 59.4% hpw tImtf-P-[ym-]-I-cn¬ 56% hpw Cu hn`m- K - Ø n- e m- W v. s]mXpsh ]d-™m¬ Cu sXmgn-ep-Imsc√mw Xs∂ kaq- l - Ø nse Xmgv∂tXm Db¿∂tXm Bb a[y-h¿KØn¬ s]Sp-∂h - c - mWv. (]-´n-I˛- 8)

sXmgn¬

]´nI ˛ 5 G‰hpw hcp-am-\-ap≈ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ k¿th-bnse kwÿm-\Øp samØw icm-icn amk FÆw IW-°m-°s∏´ FÆw hcp-am\w (cq)

tUmIvS¿ (B-[p-\n-Is - sh-Zyw) hyh-kmb DSa tImtf-P[ - ym-]I - ¿ (πkvSp Dƒs∏-sS) F©n-\o-b¿ Hm^o-k¿ hyh-kmb amt\-P¿ Hm^okv kq∏¿ssh-k¿

16 42

19,400 50,900

22400 18676

39 67 88 17 41

47,300 81,200 1,06,600 20,600 49,700

12627 12483 11672 10250 9384

BcmWv ]c-aZ- c - n-{Z¿? H∂mw hn`m-K-Ønse (AXm-bXv ]c-a-Z-cn-{Z¿) G‰hpw henb kwLw I¿j-IsØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ Xs∂-bmWv (30.4%). I¿j-Is - Øm-gn-em-fn-If - n¬ 35.5% hpw ]c-a-Z-cn-{Z-cm-Wv. F∂m¬ h\-hn-`h-ti-Jc - Ww sXmgn-em-°n-bh - c - n¬ 66.7% t]cpw ]c-a-Z-cn-{Z-c-s{X. ]t£, Ah¿ FÆ-Øn¬ Ipd-hm-I-bm¬ A°q-´¿]ca Zcn-{Z-cnse 0.3 iX-am-\ta hcq FÆØn¬ c≠mw ÿm\Øp \n¬°p-∂Xv (13.4%) A¤p-X-I-c-sa∂p Xs∂ ]d-bs´, ]pdsa \n∂p≈ ]Ww hc-hns\ B{i-bn®p Ign-bp∂ IpSpw-_ß - f - m-Wv. A°q- ´ - c n¬ 19.1%hpw ]c- a - Z - c n- { Zcn¬s]Spw! \s√mcp ]¶v ho´p-tPm-en°m¿ (34.8%), \n¿am-Ws - Øm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ (19.8%) takvXn-cn-am¿ (22.7%) Bt´m ss{Uh¿am¿ (18.8%) Xm¬Im- e nI tPmen- ° m¿ (29.4%) aX- t _m- [ \w \SØn Pohn-°p-∂-h¿ (42.1%) ]c-ºcm- K X hyh- k m- b - s Øm- g n- e m- f n- I ƒ (14.9%) XpS-ßn-b-hcpw Cu hn`m-K-ØnemWv (]-´n-I˛- 9). sXmgn-en-√mbva 18˛\pw 60-˛\pw CSbv°p {]mb-ap≈, sXmgn-se-Sp-°m≥ Xøm-dp-≈h - c - psS CS-bnse sXmgn-en-√mbva 15.1 iX-am-\am-Wv. kaq-l-Ønse F√m hn`m-K-ßfp-sS-bn-Sb - nepw sXmgn-en-√mbva GXm≠v Hcp-t]m-se-bmWv F∂v ]T\w ImWn°p∂p (]-´n-I-˛10). PmXnbpw aXhpw Xncn- ® p≈ {Kq∏p-I-fnepw Gd-°psd CtX tXmXnemWv sXmgn-en-√m-bva-bpsS IW-°v. sXmgn- e n- √ m- Ø - h - c n¬ an°hcpw(85.6%) Hcn-°epw sXmgn¬ In´nbn-´n-√m-Ø-h-cm-Wv. CS-bv°nsS Fs¥¶nepw ]Wn-In-´p-∂h - ¿ 10.2% hpw kzbw ]ncn-™-h¿ (hn.-B¿.-F-kv.) 14% hpw hcpw. 2.8% t]¿ Kƒ^v aS-°-°m-cmWv (]-´n-I˛- 11) samØw ]Wn-bn-√m-Ø-h-cpsS FÆw 12.37 e£-amWv. CXv Fwtπmbvsa‚ v FIvkvtN-©n¬ t]cv cPn-ÿ sNbvXn-´p≈ 40 e£-Øn-t\-°mƒ Xptemw Ipd-hm-sW-¶nepw CXp-Xs∂ kzoIm-cy-am-bX - n-t\-°mƒ hfsc Db¿∂ A\p-]m-Xa - mWv F∂Xp {it≤-ba - m-Wv.

]´n-I-˛12 sXmgn-en-√m-Ø-h-cpsS {]mb-a\ - p-kc - n-®p≈ hn`-P\w sImSp-Øncn- ° p- ∂ p. 26 hb-   n\p Xmsgbp≈hcn¬ 30 iX-am-\hpw ]Wn-bn-√mØ-h-c-s{X. kv{XoI-fn¬ CXv 38.8% BWv. ap∏Xp hb m-Ip-tºm-tg°pw ]Wn-bn-√mØ ]pcp-j-∑m-cn¬ ]Ip-Xntbmfw t]¿ Fs¥-¶nepw sXmgn¬ I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂p-≠v. ]t£ kv{XoIfn¬ 30.6% t]¿ At∏mgpw sXmgn¬cln-Xc - m-Wv. k¿°m¿ DtZymKw P\- k w- J y- b psS 3.1% BWv k¿°m¿ s]mXp-ta-Jem tPmen-°mcpsS A\p-]m-Xw (sXm-gn¬ tk\-bpsS 9.7%). k¿°m¿ DtZym- K - ÿ - c n¬ Gdnb]¶pw (85.9%) Xmgv ∂ tXm

Db¿∂tXm Bb a[y-h¿K-°m-cm-Wv. (]-´nI ˛13) B\p- ] m- X n- I - a mbn k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS FÆw Db¿∂ a[yh¿K-°m-cpsS CS-bn¬ aq∂c Cc-´ntbmfw A[n-Ia- m-sW∂p ImWmw. PmXn, aX ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ s]´-h¿°pw {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°pw P\-kw-Jym-\p-]mXn-Ia - mbn A¿l-Xs - ∏-´h - t- \-°mƒ IqSpX¬ ]¶v In´p-∂p-≠v. (]-´n-I-˛14) Cug-hc - psS {]mXn-\n[yw GXm≠v ka-Xp-en-X-am-Wv. a‰p-≈-h-cp-tSXv Gsd ]n∂n-em-Wv. apkvenw-I-fpsS Ahÿ P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-Ia - mbn IW-°m-°nbm¬ ]´n-I-h¿K°m-cp-tS-Xn-t\-°mƒ ]n∂m- ° - a m- W v . k¿°m¿ DtZymKw F∂Xv kmaq-ly-˛k - m-ºØ - nI Ahÿ \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Hcp kp{]-[m\ LS-I-am-bn-cn-°p∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Cu Ak-a-Xp-en-Xm-hÿ ASn-b-¥nc {i≤ A¿ln-°p-∂p. hnZym-`ym-khpw sXmgnepw AY-hm, hnZym-`ym-khpw sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw 18 apX¬ 60 hb- p-h-sc-bp-≈-hcpsS hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-chpw AhcpsS amk-h-cp-am-\hpw Ah-cp-sS-bn-Sbnse sXmgn- e n- √ m- b v a bpw XΩn¬ _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ IW°v ]´n-I˛- 15 ¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. (]-´n-I-˛15) hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-chpw hcp-am\hpw XΩn-ep≈ t\¿_‘w XnI®pw {]Xo-£n-Xhpw kzm`m-hn-I-hp-am-Wv. ]t£, kaq-lØ - nse hyXykvX sXmgn¬ taJ-e-I-fnse thX-\-Øn¬ XΩn¬ C{X-tbsd A¥cw (C-cp-]Xp

]´nI ˛ 6 G‰hpw Ipdhp hcp-am-\-ap≈ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ sXmgn¬ k¿th-bnse kwÿm-\Øp samØw icm-icn amk FÆw IW-°m-°s∏´ FÆw hcp-am\w (cq) ho´p-tPmen Ae°v \gvkdn/A¶-Wh - mSn So®¿ h\-hn-`h - t- i-Jc - Ww ]c-ºc - m-KX hyh-kmb sXmgn-emfn ¢o\¿ (h-≠n) Fkv.-Sn.Un _qØv I¿j-Is - Øm-gn-emfn aX-t_m-[\w ¢o\¿ (tjm-∏v) Bcm-[-\m-eb ]Wn-Iƒ Xp∂¬ Ccp-ºp-]Wn ]mc-e¬ tImtfPv A[ym-]I - ¿ Ip°v (ÿm-]\ - ß - ƒ) hgn-hm-Wn`w Bt´m ss{Uh¿

129 9

1,56,300 10,900

907 1000

42 4

50,900 4,800

1141 1260

499 40 15 1557 31 25 35 136 16

6,04,600 48,500 18,200 18,86,500 37,600 30,300 42,400 1,64,800 19,400

1443 1471 1523 1576 1645 1733 1801 1856 1931

31 35 39 170

37,600 42,400 47,300 2,06,000

1998 2041 2046 2116

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

32

hn`mKw

I II III IV

]´nI ˛ 7 \mev kmaq-ly˛kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-߃ IpSpw-_ß - ƒ hy‡n-Iƒ icm-icn icm-icn {]Xn-amk % % {]Xn-io¿j IpSpw_ amk-hc- p-am-\w(-cp.) hcp-am-\w(-cq.) 14 32 43 11

15 35 41 9

aS- ß v ) apX- e m- f nØ cmPy- ß - f n¬ t]mepw ImWm-dn√ F∂Xv {it≤-ba - mWv. Cu ]´n-I-bn¬\n∂p shfn-hmIp∂ as‰mcp _‘w hnZym-`ym-khpw sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw XΩ-nep-≈-Xm-Wv. \nc-£-c-cnepw {]mY-anI hnZym-`ymkw am{Xw e`n-®-h-cnepw sXmgn-en-√mbva Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hmWv (6%). Ah-cpsS hcp-am-\-am-Is´ Xptemw XpO-hpw. sXmgn-en-√mbva G‰hpw cq£-am-bn-´p≈Xv lb¿sk-°‚dn ]m m-b-h-cnemWv (33.7%). _ncp-Z-[m-cn-I-fp-sSbpw _ncp-Zm-\-¥c _ncp-Z-[m-cn-I-fp-sSbpw Ahÿ Gsd sa®- s am- ∂ p- a - √ . F∂m¬ kmt¶-XnI ]cn-io-e\w t\Snb-h-cpsS Imcyw kz¬]w t`Z-amWv (16.3%). s{]m^-j-W¬ _ncpZw t\Snb-h-cpsS CS-bn¬ t]mepw 12% sXmgnen-√m-bvab - p-≠v. hnZym-`ymk \ne-hmcw Db-cp-t¥mdpw, ]Wn-In-´n-bm¬, \√ hcp-am\w D≠m-Im-\p≈ km[yX sa®-s∏-Sp-Ib - mWv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv F¥p-hn-e-sImSpØpw s{]m^-jW - ¬ _ncpZw Ic-ÿam-°m≥ a[y-h¿K-°m¿ Xøm-dm-Ip-∂X - .v as‰mcp coXn-bn¬ t\m°n-bm¬ \ΩpsS kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ A]-cym-]vX-X-bmWv Cu ]T-\-^ew sXfn-bn-°p-∂X - v. \nc-£c - cpw kvIqfn¬ \n∂p sImgn™p t]mb-hcpw hcp-am\w Ipd-™Xpw Imbn-Im-[zm\w IqSp-X¬ Bh-iy-ap-≈-Xp-amb ]Wn-Iƒ Gs‰-Sp°m≥ Xøm-dm-bX - p-sIm-t≠m, KXn-tI-SpsIm≠v AXn\p \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-Ip-∂Xp-sIm-t≠m, Bbn-cn°mw Ah-cpsS CS-bnse sXmgn-en-√mbva Ipd-hm-bn-cn°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ ]Ømw ¢mt m ]{¥≠mw ¢mt m ]m m- b n- ° - g n™m¬ AØcw ]Wn-If - n-te°p Xncnbm≥ ]e-t∏mgpw \ΩpsS kmaqly Np‰p- ] m- S p- I ƒ A\p- h - Z n- ° p- ∂ n- √ . AtXkabw Ah¿°p In´nb hnZym`ym-k-Øn\p tbmPn® ]Wn-Iƒ Bhiy-a\ - p-kc - n®v D≠m-Ip-∂p-an-√. F∂m¬ Fs¥-¶nepw {]tXyI taJ-e-bn¬ ss\]pWn t\Sn-bm¬ ]Wn-In-´m-\p≈ km[yX sa®-s∏-Sp∂p F∂v sSIv\n°¬ ]cn-io-e\w In´n-b-h-cpsS A\p`hw kqNn- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ p. GsX- ¶ nepw sXmgn-se-Sp-°m-\p≈ Ignhp h¿≤n°p∂n√ F∂-Xp-X-s∂-bmWv _ncp-Z-[m-cnI-fpsS CS-bnse Db¿∂ sXmgn-en-√mbva°p Imc-Ww. hnZym-`ymk ]cn-jvImc-ß-sf-∏‰n Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ ]cn-K-Wn-

34

375 696 1583 4627

2283 4042 7912 12291

t°≠ hkvXp-XI - f - mWv Ch. A`ykvX hnZycm-b-h¿°p IqSn BI¿j-I-amIp∂ coXn-bn¬ \ΩpsS ]c-º-cm-KX sXmgn-ep-Isf ]cn-jvI-cn-t°-≠p-∂Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX - b - n-te°v CXp hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂p. hnZym-`ym-khpw enwK-\o-Xnbpw hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-cØ - n¬ kv{Xo ]pcpj t`Z-߃ Imcy-ambn C√m F∂v ]´n-I-˛16 hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

]´nI ˛ 8 \memw hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cpsS sXmgn¬ hnh-c-߃ sXmgn¬ k¿t∆-bnse Cu hn`m-K-Ønse B sXmgn¬ sNøp FÆw Ah-cpsS iX-am\w ∂h-cn¬ F{X-t]¿ Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]Sp∂p F∂v Hm^okv tPmen-°m¿ 107 18.7 37.7 s]≥j≥Im¿ 79 13.7 27.7 kvIqƒ A[ym-]I - ¿ 61 10.6 35.9 _nkn-\- p-Im¿ 49 8.6 13.5 I¿j-I¿ 41 7.2 8.7 ]pdw ]Ww B{i-bn-°p-∂h - ¿ 21 3.7 3.9 F©n-\o-b¿ 19 3.3 59.4 ho´Ω 17 3.0 9.9 tImtf-P[ - ym-]I - ¿ 14 2.4 56.0 tUmIvS¿ (B-[p-\n-Iw) 11 1.9 91.7 B[p-\nI hyh-km b sXmgn-emfn 11 1.9 20.4 hyh-kmb DSa 10 1.7 35.7 Kƒ^v aS-°° - m¿ 9 1.6 27.3 hyh-kmb amt\-P¿ 8 1.4 72.7 ]´nI ˛ 9 H∂mw hn`m-K-Øn¬ (]-c-a-Z-cn-{Z¿) s]´-h-cpsS sXmgn¬ hnh-c-߃ sXmgn¬ k¿t∆-bnse ]c-aZ- c - n-{Z-cnse B sXmgn¬ sNøp FÆw Ah-cpsS iX-am\w ∂h-cn¬ F{X-t]¿ ]c-aZ- c - n-{Z-cmWv (%) I¿j-Is- Øm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ 232 30.4 35.5 ]pdw-]-Wn-h-c-hns\ B{i-bn-°p-∂h - ¿ 102 13.4 19.1 Ahn-ZKv[ \n¿amW sXmgn-emfn 60 7.9 19.8 I¿j-I¿ 57 7.5 12.1 ]c-ºc- m-KX hyh-kmbsXmgn-emfn 24 3.1 14.9 ho´Ω 21 2.8 12.2 hnZ-Kv[-\n¿amW sXmgn-emfn 19 2.5 13.2 Hcp ]Wn-bp-an-√m-Øh - ¿ 16 2.1 28.6 _nkn-\ v 15 2.0 4.1 Bt´m ss{Uh¿ 13 1.7 18.8 skbn¬kv/klmbn 13 1.7 11.5 ss{Uh¿ 11 1.4 5.8 XmXvIm-enI tPmen-°m¿ 10 1.3 29.4 \n¿amWw takvXncn 10 1.3 22.7 sXmgn-emfns∏≥j≥ 9 1.2 13.2 aX-t_m[w 8 1.0 42.1 ho´p-tPmen 8 1.0 34.8 Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

]´nI ˛ 10 sXmgn-en-√mbva hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ I hn`mKw sXmgn-en-√mbva(%) 15.5

II

III

IV

14.9

15.4

13.1

_ncp-Z˛- _ - n-cp-Zm-\¥ - c - X - e - ß - f - n¬ kv{XoI-fmWv ap∂n¬. F∂m¬ s{]m^j- W ¬- ˛ - s S- I v \ n- ° ¬ taJ- e - I - f n¬ kv{XoIƒ ]n∂n¬ Xs∂-bm-Wv. k¿h- I - e m- i mem ]T- \ - Ø n¬ s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ t\Sp∂ ta¬ss° AhcpsS sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fn-Ø-Øn¬ {]Xn^-en-°p-∂n√m F∂Xv {i≤m-]q¿hw ]Tn-t°≠ {]iv\-am-Wv.

lnµp 14.3

{InkvXy≥ 14.6

apkvenw ap∂m° ]n∂m° 17.0 14.8 14.3

`ymk cwK-sØ, hnti-jn®v kzm{ib tImtf-Pp-If - n-se, sImgn-™p-t]m°pw tXm¬hnbpw Ah-K-Wn-°m-\m-hmØ hn[w h¿[n-®p-h-cp∂p F∂ ]T-\-^e-ßfpw Iq´n-t®¿Øp hmbn-°p-tºmƒ

ST

14.6

hfsc Akzm-ÿy-P-\-I-amb \nK-a-\ß-fnte \ap-s°-Øn-t®-cm≥ ]‰q. A¨ Fbn-UUv hnZym-eb - ß - f - n¬ sa®-s∏´ hnZym-`ym-ka - mtWm \S-°p-∂-

]´nI ˛ 11 sXmgn-en-√m-bvab - psS hI-t`-Zß - ƒ hn`mKw

hnZym-`ym-khpw ta¬K-Xnbpw ]mh-s∏-´, anSp-°c - mb Ip´n-Iƒ°v kaq-l-Øn-ep-b-cm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ Hcp {][m\ LS-I-amWv hnZym-`ymkw F∂p ]cs° AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈Xm-W.v D∂-Xh - n-Zym-`ym-kØ - n-\p≈ Ahkcw In´n-bh - ¿°mWv Db¿∂ kmaq-ly˛-km-º-ØnI Xe-ß-fn-te°v IS∂p Ib- d m- \ p≈ km[yX IqSp- X - e p- ≈ sX∂v ]´nI ˛18 ImWn-°p-∂p. \memw hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cn¬ 58.6% t]cpw D∂X hnZym-`ymkw t\Snb-h-cm-sW-¶n¬ H∂mw hn`m-K-Øn¬ AXv 3.5% am{X-am-Wv. F¥p XymKw kln®pw Xß-fpsS Ip´n-Iƒ°v sa®s∏´ hnZym-`ymkw \¬Im≥ ae-bmfn c£m-I¿Øm-°ƒ shºp-∂Xv shdp-sXb-√. ]t£, ]e Imc-Wß - ƒsIm≠pw D∂X hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p≈ Ah-kcw kmaq- l yhpw kmº- Ø n- I - h p- a mbn ]n∂m°w \n¬°p-∂-h¿°v (H∂pw c≠pw hn`m-KØ - n¬ s]´-h¿°v) \ntj[n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-sW-∂v ]´n-I-˛19 kqNn∏n-°p-∂p. 18-˛\pw 25˛\pw CSbv°p {]mbap≈ sNdp-∏° - m¿ F¥mWv sNøp-∂Xv F∂p ImWn-°p∂ Cu IW-°-\p-kcn®v ta¬Ø-´n-ep≈ 54.2% bphm-°fpw D]-cn-]T - \ - Ø - n¬ G¿s∏-´n-cn-°p-tºmƒ IogvØ-´n-ep≈ 13.7% t]¿°p am{Xta AXn\p Ign-bp-∂p-≈q. Ah-cn¬ 54.3% t]cpw sXmgn-en-√m-Ø-h-cmWv F∂Xv DXvIWvTbp-W¿Øp∂ as‰mcp hnh-cam-Wv. c≠mw hn`m-KØ - n¬t∏mepw D∂X-]-T-\m-h-kcw 16.1% t]¿°p am{Xta In´p-∂p-≈q. hnZy-t\Sn c£-{]m-]n-°m\p≈ Ah-kcw t]mepw Zcn-{Z¿°p \ntj-[n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂Xv Kpcp-Xc - a - mb `hnjy-Øp-Iƒ°n-Sb - m-°p-sa-∂X - n¬ kwib-an-√. am^n-bm-h¬°-c-Whpw Ip‰-IrXy-ßfpw s]cp-Ip∂ Hcp kaq-lØ - n¬ Cu hn`m-K-Øn-ep≈ sNdp-∏-°m¿ hgn ]ng-®p-t]m-Im-\p≈ km[yX `oI-c-amWv. ]c-a-Z-cn-{Z-˛-Z-cn{Z hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂v "D∂X' hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v Ahkcw In´p∂ bphm-°ƒ°p In´p∂ hnZym-`ym-kØ - ns‚ kz`m-hhpw KpW-ta∑bpw IqSn ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ am{Xta Cu Nn{Xw ]q¿Øn-bm-Iq. D∂X hnZym-

SC

13.1

Hcn-°epw sXmgn¬ In´m-Ø-h¿ h√-t∏mgpw sXmgn¬ In´p-∂-h¿ te Hm^v, hn.-B¿.-F-kv... Kƒ^v aS-°° - m¿ samØw

iX-am\w

P\-kw-Jy-bnse aXn∏p IW°v (e-£w)

85.6 10.2 1.4 2.8 100

10.58 1.26 0.17 0.34 12.37

]´nI ˛ 12 sXmgnn-√m-bva-bpsS {]mbt`Zw kv{XoI-fnepwB¨ ]pcp-j-∑m-cn-epw(%) {]mb-{e Kq∏v s]¨ samØw 18˛26 38.8 20.4 30.0 26˛30 30.6 10.0 19.9 31˛35 22.8 6.3 14.6 36˛40 10.5 4.8 7.9 41˛45 2.1 4.0 3.0 46˛50 2.3 4.6 3.3 51˛55 1.2 9.1 5.3 56˛60 2.2 13.7 7.6 samØw 19.2 10.7 15.1

icm-icn {]Xn-amk IpSp-w_-h-cp-am\w: Pn√ Xncn®v (cq-])

Mean monthly family income districtwise Pn√ Domestic incomeRemittance income Total family income B¥-cnI ]pd-Øp-\n-∂p≈ samØw IpSp_ hcp-am\w hchv hcp-am\w Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw sIm√w ]Ø\wXn´ Be-∏pg tIm´bw CSp°n Fd-Wm-Ipfw Xriq¿ ]me-°mSv ae-∏pdw tImgn-t°mSv hb-\mSv IÆq¿ Imk¿tImSv samØw

5551.1 5509.7 6312.0 5253.8 6661.8 5637.3 7049.8 6436.8 4927.2 5901.7 6435.4 5178.7 7326.9 5465.9 6104.9

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

1114.2 789.3 1002.0 587.3 598.5 211.1 578.5 1814.7 476.3 1535.2 811.7 725.6 1095.1 587.0 946.9

6665.3 6299.0 7314.0 5841.1 7260.3 5848.4 7628.3 8251.5 5403.6 7436.9 7247.1 5904.3 8422.1 6052.9 7051.8

34

]´nI ˛ 13 hnhn[ kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ k¿°m¿-˛-s]m-Xp-ta-Jem tPmen-°m-cpsS ]¶v hn`mKw

Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ k¿°m¿/s]mXp-ta-Je tPmen-°m-cpsS %

I

0.5 1.0 4.2 11.0

II III IV

P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ k¿°m¿/s]mXp-ta-Je Cu hn`m-K-Øns‚ tPmen-°m-cn¬ Cu hn`mK iX-am\w Øn¬s]Sp-∂-h-cpsS %

15.1 34.8 41.2 8.8

2.6 11.5 54.8 31.1

]´nI ˛ 14 k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-Ønse B\p-]m-XnI {]mXn-\n[yw hn`mKw P\-kw-Jy-bnse k¿°m¿ DtZymK B\p-]m-Xn-Ia - mb % (a) ÿcnse % (b) Ipdhv/IqSp-X¬ (b-a) 100 b {InkvXy≥ apkvenw \mb¿ a‰p ap∂m° lnµp Cug-h¿ a‰p ]n∂m-°-°m¿ ]´n-IP - mXn ]´n-Ih - ¿Kw

18.3 26.9 12.5 1.3 22.2 8.2 9.0 1.2

20.6 11.4 21.0 3.1 22.7 5.8 7.6 0.8

+11.0 ˛136.0 +40.5 +56.5 ˛0.02 ˛41.0 ˛22.6 ˛49.5

]´nI ˛ 15 18˛60 hb- n-\n-S-bn-ep-≈-h-cpsS hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-chpw sXmgnepw hcp-am-\hpw hnZym-`ymk P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ \ne-hmcw Ah-cpsS % \nc-£c- ¿ 4.6 \h-km-£c - ¿ 2.3 {]mY-anI hnZym-`ymkw 28.8 sk°‚dn 37.4 lb¿ sk°‚dn 10.9 sSIv\n-°¬ ]cn-io-e\w 3.7 _ncpZw 9.0 _ncp-Zm-\¥ - cw 1.9 {]^-jW - ¬ 1.5

Ah-cpsS CS-bnse sXmgn-en-√mbva % 6.5 6.1 6.1 12.4 33.7 16.3 26.2 24.7 12.0

icm-icn amk hcp-am\w (cq.) 352 596 1067 1462 1607 2966 2370 4274 7085

]´nI ˛ 16 hnZym-`ym-k-t\-´-ß-fnse kv{Xo]p-cpj kaXzw hnZym-`ymk Xew \nc-£-c¿ \h-km-£c - ¿ {]mY-anIw sk°‚dn lb¿ sk°‚dn kmt¶-XnI ]cn-io-e\w _ncpZw _ncp-Zm-\¥ - cw {]^-jW - ¬

36

kv{Xo iX-am\w 6.7 2.8 29.7 34.9 11.4 2.3 9.1 2.1 1.0

]pcp-j≥ iX-am\w 2.4 1.7 27.8 39.9 10.5 5.1 8.9 1.7 1.9

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

sX∂ Imcy- Ø n¬ X¿°- a p- ≠ v . ]t£, AhnsS ]Tn-°p∂ Ip´n-IfmWv a’-c] - c - o-£I - f - n¬ IqSp-X¬ am¿°p hmßp-Ibpw sa®-s∏´ D∂X- h n- Z ym- ` ymk ÿm]- \ - ß - f n¬ {]th-i\w t\Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv F∂ Imcy- Ø n¬ X¿°- a n- √ . AØcw hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ ]Tn-°p∂Xv sa®- s ∏´ kmaq- l y- ˛ - k mºØnI ]cn-Xx-ÿn-Xn-bp≈ IpSpw_- ß - f nse Ip´n- I - f m- b n- c n°pw F∂Xpw kzm`m-hnIw am{Xw. ]´nI-˛20 CXp hy‡-am-°p-∂p. k¿°m¿˛Fbn-UUv hnZym-eb-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w sa®-s∏-SpØn-s°m≠p am{Xta Zcn-{Z-hn-`m-Kß-fpsS Ip´n-Iƒ°v \√ hnZym`ymkw e`n-°p∂p F∂p-d-∏p-h-cpØm≥ Ignbq F∂v Cu IW°pw \sΩ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ]c-a-Zcn-{Z-cpsS 96.6% Ip´n-Ifpw Zcn-{Z-cpsS 89.7% Ip´n-Ifpw Ahn-sS-bmWp ]Tn°p-∂X - v.

hnZym-`ym-k-Ønse PmXn-˛-a-X-t`-Z-߃ D∂- X - h n- Z ym- ` ymkØns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ Ct∏mgpw ]n∂m-°-am-sW∂v ]´n-I-˛21 Hm¿an∏n-°p-∂p. sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw apkvenw bphm-°-fn-emWp IqSp-X¬. lnµp°-fnse PmXn-Xn-cn-®p≈ IW°p t\m°n-bm¬ kh¿W¿ {InkvXym\n-Iƒs°m-∏a - m-Wv. ]n∂m° PmXn°m¿ hnZym- ` ym- k - ] - c - a mbpw ]n∂m°w Xs∂. ]´n- I - P mXn/ h¿K°m¿ apkvenw-I-sf-t∏mse Xs∂ AXn-t\-°mƒ Gsd ]n∂nem-Wv. apkv e nw kap- Z m- b - Ø nse bphm-°-fpsS hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-amb ]n∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bmWv kzm`m-hn-Iambpw Ah-cpsS DtZym-K-e-_v[nbnepw k¿°m¿ k¿ho- k nse {]th-i-\-Ønepw ]n∂oSv {]Xn-^en-°p-∂-Xv. Ah-cpsS CS-bnse sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw G‰hpw IqSp-Xem-Wv. hnkvt^m-SI - a - mb Hcp kmaqly-km-l-N-cy-amWv CXp krjvSn°p-∂X - v. kmaq-ly-˛k - m-ºØ - nI am‰-ßfpsS XpS°w hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KØp \n∂p-Xs∂ BtI-≠-Xns‚ Bhiy- I - X - b n- t e- ° mWv CXp {i≤ £Wn-°p-∂X - .v hnZym-`ymkw am{Xw t]mcm, e£y t_m[-ap-≈Xpw ^e{]-Z-hp-amb hnZym-`ymkw Xs∂ \¬IWw F∂pw Cu ]T-\-^-e߃ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. (imkv{XKXn amkn-I, 2006 Pq¨)

]W-k-©n-bn¬ ]Whpw Inep°n apjn™ hkv{X-hp-ambn \S-°p∂ [\- h m- ∑ m- s c- ° p- d n®v ]d- b m- d p- ≠ v . CXp-t]mse hcp-am\w h¿[n-®mepw AX-\p-k-cn®v hnI-k-\-ap-≠m-ImØ ]e-{]-tZ-i-ß-fp-ap-≠v. BtKm-f-X-e-

hcp-am-\-Øn¬ ap∂n¬ hnI-k-\-Øn¬ ]n∂n¬

Pn√m-X-e-Øn-ep≈ {]Xn-io¿j-h-cpam\w ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ Xriq¿ apXep≈ sX°≥ Pn√- I ƒ ap∂n´p \n¬°p- ∂ - X mbn ImWmw. ]´nI ˛ 17 CXn¬Øs∂ a[y-tIc-fØ - n-ep≈ 18-˛\pw 25˛\pw CSbv°v {]mb-ap≈ bph-Xo-bp-hm-°ƒ F¥psNøp∂p? Pn√I f mWv (Fd W mI pfw, CSpkv{Xo/]p. tImtf-Pn¬ a‰p-]-T\w sXmgn-en-√m-Ø-h¿ sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂h - ¿ °n, tIm´-bw, Xriq¿) G‰hpw kv{Xo 16.2 7.4 63.7 12.6 ap∂n¬ \n¬°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ ]p. 14.7 11.7 21.1 52.4 Cu Pn√-Iƒ°v hnI-k-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ CtX ÿm\w ssIh]´nI ˛ 18 cn-°m≥ Ign-™n-´n-√. {]Xn-io¿jD∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw t\Sn-b-h¿, hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ (%) h-cp-am-\hpw hnI-k-\hpw XΩn¬ hn`mKw sSIv\n-°¬ tImtfPv s{]m^-jW - ¬ samØw Xosc s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sm-ØXv CSpI 0.7 2.6 0.2 3.5 °n, hb-\m-Sv, IÆq¿ Pn√-I-fnemWv. {]Xn-io¿j hcp-am-\-Øn¬ II 1.8 5.1 0.1 7.0 bYm-{Iaw c≠pw F´pw ]{¥≠pw III 4.8 14.9 1.4 21.1 IV 9.7 40.5 8.4 58.6 ÿm\-ap≈ Cu Pn√-Iƒ°v hnIk-\Ø - ns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ ]{¥≠pw ]´nI ˛ 19 ]Xn-aq∂pw Ggpw ÿm\-ß-fm-Wp18-˛25 {]mb-ap≈ Hmtcm hn`m-K-Øn-sebpw bphm-°ƒ F¥p sNøp∂p? ≈-Xv. a‰p Nne Pn√-I-fnepw CtX hn`mKw tImtfPv a‰v ]T\w samØw ]T\w sXmgn¬ sXmgn¬ s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-Iƒ ImWmw. (]sNøp-∂h - ¿ cln-X¿ Ø-\w-Xn-´, sIm√w, Be-∏p-g, ]meI 7.5 6.2 13.7 31.9 54.3 °m-Sv, tImgn-t°m-Sv). II 9.4 6.7 16.1 35.0 48.9 hcp-am-\a - p-≠m-bn´pw hnI-k\ - III 19.4 11.5 30.9 31.1 37.9 Øn¬ G‰hpw IqSpX ¬ ]nt∂mIV 36.8 17.4 54.2 31.0 34.8 °m- h ÿ ImWp- ∂ Xv CSp- ° nbnepw hb-\m-´n-ep-am-Wv. Cu c≠p ]´nI ˛ 20 Pn√-I-fpw, tXm´-ß-fn¬\n∂v hcps]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fnepw A¨ FbvUUv am-\a - p-≈X - p-sIm-≠v, {]Xn-io¿j-hhnZym-e-b-ß-fnepw ]Tn-°p-∂-h¿ (%) cpa m\ Ø n¬ sa®-s∏´ ÿm\w hn`mKw k¿°m¿ FbvUUv A¨ FbvUUv ssIh-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ a\p-jyI 47.0 49.6 3.4 hn-I-k-\-kq-NnI \n¿W-bn-°p∂ II 40.3 49.4 10.3 a‰p c≠p-L-S-I-ß-fmb Btcm-KyIII 30.9 39.0 30.1 ˛- h n- Z ym- ` ymk kqNn- I - I - f n¬ IV 14.2 30.2 55.5 ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂p. CtX-kabw hnI-k-\-Øn¬ Bt]-£n-I]´nI ˛ 21 ambn Db¿∂ ÿm\-ap≈ ]Ø-\w18-˛25 {]mb-ap≈ hnhn[ PmXn-aX hn`m-K-ß-fnse bphm-°ƒ F¥p- sN-øp∂p? Xn-´bpw Be-∏p-gbpw hn⁄m-\hn`mKw tImtfPn¬ a‰v ]T\w samØw sXmgn¬ sXmgn¬ Ønepw Btcm- K y- I m- c y- Ø nepw % ]T\w % sNøp-∂h - ¿ cln-X¿ Db¿∂ \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂p. lnµp 18.7 9.9 28.6 32.3 39.1 CtX-t]mse {]Xn-io¿j-h-cp-am-\apkvenw 8.1 6.2 14.3 30.5 55.2 Ønepw hnI-k\ - Ø - nepw H∂m-aXp {InkvXy≥ 20.5 14.9 35.4 32.7 31.9 \n¬°p∂ Fd-Wm-Ip-fØ - n\pw Hcp ap∂m-°- lnµp 28.1 11.6 39.7 24.1 36.3 {]tXy-I-X-bp-≠v. Btcm-Ky-˛-hn-Zym`ymk Imcy-ßf - n¬ IqSp-X¬ {i≤n]n∂m° lnµp 16.7 10.2 26.9 33.0 40.2 ®ns √¶ n¬ hnIk-\-Øn-ep≈ Cu ]´n-IP - mXn 10.30 6.6 16.9 42.2 40.9 Pn√-bpsS H∂mw ÿm\w \jvSs - ∏]´n-Ih - ¿Kw 11.8 5.9 17.7 37.3 45.1 Sm≥ km[y-X-bp-≠v. Ønepw {]mtZ-in-I-X-e-Ønepw Cu {]Xn-`mkw ImWmw. tIc-f-Øn¬

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

36

a\p-jy≥ a\p-jy\pw kwkvIm-chpw

amb≥ kwkvImcw

CuPn-]vjy≥ kwkvImcw ]pcm- X \ CuPn- ] vjy≥ kwkvImcw ss\¬ \Zo-X-S-hp-ambn At`-Zy-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. 5000 h¿jw ]g-°-ap≈ kwkvIm-c-amWv CuPn-]vXn-t‚-Xv. 3100 _n.-kn. apX¬ Bcw-`n® hmWnPy _‘-߃ sX°p]- S n- ™ m- d ≥ Gjy- b p- a mbn CuPn]vjy≥ {]tZ-iß - sf _‘n-∏n-®p. ]pcmX\ CuPn]v‰v `cn® ^d-thm-am-cpsS ]ncan-Up-Iƒ B Ime-L´- s - Ø-°p-dn®v hy‡n-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ \nc-Øp-∂p. ^dthm-

F.-Un. 250˛900 hsc bp°m-Øm≥ D]-`q-J-fiw, saIvkn-t°m, Kzm´n-am-e, F¬km¬h-tZm¿, tlm≠p-dkv XpSßnb a[y-A-ta-cn-°-bnse {]tZ-i-ßfn¬ \ne- \ n- ∂ n- c p∂ Ata- c n- ° ≥ C¥y≥ kwkvIm- c - a mWv amb≥ kwkvIm-cw. ag-°m-Sp-I-fn¬ ]cpØnbpw ac®o- \ nbpw ]bdpw a\p-jys‚ tNmfhpw a[p-c-°n-gßpw amb∑m¿ Irjn sNbvXp. aX-hn-izmoIcWw imkv{Xob h¿K khpw BNm-c-ßfpw Ahsc Hcpan-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. kam-\-X-I-fn-√mØ ˛ A\m-anI khn- t i- j - X - I - f mWv amb≥ InwKvUw ata) kwkvIm-c-Øn-\p-≈-Xv. Ah-cpsS ss^ew -ew) ˛ tIm¿tU‰v (Chord alia) -fi m a pam ¥ (M (P nb e lotdm- t •m- ^ nIv coXn- b n- e p≈ ˛ am ta FgpØv C∂pw ]q¿Wambn a\- n- ¢mkv ˛ ss{]ta‰vkv w) X { mK (t ¿ ¿U Hm man-\nsU em-°n-bn-´n-√. KWn-Xi - m-k{v X-Ønepw w (Family)-þ tl i n i d a e ) tPymXn-im-k{v X-Ønepw Ime-KW - n-X- I pS pw _ (Hom Ønepw Ah¿°v D¬Ir-jvS-amb _w Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v sXfn-bn-®n- D]-Ip-Spw m ily ) þ tlman-\ns\ Fa ub (S ´p-≠v. F.-Un. 600 hsc Xn°m-ense (Homininae) "kvsI' `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fmWv amb≥ þ tlman-\n\n kwkv I m- c - Ø ns‚ `mK- a m- b n- ´ p≈ T r i b e e þ tlman-\n\ G‰hpw henb {]tZ-iß - f - pƒs∏´ hS- S u b t r i b ˛ tlmtam Po\kv °p-In-g°≥ ]o‰≥ `cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. 7˛mw \q‰m-≠n\p tijw sX°≥ `-c-W-Øn-\p-tijw 1000 _n.Xmgvhm-cß - f - n¬ AXns‚ kph¿W-Im- kn. apX¬ CuPn-]vjy≥ kwkvImcw e-L-´-Øn-se-Øn-sb-¶nepw F.-Un. 900 XI¿®sb t\cn-´p-Xp-S-ßn. tØmsS Zp¿_-es - ∏-´p. ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Imlmc-∏≥ kwkvImcw [- ] - X - \ w, A[zm- \ n- ° p∂ hn`m- K kn‘p \Zo-X-S-ß-fn¬ Bbncw ߃°pta-ep≈ kΩ¿±w, `£y-Zu¿e- h¿j-tØmfw \ne-\n∂ kwkvIm-c`yw, ]ns∂ kv]m\njv A[n-\n-thiw amWv lmc-∏≥. kpta-dn-b° - m-cp-am-bp≈ F∂n-hb - mWv amb≥ kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ hmWnPy _‘-߃ Cu kwkvImtimj-WØ - n\p Imc-Wa - mbn ]d-bp-∂- csØ hf-sc-tbsd ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-®p. Xv.

Nmƒkv Um¿hn\pw

]cn-Wma kn≤m-¥hpw Xs‚ A©p-h¿jsØ \o≠ "HMS _oKnƒ' "]mb°-∏¬ bm{X-bn-eqsS Nmƒkv Um¿hn≥ temI-Øn\p ]I¿∂p-\¬In-bXv ]cn-Wm-a-Øns‚ imkv{Xobc-l-kyßfpw {]Ir-Xn-bnse sshcp-[ym-flI - X - b - p-am-Wv. 1831˛emWv _oKnƒ bm{X Bcw-`n-®X - v. Z£nW Ata-cn-°b - n¬ Pntbmf-Pn-°¬ k¿th \S-Øp-Ib - m-bn-cp∂p bm{X-bpsS bYm¿Y e£yw. ]t£, k¿th-°n-Sb - n¬ Kme-∏t- Kmkv Zzo]p-Ifnepw a‰pw \n∂v e`n® hwi-\miw kw`-hn® Pohn-If - psS t^mknep-Ifpw Kme-∏t- Kmkv Ba-Ifpw At±-lsØ h√m-Xm-I¿jn®p. Ch-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w ]cn-Wm-a-kn-≤m¥w BhnjvIc - n-°p-∂X - n\v hgn-sX-fn-bn-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p. On the origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (CXv "Origin of Sepecies' F∂

38

B[p-\nI a\p-jy≥ hf¿∂v hnImkw {]m]n®Xv {][m-\a- mbpw \Zo-XS- ß - f- nepw Xmgvhm-cß-fn-ep-am-bn-cp-∂p. A\p-tbm-Py-amb kmlN-cy-߃ ]pcm-X\ a\p-jys\ Fßs\ kwkvIm-ck - º - ∂ - \ - m-°n-sb∂v Nne kwkvImc-ßf- psS BZy-Im-eß - ƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ a\ n-em-Ipw. 2600 _n.-kn. apX-ep≈ hf¿® Cu P\Po-hn-XsØ \mK-cn-I-X-bn-te°v Db¿Ønbn-cp-∂p. ]ptcm-lnX cmPm-°-∑mcpsS (Priest-king) Iogn¬ aX-]-c-ambpw kmº-Øn-I-ambpw Hu∂Xyw {]m]n® lmc-∏≥ P\X hfsc hy‡-ambn Bkq-{X-Ww-sNbvX sk‰n¬sa‚p-If - nemWv Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. 1700 _n.-kn.tbmsS lmc- ∏ ≥ kwkvImcw XI¿®sb t\cn-´p-Xp-S-ßn. ssN\okv kwkvImcw ssN\-bnepw \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS DZv`-hhpw hf¿®bpw hnIm-khpw \Zo-XS- ß - f - n-em-bn-cp-∂p. ]Øp-e£w h¿j-߃°p apºp-Xs∂ a\p-jy≥ ssN\-bn¬ DZv`-hn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v imkv{Xw sXfn-bn-®n´p-≠v. ]o°nwKv a\p-jy≥ F∂p hnfn-°p∂ BZna \c\pw C∂sØ a\p-jy\pw XΩnep≈ hyXymkw Abm-fpsS ]pcnI-ßfpw XmSn-Ifpw apt∂m´p X≈nbn-cp-s∂-∂p-≈Xpw s\‰n-bpsS D≈p s]m≈-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂p-≈Xpw C∂p- ≈ - X ns‚ ap°m¬ `mKw akvXnjvIw am{Xta Abmƒ°v D≠mbn-cp-∂p≈q F∂-Xp-am-Wv. {Kma-ka - q-l߃ F∂ \ne-bn¬ _n.-kn. \mem-bnc-am-t≠msS Iq´w-tN¿∂v Pohn-°m≥ Chn-S-Øp-Im¿ ]Tn-®p-I-gn-™n-cp-∂p. AXv Xg-®p-hf - ¿∂Xv lzmMvtlm (a-™\-Zn) \Zn-bpsS Xoc-Øm-bn-cp-∂p.

Npcp°-t∏-cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p), Descent of Man XpSßn-bh Um¿hns‚ cN-\-I-fm-Wv. a\p-jy-\pƒs∏-sS-bp≈ F√m Pohn-h¿Kß-fnepw t]m‰m-\m-hp-∂X - n¬ IqSp-X¬ AwK-ßf - p-≠m-Ip-∂p-≠.v Chbn¬ Hcp sNdnb iX-am\w am{Xta hf¿∂p s]cp-Ip-∂p≈q. Cßs\ "\ne-\n¬°p-∂-h¿' (Survival of the fittest) {]Ir-Xn-tbmSv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-hcm-bn-cn-°pw. {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \S-°p∂ Cu sXc-s™-Sp∏psIm-≠mWv Pohn-If - psS AwK-kwJy Imcy-ambn amdmsX\n¬°p-∂Xv. (Natural Selection) CXmWv ]cn-Wm-a-kn≤m-¥-Øn-eqsS Nmƒkv Um¿hn≥ hy‡-am-°n-b-Xv. Um¿hns‚ cN-\I - ƒ "Hdn-Pn≥ Hm^v kv]ojokv (1859), shcn-tb-j≥ Hm^v A\n-a¬kv B‚ v πm‚ vkv A≠¿ sUma-Ãn-t°-j≥' (1868), "Zn Unk‚ v Hm^v am≥' (1871), "FIvkv{]-j≥ Hm^v Zn Ctam-j≥kv C≥ am≥ B‚ v A\n-a¬kv (1872), Ahkm\ ]pkvX-I-amb t^m¿ta-j≥ Hm^v shPn-‰-_nƒ auƒUv, {Xq Z B£≥ Hm^v thwkv' F∂nh cNn® Nmƒkv Um¿hn≥ 1882 G{]n¬ 19-˛\v A¥-cn-®p.

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

bnse BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-Iƒ. CSn™ I¨t]m-fI - ƒ \o≠v \nh¿∂ I\w-Ipd™ Xe-ap-Sn, sNdnb ]Xn™ aq°v, a™ Ie¿∂ shfpØ \ndw F∂n-h]mc-º-cyambn´p≈ ico-c-k-hn- °m¿°n-Sb - n¬ Ipd-hm-W.v Izo≥kvem‚ ,v bmWv awtKm-fn-b\ - p-If - psS s]mXpkhnti-j-X-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ a\p- \yqkuØv shbn¬kv, hnIvtSm-dnb ti-jX - I - ƒ. at[y-jy-bnse awtKm-fp-Ijy-KW - s - Øh - ¿Ko-Ic - n-°mw. apJ-cq-]w, F∂o Ing-°≥ Xoc-{]-tZ-i° - m¿°mWv fn¬ \n∂mWv awt•m-bn-Up-Iƒ F∂ Xe-apSn F∂n-h-bmWv Cu h¿Ko-I-c- Ch-bpsS \n¿-am-W-hnZy Adn-bp-I. t]cp h∂-Xv. ssN\-°m¿, P∏m≥Im¿, W-Øns‚ G‰hpw {][m-\m-Sn-ÿm-\- Ct∏mƒ hnt\m- Z - k - © m- c n- I ƒ°v _¿a-°m¿, Xmbv, hnb-‰v\m-ao-kp-Iƒ, ߃. Xz°ns‚ \ndhpw c‡-{Kq∏pw hn¬°m-\m-bmWv CXns‚ \n¿am-Ww. Iºq-®n-b° - m¿, aem-b,v FIvkn-tam-Iƒ, A{X {]m[m-\y-tØm-sS-bs - √-¶nepw ]cn- ]g-bI - m-eØv Ch-b° v p-ta¬ Nn{X-∏W - n- hS-°≥ ssk_o-cn-b-bnse bm°q-UpK-Wn-°m-dp-≠v. C{]-Imcw temI-P-\- I-sfm-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√-¶nepw C∂v Ifpw kmtam-sb-Up-If - pw hS-°\ - m-{^nXsb tIm°-tkm-bn-U,v ss\tKm-tcm-bn- hmßm≥ In´p-∂h Ae-¶m-c-∏-Wn-Iƒ °-bnse sdUv C¥y-°m¿, sXt° Uv, awt•m-bn-U,v Bkv{S-tem-bnUv F∂n- sNbvXh - b - m-Wv. 56 sk.-ao. \ofhpw 256 Ata-cn-°b - nse Aa-cn-¥ym-°m¿ F√mw ßs\ Xcw-Xn-cn- ®n-´p-≠.v CXn¬ Bkv{S- {Kmw `mc-hp-ap-≈-XmWv _qa-dm-Mv. awt•m-bn-Up-I-fmtem-bn-Up-Iƒ Wv. \yq\-]£ hn`m-Ka\p- j ysc amWv. C{]-Imcw Xcw-Xn(Human Society Statistics) tIm°-tkmcn- ® n- c n- ° p- ∂ Xv bnUv Ah- c psS imcotemI P\k wJy þ 6,500,000,000 (s^{ _ph cn 2006) bqtdm-]ycnI khn-ti-j-XP\k m{ µX þ 12.7 N.I n.ao (BsI hnkv X oÀW¯ n\ v ) ∑m¿, Ad-_n-Iƒ, Iƒ sh®m- W v. 43.6 N.-In.ao (BsI `qan hnkvXoÀWw PqX-∑m¿, C≥tUm Ch \n¿W-bn-°p(Land area) Bcy-∑m¿ F∂n-h∂tXm Ah¿ c p ƒ s ∏ - S p ∂ Gähpw P\-km-{µ-Xt- b-dnb þ tSm¡n-tbm, saIvkn-t¡m-kn-än, kntbmÄ, Pohn-°p∂ Np‰ptIm°-tkm-bn-Up- \K- c - § Ä (Largest agglomerations) \yqtbmÀ¡v knän, kmthm-t]m- ] m - S p - I - f n s e Iƒ temI-P\ - k - w- tfm, apwss_ Imem-h-ÿ-bpsS Jy-bpsS 40 iX-am- Gähpw IqSp-X-embn D]-tbm- þ a³Um-cn³ ssN\okv (14.37%), lnµn (6.02%), k z m [ o - \ - h p w . \-tØmfw hcpw. Kn-¡p¶ `mj-IÄ (2000þ¯nÂ) Cw¥ojv (5.61%), kv]m\njv (5.59), _p≤n-]-c-amb shfpØ \ndhpw Hcp khn- t i- j Ad_ nIv (4.59%) \o≠v Db¿∂ Xbpw CØcw Gähpw henb aXh n` mK § Ä þ {Inkv X pa Xw (32.71%), Ckv e mw aXw (19.67%), aq°pw D≈ Chh¿Ko-Ic - W - Ø - n¬ lnµp-aXw (13.28%), _p²-aXw (5.84%), cpsS Xe- a pSn hy‡-am-Ip-∂n-√. Hcp aX¯ nepw hnizk n¡ m¯ h À (14.84) \o≠tXm NpcpsdUv C¥y≠tXm Idp- Gähpw IqSp-X D]-tbm-Kn- þ bp.-F-kv. tUmfÀ, bqtdm, Pm¸-\okv sb³, °m¿ ØtXm Xhn-´p-\n-d- ¡-s¸-Sp¶ \mWbw ]u- v sÌÀenwKv Ata-cn-°≥ ap-≈tXm Bhmw. Pn.-Un.-]n. þ 3,63,56,240 aney³ bp.-F-kv. tUmfÀ `qJ-fi-ß-fnse Xma-kÿ-e-a-\pBZna \nhm-kn-Ik-cn®v Cu e£fmb Ata-cn-°≥ W-ß-fn¬ am‰-ap-≠m-Ipw. t\m¿Un-°ps\t{Km-bn-Up-Iƒ C¥y≥am¿ s]mXpsh hnfn-°s - ∏-Sp∂ Iƒ, B¬ss]≥ P\-X, saUn-‰-td-\nB{^n-°-bnepw sX°≥ klm- t]cmWv "sdUv C¥y-°m¿' F∂-Xv. b-°m¿ F∂n-h¿ tIm°-tkm-bn-Up-I- d-bnepw ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Ch¿ temI P\- 1492˛¬ Ata-cn-°b - n-se-Ønb sImfw-_fpsS D]-hn-`m-Kß - f - m-Wv. kw-Jy-bpsS 10 iX-am\w hcpw Ing-°- kv, Xms\-Øn-bXv C¥y-bn-em-sW∂v _qa-dmMv \m-{^n-°-bnse \ntem-´n-Iv, lman-‰nIv sX‰n-≤-cn-®p. AXn-\m¬ AhnsS I≠ Bkvt{X-en-b≥ BZn-a-tKm-{X- XpS- ß nb P\- X bpw a[y- ˛ - Z - £ nW Bfp-Isf sImfw-_kv "C¥y≥am¿' h¿K-°m¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ _qa-dmMv B{^n-°-bnse _≥dqkv XpS-ßn-b-h- F∂p hnfn-®p. Ah-cpsS ico-c-Øn\v {]kn-≤-am-Wv. {]tbm-Kn-°p∂ BfpsS cpw s\t{Km-bn-Up-I-fpsS D]-hn-`m-K-am- Cfw-X-hn-´p-\ndw D≈-Xp-sIm-≠mWv ssIhiw Xncn-®p-hc - p∂ Hcp-Xcw Bbp- Wv. _pjvsa≥, ]nKvan-Iƒ sX°-t\- sdUv C¥y-°m¿ F∂ t]cp-≠m-b-Xv. [- a m- W n- X v . AØcw _qa- d m- M p- I ƒ jy-bnse s\{Kn-t‰m-Iƒ, sX°p-]-SnAta- c n- ° ≥ C¥y≥am- c psS \n¿an-°m≥ Adn-bp-∂-h¿ tKm{X-h¿K- ™m-d≥ ]kn-^n-°nse sae-t\-jy- ]q¿hnI¿ 25,000 h¿j-߃°p ap≥]v °m¿ F√mw s\t{Km-bn-Up-If - psS Ahm- Gjy-bn¬ \n∂v IpSn-tb-dn-bh - c - m-sW∂v ¥c- h n- ` m- K - ß - f m- W v . IdpØ \ndw, Hcp {]_e hmZ-ap-≠v. ]Xn™ aq°v, XSn® Np≠v, ]ncn™ `£-W-amWv Ata-cn-°≥ C¥yapSn XpS-ßn-bh - b - mWv ChcpsS {][m\ ]pcm-X\ kky-ßf- p-sSbpw P¥p-°f- p-sSbpw e£-W-߃. CSp-ßn \o≠ Xe-tbmt^mkn-ep-I-fn-eqsS `qan-bnse Pohs‚ ]cn- Sp≈ Ch-cpsS \ndw Idpt∏m Xhnt´m Wm-a-sØ-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°p∂ imkv{X-amWv a™tbm BImw. ico-cm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ 14, 15, 16 \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ saIvkn-t°m-hn¬ ]men-b-t¥m-f-Pn (Paleontology). ]mentbm Ch¿ hfsc sshPmXyw ]pe¿Øp∂p. kpthm-f-Pn, ]mentbm t_m´-Wn, ssat{Im temI-Ønse G‰hpw Db-cw-Ip-d™ Pohn® satkm Ata-cn-°≥ hn`m-Ka- mWv kzbw ]men-b-t¥m-fPn F∂nh D]-hn-`m-K-ß-fm-Wv. P\-X-bmb a[ym-{^n-°-bnse ]nKvan- saIvkn-Imkv F∂p hnfn-°p∂ BkvsS-°pNmƒkv Um¿hn≥, tXmakv sPt^-gvk¨, Ifpw temI-Ønse G‰hpw Db-c-ap≈ Iƒ. saIvkn t°m \Kcw \n¿an-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv Ãoh≥Ãm≥en, hneyw kv a nØv , Nmƒkv P\-X-bmb kpUm-\nse \ot{Km-Ifpw BkvsSIv km{am-Py-Øns‚ Xe-ÿm-\-am-bncp∂ sSt\mNv ssS‰vems‚ Ah-in-jSv ß - f- n≥tahm¬t°m´v XpS-ßn-b-h-sc√mw ]men-b-t‚m-f- s\t{Km-bn-Up-Iƒ Xs∂. em-Wv. hnZym-`ym-khpw [\y-amb ]pcm-tW-Xnawt•m-bn-Up-Iƒ Pn-Ãp-If- m-Wv. - p-ap≈ P\-hn-`m-Ka- m-bn-cp∂p hS-°v, Ing°v, sX°p-In-g-°≥ lmk kwkvIm-ch t^mkn¬ F∂ em‰n≥ ]Z-Øn-\¿Yw "Ipgn-°pI' F∂m-Wv. icn-bmb t^mkn¬ Gjy-bn-emWv temI P\-kw-Jy-bpsS Ch¿. \mlp-hm-S¬ Bbn-cp∂p Ch-cpsS - n-bt- XmsS BkvsSIv ]T\w Bcw-`n-®n´v shdpw aq∂p \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ 50 iX-am\w hcp∂ awt•m-bn-Up-Iƒ `mj. kvs]bn≥ Iog-S° Xma-kn-°p-∂-Xv. Ch-cmWv Ata-cn-°- kwkvImcw \mam-ht- i-ja- m-bn. ]n∂n-´t- X-bp-≈q.

hwi-t`-Z-߃

a\p-jy-ka - ql Ãm‰n-ÃnIvkv

]men-bt- ¥m-fPn

BkvsSIv

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

38

tIc-f-Ønse BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ bn-Uptem-

C¥y-bnse BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ (Sc he du les Trib es in Ind ia) h\ß - f- nepw ae{- º-tZ-iß - f- nepw Xmak - n-°p-∂h - cpw hnIk \-kq-Nn-Ib - - n¬ ]n∂m°w \n¬°p∂ - - cpw Bb P\ß - ƒ F∂mWv `mcX - Ø - n¬ "BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ' F∂ ]Zh w-sIm≠v HutZym-Kn-Ia- mbn in-°p-∂-Xv. ASp-Ø-Im-eØv \S∂ People of India Pro Dt±F∂ \ch ject' - wi imkv{X k¿thb - ƒ D≈Xmbn Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠.v CXn¬- n¬ 461 BZn-hm-kn-ka- q-lß - n-`m-Kß - f- m-W.v C¥y≥ P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 8.1% BZn-hm- 174 FÆw D]h k nI f mW v . 200 1˛se Imt\-jp-amcn (Census) {]Imcw a[y-{]-tZ-i D≈-Xv, c≠mw-ÿm\w alm-cm-jn-emWv G‰-hp-a-[nIw BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ bpsS G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ iXv{S°pw. F∂m¬ BsI P\-kw-Jykwÿm\w antkmdmw BWv. ]n∂-am-\hpw BZn-hm-kn-I-fm-bn-´p≈ i-ß-fn¬ H∂mw-ÿm-\w) \mK n¬ e£Z- zo]pw (tI{- µ-`c- W {]tZm-em≥Upw (kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ ÿm-\w) hcp-∂p. c≠mw-

∑m¿ sh≈-°m¿°p \¬Inb G‰hpw {][m\ kw`m-h-\. tNmfhpw Dcp-f-°ngßpw C√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Pohn-Xw-Xs∂ C∂v as‰mcp cq]-Øn¬ Bbn-Øo-cp-ambn-cp-∂p. Ch Irjn-sN-øm≥ BZyw IpSn-tb-dnb sh≈-°msc ]Tn-∏n-®-Xv.Atacn°≥ C¥y≥am-cm-Wv. Ipcp-ap-fIv, ssIX-®-°, \ne-°-Se XSp-ßn-bh-sb√mw Ah¿ Irjn-sN-bvXp. 1492˛\p ap≥]v CØcw `£-Wk - m-[\ - ß - s - f-°pdn®v bqtdm-]y≥am¿°v bmsXm-c-dnhpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Bkv{S-tem-bn-Up-Iƒ Bkvt{X-en-bbnse ]q¿hnI≥amcm-Wn-h¿. Ct¥m-t\-jy≥ Zzo]-k-aq-lß-fn-eqsS sX°p-In-gt° Gjy-bn¬ \n∂v tlmtam-km-∏n-b≥kv Bkvt{X-enb-bn¬ FØn. Ch¿ Bbn-c° - W - ° - n\p h¿j-߃ a‰p a\p-jykaql-hp-ambn Hcp _‘hpw ]pe¿Øn-bn-√. bqtdm∏n¬ \n∂p≈ IpSn-tb-‰-°m¿ FØp∂-Xp-Xs∂ ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-tØm-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠p-Xs∂ Bkv{Stem-bn-Up-Isf Hcp ip≤- h ¿K- a mbn IW- ° m- ° p- ∂ p. Bkvt{S-enbbnepw \yqKn-\n-b-bnepw am{X-ap≈ Chsc {]tXyI a\p-jyh¿K-ambn Nne \c-hw-ii - m-kv{X-⁄¿ IW-°m-°p-∂p-≠.v th´-bm-Snbpw ImbvI\n-Iƒ Xn∂pw Pohn-°p∂ Ch¿°v ]c∂ aq°pw, Npcp-≠- ap-Snbpw XSn® Np≠pw Xhn-´p-\n-d-hp-am-Wp-≈-Xv. a\p-jy-hw-iØ - nse D]-hn-`m-Kß - ƒ FIvkn-tam-Iƒ awt•mbvUv h¿K-Øns‚ Hcp D]hn-`m-Ka - mWv FIvkn-tam-Iƒ. {[ph-{]-tZ-

iØv (kvIm‚n-t\-hn-b, djy F∂o {]tZ-i-ß-sfm-gnsI ssk_o-cn-b-bpsS hS°pIng°v `mK-ß-fn¬) Xma-kn-°p∂-hc - mWv FIvkn-tam-Iƒ. FIvkntam F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿Yw "]®-amwkw Xn∂p- ∂ - h ¿' F∂- s {X. Ing- ° ≥ FIvkn-tam-If - mb C≥bn-‰p-Iƒ C\p-ISv nSp´pw ]Sn-™m-d≥ Ae-£≥ FIvkn-

a\p EtKz-ZØ - n¬ a\p-jy-h¿K-Øns‚ P\-bn-Xmhv "a\p' BsW∂p]d-bp-∂p. "a\p-kvarXn' cNn®Xv Ct±-l-am-sW∂v Hcp Iq´¿ hniz-kn-°p∂p-≠v. h¿W-[¿a-߃, thZw, kvXpXn, kZmNm-c-߃, AXXv {]mb-Ønse Pohn-X-{I-a߃, cmP-[¿aw, NXp-cp-]m-bß - ƒ, \oXn-\ymb tImS-Xn-Iƒ, ]mXn-{hXy alm-flyw, kv{Xo[-\t`-Z-߃, thZßfpsS {]mi-kvXyw, am\-h[¿aw, imkv{Xm-`y-k\w sIm≠p≈ {]tbmP\w F∂n-ßs\ \nc-h[n hnj-b-߃ a\pkvar-Xn-bn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°s- ∏-Sp-∂p. tam-If - mb bp]n-II - ƒ bpπ°pw kwkmcn- ° p- ∂ p. Cu c≠v hn`m- K - ß fpw hyXykvX tKm{X-kw-kvIm-c-ap≈hcmWv. Ipdnb ico-c-{]-Ir-Xnbpw \o≠ Xebpw Db¿∂ XmSn-sb-√p-Ifpw \o≠p IdpØ apSnbpw lna-ØW - p-∏ns\ AXnPo-hn-°p∂ Ch-cpsS {]tXy-IX - b - s - {X. XWp∏p kln-°m≥ Ign-hp≈ ss[cy- i m- e n- I - s fbpw "FIv k ntam'

sFXnly-Ønse a\pjy≥ a\p-tjym¬]-Øn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ sFXn-ly-I-Y-Iƒ ck-Ichpw hnNn-{X-hp-am-Wv. ssZhw `qan At\z-jn®v Xf¿∂v H-Sp-hn¬ `qan-bn-seØn-b-t∏mƒ At±-l-Øns‚ hnb¿∏p-Xp-≈n-Iƒ `qan-bn¬ hoWv Poh≥ shs®∂pw AXm-bn-cp-∂p BZysØ a\pjy≥ F∂p-amWv Hcp sk¿_n-b≥ sFXn-lyw. ]≠p-]≠v Ipg-™p-ad - n™ temIw BZyw Hcp tImgnap-´b - psS cq]w {]m]n-s®∂pw CXn¬\n∂v bn≥, bmMv F∂o c≠p-i-‡n-Iƒ D≠m-sb∂pw Ch-cmWv `qanbpw Poh\pw Hs° krjvSn-®-sX∂pw ssN\-°m¿ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.

40

s\t{Km-bn-Up-Itfm Bkv{X- - p≈ tIc-f-Ønse BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ p≠ apSn, XSn® Np≠v F∂n-hb Npc Itfm BWv. ]Xn™ aq°v, n-°-bnse \ot{Km-I-fp-ambn kmay-ap-≈]e tKm{X-h¿K-°mcpw B{^ c-f-Ønse BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-I-f-√. adn®v h-cm-Wv. F¥m-bmepw Ch¿ tI n-]£ n-{]m-bw. - m-cmWv F∂mWv `qc - m-` ∂mWv k¿°md- ns‚ IW° - v. IpSn-tb-‰° ≠s pf ß ¿, - n¬ 37 BZn-hm-kn-h¿K b ntIc-fØ AS w. b ]m{ nA` psS c v Kth-j-I CXn¬°q-Sp-X¬ hcp-sa-∂mW , Fc-h-≈≥, Ccp-f¿, ImS¿, I\-emh-e≥, Bfm¿, Ac-ßm-S¿, Nnß-Øm≥ m-e≥, Im´p-\m-b-°¿, sIm®p-t Sn, ImWn-°m¿, Ic-h-gn, Icnw-]Ny¿, Ipdp-a¿, ae-b-c-b≥, ae-°m-c≥, sImd-K¿, Ip≠p-h-Sn-b¿, Ipdn- m-cw, ae-]-Wn-°¿, ae-k¿, ae-th-S≥, ae-Ip-d-h≥, ae-a-e-k¿, ae-∏-≠m-f¿, ae-b≥, aÆm≥, amdm-´n, amhn-e≥, ae-th-´p-h≥, ae-b-Sn-b¿, ae-b p-hm≥, \mbm-Sn, ]fn-b¿, ]Wn-b≥, apUp-K¿, ap≈p-h-°p-dp-a≥, aX - m-S≥ aq∏≥, hngX®\ - ¿, Ducm-fn-°p-dp-a≥, D≈m-S≥, m-kn-h¿Kß - h ]Xn-b≥, DcnU - ƒ. h ZnB - nse {][m\ h≥ F∂n-hc- mWv tIc-fØ

F∂p-hn-fn-°m-dp-≠v. a™p-]m-fn-Iƒ°nS-bn¬ \n¿an-°s - ∏-Sp∂ FIvkntam `h\-amWv "C•p'. _´m°m Z£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn¬ ImWp∂ Cu h¿K-°m¿ hnNn-{X-amb BNm-cß - fp-≈h - c - m-Wv. {]Ir-Xn-i‡ - n-Isf Bcm[n-°p∂ Ch¿ tZh-{]o-Xn-°mbn \c_en \S-Øp-∂p. sh≈-®m-´Ø - n-\S- pØv Xo¿Y-bm-{X-bmbn h∂v Ahn-sS-sh-®mWv \c-_en \S-Øp-∂-Xv. a[y B{^n-°≥ cmPy-ß-fmb _pdp≥Un, dphm≥U F∂n-hn-S-ßfnse \o≠p-sa-en™ XpSvkn h - ¿K-°mcmWv G‰hpw Db-cw-Iq-Snb tKm{X-h¿K°m¿. ]›n-am-{^n-°-bnse NmUp-Iƒ, ss\Po-cn-b-bnse \q]p-Iƒ, AwtKm-fbnse Iz\ym- a - I ƒ, amen- b nse t{UmK≥kv, DKm-≠-bnse Ic-am-t¶mwKv, B{^n-°-bnse km\p-Iƒ, Unt¶mIƒ, amtº h¿K-°m¿ Cßs\ hf-sctbsd D]-hn-`m-Kß - ƒ D≠v a\p-jy¿°nS-bn¬. `oe¿ at[y-¥y-bnse tKm{X-P-\-X-bmWn-h¿. hn‘y ]¿h-X-ß-fnepw U°m\nepw {]tXy-IX - cw IpSn-ep-If - n¬ Xmakn-°p∂ Ch¿ bp≤-Ip-Xp-In-I-fm-Wv. tKm{X-Ø-e-h≥ tKm{X-Im-cy-߃ \SØp-∂p. cP-]p-{X-cpsS ASn-a-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. ]n∂oSv cP-]p-{X-cpsS A[x-]-X-\Øn\p tijw sIm≈-°m-cmbn Pohn®p. `oen `mj kwkm-cn-°p∂ Ch¿°v hnNn-{X-amb ]e BNm-c-ß-fp-ap≠v.

"HUo≥' F∂p t]cp≈ ssZhw c≠p ac-®n-√-I-fn¬ \n∂v ]pcp-j-t\bpw kv{Xotbbpw krjvSn®p F∂mWv t\m¿th-°m¿ hniz-kn-°p-∂-Xv. P∏m≥Im¿ hniz-kn-°p-∂tXm? "Imapbn' F∂ XßfpsS ssZhw BZn-aa - \ - p-jy-\mb sF\p-hns\ krjvSn®psh∂m-W.v `mc-Xo-b] - p-cm-Wa - \ - p-kc - n®v {_“m-hn\v \mc-Z≥ Z£≥ F∂o ]p{X-∑mcpw hocWn F∂ ]p{Xn-bp-ap-≠m-bn. CXn¬ Z£\pw hoc-Wnbpw hnhm-lw-sNbvXv Aøm-bncw a°ƒ D≠m-bn. Ch-cpsS a°-fm-Wt{X a\p-jy≥. Cßs\ \nc-h[n IY-I-fmWv a\p-tjym¬]-Øn-sb°p-dn®v ]e cmPy-°mcpw hniz-kn-®p-sh-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

Ip´n-Iƒ/Bfl-lXy Fkv.F - k - v.F - ¬.kn ]co-£b - psS ^e{]-Jym-]\w hcp-tºmƒ tXm‰ Ip´n-Iƒ Poh-s\m-Sp-°p-∂-Xmb ip`-I-c-a-√mØ hm¿Ø-Iƒ hcm≥ XpS-ßn-bn´v Gsd h¿j-ß-fm-bn-´n-√. Ct∏m-gnXm Ip´n-IfpsS Bfl-l-Xy-I-fpsS FÆw IqSn-hcp-∂p. Ah-bv°p≈ Imc-W-ß-fpw. ]co-£b - n¬ tXm¬°p-sa∂p `b∂p-hsc sIm®p-Ip-´n-Iƒ Poh-s\m-Sp-°p∂p. amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ hg-°p-]-d-™Xns‚ t]cn¬, Sn.-hn. ImWm≥ A\p-hZn-°m-ØX - ns‚ t]cn¬... Aßs\ ImcW-߃ \ofp-Ib - m-Wv. kwÿm-\Øv 14 hb-kn\p Xmsg {]mb- a p≈ Ip´n- I - f n¬ Bfl- l Xy h¿[n-°p-∂X - m-bmWv IW-°p-Iƒ kqNn∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Xnc-°p-]n-Sn® Pohn-X-Øn\n-S-bn¬ amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS kvt\lw e`n-°msX H‰-s∏-Sp∂ Ip´n-I-fmWv Bfl-lX - y-bn-te°p \oßp-∂X - v. \mjW¬ ss{Iw sdt°mUvkv _yqtdm-bpsS IW-°p-Iƒ {]Imcw kwÿm-\Øv Ign-™-h¿jw 14 hb-kn\p Xmsg {]mb-ap≈ 106 Ip´n-If - mWv Bfl-lXy sNbv X Xv . ap≥h¿jw Bfl- l Xy sNbvX Ip´n-If - psS FÆw 104 Bbn-cp∂p. kwÿm- \ sØ Hcp kzImcy kwL-S\ 14˛\pw 15˛\pw CSbv°p {]mbap≈ 11000 sslkvIqƒ Ip´n-Iƒ°n-Sbn¬ \S-Ønb k¿th-bn¬ ]s¶-SpØ 30 iX-am\w Ip´n-Ifpw Bfl-l-XymNn¥ a\-kn¬ sIm≠p-\S- ∂ - h - c - m-Wv. 16 iX- a m\w t]¿°pw Afl- l Xy Fßs\ sNøm- s a- ∂ - X n- s \- ° p- d n®v hy‡-amb [mc-W-bp-≠v. 12 iX-am\w Ip´n-Iƒ Bfl-l-Xy°v {ian-®n-´p-≠v. c≠p-i-X-am\w t]¿ Bfl-l-Xym-{iaw \SØn Bip-]{- Xn-bn-em-bh - c - m-Wv. kaq-l-Ønse sshIm-cnI {]Xn-

]pcp-jm¿Y-߃ {]mNo\ `mc-X-Ønse XØz-Nn-¥-I¿ Pohn-tXm-t±-iy-ß-fmbn AwKo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ [¿aw, A¿Yw, Imaw, tam£w XpS-ßn-bh - b - mWv ]pcp-jm¿Y-߃. Hmtcm hy‡nbpw Ah-\h - s‚ kml-N-cy-߃°-\p-k-cn®v A\p-jvTn-t°≠ I¿Ø-hyw, kZm-Nm-cw, Xs‚ Btflm-XvI¿jØn\pw kaq-l-\-∑°pw th≠n ]men-t°≠ XØz-߃ XpS-ßn-bh - s- b√mw Dƒs°m≈p-∂XmWv [¿aw. [\hpw AXp-sIm≠v B¿Pn-°mhp∂ D]-t`m-Kh - k - vXp-°fpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂X - mWv A¿Yw. Ch [m¿an-Ihpw \nb-am-\p-kr-Xh - p-amb coXn- b n¬ B¿Pn- ° - s ∏- S p- t ºmƒ am{Xta bYm¿Y ]pcp-jm¿Y-am-hp-I-bp-≈q. euInI Pohn-XØ - nse sshIm-cnI kpJ-߃°p-th-≠nbp≈ C—-bmWv ImWw. AXpw [¿am-\p-krXhpw \nb-{¥n-X-hp-am-Ip-tºmtg ]pc-jm¿Y-amhp-Ib - p-≈q. Cl-tem-I_ - ‘ - ß - f- n¬ \n∂p≈ Bflm-hns‚ tamN\w Xs∂-bmWv tam£w. AXmWv ]c-a-amb ]pcp-jm¿Yw. ]pcp-jm¿Y NXp-jvS-b-Øn¬ {]Y-a-ÿm\w [¿a-Øn-\mWv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂X - v.

Bfl-l-Xy-bn¬ A`bw tXSp∂

Ip™p-a-\ p-Iƒ kwÿm-\Øv 14 hb-kn\p Xmsg {]mb-ap≈ Ip´n-I-fn¬ Bfl-lXy h¿[n°p-∂-Xm-bmWv IW-°p-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Xnc-°p-]n-Sn® Pohn-X-Øn-\n-Sbn¬ amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS kvt\lw e`n-°msX H‰-s∏-Sp∂ Ip´n-I-fmWv Bfll-Xy-bn-te°p \oßp-∂-Xv. k-‘n-bpsS {]Xn-^-e-\-amWv Ip´nIƒ°n-S-bn¬ Bfl-lXym {]h-WX h¿[n-°m≥ Imc-W-sa∂p tkmjy¬ sUh-e-∏vsa‚ v I¨kƒ´‚ v ]n.-H. tPm¿Pv ]d-bp-∂p. Bfl-lXy Hcp Znh-kw-sIm≠v km[y-am-Ip-∂-X-√. Ip´n-Isf Bfl-lXy-bn-te°v \bn-°p-∂Xp hnhn[ ImcW-ß-fm-Wv. Xß-fpsS sIm®p-sIm®p kt¥m-j-ßfpw k¶-S-ßfpw Bcpambpw ]¶p-h-bv°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n-s√∂ bmYm¿Yyw ]e-t∏mgpw Bfl-lX - y°p Imc-Wa - m-Ipw. tPmen-Øn-c° - n-\n-Sb - n¬ ]e amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°pw Ip´n-I-fpsS Imcy-߃ {i≤n-°m≥ kabw In´mØ Ah- ÿ - b m- W n- ∂ v . AWp- I p- S pw- _ Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-hhpw as‰mcp ImcW-am-Wv. Ip´n-I-fn¬ AanX {]Xo£bpw A®-S° - i - o-ehpw ]e c£n-Xm°fpw ASn-t®¬]n-°p-∂p. A—-\Ω - a - mcpsS {]Xo- £ - s °mØv Db- c m≥ IgnbmsX hcp-tºmƒ ]e Ip´n-Ifpw Bfl-l-Xy-bn¬ A`-bw-tX-Sp-∂p. ]T\-Im-cy-ß-fnse kΩ¿Zw, Sn.-hn. kocnb-ep-I-fnepw kn\n-a-I-fnepw ImWp∂ Bfl-lX - ym-cw-Kß - ƒ Ch-sb√mw Ip´nI-fnse Bfl-lXy h¿[n-°p-∂-Xn\v Imc-Wa - m-Ip-∂p. Ip´n-Iƒ°p t\cn-tS-≠n-h-cp∂ ssewKnI Nqj- W - ß fpw Bfl- l Xybv°v Imc-Wa - m-Ip-∂p-≠v. If-at- »cn

hwiw

cmP-Kncn tImtfPv Hm^v tkmjy¬ kb≥kv sIm®n-bnse 1000 kvIqƒ Ip´n-I-fn¬ \S-Ønb k¿t∆ kqNn-∏n°p- ∂ Xv 12 iX- a m\w Ip´n- I fpw ssewKnI Nqj-WØ - n\v Cc-bm-bn-´p-s≠∂m-Wv. 55 iX-am\w Ip´n-Iƒ A]-cnNn-X-cn¬ \n∂pw 30 iX-am\w t]¿ kplr-Øp-°f - n¬\n∂pw Ggp-iX - a - m\w t]¿ _‘p- ° - f n¬\n- ∂ p- a mWv ssewKnI ]oU-\t- a-‰X - .v c≠p-iX - a - m-\wt]¿°p kz¥w ]nXm-hn¬\n∂pw Bdp iXam\w t]¿ AΩm-h-∑m-cn¬\n∂pw ]oU-\-ta¬t°-≠n-h-∂n-´p-≠v. 60 iXam\w B¨Ip-´n-Ifpw 61 iX-am\w s]¨Ip-´n-Ifpw Hcp-X-hW ssewKnI ]oU- \ - t a- ‰ n- ´ p- s ≠∂p IW- ° p- I ƒ koNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Btcm-Ky-h-Ip-∏ns‚ IW-°p-{]-Imcw {]Xn-h¿jw 19 hbkn\p Xmsg-bp≈ s]¨Ip-´n-I-fn¬ 2320 K¿`- O n- { Z- ß - f mWp dnt∏m¿´p sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂X - v. CØcw kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ c£nXm-°-fp-sSbpw kplr-Øp-°-fp-sSbpw ]cn-lmkw `b∂v ]e Ip´n-Ifpw BfllXy sNøp-∂p. IS-s°Wn aqe-ap≈ Iq´ Bfll-Xy-I-fn¬ 16 hb-kn\p Xmsg-bp≈ 28 Ip´n-I-fmWv Ign-™-h¿jw Dƒs∏´n-´p-≈-Xv. aXn-bmb kwc-£Ww e`n°msX hcp-tºmƒ hoSp-hn´v t]mIp∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS FÆhpw h¿[n-®n-´p-≠v. (aw-Kf - w, 20/07/2006)

ImW-s¸-Sp¶ {]tZiw

At_m-dn-Pn³kv

: Bkvt{X-enb (H-cp-{]-tZ-is¯ bYmÀY \nhm-kn-IÄ(original people of any area) F¶pw aborigines ]Zw kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p). _¥pkv : a[y-˛Z- £ - n-Wm-{^n-°b - nse \ot{Km-Iƒ s_Uu-bn≥kv : B{^n-°b - n-sebpw sX°v˛- ] - S- n-™m-d≥ Gjy-bn-sebpw Ad_v hwi-P¿. s_¿t_¿kv : AƒPo-cn-b, samtdm-t°m, SpWojy F∂n-hn-Sß - f - nse BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ _n≠n_p : ]›na Bkvt{X-enb FkvIntam : Im\-U, {Ko≥e≥Uv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse Xp¨{U {]tZ-iß - f - nse BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ KutNm : Ddp-tKz, A¿P‚o\ lmssa‰vkv : hS-°p-]S- n-™m-d≥ B{^n° In¿Knkv : Gjy-bnse sÃ∏okv ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ In°pbp : sI\n-b, Ingt° B{^n° em∏vkv : bqtdm-∏nse Xp¨{U {]tZiw amthmcn : \yqkn-em≥Uv akmbn : Ing-°≥ B{^n° ]m∏p-h≥kv : \yqKn-\nb ]nKvan : tImwtKm (k-b¿) sdUv C¥y-°m¿ : hSt° Ata-cn° ktam-bnUv : Gjy≥ Xp¨{U {]tZiw (h-S-°≥ djy) Sm¿Sm¿ : ssk_o-cnb thSm : {ioe¶ bm°qXv : djy≥ Xp¨{U {]tZiw Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

40

FbvUvkv

FbvUvkv A\m-Y-cmb Aar-Xbv°pw Aaen\pw B{i-b-Øns‚ ssIIƒ \o´n tIcfw amXr-I-Im-´n-bXv Ign™ Znhk-am-Wv. FbvUvkv _m[n®p acn® shßms´ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS Cu Cc-´-°p´n-Isf kvt\l-Øn-s‚bpw km¥z-\Ø - ns‚bpw IqsSm-cp°n kzoI-cn-®p-sIm≠mWv kwÿm-\k - ¿°m¿ amXr-II - m´n-bX - v. Cu \q‰m-≠nse G‰hpw henb alm-am-cn-bmb FbvUvkv A\m-Y-cm°p∂ Ipcp-∂p-Iƒ°v Bizm-kt- a-Im≥ kwÿm-\k - ¿°m-cns‚ kmaq-ly-t£-ah-Ip-∏n\p Iogn¬ "tIc-fobw' Hcp-°p∂ ]≤-Xn-bpsS XpS-°w-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p CXv. Ip´n-If - psS \nXy-Zm-\s - ®-eh - n-\p≈ XpIbpw Ah-cpsS ]T-\Øn\pw a‰pambn {]h¿jw 15,000 cq]bpw kwÿm\- k ¿°m¿ \¬Ip∂ Cu ]≤Xn BtcmKy kmaq-ly-t£a a{¥n ]n.-sI. {ioa-Xn-So-®d - mWv DZvLm-S\w sNbvXX - v. AO\pw AΩbpw acn-®-t∏mƒ Aaen\pw Aar-Xbv°pw B{i-ba - m-bn-cp∂ AΩq-Ωbpw acn-®-tXm-sS-bmWv Ch¿ A\m-Yc - m-bX - v. amk-߃°p-apºv Xe-ÿm-\\ - K - cn-bn¬ \S∂ as‰mcp kw`hw ad-∂pIm-Wn-√. saUn-°¬ tImtfPv c‡-_m¶n¬\n∂v c‡w kzoI-cn-®-Xn-s\-ØpS¿∂p-≠mb i‡-amb F®v.-sF.-hn. _m[-bm¬ civan-sb∂v ]n©p-Ip™p acn-®Xv Ign™ am¿®n-em-Wv. Xriq- c n¬ ASp- Ø nsS F®v . sF.hn _m[n-X-cmb bphmhpw bphXnbpw hnhm-ln-Xc - m-bXpw h¿Ø-bm-bn. GXm\pw h¿jw-ap-ºm-sW-¶nepw Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv P\-d¬ Bip-]{- Xn-bn¬ \S∂ kw`- h hpw a\p- j y- a - \ x- k m£nsb sR´n-°pw. `¿Øm-hn¬\n∂v F®v.s - F.-hn. _m[n-Xb - mb bphXn K¿`-

On- { Z- Ø n- s \- Ø n- b - t ∏mƒ NnIn’ \ntj-[n-®Xpw HSp-hn¬ F®v.-sF.hn _m[n-X-cpsS Iq´mb ]cn-{i-a-ß-fpsS ^e-ambn k¿°m¿ CS-s]´v NnIn’ \¬In-bXpw A∂v henb hm¿Ø-bmbn-cp-∂p. Cßs\ kaq- l - a - \ x- k m£n DW¿Øp∂ kw`-hß - ƒ tIc-fØ - nepw Zn\w- { ]Xn Fbv U v k v F∂ hn√≥ Db¿Øn-hn-Sp-∂p. FbvUvkv _m[n®p acn® AO-\-Ω-am-cpsS Ip´n-Iƒ A\mY-cm-hp-∂-Xpw, AO-\-Ω-am-cpsS F®v.sF.-hn. _m[-bpsS t]cn¬ tcmK-an√mØ Ip´n-Iƒ°pt]mepw kvIqfn¬ {`jv S v I¬]n- ° p- ∂ - X pw, Fbv U v k v _m[n-X¿°v Bip-]-{Xn-Iƒ NnIn’ \ntj-[n-°p-∂X - pw, Nne IpSpw-_ß - sf kaqlw AI-‰n-\n¿Øp-∂Xpw tIc-fØnepw ]pXnb kw`-h-ß-f-√m-Xm-bnØp-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂ bmYm¿Yyw ImWm-Xn-cp-∂p-Iq-Sm. temIØv BZy FbvUk v v tcmKw dnt∏m¿´v sNbvXn´v 2006 PqWn¬ Im¬\q‰m- s ≠- Ø p- t ºmƒ sIm®p tIc- f Øn¬t]mepw Hcp e£-tØmfw F®v.sF.- h n. _m[n- X - c p- s ≠- ∂ mWv kwÿm\ Fbv U v k v I¨t{Smƒ skmssk-‰n-bpsS HutZym-KnI IW-°v, CXn¬ 2221 t]cmWv HutZym-Kn-I-ambn tcJ-s∏-SpØs∏´ FbvUvkv tcmKm-hÿ-bn¬ FØn-b-h¿. ]pd-Ø-dn-bn-°msX, k¿°m¿ kwhn-[m-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-b√m-sXbpw a‰pw NnIn’ tXSp-∂-hcpw NnIn’ e`n-°m-Ø-h-cp-sams° tNcptºmƒ FÆw CXnepw IqSmw. tIc-fØ - nepw F®v.s - F.-hn. _m[nX-sc∂ Hcp kaqlw hep-Xm-Ip∂ bmYm¿Yyw ImWm-Xn-cp-∂p-IqSm F∂v Cu IW-°p-Ifpw ]d-bp-∂p. tIc-fØn¬ s]cp-In-h-cp∂ F®v.-sF.-hn. _m[n-Xs - c∂ ]oUnX kaq-lt- ØmSv a‰v tcmKn-It- fm-sS-∂t- ]mse IcpW ImWn°m≥ tIc- f o- b - k - a qlw C\nbpw DW¿∂n-´n-s√∂v ASp-ØI - m-esØ Cu kw`-h-ßfpw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Akm-

C¥y Cßs\ t]mbm¬.... temIØv BZy FbvUk v v dnt∏m¿´v sNbvXn´v Im¬\q‰m-≠n-se-Øp-tºmƒ C¥y G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ F®v.-sF.-hn. _m[n-Xc - p≈ cmPy-ambn amdp-Ib - m-tWm. FbvUk v n\p Im¬\q-‰m-s≠-Øp∂ thf-bn¬ sFIycm-j{v S-kw-LS- \ - b - psS FbvUk v v {]Xn-tcm[ kwL-S\ - b - mb "bp.-F≥ FbvUk v n's‚ Ign™ Znhkw ]pd-Øp-h∂ IW°p-Iƒ Cu tNmZyw Db¿Øp-∂p. C¥y-bn¬ 2005 Ahkm\w 57 e£w-t]¿ F®v.-sF.-hn. _m[n-X-cm-sW∂pw temIØv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ F®v.-sF.-hn. _m[n-X-cp≈ cmPy-ambn IW-°m-°n-bn-cp∂ Z£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn¬ 55 e£w t]cmWv Cu sshdkv _m[n-Xs - c-∂p-amWv bp.-F≥ FbvUvkns‚ Xe-h≥ ]o‰¿ ss]e‰v e≠-\n¬ sabv 31˛\p {]kn-≤o-I-cn® IW-°v. alm-cm-jv{Sbpw Xan-gv\mSpw B{‘bpw I¿Wm-SI - h - p-amWv IqSp-X¬ F®v.s - F.-hn. _m[nX-cp≈ C¥y≥ kwÿm-\-߃. temIØv BZyw FbvUvkv dnt∏m¿´v sNø-s∏´v A©p- h ¿j- Ø n- \ p- t ijw 1986˛¬ C¥y- b n¬ BZy FbvUvkv tcmKw dnt∏m¿´v sNø-s∏-´-Xns\ XpS¿∂p≈ k¿th-If - n¬ 2,70,000 t]¿ C¥y-bn¬ Cu tcmKw _m[n®v

42

∑m¿Kn- I - P o- h nXw \bn- ® - h ¿°p≈ in£-bmWv Cu alm-am-cn-sb∂pw F®v.sF.-hn. _m[ ac-W-hm-d-≠m-sW-∂pap≈ A_- ≤ - [ m- c W tIc- f - Ø n¬ Ct∏mƒ C√m-Xm-bn-Øp-S-ßn-bn-´p-≠v. ap≥I-cp-Xe - p-Ifpw Cu tcmK-tØm-Sp≈ `bhpw \√-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ Cu AanX-t_m[w F®v.-sF.hn _m[n-X¿°v kmaq- l y- \ oXn \ntj- [ n- ° p- ∂ - X n¬ sNs∂-Øn-bm¬ AXp kmaq-ly-{]-iv\am-Ipw. FbvUvkn\v Im¬\q-‰m-s≠-Øptºmgpw Fbv U v k v F¥m- s W∂pw AsX- ß s\ ]I- c p- ∂ p- s h- ∂ p- a p≈ bYm¿Y Xncn-®-dn-hn-√m-ØXv Ipsdsbms° F®v.s - F.-hn. _m[n-Xsc AI‰n-\n¿Øm≥ Imc-W-am-Wv. FbvUvkv hgn-hn´ ssewKn-I-Po-hnXw \bn-°p-∂h-cpsS am{Xw tcmK-am-sW∂pw apwss_t]m-ep≈ h≥ \K-cß - f - n¬ am{X-amWv AXp-≈s - X-∂p-am-bn-cp∂p BZyw ae-bmfn-bp-sSbpw [mc-W. F¥mWv F®v.-sF.-hn-sb∂pw F®v.s - F.-hn-bn¬\n∂v FbvUvkn-te°v Zqc-ap-s≠∂pw a\- n-em-°m-sX-bmWv ]ecpw Cu tcmKsØ ImWp-∂-Xv. F®v.-sF.hn F∂m¬ lyqa≥ CayqtWm sU^n-jy≥kn sshd-kv. Cu sshdkv _m[n-®mepw h¿j-ßtfmfw tcmK-e£ - W - ß - ƒ D≠m-IW - s - a∂n-√. F®v.-sF.hn _m[n® tijw A©p- a p- X ¬ 15 h¿jw hsc Ign™mImw Nne-t∏mƒ tcmK-e£ - W - ß - ƒ D≠m-Ip-I. F®v.s - F.hn sshd-kn-ep≈ {Sm≥kv{In-]vt‰gvkv F∂ F≥sskw sshd-knse Xs∂ \yq¢nIv BknUns\ HmIvkn-ssdt_m \yq¢nIv BknUm°n am‰p-Ibpw AXv Sn \mev F∂ tizX c‡m- W p- h nse Un.- F ≥.- F . bpambn tNcp-Ibpw sNøpw. Cu Sn \mev c‡- t Im- i - ß - f n¬ \n∂v ]ns∂bpw sshd-kp-Iƒ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°s∏-Sp-∂p. CtXmsS ico-cØ - nse c‡mWp-°ƒ \in-°p-Ibpw {ItaW ico-cØns‚ {]Xn-tcm-[-tijn \jvS-am-Ip-

acn-®X - mbn Is≠-Øn-sb-¶n¬ Ct∏mƒ ac-Wk - wJy 6,80,000 Bsb∂pw bp.-F≥. GP≥kn ]d-bp-∂p. temIØv CXp-hsc Bdp-tImSn 50 e£w t]¿ FbvUvkv tcmK-Øns‚ ]nSn-bn-em-sb∂pw c≠p-tImSn t]¿ acn-®p-sh∂pw \mep-tIm-Sn-bn-tesd Bfp-Iƒ F®v.-sF.-hn. _m[n-X-cmbn Pohn-°p-∂p-s≠∂pw bp.-F≥. FbvUvkv dnt∏m¿´v ]d-bp-∂p. CXn¬ ]Ip-Xnbpw kv{XoI-fm-sW∂pw dnt∏m¿´v ASn-h-c-bn-Sp-∂p. F∂m¬ C¥y-bnse 57 e£w tcmKn-Iƒ F∂ IW°v icn-bs - √∂pw 15-˛\pw 49-˛\pw CSbv°v {]mb-ap≈ 52 e£w t]tc F®v.-sF.hn _m[n-X-cm-bp-≈q-sh∂pw C¥ybpsS \mj-W¬ FbvUvkv I¨t{Smƒ skmssk‰n (\mtIm) Adn-bn-®X - mbn bp.-F≥ FbvUk v ns‚ C¥y-bnse Xeh≥ tUm. sU∂okv {_u¨ ]d-™p. IW-°p-Iƒ Ignbp-∂{X IrXy-Xb - p-≈X - m-°m≥ {ian-®n-´p-≈X - p-sIm≠v C¥ybn¬Ø-s∂-bmWv temIØv IqSp-X¬ FbvUvkv tcmKn-If - p≈-sX∂pw {_u¨ ]d-™p. FÆ-Øn¬ C¥y-bmWv ap∂n-se-¶nepw Z£n-Wm-{^n°-Xs - ∂-bmWv Cu tcmK-Øns‚ G‰hpw Zpc-¥{- ]-Xo-Is - a∂v bp.-F≥ FbvUk v v IW-°p-Iƒ km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. AhnsS

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

hn√≥ Nnºm≥kn Xs∂ Fbv U v k v F∂ amc- I - t cm- K - Ø ns‚ km∂n≤yw Is≠Øn 25 h¿jw ]n∂n-´n´pw CXns‚ Dd-hnSw I≠p-]n-Sn°m≥ imkv{X-Im-c-∑m¿°v CXp-hsc Ign-™n-cp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ _¿anMvlmanse Ae-_ma k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ Ign™ Ggn-tesd h¿j-ambn \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ KthjWw Cu clky-Øns‚ Npcp-fg - n-°p-∂X - n¬ hnPbw t\Snbn-cn-°p-∂p. _nbm-{Snkv lm≥ F∂ imkv{X-⁄b - psS t\XrIbpw GXv tcmKhpw ico-cØ - n¬ {]thin-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. icn-bmb {]Xn-tcm-[-am¿K-ß-fneqsS a‰p tcmK-߃ hcm-sX-t\m-°pIbpw sNdnb Akp-J-߃ D≠m-IptºmƒØs∂ NnIn’ tXSp-Ibpw sNbvXv h¿j-ßf - mbn Pohn-°p∂ F®v.sF.-hn. _m[n-X¿ tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠v. F®v.-sF.-hn. t]mkn-‰o-hmb tijw 20 h¿j-Øn-e-[n-I-ambn Pohn-°p-∂-h-cps≠∂v FbvUk v v {]Xn-tcm[{]h¿Ø\ cwKØv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂, kwÿm\ FbvUk v v I¨t{Smƒ skmssk-‰n-bpsS tamWn-‰-dnwKv B‚ v Chm-eyp-th-j≥ Hm^o-k¿ t{]wtZhv ]d-™p. F®v.sF.hn sshdkv _m[ ]q¿W-am-Ip∂ tcmKm-hÿ - ° - mWv FbvUk v v (A-IzbvUv Cayq¨ sU^n-jy≥kn kn≥t{Umw) F∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv. ]q¿W FbvUvkv _m[n-X¿Xs∂ Bdp-ap-X¬ 30 amkw hsc Pohn-®ncn-°m-dp≠v. FbvUvkv 90 iX-am\w t]cnepw ]I-cp-∂Xv ssewKn-I_ - ‘w hgn-bm-W.v c‡w, ip¢w, tbm\o-{k-hß - ƒ F∂nh Hcp F®v.-sF.-hn. _m[n-X-\n¬\n∂v as‰m-cm-fn-te°v tcmKw ]I-cm≥ CS-bm°p-∂p. tcmK-_m-[n-Xc - mb A\y-kv{XoIfpw ]pcp-j∑m-cp-am-bp≈ kpc-£n-Xa√mØ ssewKnI _‘-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv tcmKw ]I- c p- ∂ - X v. F∂m¬ `¿Ømhn¬\n∂v \nc-]c - m-[n-bmb `mcy°pw, `mcy tcmKn-Wn-bm-sW-¶n¬ \nc-

Xz-Øn¬ Hcp ]‰w imkv{X-Im-c∑m¿ \S-Øn-h∂ Kth-jW - amWv imkv{X-tem-I-Øn\v Cu hne-s∏´ kw`m-h\ \¬Inbn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. "kb-≥kv' F∂ imkv{X-am-kn-I-bpsS 2006 sabv e°-Øn-emWv CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]_‘w {]kn≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. Ima-dq¨ F∂ B{^n-°≥ cmPy-Øns‚ Hcp aqe-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ h\-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Hcn\w Nnºm≥kn-bn¬\n-∂mWv FbvUvkv sshdkv a\pjy-cn-te°p ]I¿∂-sX∂v Cu ]pXnb Is≠-ج shfnhm-°p-∂p. Ima- d q¨ h\m- ¥ - c - ß - f n¬\n∂p tiJ- c n- ° - s ∏´

]-cm-[n-bmb `¿Øm-hn\pw F®v.s - F.hn _m[-bp-≠m-Imw. K¿`n-Wn-bmb AΩbn¬\n∂v K¿`- ÿ - i n- i p- h n- t e°pw tcmKw ]I- c mw. ape- ∏ m¬, s]m°nƒsIm Sn F∂nh-bn-eqsS tcmKw ]I-cmw. F∂m¬ kpc- £ n- X - a - √ mØ ssewKn-I-_‘w am{X-a√ C∂v F®v.sF.hn sshdkv ]I-cm-\p≈ hgn. c‡-Zm-\-Øn-eqsS F®v.-sF.hn ]I-cm\p≈ km[yX {][m-\-am-Wv. Ct∏mƒ c‡- Z m- \ - k - a - b - Ø p≈ ]cn- t im- [ \ I¿i-\a - m-sW-¶nepw sNdn-sbmcp ]nghv henb Zpc¥w (Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-csØ civan F∂ ]n©p-Ip-™ns‚ Zpc-¥w) hcp-Øn-sh® kw`-hß - f - p-≠.v F®v.s - F.hn. sshdkv Hcm-fpsS ico-c-Øn¬ {]th-in-®mepw DS≥ tcmK-e£ - W - ß - ƒ {]I-S-am-I-W-sa-∂n-√. aq∂m-gvN-ap-X¬ Bdp-am-kw-hs - c-bp≈ Cu Ime-bf - h - n¬ (hn≥tUm ]ncn-b-Uv) tcmKm-Wp-hns‚ km∂n[yw Xncn-®-dn-b-W-sa-¶n¬ c‡]-cn-tim-[\ ka-bØv Imcy-£-a-amb c‡ ]cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv. CXp-am-{X-a√ - , icn-bmbn AWp-hnap-‡-am-°mØ kqNn D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ IpØn- s h- ∏ n- e q- s Sbpw F®v . - s F.hn sshdkv ]Icmw. C©-£≥, AIyp-]MvN¿, ]®-Ip-ج F∂n-hb - ° v p≈ D]I- c - W - ß ƒ AWp- h n- a p- ‡ - a m- ° nb tijta D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hq. FbvUvkns\ {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥

k¿°m¿ Bip-]-{Xn-I-fn¬ NnIn-’-s°-Øp∂ aq∂v K¿`nWn-I-fn¬ Hcmƒ F®v.-sF.-hn. t]mkn-‰o-hm-bn-cn-°pw. temIsØ F®v.-sF.hn _m[n-X-cmb Ip´n-I-fn¬ 90 iX-am-\hpw Z£n-Wm-{^n-°b - n-em-Wv. FbvUvkv F∂ alm-hn-]-Øns‚ Im¬\q-‰m-≠ns‚ \mƒhgn Cßs\: 1981 Pq¨: \yqtbm¿°n-sebpw Imen-t^m¿Wn-b-bnsebpw kzh¿K-c-Xn-°m-cmb bphm-°-fn¬ hn´p-am-dmØ ]\nbpw Imt]m-knkv k¿tIma F∂ tcmKhpw _m[n-®Xns\ XpS¿∂p≈ ]cn-tim-[\ - b - n-emWv Ata-cn-°≥ imkv{X⁄¿ FbvUvkv tcmKw Is≠-Øn-bX - v. 1982: FbvUvkv tcmK-_m-[n-X-bmb AΩ-bn¬\n∂v Ip™n-te°v tcmKw ]I-cm-\p≈ km[yX bp.-Fkv. sk‚¿ t^m¿ Unkokv I¨t{Smƒ dnt∏m¿´v sNbvXp. 1983: tcmK-Øn\p Imc-W-amb lyqa≥ CayqtWm sU^n-j≥kn sshdkn(F-®v.-sF.-hn)s\ {^©v imkv{X⁄-\mb tUm. epIv sam≠-Kv\n-bdpw XpS¿∂v Ata-cn-°≥ imkv{X-⁄\ - mb tUm. tdm_¿´v Kt√mbpw Is≠-Øn. Cu Ime-bf - h - n-emWv a[y B{^n-°b - n¬ kzh¿K-cX - n-°m¿°n-Sbn¬ FbvUvkv Is≠-Øn-bX - pw. 1985: Ata-cn-°b - nepw P∏m-\nepw c‡-]c - n-tim-[\ - b - n¬

temIm-tcm-Ky-kw-L-S-\-ap-X¬ k∂-≤kw-L-S-\-Iƒhsc \S-Ønb \o≠ {]Nm- c - W - { ]- h ¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ°v Ipsdsbms° ^e-ap-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. FbvUvkv ssewKn-I-X-bn-eqsS ]I-cp∂ tcmK-amsW∂pw kpc-£n-X-a-√mØ ssewKn-I_- ‘ - ß ƒ Hgn- h m- ° - W - s a- ∂ p- a p≈ {]mY-anI Xncn-®-dnhv P\-ß-fn-se-Øn°p-∂-Xn¬ Cu t_m[-h¬°-cWw hnP-bn-®n-´p-ap-≠v. F∂m¬ CXns‚ `mK-am-bp-≠mb Aan-X-t_m[w AXn-cp-I-S∂v F®v.sF.hn _m[n- X sc kmaq- l y- { `jv S v I¬∏n-°p-∂Xp hsc-sb-Ønb kw`-hßfpw anI® Btcm-Ky-t_m-[-ap≈ tIc- f - Ø n- e p- ≠ m- I p∂p F∂- X mWv CXns‚ adp-h-iw. kv]¿i-\-Øn-eqsStbm s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fnepw tPmenÿ-e-ß-fnepw CS-]-gIn Pohn-®-XpsImt≠m F®v.-sF.-hn. ]I-cn-s√-∂pw, F®v.-sF.-hn. _m[n-X¿°v \√ BtcmKy-km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ ap≥I-cp-X-temsS Zo¿L- I m- e - P o- h nXw \bn- ° m- \ m- I psa∂pw sshZy-imkv{Xw sXfn-bn-®n-´p≠v. AXp-t]m-ep≈ A\p-`-h-ßfpw \ap-°p-Np-‰p-ap-≠v. Cu A\p-`-h-߃ a\- n-em-°m\pw a‰p tcmKn-Iƒs°-∂t]mse Ch¿°pw NnIn-’bpw kzÿamb Pohn- X - k m- l - N - c y- ß fpw Hcp°m\pw Ign-b-Ww.

F®v.-sF.-hn. B‚n-t_mUn ]cn-tim-[\ I¿i-\-am-°n. 1987: FbvUvkv N¿®-sN-øm≥ sFIy-cmjv{S P\-d¬ Akwªn tN¿∂p. Fbv U v k n\v Hcp BZy- N n- I n’ AUntUm {]q^vUv anUn≥ (AIDS-AZT) Ata-cn-°-bn¬ AwKo-Ic - n-®p. 1991: FbvUvkn-s\-Xn-cmb BtKmf {]Xn-tcm[ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS {]Xo-I-ambn Nph∂ dn_¨ AwKo-Icn-®p. 1996: sFIy-cm-j{- S-k` "bp.-F≥. FbvUk v 'v t{]m{Kmw XpS-ßn. F®v.-sF.hn _m[n-X¿°p≈ B‚n-˛-dn-s{Sm-ssh-d¬ sXdm∏n (F.-B¿.-Sn) kuP-\y-ambn \S-∏m-°p∂ BZy cmPyambn {_ko¬. 2000: bp.-F≥ FbvUk v pw temIm-tcmKy kwL-S\ - bpw tN¿∂v A©v acp-∂p-I-º-\n-I-fpsS kl-I-c-W-tØmsS F®v.s - F.hn _m[n-X¿°v NnIn’ e`y-am-°m-\p≈ BtKmf ]≤-Xn°v XpS-°-an-´p. 2005: 2010 ˛HmsS temIsØ apgp-h≥ F®v.-sF.hn _m[n-X¿°pw NnIn’ e`y-am-°m-\p≈ ]≤Xn ]q¿Ønbm-°m≥ Blzm\w sNbvXp. (2005 Ah-km\w CXn¬ A©n¬ aq∂p e£y-ßtf ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-\p-≈q)

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

42

Cdm-Jnse A_-²§ - s - f-¸än tNmZn-¨t- ¸m-gmWv tPmÀPv _pjv A_q-Kp-ssd_v kw`hw ]cm-aÀin-¨-Xv. B kw`-hAtacn°/{_n´¨ ¯n\v hne \ÂIn-s¡m--n-cn-¡-bm-sW¶v ]dª _pjv am\y-aà - m¯ `mj D]-tbm-Kn-¨X - n ZpxJn-¡p-¶X - mbpw AdnsXäp-IÄ ]än-b-Xmbn Ccp t\Xm-¡fpw C{Xbpw bn-¨p.""-Po-ht- \m-sStbm AÃm-sXtbm ]nSn-Iq-SWw'' XpS-§nb hyà-amb `mj-bn k½-Xn-¡p-¶Xv CXm-Zy-am-sW¶v Nq-n- {]tbm-K§ - Ä temI-¯nsâ Nne-`m-K§ - f - n ZpÀhym-Jym-\n¡m-Wn-¡s - ¸-Sp-¶p. ¡-s¸-«X - mbn At±lw A`n-{]m-bs - ¸-«p. Cdm-Jnse ]pXnb kÀ¡m-dn\v ]qÀW ]n´pW \ÂIGXm\pw Znhkw ap¼v Cdm-Jnsâ Xe-Øm-\-amb W-sa¶v Ccp t\Xm-¡fpw kmÀh-tZ-iob kaq-l-t¯mSv _KvZm-Zn-se¯n ]pXnb {][m-\-a{´n \qdn amen-In-bp-ambn A`yÀYn-¨n-«p-ap--v. `oI-c-hm-Z-¯n\pw A{I-a-¯n\pw FXnsc kw`m- j Ww \S- ¯ nb {_n«ojv {][m- \ - a {´n tSmWn CdmJnse t\Xm-¡Äs¡m¸w Dd-¨p-\n¡p-sa¶v hmjnw- s»bdpw sXäpIÄ k½-Xn-¡m³ X¿m-dm-bn. Cdm-Jn KvS-Wn hmÀ¯m kt½-f-\-¯n {_n«ojv {][m-\-a{´n Øm\-{`-jvS-\m-¡-s¸« {]kn-Uâ v k±mw lpssksâ tSmWn s»bÀ ]d-ªp. hmjnw-KvS-Wn c-p t\Xm-¡fpw _Akv ]mÀ«n-bnse AwK-§sf t\Xr ]Z-hn-bnÂ\n¶v HgnX½n \S¶ kw`m-j-Whm- ¡ n- b Xv A{I- a - k w- ` - h ¯n Cdm³ {]iv \ hpw §Ä¡v B¡w Iq«n- b n- « p- - m CdmJ n¬ X߃°v sX‰pI ƒ ]‰nb X mbn Atac n° b psS {]knDbÀ¶p-h-¶p. bptd-\nbw Im-sa-¶mWv At±-l-¯nsâ U‚v tPm¿Pv _pjpw {_n´s‚ {][m-\a- {¥n tSmWn sªbdpw CXmk¼p-jvSa - m-¡p-¶X - nÂ\n¶v \nK-a-\w. AtX-k-a-bw, Cdm]n·m-dp-Ib - m-sW-¦n Cdm\v Zy-ambn ]c-ky-ambn kΩ-Xn-®p. Cdm-Jn¬ A_q-Kp-ssd_v Pbn-ense Jn X§Ä sNbvXXv icnB\p- I q- e y- § Ä \ÂIpbmb Imcy-am-sW¶ \ne-]m]oU\ kw`-ha- m-bn-cp∂p Ata-cn-°b - psS G‰hpw henb A_-≤sa¶v _pjv Adn-bn-¨p. Sn Xs¶- b mWv c- p t\Xmsa-∂mWv tPm¿Pv _pjv A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´-Xv. AXn-\p≈ hne-bmWv c- v t\Xm- ¡ - f p- s Sbpw ¡-fpw. Ct∏mƒ Atac n° \¬Ip∂ s X∂pw At±lw Iq´nt ®¿Øp. P\-{]o-Xn-h-f-sc-tbsd CSn2003þse CdmJv ªn-cn-¡-bm-sW¶pw A[nB{I-W-s¯-¸än FIm- c - I m- e m- h [n s´ms¡ A`n-{]m-bAh-km-\n-¡m-dmhy- X ym- k - § - f p- s - ¦ nb-Xn-\m P\-kepw Ahn-Ss¯ kÀ½Xn sa¨-s¸-Sp¡m--d ns\ ]n´p- W ¯n-sb-Sp-¡m¡pI F¶Xv \½psS \pÅ Xo{h- { i- a am{X- a - à , A´m¯n- e mWv c- p - t ]cmjv{S kaq-l-¯n-sâ-bmsI cp-sa¶pw \nco-£IS-ab - m-sW¶pw s»bÀ A`nIÀ A`n-{]m-bs - ¸-Sp¶p. CdmJv B{I- a Ww _pjn- {]m-bs - ¸-«p. AtX-ka - b - w, Cdm-JnÂ\n¶v ]n·m-dp-¶X - n-\pÅ sâbpw s»b-dn-sâbpw {]Xn-Ñm-bb - n \ng hogv¯n-bn-«p- kab ]cn-[n-sbm¶pw c-p-t\-Xm-¡fpw {]Jym-]n-¨n-«n-Ã. -v. sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸« ]pXnb kÀ¡mÀ Cdm-Jn A[ntSmWns»b-dpsS A[n-Im-cI - m-em-h[n 2010þemWv AhIm-c-¯n-te-dnb kml-Ncyw apX-em¡n P\-hn-Im-c-¯n km-\n-¡p-I. F¶m AXn-\p-ap¼v Øm\-sam-gn-bp-sa¶v X§Ä¡-\p-Iq-e-amb {]Xn-I-cWw D-m-¡m³ Ign-bptam At±lw {]Jym-]n-¨n-«p--v. tPmÀPv _pjnsâ {]kn-Uâ v F¶m-bn-cn¡mw CdmJv B{I-aW - ¯ - n\v t\XrXzw \ÂInb ]Z-hn-bpsS Imem-h[n 2009þ Ah-km-\n-¡pw. c-p-t\-Xm-¡-fp-sSbpw Dt±-iy-sa¶pw Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p. (hÀ¯-am\w 27/05/06)

v ∂ b s n‰ ] ƒ I p ‰ X Cdm-Jn¬ s dpw b ª s w p j p _

Nnºm≥kn-If - psS hnk¿Py-km-ºn-fp-IfmWv imkv{X-Im-c∑ - m¿ ]T-\h - n-t[-ba - m°n-b-Xv. Im¬∏m-Sp-t\m°n h\y-Po-hnIsf ]n¥p- S ¿∂v ]nSn- I q- S p- ∂ - X n¬ sshZKv[yw t\Snb arK-th-´-°m-cpsS klm-b-tØmsS 1300 hnk¿Py kmºnfp-Iƒ imkv{X-Imc kwLw tiJ-cn-°pI-bp-≠m-bn. P\n-XI ]cn-tim-[\ - m-am¿K߃ Ah-ew-_n®v \S-Ønb ]T-\-ßfn-eq-sS-bmWv FbvUvkv sshd-kns‚ BZy Dd-hnSw Ct∏mƒ Is≠-Øn-bn-cn°p-∂X - v. imkv{X-Im-c∑ - m¿ t\c-sØ-Xs∂ Nne- b n\w a\p- j y- ° p- c - ß p- I - f n¬ FbvUvkv sshd-kns‚ as‰m-cn-\-amb Fkv.-sF.hn F∂ Npcp-°-t∏-cn-e-dn-bs∏-Sp∂ knan-b≥ CayqtWm sU^njy≥kn sshd-kp-Isf Is≠-Øn-bn-cp∂p. ]t£, Iq´n-eS- ®p hf¿Øn-bn-cp∂ Nnºm≥kn-If - n-emWv Cu sshd-kns‚ km∂n≤yw a\- n-em-°-s∏-´-Xv. ]Sn™m- d ≥ B{^n- ° - b nse h\- ß fn¬\n∂p ]nSn-Iq-S-s∏´ Nnºm≥kn-IfpsS Hcp D]-kv]o-jo-kn¬ am{X-amWv Cu sshd-kp-Iƒ [mcm-f-ambn ImWs∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ h\ym-h-ÿ-bnep≈ Nnºm≥kn-I-fn¬ CXv hnc-f-ambn-cp-∂p-Xm-\pw. Cu sshd-kp-Iƒ F{X-

am{Xw sshhn-[y-am¿∂-h-bm-sW∂pw F{]-Im-c-am-Wnh a\p-jy-cn-te°v IS∂p-Ib - d- n-bs - X∂pw imkv{X-Im-c∑ - m¿°v Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. _nbm-{Snkv lm\ns‚ t\Xr-XzØn-ep≈ imkv{X-kwLw Nnºm≥knI-fpsS hnk¿Py-h-kvXp-°-fn¬ Fkv.sF.hn B‚n-t_m-Un-If - psS km∂n[yw Dt≠m F∂mWv BZyw ]cn-tim-[n-®Xv. sX°≥ Ima-dq-Wnse h\m-¥-c-hmkn-bmb ]m≥ t{Smt•m-˛s - sU-‰nkv F∂ Nnºm≥kn kv]ojo-kn¬ Fkv.s - F.-hn. B‚n-t_m-Un-I-fpsS km∂n[yw Ch¿ Is≠-Øn. XpS¿∂p \S-Ønb P\n-XI ]cn-tim-[-\-I-fn-eqsS sshd-kv_m-[bp≈ Nnºm≥kn-Isf Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂Xnepw Ch¿ hnP-bn-®p. Nnºm≥kn-Iƒ kaq-lP - o-hn-If - mbn kwLw tN¿∂mWv Pohn- ° p- ∂ - X v . C{]- I m- c - a p≈ Nne Nnºm≥kn-kw-L-ß-fnse 35 iX-am-\Øn-tesd AwK-߃°pw sshd-kv_m[p- b p- ≈ - X mbn Is≠- Ø p- I bpw sNbvXp. sshdkv _m[ Xo¿Øpw C√mØ kwL-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sshdkv_m[- b p≈ Hmtcm Nnºm≥kn°pw s]mXp-hm-bXpw kam\-am-bXpw Bb Hcp ASn-ÿm\ P\nX-I-am-Xr-I-bmWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Ch-

44

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

s°√mw Xs∂ Hcp s]mXp ]q¿hn-I\m-Wp-≈Xv F∂ hkvXp-X-bn-te°v CXv hnc¬Nq-≠p∂Xmbpw imkv{X-Imc-∑m¿ a\- n-em-°n. a\p-jy-cn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-bn\w F®v.s - F.-hn-It- fmSv ASpØ _‘-ap≈ sshdkv C\sØ Ima- d q- W nse k\mK \Zo-Xo-cØ - n-\S- pØv hkn-°p∂ Nnºm≥kn kaq-l-Øn-emWv lm\pw kwLhpw Is≠-Øn-bX - .v Chbv°v a\pjy-cn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ sshd-kp-It- fmSv hfsc ASpØ P\n-X-I-km-Zr-iyhpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tImwtKmbv°v ASpØp≈ In≥jmkm F∂ ÿe-Øp-\n∂p≈ Hcp hy‡n-bn-em-bn-cp∂p temIØm-Zy-ambn F®v.-sF.hn Is≠-Ø-s∏´-Xv. FbvUvkv sshdkv Fs∂m-cn-\sØ-∏‰n imkv{X-Im-c≥am¿°v tI´-dnhp-t]m-ep-an-√m-Xn-cp∂ 1959˛¬ as‰mcp sshZy-imkv{X ]cn-tim-[-\-bv°mbn tiJ-cn-®p-sh-®n-cp∂ Cu hy‡n-bpsS c‡-km-ºn-fm-bn-cp∂p XnI®pw A{]Xo- £ n- X - a mbn Cu ]pXnb C\w sshdkv Is≠-Ø-s∏-´-Xv. F∂m¬ FbvUk v ns‚ {]I-Se - £ - W - ß - ƒ BZyambn I≠Xv Ata-cn-°-bn¬ Xmfw-sX‰nb PohnXw \bn®p h∂ Hcp ]‰w bphm-°-fn¬ 1981˛¬ BWv.

]cn-hm¿: HcSn apt∂m-´v,

c≠Sn ]nt∂m´v Hcp ImeØv A®S°sØs®m√n Du‰w sIm≠n-cp∂ B¿.-Fk - .v F -   - nepw AXns‚ IpS-°o-gnse kwL-S\ - I - f - nepw {Kq∏n-khpw XΩn-eS- nbpw hym]n®n-cn-°p-Ib - m-sW∂v CXp-ambn _‘-s∏-´h - ¿ Xs∂ ]d-bp-∂p. kwL-S\ - I - fpsS BkvXn-Ifpw kºm-Zyhpw h¿[n-®n-´p-s≠-¶nepw {]Xo-£n® P\-]n-¥pW Chbv°v t\Sm-\m-bn-´n-s√∂v Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°s- ∏-Sp-∂p. Ch \nt∂-SØ - p-Xs∂ \n¬°p-Ib - mtWm? P\-]n-¥pW B¿Pn-°m≥ Chbv°v Ign-bm-ØX - n\p ImcWw ]pXp-hg- n-Iƒ tXSm-ØX - m-tWm? AX√ hy‡n-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ {]iv\ß-fmtWm Chbv°v ASn-ÿm-\w. ]cn-hm¿ kwL-S\ - I - f - psS Ah-ÿs- b°p-dn®v Hc-t\z-jW - w. (am-Xr-`q-an, 8˛16˛06˛2006) 1925˛¬ \mKv ] q- c n¬ XpSßn C¥y-bn-se-ºmSpw hym]n® {]ÿm-\amWv B¿.-F-kv.-F-kv. F∂ aq∂v A£-cß - f - m¬ Adn-bs - ∏-Sp∂ cmjv{Sob kzbw tkhI kwLw. C∂v temIØns‚ hnhn[ `mKß-fn¬ AXn\v {]h¿Ø-\hpw {]h¿Ø-Icpw D≠v. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS h[sØ XpS¿∂p-≠mb {]Xym-Lm-X-ßfpw ASn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿbpsS sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw AXn-Po-hn-°phm≥ AXn\p Ign-™n-´p-≠v. C¥ybv°p-≈n¬ B¿.-F-kv.-F- ns‚ IpS°o-gn¬ kwL-]-cn-hm¿ F∂-dn-b-s∏Sp∂ kwL-S-\-I-fpsS Iq´mbva Xs∂ \ne-hn-ep-≠v. {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ c≠masØ k¿ kwL NmeIv Fw.-F-kv. tKmƒhmƒ°-dpsS P∑-iX - m_vZn h¿-jamWv CXv. Cu L´-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ Du¿Pz-kz-e-X-tbmsS apt∂-dm≥ Xømsd-Sp-°p-Ib - m-Wv kwL-S\ - . ]t£, kaq-lØ - ns‚ F√m Xeß-fnepw kzm[o\w sNep-Øm≥ Ignbp∂p F∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-tºmgpw tIc-fØ - n¬ kwL-]c - n-hm¿ {]Xn-k‘ - nI-fn¬s∏´v Dg-ep-Ib - m-Wv. B¿.-Fk - v.F -  n¬ am{X-a√ AXns‚ IpS-°o-gn-ep≈ Hs´√m kwL-S-\-I-fnepw XΩn-e-Snbpw {Kq∏n- k hpw Btcm- ] - W - h p- s ams° i‡hpw hym]- I - h p- a m- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ p. A®-S° - s - Ø-°p-dn®v Du‰w-sIm-≠n-cp∂ {]ÿm-\-ß-fn∂v bmZ-h-Ip-e-Øns‚ cq]-Øn-em-W.v A]-Iz-amb t\Xr-Xzhpw Ah- c psS CSp- ß nb Nn¥- I fpw {]h¿Ø\ ssien- b p- a mWv kwL {]ÿm-\-ßsf Cu \ne-bn¬ FØn®-Xv. kwL-S\ - bv°v D]-cn-bmbn hy‡nXm¬]-cy-߃°mWv ]e t\Xm-°fpw {]mapJyw \¬In-b-sX∂v Bt£-]-apb¿∂n-´p-≠v. tIc-fØ - n¬ C∂v 30 Pn√-If - mWv B¿.-F-kv.-F- ns‚ kwL-S\m ZrjvSnbn-ep-≈-Xv. Ahsb hn`m-Kp-I-fmbn kwL-Sn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. IÆq¿, tImgnt°m- S v , ]me- ° m- S v , Fd- W m- I p- f w,

tIm´bw, i_-cn-Kncn, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw F∂n- ß - s \- b mWv Ah. Htcm Pn√bv°pw kwLm-S-\-Øn\v Npa-X-es∏´ Pn√m {]Nm- c - I cpw hn`m- K n\v hn`mKv {]Nm-c-Icpw D≠v. Xmeq-°p-Xe-Ønepw {]Nm-c-I-∑m-cp-≠v. CXn\p ]pdsa kwÿm-\-Xew apX¬ Xmeq°p-hsc kwLv Nme-Iv, Imcy-hm-lv, _u≤n-Iv{]-ap-Jv, imco-cnIv in£¨ {]ap-Jv, kº¿° {]ap-Jv, tkhm {]apJv, {]Nm¿ {]apJv XpS-ßnb Npa-X-eIƒ hln-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v. XØz-Øn¬ \√ Bibw th≠p∂ Imcy-]-≤Xn. F∂m¬ ChnsS A\p- ` - h - Ø n¬ CsXm∂pw Imcy-£a - a - m-Ip-∂n-√. B¿.- F - k v . - F kv {]h¿Ø- \ Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\a - mbn IW-°m-°p∂ imJ-Iƒ ipjvIn-®p-h-cn-I-bm-sW∂v Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p. ]g-bI - m-eØv kvIqƒ, tImtfPv hnZym¿Yn-If - mWv imJI-fn¬ FØn-bn-cp-∂X - v. C∂v Ah-cpsS FÆw Xptemw Ipd-hm-Wv. sNdp-∏°msc BI¿jn-°m≥ Ign-bm-sX-h-cp∂p. bph-X-e-ap-dbv°v Bthiw ]Icm≥ tIc-f-Ønse C∂sØ t\Xr-XzØn-\m-hp-∂n-√. ]gb ImeØv I¿jI\pw I¿jI sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sams° imJ-I-fn-se-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. C∂v AXpw Ipd-™p. t\Xr-Xz-Øns‚ IW-°n¬ kzbw tkh-Ic - psS FÆ-Øn¬ t\cnb h¿[-\-bp-≠m-Im-sa-¶nepw P\-kw-Jybnse h¿[-\b - p-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøptºm- g mWv kwL- ] - c n- h m- d ns‚ Xf¿®bpw hogvNbpw hy‡-amIp-I. CXmWv tIc-f-Øn¬ B¿.-F-kv.-F ns‚ Ah-ÿ. B¿.-F-kv.-F- ns‚ DØ-c-hm-Zs∏´ Xe-ap-Xn¿∂ {]h¿Ø-I¿ Cu \nco-£W - ß - t- fmSv tbmPn-°p-∂n-√. B¿.- F - k v . - F -   n\v C∂p≈ kzm[o\w apgp-h-\mbpw imJ-I-fn¬ {]Xn- ^ - e n°m≥ {]bm- k - a p- s ≠∂v kwÿm\ kan- X n- b w- K hpw Xe- a pXn¿∂ {]h¿Ø-I-cn¬ H-cm-fp-amb ]n. Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

]cn-hm¿ kwL-S-\-Iƒ ]c-ta-iz-c≥ Nq≠n-°m-´p∂p. A\p-`m-hnIƒ Ah-cpsS a°sf imJ-If - n¬ Ab®p-sh∂v hcn-√. Ime-{]-hm-lØ - n¬ am‰ßƒ ]eXpw kw`-hn-°p-∂p. a‰p≈ kwL-S\ - I - sf F∂-t]mse AXv B¿.F-kv.F -   - n-s\bpw _m[n-°p-∂p. sNdp∏-°m-cpsS {i≤ Xncn-bm≥ C∂v km[yX-Iƒ [mcm-fa - m-W.v Zriy-am-[y-aß - f - psS kzm[o\w hºn- ® - X m- W v . tZiob hnImcw Xs∂ Ipd-™p-t]m-bnt√? kzmX{¥y ka- c - I m- e sØ tZiobhnImcw C∂n- √ . Km‘nPn ]d™ kztZin Fhn- s S- b p≠v ? ˛ At±lw tNmZn-°p-∂p. tIc-f-Øn-emsW-¶n¬ B¿.-Fk - .v F -   - ns‚ hf¿®°v henb FXn¿i- ‡ n- I ƒ Ds≠∂pw At±lw kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p. {]h¿Ø-\Ø - n¬ hogvNI - f - psS ]c-ºc kwL-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Xf¿® t\cn-Sp-tºmgpw IW-°p-Iƒ \ncØn tI{µt\Xr-Xz-Øns‚ IÆn¬ \√ ]n≈ Na-bm≥ tIc-fØ - nse B¿.F-k.v F - kv t\Xr-Xz-Øn-\m-hp∂p F∂pthWw Icp-Xm≥. a[y th\-e-h-[n-°meØv \S-Øp∂ kwL-in-£m-h¿Kp-Iƒ AYhm Hm^o-k¿ s{Sbn-\nwKv tImgvkpIƒ (H.-Sn.-kn.-Iƒ) CXn\v DZm-l-c-Wam-Wv. -H-∂mw-h¿j, c≠mw h¿j H.-Sn.kn.IfmWv AXXv kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \S-°p-I. aq∂mw h¿j-tØXv B¿.-Fkv.F - kv Bÿm-\a - mb \mKv]q-cn-em-W.v H∂mw h¿j H.- S n.- k n.°v icm- i cn 700˛750 t]¿ kw_-‘n-°pw. c≠mw h¿jw icm- i cn 400˛450 t]cpw. kwÿm-\Øv c≠n-SØpw aq∂n-S-Øpsam- s °- b mbn CXp \S- Ø m- \ pw t\XrXzw {i≤n-°m-dp-≠v. C{Xbpw t]sc Hcp h¿jw ]cn-io-en-∏n-s®-SpØv cwK- Ø n- d - ° p∂p F∂¿Yw. tIc- f Ønse kwL- S - \ - b psS 30 Pn√- I fn¬\n∂mWv CsX∂v a\- n-em-°ptºm-gmWv FÆ-Ønse Ipdhv t_m[yam-IpI. ASp-ØnsS tIc-fØ - n¬ B¿.-Fkv.-F-kv. kwL-Sn-∏n® ]cn-]m-Sn-bm-bncp∂p Im™-ßm-´p-\n∂p XpSßn Xncph- \ - ¥ - ] p- c Øv Ah- k m- \ n® cmjv{Sc£m-k-©-e-\w. 6000 t]cmWv AXn¬ AWn-\n-c∂ - X - v. AX{X henb kwJy-bmtWm? A√-X-s∂. kwL-S-\bpsS A®-S° - hpw _m‚ h v mZy-Øn-ep≈ sshZ-Kv[yhpw \ne-hmcw Ipd-™-XmsW∂v Im´n-Ø-cp-∂-Xmbn Cu ]cn-]mSn-sb∂v Nne¿ Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. cmjv{Sc-£m-k© - e - \ - Ø - n\p tijw Xe-ÿm\Øp \S∂ B¿.- F - k v . - F -   ns‚ kwÿm\ {]Xn-\n-[n-k-`m- k-tΩ-f-\Øn¬ k¿Im-cy-hmlv (P-\-d¬ sk{I´- d n) taml≥ `mK- h Xv A°mcyw Xpd∂p ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXp-t]mse {]h¿Ø-\-Ønse hogvNI - f - p-sSbpw Ipg-∏ß - f - p-sSbpw ]cºc Xs∂ ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. CXn-

44

s\ms° ]cn-lmcw ImWm≥ t\Xr-XzØn-\m-hp-∂n-√. Iq´mb Xocp-am\w D≠mhp-∂p-an-√. tIc-f-sØ-t∏mse C{X-b[nIw apXn¿∂ {]Nm-c-I-∑mcpw t\Xm°-fp-ap≈ kwÿm-\-߃ Ipd-hm-Wv. AJne `mc-Xob _u≤nIv {]apJv B¿.-lcn sIm®n-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. _n.Fw.-F- ns‚ AJn-te¥ym h¿°nwKv {]kn-U‚m-bn-cp∂ B¿. -thWp-tKm]m¬ B¿.-F-kv.-Fkv {]h¿Ø-\-Ønem-Wn-t∏mƒ. P\-kwLw kwL-S\m sk{I-´-dn-bpsS P∑-`qan apJy-]-{Xm-[n]-cp-am-bn-cp∂ ]n. \mcm-b-W≥, _metKm-Ip-e-Øns‚ am¿K-Z¿inbpw tIkcn-hm-cn-I-bpsS ap≥ ]{Xm-[n-]-cp-amb Fw.F. IrjvW≥, `mc-Xob hnNmc tI{µw Ub-dI - vS¿ ]n. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ XpSßnb apXn¿∂ t\Xm-°fpw kwÿm\-ka - n-Xn-bw-Kß - f - m-bp-≠.v F.hn. `mkvIc≥,- ]n. cma-N{- µ≥ XpS-ßn-bh - c - psS ]cnN-bk - º - Øpw e`y-am-Wv. F∂n´pw kwÿm-\-L-S-I-Øn\v Bi-b-°p-g-∏hpw kw`- h n- ° p- ∂ p. kwÿm- \ - t \- X r- X zØns‚ hogvNb - mWv CXn-\p-Im-cW - s - a∂v Hcp hn`mKw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. ]cn- N - b - k - º - ∂ - c mb apXn¿∂ t\Xm-°sf shdpw ImgvN-°m-cm-°n-bncn-°p-∂p F∂ Bt£]w i‡-ambn \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠v. Ah-tcmSv H∂pw IqSnbmtem-Nn-°m-dn-√s - {X. F√m Imcyß-fnepw A¥n-a-Xo-cp-am\w tIc-f-Øns‚bpw Xan-gv\m-Sn-s‚bpw Npa-Xe hln°p∂ t£{Xo-b{- ]-Nm-cIv Fkv. tkXpam-[h - t- ‚-Xm-Ip∂p F∂ Bt£-]hpw Db-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Øns‚ Npa-X-e-bp≈ {]m¥-{]-Nm-cIv F. tKm]m-eI - r-jW v s\ adn-I-S∂v Xmsg-Ø-´n-te°v At±lw \n¿tZ-i-߃ \¬Ip∂p F∂-XmWv Bt£-]w. tkXp-am-[-h-s‚ A[n-Im-csØ `b∂v `n∂m- ` n- { ]m- b - ß ƒ ]dbm≥ t]mepw a‰p-≈-h¿°mhp-∂n√ F∂ \ne-bp-≠v. hkvXp-X-Iƒ Xpd-∂p-]d™ ]e¿°pw {]Nm-c-I-ÿm\w Hgntb-≠n-h∂ Ah-ÿbpw D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Sn.-B¿. tkma-ti-J-c≥, Fw. cm[m-IrjvW≥, B¿.-hn. Pb-Ip-am¿ F∂n-h¿ CXn\v DZm-lc - W - ß - f - m-Wv. Sn.-hn. A\-¥≥ {]m¥-Im-cy-hmlv Bbn-cp∂ thf-bn¬ CXm-bn-cp-∂n√ ÿnXn. At±lw Imcy-߃ Xpd∂p N¿®-sN-øp-am-bn-cp-∂p. A∂sØ {]m¥{]-Nm-cIv B¿.- lcn AXns\ t{]m’mln-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. C∂v ÿnXn amdn-bn-´p-s≠∂mWv ]cm-Xn. F∂m¬ {][m\ Imcy-ßs - f-°pdn®v IqSn-bm-tem-N\ - I - ƒ \S-Øn-Øs - ∂bmWv Imcy-߃ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂s - X∂v t£{Xo-b-{]-Nm-cIv Fkv. tkXp-am-[h≥ ]d-™p. A`n-{]mb hyXym-k-ßfp-s≠-¶n¬ kwL-S\ - b - v°I - Ø - p-Xs∂ AXv N¿®-sNbvXv ]cn-l-cn-°m-dp-≠v. am[y-a-ß-fn-eqsS AXv N¿®-sN-øm≥ Xm¬]-cy-an-s√∂pw At±lw ]d-™p. Xs∂ kw_-‘n®v hy‡n-]c - a - mb ]cma¿i-ß-tfmSv {]Xn-I-cn-°m≥ At±lw Xm¬]-cy-s∏-´n-√. Bt£-]-ap-∂-bn-°p∂-h¿°v Ah-cp-tS-Xmb \ymb-ß-fp-

≠mhmw F∂-t±lw ]d-™p. _m‚phm-Zy-tØmsS \S-Ønb cmjv{S-c£ - m-k©-e-\-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØ 6000 t]¿ sNdnb kwJy-b-√. CtX-°mƒ tIaambn kwL-Sn-∏n-°m≥ km[n°pw F∂p Nne¿ Icp-Xp-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ Ah¿ AXp sNbvXp-Im-Wn-°s - ´-˛A - t- ±lw ]d-™p. BZ¿iw tNmcp-∂p, hy‡n-Xm¬]cyw hmgp∂p B¿.-Fk - .v F - kv {]ÿm-\Ø - ns‚ \s´√v AXnse AwK-ß-fmb kzbwtk-hI - c - m-sW-¶nepw {]h¿Ø-\ß - f - psS Np°m≥ {]Nm-c-I-∑m-cn-em-Wv. apgph≥k-ab {]h¿Ø-I-cmWv Ch¿. Fw.-F-kv. tKmƒhmƒ°-dmWv CØ-cs - amcp kwhn-[m\w cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb-Xv. \qdp-I-W-°n\v bphm-°sf Cu ]mX-bn-se-Øn-°m≥ At±-lØ - n\v Ign™p. F{X IjvSs - ∏-Sm\pw {]Nm-cI - sc ]cn-io-en-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. hoSn-s\-°mfpw IpSpw-_-sØ-°mfpw kaq-l-Po-hn-XØn¬ ebn-®p-tN-cm-\p≈ k∂-≤-XbmWv {]h¿Ø-I-cn¬ krjvSn-®n-cp-∂Xv. kwL-{]-h¿Ø-I-cp-sSbpw A\p-`mhn-If - p-sSbpw hoSp-Iƒ am{X-am-bn-cp∂p {]h¿Ø- I ¿°v A∂v B{ibw. {]h¿Ø-\Ø - n-\mbn ssaep-Iƒ \S-t°≠nbpw hcpw. AØ-c-samcp Xe-ap-dbmWv B¿.-F-kv.-F- ns\ ]Sp-Øpb¿Øn-bX - v. tIc- f - Ø n¬ ZtØm- ] m¥v tTwKvUn-bm-bn-cp∂p kwL-{]-h¿Ø-\Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®-Xv. tImgn-t°mSv Bbn-cp∂p tI{µw. ]nX am[-hvPn, B¿. thWp-tKm-]m¬ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ At±-l-Øns‚ Ime-ØmWv {]Nm-c-Icm-b-Xv. B¿.- l-cn, ]n. ]c-ta-iz-c≥, Fw.-F. IrjvW≥, ]n. \mcm-bW - ≥, sI. cma- N - { µ≥ I¿Øm XpS- ß n- b - h ¿ ]n∂mse h∂-h¿. sI. `mkvI¿dmhp Ch-sc-sbms° tIm¿Øn-W-°p-Ibpw kwL-S-\sb hf¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. F.- h n. `mkv I - c ≥, ]n. cma- N - { µ≥, taml≥ Ip°n-enb XpS-ßn-b-hcpw apXn¿∂ {]Nm-cI-cm-Wv. Fkv. tkXpam-[-h≥, ]n.-]n. apIp-µ≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ ASpØ Xe-ap-db - m-W.v BZy-Ime {]Nmc-I-cn¬ ]n. am[hvPn A¥-cn-®p. ]n \mcm-bW - \pw I¿Ømbpw {]Nm-cI - c - s - √¶nepw {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-ep-≠v. a‰p-≈-hcn¬ ]ecpw Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏´ \ne-bnem-Wv. ]g-b-Im-eØv {]Nm-c-I-∑m¿°v {]h¿Ø-I-cpsS hoSp-I-fn¬ k¿h-kzmX-{¥y-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ {]Nmc-Isc Xß-fpsS hoSp-I-fn¬ Xma-kn∏n- ° m≥ A\p- ` m- h n- I ƒ°v aSn tXm∂p∂ ÿnXn-hs - c-bmbn C∂v. A{Xbv°mWv ]e-cp-sSbpw {]h¿Ø-\-£-aX. kwL-S-\sb aqey-NypXn _m[n®p F∂p ]d- b p- ∂ - h ¿ kwL- S - \ - b psS hnhn[ X´p-I-fn-ep-≈-h¿ Xs∂-bm-Wv. ]W-Øns‚ Zpcp-]t- bm-Khpw kpJ-temep-]-Xbpw h¿[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. efn-X-Pohn-X-Øn-s‚bpw Xpd∂ {]h¿Ø\ ssien-bp-sSbpw \mfp-Iƒ A\y-amhp∂p F∂ tXm∂¬ ]e t\Xm°ƒ°p-t]mepap≠v.

46

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

AtX-k-a-bw, kwL-Im-cym-e-b߃ D≈ ÿe-ß-fn-sem-gnsI {]Nmc-I-∑m¿ kzbwtkh-I-cpsS hoSp-Ifn¬Ø-s∂-bmWv Ct∏mgpw Xma-kn-°msd∂v Nne {]Nm-c-I¿ ]d-™p. Imcyme-b-ß-fn-em-bmepw `£-W, hn{ia Imcy-ßf - n¬ AXoh efn-Xa - mb ssienbmWv Ct∏mgpw {]Nm- c - I - ∑ m¿ ]pe¿Øp-∂-sX∂pw Ah¿ Ah-Im-is∏-´p. PohnXw {]ÿm-\-Øn-\mbn Dgn™p-sh-°m≥ ]g-bt- ]mse ]ecpw Hcp°-a-√. kwL-S-\m-Xm¬]cyw ad∂v hy‡n- K - X - a mb Cjv S m- \ n- j v S - ß ƒ t\m°n s]cp-am-dp-Ibpw Nn¥n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ t\Xm-°ƒ Xs∂-bmWv AXns\mcp Imc-Ww. {]Nm-c-I-∑m-cn¬ Nne-sc-¶nepw a\ v Xpd∂v kwkm-cn-°m-dp-≠v. {]Nmc-I∑ - m-cpsS am{Xw tbmK-ßf - n¬ AXn\v Ah-kcw \¬Im-dp-ap-≠v. C°-gn™ hm¿jnI {]Nm-cIv tbmK-Øn¬ Nne¿ ISpØ hna¿i-\Ø - n-\p-Xs∂ apXn¿∂psh-∂mWv Adnhv. kzbw tkh-I¿ {][m-\-ambn ImWp-∂-XmWv tZiob A[y-£-\mb k¿kwLv Nme- I n\p {]Wm- a a¿∏n°p∂ NS-ßv, k¿kw-Lv Nm-eIn\p ]s¶-Sp-°p∂ ktΩ-f\ - Ø - n¬ `Kh-[z-P-tØm-sSm∏w At±-l-sØbpw {]W-an-°p∂ ]Xn-hp-≠v. sI.-F-kv. kpZ¿i-\≥ A[y-£\ - mbn Npa-Xe - t- b‰-tijw Bep-hbn¬ Hcp s]mXp-]cn]m- S n°v FØn- b n- c p- ∂ p. Bw_pe≥kn¬ HmIvkn-P≥ knen-≠-dns‚ klm-bt- Øm-sS-bmWv ap≥ {]m¥-{]-NmcIv sI. `mkvI¿dmhp At±-l-Øn\p {]Wm-a-a¿∏n-°m-s\-Øn-b-Xv! ]t£, C∂v ]e apXn¿∂ {]Nm- c - I ¿°pt]mepw CsXm∂pw {]iv\-a-√. ASpØnsS kpZ¿i≥ tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂t∏mƒ tbmK-ßf - n¬ kw_-‘n-°msX thsd hgn-°p-t]mb {]Nm-c-I-cp-ap-≠v. BkvXn hf-cp∂p; A[n-Im-ct- am-lhpw GXm≠v H∂c ]Xn-‰m≠v apºphsc B¿.-F-kv.-F- nepw a‰pw Npa-Xe-Iƒ ASn-t®¬]n-°m-dm-bn-cp∂p ]Xnhv. Npa-Xe - I - ƒ Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂h - ¿ IjvS∏mSv kln-°m≥ Xøm-dm-th-≠-Xp-≠mbn-cp-∂p. [\-]-c-ambn \jvSw am{Xta {]Xo- £ n- ° m- \ p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ p- ≈ q. F∂m¬ C∂v AX√ ÿnXn. A[n-Imc-Øn-\mbn Zmln-°p-∂h - sc kwÿm-\˛-t£-{Xob Xe-ß-fn¬ hsc ImWmw. ÿm\-am-\ß - ƒ \ne-\n¿Øm\pw t\SnbXv \jvSs - ∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cn-°m\pw th≠n F¥p-sN-øm\pw ]ecpw Xøm-dm-Wv. kwL-S\m {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Kpcp-X-camb hogvN hcp-Øn-bmepw kwc-£n°m≥ Bfp-Ifps≠-¶n¬ B¿.-Fk - v.F -  n¬ t\Xm-hmbn XpScmw F∂-XmWv ÿnXn. t£{Xob {]Nm-cIv Fkv. tkXpam-[-h≥ CØ-c-Øn¬ kz¥-°msc kwc-£n-°m≥ Xm¬]cyw Im´p-∂psh∂v Hcp-hn-`mKw Bt£-]-ap-b¿Øp∂p. {]m¥-Im-cy-hmlv F. B¿. taml-

\≥ AS-°a - p≈ ]ecpw tkXp-am-[h - \v H∏- a m- W - s {X. {]m¥- { ]- N m- c Iv F. tKm]m-eI - r-jvW≥ {Kq∏p-Iƒ°v AXoX-\m-sW-∂-Xn-\m-emhmw H-‰-s∏-Sp-∂p. kl-Im-cy-hm-lIv sP. \µ-Ip-am-dns‚ Imcyhpw hyXy-kvXa - √ - . "tIkcn', "P∑`qan', _n.-sP.-]n., _n.-Fw.-F-kv. XpSßnb kp{]-[m\ ]cn-hm¿ {]ÿm-\ß- f psS {][m\ Xocp- a m- \ - ß fn¬t]mepw a‰p-≈h - c - psS A`n-{]m-ba - mcm-bm≥ Xøm-dm-hp-∂n-√s - {X. kl-{]m¥ kwL-Nm-e-I-bmbn IÆq-cnse AUz.sI.-sI. _me-dm-ans\ \ntbm-Kn-®Xv B¿.-F-kv.-F- n-\-IØv kwkm-c-hn-jb-am-bX - m-Wv. IÆq¿ Pn√m kwL-Nm-eIm-bn-cp∂p _me-dmw. Pn√-tb-°mƒ hep-Xmb hn`mK kwL-Nm-eI - ∑ - m-cn¬ \n∂mWv km[m-cW kl {]m¥kwLNm- e - I ns\ \ntbm- K n- ° m- d p- ≈ - X v . F∂m¬ ChnsS B ]Xnhv sX‰n-®Xv Nne-cpsS XmXv]c - y-{]-Im-ca - m-sW∂p ]dbp-∂p. kwL- ] - c n- h m¿ C∂v henb kzØn\v DS-a-bm-Wv F∂Xv ]Z-hn-Iƒ BI¿j-I-am-Im≥ Imc-W-ap-≠m-bn-´p≠m-hmw. ]g-bI - m-eØv hmS-Is - °-´n-Sß - fnse CSp-ßnb apdn-I-fn¬ {]h¿Øn®n-cp∂ GXm\pw Imcym-e-b-ß-fmWv ]cn-hm¿ {]ÿm-\ß - ƒ°v D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. C∂p ÿnXn amdn. tImSn-°W - ° - n\v cq]-bpsS BkvXn-bmWv Ah¿°p-≈Xv. 30 Pn√-If - nepw ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw Xmeq°p-I-fnepw kz¥w sI´n-S-ß-fn-emWv Imcym- e - b - ß ƒ {]h¿Øn- ° p- ∂ - X v . Ign™ Hcp Zim-_vZØ - n-ep-≠mb am‰am-Wn-Xv. sIm®n-bnse Ff-a-°-c-bn¬ kwÿm\ Imcym-e-b-Øn\v ÿew hmßn sI´nSw sh®Xv Hcp - c q] Iq∏¨ D]-tbm-Kn-®m-bn-cp-∂p. A∂v Hcp cq] Iq∏-Wp-ambn P\-ß-fn-te°v Cdßn-s®-s∂-¶n¬ C∂v t\Xm°ƒ Ffp∏-am¿Kw Ah-ew-_n-°p-∂p. I≈-°-SØp- I m- s cbpw A_v I m- c n- I - s fbpw ss{IkvXh k`-Is - f-t∏mepw ]W-Øn\mbn B¿.-Fk - v.F - kv t\Xm-°ƒ kao]n-®-Xmbn {]ÿm-\-Øn-\-I-Øp-Xs∂ Kpcp-X-c-amb Btcm-]-W-ap-b¿∂p. a‰p kwL-S\ - I - f - psS kzØp-°ƒ CXn\p ]pd-sa-bm-Wv. _n.-Fw.-F-kv., _n.-sP.-]n., t£{Xkwc-£W kan-Xn, hn.-F-®v.-]n. F∂n-h-bvs°√mw ]e-bnSØpw hkvXp-hI - I - f - p-≠.v \m\q-dn-tesd t£{X- ß ƒ hn.- F - ® v . - ] n- b p- s Sbpw t£{X-kw-c£ - W - k - a- n-Xn-bp-sSbpw A[o\-X-bn-ep-≠v. G°¿I-W-°n\v `qan, h\nXm tlmÃ-ep-Iƒ, A\m-Ym-e-b߃, Bip-]-{Xn-Iƒ, A_-e-tI-{µßƒ F∂nh thsd-bpw. _me-tKm-Ipe-Øn\pw henb hne-aX - n-°p∂ Imcyme-bß - f - p-≠v. `mc-Xob hnZym-\n-tI-X\ - pambn A^n-en-tb‰p sNbvXn-´p≈ Ccp\q-tdmfw hnZym-eb - ß - fpw kwL-Øns‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn-ep-≠v. Cu h¿jw Ahkm-\n-°p-tºm-tg°v kwÿm-\sØ Bbncw ]©m-bØ - p-If - nepw Hcp inipa-µn-c-sa-¶nepw D≠m-hWw F∂-XmWv B¿.-Fk - v.F -   - ns‚ I¿a-]≤ - X - n. sI´nS-ßfpw kvIqfp-I-fp-sams° Hmtcm

{SÃns‚ t]cn¬ BsW∂XmWv khnti-jX - . H∂nepw t\cn-´p≈ Ah-Imiw B¿.-F-kv.-F- n-\n-√. {SÃn-ep-≈-h¿ B¿.-F-kv.-F- p-Im-cm-sW-∂p-am-{Xw. Ac-t°m-Sn-tbmfw cq]-bpsS _m[y-Xbn¬ Xncp- h - \ - ¥ - ] p- c Øp `mc- X ob hnNmc tI{µ-Øn\v "kwkvIrXn `h≥' \n¿an-t°-≠-Xpt≠m F∂ tNmZyw B¿.-F-kv.-F-kv. tI{µ-߃ Xs∂ Db¿Øp-∂p-≠.v ChnsS Kth-jWw \S°p-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ AXns‚ ^ew tIcfo- b ¿ Adn- ™ n- ´ n- s √∂Xp thsd Imcyw. F∂m¬ sI´nSw \n¿an-®-Xp-aq-eap-≠mb _m[yX Bcp-sSbpw Xe-bn¬ CSm≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂n-s√∂pw B¿.-Fk - v.F-kv. Xs∂ AtX-s‰-Sp-°p-sa∂pw t£{Xob {]Nm-cIv Fkv. tkXp-am-[h≥ ]d-™p. ÿm]\w kmº-ØnI _m[y-Xbm-hn-s√∂pw Chn-SsØ HmUn-t‰m-dnbw t]mep≈ kuI-cy-߃ a‰p-≈h - ¿IqSn D]-tbm-Ks - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂XpsIm≠v kz¥w Imen¬ \n¬°m-\m-hp-sa∂pw `mc-Xob hnNm-c-tI{µw Ub-d-IvS¿ ]n. ]c-ta-izc≥ ]d-™p. A°m-Z-anIv Kth-jWw k¿h-Ie - m-im-eI - f - psS AwKo-Im-ca - p-s≠¶nte \S-°q. Kth-jW _ncpZw t\Snb-hcpw Ct∏mƒ Kth-jWw \S-Øns°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-hcpw hnNm-c-tI-{µØns‚ {KŸ-ti-Jcw D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØp-∂p≠v ˛At±lw ]d-™p. _n.-sP.-]n. F∂ \mY-\n-√m-°-fcn tI{µ-kw-L-S-\-bnse A¥x-kwL¿j-߃ a‰p kwL-S-\-I-fn-te°pw hym]n-∏n-°pI kzm`m-hn-Iw. kwLv]cn-hm-dn¬ G‰-hp-a-[nIw {Kq∏v hg°pw sNfn-hm-cn-tbdpw \S-°p-∂Xv _n.-sP.-]nbn-em-Wv. C°m-cy-Øn¬ tIm¨{K- ns\-t∏mepw Ah¿ \njv{]-`-am-°n-ØpS-ßn. tIc- f - Ø nse _n.- s P.- ] n- b n¬ XpS°w apX¬t° c≠p tNcn-bp-≠mbncp-∂p. H∂v H. cmP-tKm-]m-ens‚ t\XrXz-Ønepw at‰Xv sI.Pn. amcm-dpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-epw. sI. cma≥]n≈bpw a‰p-amWv cmP-tKm-]m-en-s\m∏w \ne-sIm≠-h¿. AXp-]-t£, ]c-ky-amb {Kq∏p{]-h¿Ø-\a - m-bn-cp-∂n-√. CjvSa - n-√m-Øhsc Ah-K-Wn-°m\pw Hgn-hm-°m-\psam-s°-bp≈ {ia-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p {][m\w. kwÿm-\Øv _n.-sP.-]n-bpsS P\Iob t\Xm-sh∂v ]d-bm-hp∂ sI.-Pn. amcm¿ t]mepw ]e-t∏mgpw Ah-K-Wn°-s∏-´p. At±-lØ - n\v lrt{ZmK NnIn’°v ]Ww Is≠-Øm≥ {]ÿm\w {ian-®n-√ F∂ ]cmXn ]m¿´n-bn¬ i‡- a m- b n- c p- ∂ p. tUmIvS¿am¿ ss_]mkv ikv{X-{Inb \n¿tZ-in-®t∏mƒ "AXn-s\-hnsS ]Ww' F∂p tNmZn® t\Xm-°fpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-hs{X. ]ecpw \n¿_-‘n-®n´pw ikv{X{In-b°v amcm¿ Xbm-dm-hm-Xn-cp-∂Xv CXp-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-h-s{X. amcm-dpsS A{]-Xo-£nX acWw _n.-sP.-]nsb am{X-a-√, kwL {]ÿm-\-ßsf H-∂S¶w _m[n-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn. amcmsc ]m¿´n- b psS tZiob Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

\n¿hm-lI kan-Xn-bn¬ AwK-am-°m-Xncn-°m≥ cmP-tKm-]m¬ {ian®p F∂ ]cm- X nbpw Db¿∂n- c p- ∂ p. ]m¿´n kwÿm-\-{]-kn-U‚ v ]Zw hln-°sh tZiob \n¿hm-lI - k - a - nXn AwK-Xzhpw cmP-tKm-]m¬ Xs∂-bmWv hln-®X - .v P\Xm-]m¿´nbpsS Ime-L´- Ø - n¬ amcmsc Ahn-`‡ IÆq¿ Pn√-bpsS {]kn-U‚m°m-\mWv P\-kwLw {Kq∏p-Iƒ Xocpam-\n-®-Xv. P\-Iob t\Xm-hns\ IÆqcn¬ Xf-®n-Sm-\p≈ Cu ]≤-Xn°v kq{X[m-cXzw hln-®Xv H. cmP-tKm-]mepw cma≥]n- ≈ - b p- a m- b n- c p- ∂ p- s h∂pw Btcm]-Wa - p-b¿∂p. Cu kJyw _n.- s P.- ] n- b nepw i‡-am-bn-cp-∂p. {Kq∏v t]mcm-´-Øn¬ ]n≥\n-cb - n¬ \n¬°m≥ cmP-tKm-]m¬ {i≤n-°m-dp-≠v. ]Icw ]n≈-sbtbm G‰p- a m- \ q¿ cm[m- I r- j - W - s \tbm ap∂n¬ \n¿Øp- I - b mWv ]Xn- h v . F∂m¬ ]Xnhv sX‰n®v ASp-ØnsS ]n.]n. apIp-µ-s\-Xnsc IS-∂m-{I-aWw \SØnb cmP-tKm-]m-en\v hogvN-]-‰n. apIp- µ s\ _n.- s P.- ] n- b n- t e°v \ntbm-Kn-®-tXm-sS-bmWv {]iv\-߃ Kpcp-X-c-am-b-sX∂v ]d-bp-∂-h-cp-≠v. AJn-te-¥ym-X-e-Øn-se-SpØ Xocp-am\-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. ]t£, apIp-µs\ AwKo-Ic - n-°m≥ A∂p {]knU‚m-bn-cp∂ sI. cma≥]n≈ aSn-®p. sI. Aø-∏≥]n-≈, tUm. tkhn-b¿ t]mƒ, H.-Pn. X¶-∏≥, hn.-F≥. DÆn, G‰p-am-\q¿ cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ XpS-ßn-bh-scms° A∂v cma≥]n-≈bv°v H∏am-bn-cp-∂p. amcm¿ am{X-amWv apIp-µ\v klm-bI - c - a - mb \ne-]m-sS-Sp-ØX - .v Ahkm\w ]nSn- ® p- \ n¬°m≥ apIp- µ \v ]eXpw sNtø- ≠ n- h - ∂ p. apIp- µ ≥ kwL-S\m sk{I-´d - n-bmb DS-s\-bmWv 91˛se sXc-s™-Sp∏v h∂-Xv. A∂v hSI-cb - nepw t_∏q-cnepw bp.-Un.-F^ - nse Hcp hn`m-K-hp-ambn [mc-W-bp-≠m-°n. CXv Xncn-®-Sn-®-t∏mƒ apIp-µ-\p-Xs∂ £oW-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu \o°pt]m-°p-≠m-°n-b-t∏mƒ kwLv]-cn-hmdns‚ Hcp GtIm-]-\-k-anXn {]h¿Øn®n-cp-∂p. {]m¥- {]-Nm-cIv Bbn-cp∂ B¿.-l-cn, kl-{]m¥ {]Nm-cIv Fkv. tkXp- a m- [ - h ≥, ]n. ]c- t a- i z- c ≥, IpΩ\w cmP-ti-Jc - ≥, sI. KwKm-[c - ≥ (_n.-Fw.-Fk - .v ) F∂n-hs - cms° AXn¬ AwK-ßf - m-bn-cp-∂p. am¿IvknÃv ap∂Wn `c-WØ - n-te-dp-∂Xv XSbp-I, _n.-sP.-]nbpsS {]Xn-\n-[nsb k`-bn-se-Øn-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p ]≤-Xn. AXv s]mfn™-t∏mƒ cma≥]n-≈bpw cmP-tKm-]mep-sams° ssII-gp-In. apIp-µs\ ]pd¥-≈m-\mbn ]n∂oSv Ah-cpsS {iasa∂v ]m¿´n tI{µ-߃ Xs∂ ]d-bp∂p. Ct∏m- g sØ kwÿm- \ - { ]- k nU‚ v ]n.-Fk - .v {io[-c≥]n-≈sb ]m¿´nbn-te°v sIm≠p-h∂ - Xv apIp-µ\ - m-bn-cp∂p. sslt°m-S-Xn-bn¬ tI{µ-k¿°mcns‚ ko\n-b¿ Ãm‚nwKv tIm¨-k¬ ]Zhn e`n® ]n≈ ]n∂oSv apIp-µ-s\Xn-cm-bn. AØcw \o°-߃°v sh¶ø \mbn-Up-hn-s‚bpw cmP-tKm-]m-en-s‚bpw

46

]n¥pW ]n≈-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu tNcn-t∏m-cmWv _n.-sP.-]nsb C∂sØ \ne-bn¬ FØn-®X - .v t\Xm-°ƒ°v ]ckv]c hnizm-k-an-√mØ Hcp ÿnXn-bnemWv ]m¿´n-bn-∂v. {io[-c≥]n-≈bv°v B¿.-Fk - v.F - kn¬ henb kzm[o- \ - a n- s √- ¶ nepw t£{Xob {]Nm-cIv Fkv. tkXp-am-[hs‚ ]n¥pW At±-l-Øn\v Ds≠-∂Xn-\m¬ B¿.-F-kv.-F-kn\v "tbkv' aqtf≠ ÿnXn-bp-≠m-sb∂p ]d-bp-∂p. ]m¿´n-bnse Imcy-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Bcm™-t∏mƒ X¬°mew CtX-°p-dn®v ]dbp-∂n-s√∂pw hni-Z-ambn ]n∂oSv ]dbm-sa∂pw kwÿm\ {]kn-U‚ v ]n.F-kv. {io[-c≥]n≈ Adn-bn-®p. hn.-F® - v.]n: hf¿Øepw Xf¿Øepw H∏w ]cn-hm¿ _lp-P-\-kw-L-S-\-Ifnse {][m-\s - ∏´ as‰m-∂mWv hniz-lnµp-]-cn-jØv (hn.-F-®v.-]n). Fw.-F-kv. tKmƒhƒ°¿ Xs∂-bmWv hn.-F® - v.] - n. cq]w sIm≠-Xns‚ ]n∂nse {]tNm-ZI-i‡ - n. k\ym-kn-am¿°pw a‰pw AWn\n-c-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ sslµ-h-{]-ÿm\-amWv AXp-sIm≠v Dt±-in-®n-cp-∂-Xv. kzman Nn∑-bm-\-µ\pw a‰pw AXp-ambn Bcw`w apX¬ kl-Ic - n-®n-cp-∂p. tZiob- X - e - Ø n¬ {]h¿Ø- \ - a m- c w- ` n®v GXm\pw h¿j-߃ Ign-™mWv tIcf-Øn¬ kwL-S\ AXns‚ km∂n-[ya-dn-bn-®n-Xv. apXn¿∂ {]Nm-c-I-∑m-cn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂ hn.-]n. P\m¿±-\s - \-bm-bncp∂p kwLw AXn\v \ntbm-Kn-®-Xv. Zo¿L-Imew {]Nm-cI - \ - m-bn-cp∂ Cchn chn \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSpw At±-l-tØmsSm∏w Cu {]h¿Ø-\Ø - n¬ hym]r-X\m-bn. Bbn-Sbv°v Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv Ieq¿ ss{]h‰v _kvÃm‚n\p kao-]ap≈ ]mh-°pfw alm-tZh t£{Xw hn.F-®.v ] - n-bp-sS \nb-{¥-WØ - n-em-bt- XmsS ChnSw tI{µo-I-cn-®mWv hn.-F-®v.-]n. {]h¿Ø-\-߃ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. B¿.- F - k v . - F -   ns‚ hy‡nXm¬]-cy-Øn-e[ - n-jT v n-Xa - mb CS-s]-Se - pIƒaqew Ipg-∏-Øn-emb Ncn-{X-amWv tIc-f-Øn¬ hn.-F-®v.-]n-bp-tS-Xv. B¿.-F-kv.-F- nse Hcp hn`mKw hn.- ] n. P\m¿±- \ - s \- X nsc Xncn- ™ tXmsS At±- l - Ø n\v A[n- I - \ mƒ AhnsS ]nSn-®p-\n¬°m-\m-bn-√. HSphn¬ At±lw {]Nm-cI - ] - Z- hn Dt]-£n®p. hn.-F-®v.-]n-tbmSv hnSbpw sNm√n. P\m¿±-\-\p-tijw Cchn chn \ºq-Xncn- ∏ mSmbn- c p∂p apJy- k w- L m- S - I ≥. ]n∂oSv At±lw Xs‚ Pohn-Xk - º - mZyw apgp-h≥ B¿.-F-kv.-F- n\v ssIam-dnb-tijw k\ym-kn-bm-bn. Beph bp.kn. tImtf-Pn-\p-k-ao]w X{¥-hn-Zym]oTw {]h¿Øn- ° p∂ t£{Xhpw kzØp- ° fpw B¿.- F - k v . - F -   n\v ssIam-dn-bXv At±-l-am-Wv. ]t£, Ah-km-\-Im-eØv hn.-F-®v.-]n-bpsS h¿°nwKv hna≥kv tlmÃ-en¬ Poh\-°m-cn-bmbncp∂ Xs‚ aIsf ]pd-Øm°p- ∂ - X p- h sc At±- l - Ø n\v I≠p\n¬t°-≠n-h∂ - p. Imin hniz- \ m- Y - \ m- b n- c p∂p

]n∂oSv h∂ {]ap- J ≥. kwÿm\ kwL-S\m sk{I-´d - n, t£{Xo-bk - w-LS\m sk{I-´dn F∂o Npa-Xe - I - ƒ At±l-Øn\v hln-t°-≠-Xmbn h∂n-´p-≠v. ]t£, Imin hniz-\m-Y≥ XpS-°w-apXte B¿.-Fk - v.F -   - ns‚ IÆnse IcSm-bn-cp-∂p. hn`mKv Imcy-hmlv Bbncp∂ B¿. -c-ho-{µs\ P\-d¬ sk{I-´dn-bm-°n-s°m≠v Imin hniz-\m-Ys\ \nb-{¥n-°m≥ B¿.-Fk - v.F - k - v. {ian-®psh-¶nepw AXp-]-ecpw I≠n-√. ]n. N{µ-ti-J-c≥, hn.-sI. hniz-\m-Y≥ F∂o apXn¿∂ {]Nm-cI - sc ]n∂oSv hn.F-®v.] - n-bn-te°v Ab-®p-sh-¶nepw B¿.F-k.v F -   - n\v Ahsc Xncn-s®-Sp-t°-≠nh-∂p. kwL-S\ Imin hniz-\m-Y-t\msSm- ∏ - a m- b n- c p∂p F∂- X m- b n- c p∂p CXn\p Imc- W w. ASpØ Dugw IpΩ\w cmP-ti-J-c-t‚-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. B¿.-F-kv.-Fkv \n¿tZ-i-߃ \S-∏m°p-∂-Xn¬ IpΩ-\-Øn\pw hep-Xmsbm∂pw sNøm≥ Ign-™n-√. kwLS\m sk{I-´dn F∂ \nebv°v IpΩ\w ]cm-P-b-am-bn-cp∂p F∂p Npcp-°w. hn`mKv {]Nm-cIv Bbn-cp∂ sI. lcn{]-km-Zns\ hn.-F® - .v ] - n-bn-te°v Ab-°p∂Xv Aß-s\-bm-Wv. Imin hniz-\mYs‚ {Sq∏ns\ C√m-Xm-°pI F∂-Xmbn- c p∂p At±- l - Ø n\p e`n® \n¿tZiw. _Pvdw-KZv ƒ I¨ho-\¿ F∂ a´n¬ sI.-B¿. IÆ≥ F∂ Pn√m {]Nm-cIpw klm-bØ - n-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CsXms° {]iv\-߃ aq¿—n-∏n®p F∂p-am-{Xw. B¿.- F - k v . - F -   ns‚ Npa- X e hln-°p∂hcmWv hn.-F-®v.-]n-bnse ]e {]ap-J-cpw. tZiob sshkv{]-knU‚m-bn-cp∂ s{]m^. ]ptØ-gØv cmaN-{µ≥ B¿.-F-kv.-F-kv. Fd-Wm-Ipfw hn`mKv kwL- N m- e - I m- b n- c p- ∂ p. kwÿm\ {]kn-U‚ v sI.-hn. aZ-\≥ Beph Pn√m kl-kw-LN - m-eI - m-bn-cp∂p. sshkv {]kn-U‚mb Pn. alm-tZh≥ Xr»q¿ Pn√m kwL-Nm-eIv Bbncp-∂p. CXn\p ]pd-sa-bmWv aq∂p {]Nmc-I-∑m¿. tNcn-Xn-cn-™p≈ kwL¿jam-bn-cp∂p CXn-s‚-sbms° ^ew. CXns‚sbmSp-hn¬ s{]m^. ]ptØgØv cma-N-{µ≥ hn.-F-®v.-]n. tZiob sshkv {]kn-U‚ v ÿm\hpw hn`mKvkw-L-Nm-eIv F∂ ]Z-hnbpw H-gn™p. k¿°m¿ k¿ho- k nepw a‰pw D∂X Npa-X-e-Iƒ hln-°p-∂-hsc BI¿jn-°m≥ B¿.-F-kv.-F- n\v hn.F-®v.]n klm-bI - c - a - m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn\p X° {]h¿Ø\ ]≤-Xn-Ifpw kwL-S\bv°v D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]e ÿe-ßfnepw Ipsd t£{X-߃ kz¥-am-bp≈-Xp-sIm≠v kwL-S\ Nen-°p-∂p- sh∂-√msX Ct∏mƒ HmP v h‰nb \nebn-emWv AXv. ]cn-hm¿ {]ÿm-\-߃ kwLØns‚ shdpw apJwaqSn-Iƒ Bh-Wsa∂v tKmƒhƒ°¿ B{K- l n- ® n- ´ ns√∂pw F∂m¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ kwLw CXmWv B{K-ln-°p-∂-sX∂pw hn.-F®v.-]n. tZiob sshkv {]kn-U‚m-bn-

48

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

cp∂ s{]m^. ]n. cma-N{- µ≥ ]d-bp-∂p. a°ƒ°v {]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-Ic - pXv F∂m{K- l n- ° p∂ A—- s \- t ∏m- s e- b mWv kwLw. {]Nm-c-I≥ ]cn-hm¿ {]ÿm\- ß - f n- t e°v \ntbm- K n- ° - s ∏- ´ m¬ Abmsf kwi- b n- ° m≥ XpS- ß p∂ ÿnXn-bm-Wp-≈-Xv. {]i-kvXntbm ]Zhntbm e`n-®m¬ ]ns∂ ]d-bp-Ibpw th≠ ˛s{]m-^. cma-N-{µ≥ ]d-bp-∂p. tcmKw sXmgn-emfn kwL-S\ - bv°pw ]cn-hm¿ hn`m-K-ßsf _m[n-®n´p≈ Ass\-Iy-Øns‚ tcmK-߃, sXmgn-emfn kwL-S\ - b - m-bn´pw `mc-Xob akvZq¿ kwLn-s\bpw (_n.-Fw.-F-kv.) ]nSn-Iq-Sn-bn-´p-≠v. I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fnIƒ, tXm´w-ta-Je - , ao≥]n-SpØ taJe XpSßn k¿°m¿ Poh- \ - ° m- c psS kwL-S-\-Iƒ hsc _n.-Fw.-F- n\p Iogn-ep-≠v. F∂m¬, Cu taJ-e-I-fnsem∂pw \n¿Wm-bI i‡n-bmbn Dbcm≥ Ah¿°v km[n-®n-´n-√. kwL-S\m sk{I-´-dn-bm-bn-cp∂ B¿. t- hWp tKm]m¬ tZiob Xe-Ønte°v Db¿∂-Xn\p tij-amWv On{Zhm-k-\-Ifpw Ipg-∏-ßfpw _n.-Fw.-F n¬ cq]-sa-Sp-Ø-sX∂v Nq≠n-°m-Wn°-s∏-Sp-∂p. kwÿm-\sØ BZysØ B¿.-F-kv.-F-kv. {]Nm-c-I-∑m-cn¬ HcmfmWv thWp-tKm-]m¬, Ipd-®p-\mƒ P\kw- L - Ø nepw ]n∂oSv _n.- F w.- F  nepw {]h¿Øn°m≥ At±lw \ntbm-Kn-°s - ∏-´p. tIc-fØ - n¬ _n.-Fw.F- ns‚ {]h¿Ø\w XpS-ßn-bXv At±l-am-sW∂p ]d-bmw. 1977˛¬ tI{µØn¬ P\-Xm-k¿°m¿ A[n-Im-cØ - n¬ h∂-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂p-≠mb A\p-Iqe kml- N - c y- ß ƒ _n.- F w.- F -   ns‚ hf¿®bv°v hgn-sh-®p. Ht´sd s]mXpta-Je - m-ÿm-]\ - ß - f - n¬ Ah¿°v bq\nb-\p-Ifpw AwKo-Im-c-hp-am-bn. AXn-\nS-b° v mWv thWp-tKm-]m¬ tZiob XeØn-te°v am‰-s∏-´-Xv. ]n∂o-S-tßm´v {]iv\ß - ƒ XpS-sc-bp-≠m-bn. thWp-tKm-]m-en-\p-tijw ]n.-Sn. dmhp-hmWv P\-d¬ sk{I-´dn ]Z-Ønse-Øn-b-Xv. Imcy-߃ s]s´-∂p-am-dn. _m¶v h¿t°gvkv Hm¿K-ss\-tk-js‚ t\Xm-hm-bn-cp∂ sI.-F-kv.- `´v, dmhphns\ Hgn-hm°n sk{I-´-dn-bmbn. B¿.F-kv.F - kv {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn kwL-S\m Npa-Xe hln-®n-cp∂ sI.- Kw-Km-[c - \pw `´pw XΩn¬ sX‰m\pw A[nIw Xmak-ap-≠m-bn-√. XpS¿∂v sI.-Fk - .v `´ns\ \o°p-Ibpw Xan-gv\m-´p-Im-c-\mb F≥.Fw. kpIp-am-cs\ sk{I-´-dn-bm-°pIbpw sNbvXp. kpIp-am-c≥ h∂-tXmsS B¿.- thWp-tKm-]m-ens‚ ]nSn-bn¬ Imcy-߃ Aa¿∂p. tZiob sshkv {]kn-U‚ v kn.-sI. kPn \mcm-b-W≥, hn. cm[mIr-jvW≥, Fkv. Zzc-cmPv XpS-ßn-bh - ¿ i‡-cm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXn-\nsS sISp-Im-cy-ÿ-X-sb-°p-dn®pw kmºØnI {Ia- t °- S p- I - s f- ° p- d n- ® p- a p≈ Bt£-]-߃ clky k¿°p-e-dp-Ifmbn _n.-Fw.-F- n-\-IØpw kwLv-]cn-hm-dn-\-IØpw {]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p. CtX°p-dn®v sXfn-sh-Sp∏pw At\z-j-Whpw

\S-∂p. F≥.- F w. kpIp- a m- c \v tIc- f Øn¬ ]nSn®p \n¬°m≥ {]bm-k-am-bXn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v Xncn®v Xan-g\ v m-´n-te-°pXs∂ Ab-®p. Z¬ln-bn¬ {]h¿Øn®n-cp∂ ]n.-Sn. dmhp-hns\ tIc-f-Øn¬ sIm≠p-h∂v P\-d¬ sk{I-´-dn-bm-°pI-bpF sNbvXp. ASp-ØnsS dmhp-hns\bpw P\-d¬ sk{I-´dn ÿm\-Øp\n∂v am‰n-bn-cn-°p-Ib - m-Wv. AXn-\nsS tIc-f-Øn¬ CS-s]-Scp-sX∂v B¿. thWptKm]m-en-t\mSv kwÿm- \ sØ B¿.- F - k v . - F - k v . t\XrXzw \n¿tZ-in-®p. thWp-tKm-]m¬ _n.-Fw.-F  - n¬\n∂v ]pd-Øm-sb-¶nepw {Kq∏v Xncn- ™ p≈ X¿°- ß ƒ Ct∏mgpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. kwÿm\ sk{I-´dn Fkv.- Zz-cc - m-Pv, JPm≥Pn hn. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, Sn.-hn. i¶-c-\m-cm-bW≥, Fw.-sI. Ia-e≥ XpS-ßn-b-hscms° Hcp tNcn-bn-em-Wv. sI.-sI. hnP-b-Ip-am¿, F≥.-sI. taml≥Zmkv XpS-ßn-bh - ¿ adp-tN-cn-bn-epw. sI. KwKm[-c∂mWv as‰mcp tNcn-bpsS t\Xr-Xzw. tNcn-t∏mcv kln-°m-\m-hmsX {]ap- J - c mb A`n- ` m- j - I - c pƒs∏sS ]ecpw _n.-Fw.-F-kn¬\n∂v ]n≥hmßn. Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - pcw Pn√m {]kn-U‚mbn-cp∂ kn. tKm]m-eI - r-jvW≥ \mb¿ Ah-cn¬ {]ap-J-\m-Wv. CXc cmjv{Sob sXmgn¬kw-LS- \-I-fn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-´n-´p≈ Zpjv{]-hW-X-Iƒ _n.-Fw.-F- nepw A\y-a-√. Xmeq-°˛-v P - n√m Npa-Xe hln-®h - ¿ [\mVy-cmb IY-Iƒ kwL-v]-cn-hm-dnse AI-Ø-f-ß-fn¬ ]d-™p-tIƒ°mw. sXmgn-emfn ]T-\-tI{µw ÿm]n-°m≥ GXm≠v 80 e£w cq] ]ncn-s®-Sp-t°≠-Xpt≠m F∂p tNmZn-°p-∂h - ¿ Gsdbm-W.v F∂m¬ hy‡n- I ƒ XΩn¬ kzm`m-hn-I-am-bp-≠m-hp∂ {]iv\-ß-fn√msX Xo¿°m≥ Ign-bmØ {]Xn-k‘n-Is - fm∂pw kwL-S\ - b - n-en-s√∂v Xeap- X n¿∂ t\Xmhpw _n.- F w.- F kv kwÿm\ sshkv {]kn-U‚p-amb sI.Kw-Km-[c - ≥ ]d-bp-∂p. Zpjv{]-hW - X - I - ƒ {i≤-bn¬s∏-´m¬ AXv \nb-{¥n-°m≥ {ian-°m-dp-≠v. ^mIvSdn cwK-Øp≈ sXmgn¬ kwL-S-\-Iƒ°v s]mXpsh £oWw kw`-hn-®n-´p-s≠-¶nepw AkwL- S nX taJ- e - b n¬ _n.- F w.- F kv apt∂‰w \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. 50˛mw hm¿jnI-Øns‚ `mK-am-bp≈ ]≤-Xn-b-\p-kcn-®mWv sXmgn-emfn ]T\ Kth-j-WtI{µw Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv ÿm]n-°m≥ \n›-bn-®-Xv. CXn\v ]Ww ]ncn-®-Xn¬ Ahn-ln-Xa - mbn H∂p-an-√˛- A - t- ±lw ]d™p. CS-s]-Se - p-Iƒ°v hn]-co-X^ - e - ß - ƒ ]cn-hm¿ kwL-S-\-I-fn¬ t\cn´v CS-s]-Sp∂ ]Xnhv B¿.-F-kv.-F- n-\n√m-bn-cp-∂p. B¿.-Fk - v.F - k - v. Hcp {]Nmc-Is\ \¬Ipw. AXn-eqsS kwL-S\sb \nb- { ¥n- ° mw. CXm- b n- c p∂p ssien. AXn\p am‰w h∂Xv CubnsS-bm-Wv. kwL-S-\sb \∂m-°m\pw \nb-{¥n-°m-\p-sa-∂mWv t\cn-´p≈ CS-

s]-Se - n\v Imc-Wa - mbn ]d-bp-∂X - v. AXv ]e-t∏mgpw hn]-co-X-^-e-am-Wp-≠m-°nb-X.v CS-s]-Sp∂ B¿.-Fk - .v F - kv t\Xmhns‚ Xm¬]-cyhpw ]cn-N-b-°p-dhpw a‰pw {]iv\-߃ krjvSn® A\p-`-hhp-ap-≠v. tIc-fØ - nse ]cn-hm¿ kwL-S\ - I-fn¬ Imcy-amb apt∂‰w \S-Øn-bXv _me- t Km- I p- e - a m- W v . B¿.- F - k v . - F  ns‚ A\m-h-iy-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Isf sNdp-°m≥ AXn\p Ign-bp-∂p. Fw.F. Irjv W - s \- t ∏m- e p≈ apXn¿∂ {]Nm-cI - s‚ km∂n[yw sIm≠m-hWw AXn-\-h¿°v km[n-®-Xv. Fw.-F. IrjvW\ - m-bn-cp∂p Zo¿LImew "tIkcn' bpsS apJy-]{- Xm-[n-]¿. ]n.-sI. kpIp-am-c≥ ]{Xm-[n-]cpw. Fw. cmL-h-\m-bn-cp∂p amt\-Pcpw {]km-[I-\pw. cmL-h\pw IrjvW\pw B¿.F-kv.-Fkv {]Nm-c-I-∑m¿ F∂ \nebv°mWv Cu Npa-Xe hln-®n-cp-∂-Xv. km[m-cW \nebv°v {]Nm-c-I-∑m¿°v Pohn-Xm¥yw hsc B¿.-F-kv.-F-kv. G¬]n® tPmen sNømw F∂mWv ]Xnhv. ]t£, CS-°m-eØv Ch¿°v "dn´b¿sa‚ v' G¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \o°-am-bn. AtX- Ø p- S ¿∂v "tIkcn'bn¬\n∂v BZyw Fw.-F. IrjvW\pw ]n∂oSv cmL-h\pw Hgn-hm-°-s∏-´p. Zn\- ] - { X- a mb "P∑- ` q- a nbn'epw kam-\-amb Imcy-ß-fmWv \S-∂-Xv. Ign™ Bdp-h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ]{XØn¬\n∂v aq∂v No^v FUn‰¿am¿°pw Hcp FUn-‰¿°pw Cd-ßnt∏m-tI-≠n-h∂ - p. BZy-Ime B¿.-Fk - v.F-kv. {]Nm-c-I-\mb ]n. \mcm-b-W\mWv Ah-cn-sem-cmƒ. \cm-b-W\p tijw h∂ s{]m^. Xpd-hq¿ hnizw-`c\pw lcn Fkv. I¿Ø°pw Zpc-\p-`h-ß-fmWv B¿.-F-kv.Fkv t\Xm-°fn¬ \n∂v D≠m-bs - X∂v ]d-bp∂p G‰hpsam-Sp-hn¬ sI.-hn.-Fk - .v lcn-Zm-kns‚ ÿnXnbpw adn-®m-bn-√. tIc-f-Ønse ]{Xm-[n-]k - w-LS- \ - b - psS ÿm]I P\d¬ sk{I-´dn IqSn-bmb At±-lsØ Bt£-]n®v ]pd-¥≈ - p--Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂mWv Btcm-]-Ww. t£{Xob {]NmcIv Fkv. tkXp-am-[-h-\mWv Cu Icp\o-°-߃°p ]n∂nse _p≤n-tI-{µsa∂v Hcp Iq´¿ Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. hnZym- \ n- t I- X ≥, h\- h mkn Ieym¨ B{iaw XpS-ßn-bhbn¬ B`y-¥c - {- ]-iv\ß - ƒ CXp-t]m-se-bn-√. ]pd- t Øbv ° v Hgp- I n- s b- Ø n- b n- ´ n√ F∂pw hcmw. apXn¿∂ {]Nm-c-I-cn¬ Hcm-fmb F.-hn. `mkvI¿Pn-bmWv hnZym\n-tI-Xs‚ {]h¿Ø\w tIc-fØn¬ XpS-ßn-bX - .v "am¿K-Z¿in' F∂p ]d™v At±- l sØ ]n∂oSv am‰n- \ n¿Øn F∂Xv as‰mcp Imcyw. {]ÿm-\-Øn\p th≠n PohnXw \o°n-sh®v ]n∂oSv Xg-b-s∏´ Ht´sd apXn¿∂ {]h¿Ø-Isc Cßs\ ImWmhp-∂-Xm-Wv. B¿.-F-kv.-F-kv. t\XrXzsØ `b∂v hna¿i-\-Øn\v Bcpw apXn-cp-∂n-s√∂v am{Xw. B¿.-Fk - v.F -   - ns‚ imk-\I - sf ]c-ky-ambn FXn¿°m≥ Xøm-dmb Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

Hcmƒ _n.-sP.-]n. t\Xmhv kn.-sI. ]fl-\m-`-\m-h-Ww. B¿.-F-kv.-Fkv {]Nm-c-I-\mbn s]mXp-cw-K-Øp-h∂ ]fl-\m-`≥ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ t\Xm-°fn¬ Hcm-fm-bXv ]e¿°pw ckn-®n-√. kwL-]-cn-hm-dns‚ tbmK-ß-fn¬\n∂v BZyw At±-lsØ AI-‰n-\n¿Øn, ]n∂oSv ]c- k y- a mbn ]e- b n- S Øpw Bt£-]n®v kwkm-cn-®p. kln-sI-´t∏mƒ ]fl-\m-`≥ {]Xn-Ic - n-°m≥ Xømdm-bn. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw temIvk`m D]sX-cs - ™-Sp-∏n¬ B¿.-Fk - .v F - k - .v At±l-tØmSv ]Icw ho´p-Ibpw sNbvXp. sI.-Pn. amcm-sc-t∏mepw {]ÿm\w ad-∂p-Xp-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. C°-gn™ G{]n¬ 25˛\m-bn-cp∂p At±-lØ - ns‚ Nc-ah - m¿jn-Iw. sXc-s™-Sp∏v Ime-ambn- c p∂p F∂v ]d- ™ p- \ n¬°m- s a¶nepw At±-lsØ kvacn-°m≥ DNn-Xamb NSßv kwL- S n- ∏ n- ® n- s √∂ Bt£]w _m°n-\n¬°p-∂p. sh√phnfn-Iƒ \nc-h[n `mhnsb°p- d n®v th≠- h n[w Nn¥n-°m\pw AXn-\\ - p-kr-Xa - mb I¿a]- ≤ - X n- I ƒ Xøm- d m- ° m\pw km[n°msX h∂Xv B¿.-F-kv.-F ns‚ KXn ]n∂m- ° - a m- h p- ∂ - X n\v ImcWamtWm? kaq-l-Ønse kml-N-cyß-fn-ep-≠mb am‰w kwL-S\ - bv°v hneßp-XS- n-bm-bn-´pt≠m? lnµpXz Nn¥m- K Xn hf¿ØemWv {]Xy-£-Øn¬ B¿.-F-kv.-Fkv Dt±- i n- ® n- c p- ∂ - X v . AXn- \ - ∏ pdw ]e e£y-ßfpw AXn-\p-≠m-hm-sa-¶nepw ]c-ky-ambn ]d-™Xv AsXm-s°-bmWv . bp‡n- h m- Z hpw Iayq- W n- k hpw tkmjy-enÃv Nn¥-KX - nbpw Id-If - ™ cq]-Øn¬ bph-X-e-ap-d-bn¬ {]_-eambn kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-cp∂ Hcp thf-bn¬X-s∂-bmWv B¿.-Fk - .v F -   - n\v Xß-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w ChnsS i‡am-°m≥ Ign-™Xv F∂v Icp-Xp-∂h - ¿ Ipd-h-√. C°mew 1960˛I-fpsS Ahkm\w apX¬ 80 hsc F∂p ]d-bmw. t£{Xm-cm-[-\, aX-t_m[w XpS-ßnb Imcy-ßf - n¬ ]n∂o-Sp-≠mb am‰-ßf - n¬ B¿.- F - k v.- F -   ns‚ {]h¿Ø- \ ߃°p-IqSn ]¶p≠v F∂v Bcpw \ntj-[n-°n-√. t£{X-ß-fn¬ Xnc-t°dn, hcp-am\w h¿[n-®p, XI¿∂p-In-S∂ - ncp∂ t£{X-߃ ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°-s∏-´p. ]e-bn-SØpw ]p\x-{]-Xn-jvTI - ƒ \S-∂p. \m´p- I m- c psS ]q¿W- k - l - I - c - W tØmsSbmbn-cp∂p CsXm-s°. Iayq-WnÃp-Im¿t]mepw C∂v Aº-e-°-Ωn-‰n-Ifn¬ ÿm\w ]nSn-°p-∂Xv ImWp-∂p. hnf-°p-sh-°m\pw Hcp t\csØ ]pPbv°pw am¿K-an-√msX \mi-Øns‚ h°n-se-Øn-bn-cp∂ \qdp-I-W-°n\v t£{X-ß-fpsS \ho-I-c-W-Øn\v ]cnhm¿ kwL-S-\-I-fmb tIc-f-t£{X kwc-£W kan-Xnbpw hniz-ln-µp-]-cnj-Øp-sams° BZy-Im-eØv ITn-\m[zm\w \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠.v C∂-Xns‚ Bhiy-an-√m-Xm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cusbmcp kml-Ncyw B¿.-Fk - .v F-   ns\ {]Xn- I q- e - a mbn _m[n- ® n´pt≠m? t£{X-Po¿tWm-≤m-cW - Ø - n-\p-

48

i_-cn-ae tZh-{]iv\w

Xpem-`mcw XpS-ßWw; elcn hkvXp-°ƒ sIm≠p-h-c-cpXv Xpem-`mcw hgn-]m-Smbn XpS-ß-W-sa∂pw AXv tZh\v lnX-am-sW∂pw i_-cn-ae - b - n¬ \S-°p∂ tZh-{]-iv\Ø - n¬ shfn-s∏-´p. s\søm-gnsI i¿°-c, ]gw, ]©-kmc XpSßn Xpem-`m-c-Øn\v km[m-cW - b - mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ km[-\ß - ƒ Chn-sSbpw AXn\v BImhp-∂X - m-sW∂v tZh-{]-iv\Ø - n¬ apJy-ssZ-h⁄ - ≥ ]c-∏\ - ß - mSn DÆn-IrjvW∏ - W - n-°¿ ]d-™p. Ccp-ap-Sn-s°-´n¬ adp-\m-´p-Im¿ Idp-∏v, I©m-hv, ]pI-bn-e, Npcp´v XpS-ßnb el-cn-h-kvXp-°ƒ sIm≠p-h-cp-∂Xv Hgn-hm-°-W-sa-∂mWv shfns-∏´ as‰mcp Imcyw. A`n-tj-I-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ s\øv, If`w XpS-ßnb ]qP-{Zhy-߃ Aip-≤a- m-Wv. CXn¬ `K-hm\v Xr]vXn-bn-√. `K-hm\v \nth-Zn-°p∂ {]km-Z-Øns‚ Hcw-i-sa-¶nepw `‡¿°v \¬Ip∂ hgn-]mSv ss\th-ZyØn¬ tN¿°-Ww. amfn-I∏ - pdw hn]p-es- ∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ {iaw Dt]-£n-°Ww. ]nSn-®p-X-≈p-tam-sb∂ `b-tØm-sS-bmWv `‡¿ Ct∏mƒ Z¿i\w \S-Øp-∂-Xv. CXv tZh\v lnX-a-√. {hX-sa-Sp-Ø-hcpw hnizm-kn-I-fp-amb DtZym-K-ÿsc am{Xta i_-cn-a-e-bn¬ tPmen°v \ntbm-Kn-°m-hq. e£°-W-°n\v `‡-∑m¿ Z¿i-\-`mKyw In´msX aS-ßp-∂Xv tZh\v kln-°m\m-Ip-∂n-√. i_-cn-ae - b - n¬ Poh-\° - m-cpƒs∏-sS-bp-≈h - ¿ h≥ tamj-Wß - ƒ \S-Øp-∂p-≠v. hf-sc-°m-ea- mbn NS-™p-IqSn kam-¥c- `- c- Ww \S-Øp∂ A[¿an-I-f-S-ßp∂ kwLw Chn-sS-bp-≠v. CXv am‰m≥ t_m¿Uv \S-]-Snsb-Sp-°W - w. ]q¶m-h\w ]q¿Æ-ambpw tZh-kz-Øn-t‚-Xm-°W - w. Aßs\ sNøm-Ø-]£w ap°m¬∏¶pw A\ym-[o-\-s∏-t´-°pw. Ct∏mƒ ]q¶m-h\-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ kIe ssh]-co-Xy-ßfpw tZh-ssN-X-\ysØ tZmj-Ic-ambn _m[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

t_m¿Uw-Kß - sf XΩn¬Ø-√n-°m≥ t_m[-]q¿h-amb {iaw \S°p-∂p-s≠∂v ssZh-⁄≥ ]d-™p. I®-h-S-Øn¬ am{Xw IÆp≈ sIm≈-°q-´-߃°v tlm´-ep-Iƒ \¬I-cp-Xv. Aln-µp-°sf ChnsS hym]mcw \S-Øm-\\ - p-hZ- n-°c- p-Xv. ]Icw tZhkzw t_m¿Up-Xs∂ Z¿i\-Øn-s\-Øp∂ apgp-h≥ `‡¿°pw `£Ww sImSp-°-Ww. ChnsS A\y-aX - ÿ - c- p-sS, ]mSn-√mØ Bcm-[\ - m-{Iaw Hgn-hm-°W - w. cmin- N - { I- t e- J - \ - Ø n¬ tOZw, ]mZ- k v ] ¿iw, i‡n- £ bw CsXms° tZmj-am-bn-°≠ - p. hmkvXp-tZm-jw, ]mSn-√m-Øb - m-fp-Iƒ _nw_kv]¿iw \S-ج, ta¬im-¥n°pw X{¥n-°p-sam∏w a‰m-fp-Iƒ IqsS°-bd- ¬ F∂n-h- Im-cWw `K-hm\v sskzc-°p-dh - p-≠v. Xncp-hm-`c- W - ß - ƒ hnti-jZ- n-hk - ß - f- n¬ Ae-¶c- n-°p-∂X - n-\p≈h-bm-Wv. CXv {]Z¿i-\Ø - n-\p-h®v ]W-ap-≠m-°p-∂Xv icn-b√ - . ]º-bn¬ ]¥fw cmPmhv `kvaw sImSp-°p-∂-Xn\p ]n∂nepw ]W-ap-≠m-°-emWv e£yw. CsXms° sIm´m-c-Øn-\p-Xs∂ tZmj-am-Wv. Xm{¥n-Ih - n-Zybpw ]qPm-Zn-I¿a-ßfpw t£{Xm-Nm-cß - fpw ]Tn-°m≥ ]mT-im-e-I-fp-≠m-h-Ww. X{¥n-am-cpsS Hcp kwLw t£t{Xm-]-tZ-i-Øn\mbpw thWw. ta¬im¥n \nb-a-\-Øn¬ kzm[o\w \S-∂n-´p-s≠∂pw i_-cn-a-ebn¬ ta¬im-¥n°v B{K-ln-°p∂ ]qP-Iƒ sNøm-\m-hmØ hnj-a-aps≠∂pw {]iv\-Øn¬ sXfn-™p. {]iv\-]q-P-bn¬ Nph∂ ]pjv]-ap-]tbm-Kn-®Xv tZmj-sØbpw A`n-hr-≤n-bpsS apS-°-sØbpw kqNn-∏n-°p∂-Xm-sW∂v ssZh-⁄≥ ]d-™p. ]pd-s∏-Sm-im-¥n-k-{º-Zmbw ]q¿W-am-Ip-∂n-√. Aø-∏s‚ tIm]Øn\p Imc-W-°m-cm-Ip∂ Nne¿ Ct∏mgpw i_-cn-a-e-bn-ep-≠v. Ch¿ kq£n-°W - s- a∂pw hcp∂ aI-ch - n-f°v Ign-bpw-hsc A]-IS- a- p-≠m-ImsX {i≤n-°W - s- a∂pw ssZh-⁄≥ ap∂-dn-bn∏v sImSp-Øp. tZh-kzw-t_m¿Uv {]kn-U‚v AUz.-Pn. cma≥ \mb¿, t_m¿Uw-Kß-fmb ]p\-eq¿ a[p, Fw.-_n. {ioIp-am¿, X{¥n IWvT-cv cmPoh-cv, ]¥fw cmP-{]-Xn-\n-[n, tZhkzw Iao-jW - ¿ kn.-Pn. k®n-Xm-\µ - ≥, lnµp sFIy-thZn Hm¿K-ss\-knwKv sk{I-´dn IpΩ\w cmP-ti-Jc- ≥, i_-cn-ae tZhkzw FIvkn-Iyq-´ohv Hm^o-k¿ hn.-Fk - v. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥ \mb¿ F∂nh¿ k∂n-ln-Xc- m-bn-cp-∂p. (am-Xr-`q-an, 19/6/06)

th-≠n-b√ B¿.Fkv.Fkv. ]nd-hn-sbSp-ØXv F∂mWv CXn-\p-\¬Ip∂ DØcw. kwL-S-\-bpsS e£yw ]q¿Øo-Icn-®n-´n-s√∂pw At±lw ]d-bp-∂p. imJI-fn¬ hcp-∂-h¿ Ipd-bp∂p F∂p ]dbp-∂X - n-t\mSpw At±lw tbmPn-°p-∂n√. Ipd™ Bfp-Iƒ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂ imJ-Ifpw IqSp-X¬ t]¿ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂ imJ-Ifpw apºp-ap≠v, Ct∏m-gp-ap≠v F∂mWv At±lw ]d-bp-∂X - v. kap-Zmb kwL-S-\-I-fmb F≥.F-kv.F -   - p-ambpw Fkv.F - ≥.-Un.-]n.-bpambpw _‘w hf¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ kw`hn® hogvNI - ƒ B¿.-Fk - v.F -   - n\v hn\bm-bn-´p-≠v. F≥.-F-kv.-F pw Fkv.F≥.-Un.-]nbpw [mc-W-bn-se-Øn-bt∏mƒ B¿.- F - k v . - F -   n\v ]pdØp \n¬t°- ≠ n- h - ∂ p. Fw.- F - k v. tKmƒhƒ°¿°v a∂Øp ]Xv\m-`-\pambn \√ _‘-amWp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ ]n¬°me B¿.-F-kv.-Fkv t\Xr-Xz-Øns‚ ÿnXn AX-√. inhKncn {]iv\Ø - n¬ kzman imiz-Xo-Im-\µbv°v FXnsc kzman {]Im-im-\-µbpsS ]£w ]nSn-®Xpw B¿.-F-kv.-F n\v hn\-bm-bn. 1980˛ƒ hsc tIc-fØnse k\ym-kn-k-aq-l-Øn¬ kwL]-cn-hm-dn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ kzm[o\w C∂ns√∂v ]d-bp-∂p. CXn-s\-√m-an-S-bn¬ ]pXnb ta®n¬ÿ- e - ß ƒ Is≠-

Øp∂Xn¬ t\XrXzw ]cm-P-b-s∏´p F∂pw hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂m¬ kwL- Ø n\v tIc- f Øn¬ H´pw tami-a-√mØ km∂n[yw Ds≠∂p Xs∂-bmWv DØ-ch - m-Zs - ∏-´h - cpsS Dd® hnizm-kw. kwL-Øns‚ hf¿® Cs√- ¶ n¬ lnµp- k - a p- Z m- b Øns‚ ÿnXn ]cn-Xm-]I - c - a - m-hp-sa∂v B¿.-F-kv.-F- ns‚ {]Nm¿{]-apJpw "tIkcn' {]Xm-[n-]c - p-amb B¿. k⁄b≥ ]d-bp-∂p. kwL-sa∂ hnime IpSpw-_Ønse _lp- P - \ - k w- L - S - \ - I - f psS {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ kw`-hn-t®-°m-hp∂ t]mcm-ba v I - f - psS DØ-hm-ZnXzw apgp-h≥ kwL-Øn¬ Btcm-]n-°p-∂Xv icn-bs√- ∂ mWv At±- l - Ø ns‚ ]£w. ImcWw kwL-S-\-I-fpsS ta¬ B¿.F-kv.-Fkv sNep-Øp∂ \nb-{¥Ww A\u-]N - m-cn-Ia - m-Wv. P\-Iob {]ÿm\-ß-fp-sSbpw kzbw tkh-I-cp-sSbpw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Fßs\ ka-c-k-s∏SpØpw F∂Xv B¿.- F - k v . - F -   n¬ Xs∂ N¿® sNøp∂ hnj- b - a msW∂pw k⁄-b≥ ]d-™p. kwLw ]pXnb taJ-eI - ƒ Is≠Øp-∂n√ F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv icn-b-s√∂mWv At±-l-Øns‚ ]£w. ]pXnb kmaq-lnI kml-Nc - y-߃ DS-se-Sp-°ptºmƒ B afi-eß - f - n¬ IS∂v kzbw

50

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

tkh-I¿ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. kztZin imkv{X {]ÿm\w tIc-f-Øn-emWv XpS-ßn-bX - .v ]n∂oSv AXv AJn-te¥ym Xe- Ø n¬ hn⁄m≥ `mc- X n- b mbn hf¿∂p. kmaq-ln-ssI-Iy-Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂ kmaq-lnI ka-cX - m-a©v almcm-j{v S-bn¬ cq]-sa-Sp-Øn-´p-≠.v Cu taJe- b n¬ a‰n- S - ß - f n- e p- ≈ - h ¿°pw {]h¿Øn-°m-hp-∂t- X-bp-≈q. Cu coXnbn¬, kwL-S\ - I - f - psS Bhn¿`m-hß - ƒ ap≥Iq´n \n›-bn-°m-hp-∂-X-s√∂pw At±lw Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. CsXms° KpW-]c - a - mb hf¿®-bm-Wv. hy‡n-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ kº¿°Øn¬ D≠m-hp∂ Dc-k-ep-Isf s]cp∏n®v ImWn-°p-∂Xv icn-b-s√-∂mWv apXn¿∂ {]h¿Ø-I-\mb ]n. ]c-ta-izcs‚ ]£w. kº¿°- ß - f n¬ Ft∏mgpw am\p-jn-I-amb Awi-ß-fp≠m-hpw. kwL-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø\w \qdp-iX - a - m-\hpw Xr]vXn-Ic - a - m-sW-∂√ - , Imcy- ß ƒ s]cp- ∏ n®p ImWn- ° p- I bmWv ˛At±lw ]d-bp-∂p. AtX-k-a-bw, Dd® {]h¿Ø-Icn¬Xs∂ Akw-Xr]vXn ]pI-bp-∂ps≠-∂X - mWv hmkvXh - w. ]Xn-hn-√m-Øhn[w CtX- ° p- d n®v AØ- c - ° m¿ Xpd∂p kwkm-cn-°m≥ Xøm-d-hp∂p F∂-Xp-Xs∂ AXns‚ kqN-\b - m-Wv.

aZy-]m\w

ae-bm-fn-bpsS aZy-]m-\m-k‡n `c-W-Iq-S-ß-fpsS kw`m-h\ aZy-Øn-eqsS k¿°m-cp-Iƒ tImSn-Iƒ hmcn-°q-´n-b-t∏mƒ P\-߃ kmº-ØnIambpw [m¿an-Ia- mbpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ia- mbpw ]m∏-cm-bn. aZy-]m\w aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ tcmK-߃°pw tdmU-]-I-S-߃°pw IpSpw_ XI¿®-Iƒ°pw \¬tI-≠n-h∂ hne aZy-Øn¬ \n∂pap≈ dh\yq hcp-am-\-Øns‚ A∏p-d-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. aZy-]m\w ae-bm-fn-bpsS Pohn-X-ssien-bm°n am‰nb DØ-ch - m-Zn-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂pw kwÿm\w `cn® `c-WI - q-Sß - ƒ°v Hgn-™pam-dm-\m-hn-√. aZy- ° - ® - h Sw s]mSn- s ]m- S n- ° pIbpw k¿°m¿ JP-\mhv XSn-®p-sImgp-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ aZy-Øns‚ Iqew-Ip-Øn-bp≈ Hgp-°n¬ XI¿∂-Sn™Xv tIc-f-Øns‚ kpÿn-Xnbpw [m¿anI kmwkvIm-cnI aqey-ßf - p-am-W.v kakvX Xn∑-If - p-sSbpw Dd-hnSw aZy-]m-\-am-sW∂ Km‘nPnbpsS A`n{]mbw A\z¿Y-am-°n-s°m≠v Ip‰-IrXy-ß-fpsS \mSmbn tIcfw amdn-°-gn™p. Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ß-fpsS C¥y≥ icmicn 175.6 BsW-¶n¬ tIc-fØ - n¬ CXv 306.5 BsW∂ `oIc bmYm¿Yyw \sΩ Aº-c-∏n-°p-∂p. kv{Xo]o-U-\-߃, IpSpw-_-h-g-°p-Iƒ, hnhm-l-tam-N-\߃, am\-knI tcmK-߃, tdmU-]-IS-߃ XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-fn¬ ssZhØns‚ kz¥w \mSv C¥y-bn¬ H∂mw ÿm\Øv \n¬°p-∂p. C{X Zb-\o-bhpw e÷m-I-c-hpamb Ah- ÿ - b n- t e°v kwÿm\w FØn-t®¿∂-Xn\p ]e-Im-c-W-ß-fps≠-¶nepw kwÿm\w amdn-amdn `cn® k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°mWv {][m\ DØ-ch - mZn-Øw. k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS dh\yq IΩn

k¿°m¿ aZy-hn¬]\ 1.34 ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

2006 Pq¨ 26 temI el-cn-hncp≤ Zn\w. ae-bm-fn-bpsS h¿[n-®p-hcp∂ aZy-]m-\-io-esØ kw_-‘n®v Hcp hnNn-¥\w kµ¿t`m-Nn-Xa - m-Wt- √m. 2005 am¿®v aq∂n\v tIcf \nb-a-k-`bn¬ A∂sØ FIvs - skkv a{¥n \SØnb {]kvXm-h\ sR´-ep-f-hm-°p-∂Xm-Wv. aZy-Øns‚ Btfm-lcn sNehv 2001˛¬ 420 cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2004-˛¬ 720 cq]-bn-te°v IpXn-®p-b¿∂p. aZy-Øns‚ Btfm-lcn D]-tbmKw 2.04 en‰-dn¬ \n∂pw 3.11 en‰-dmbn h¿[n-®p. CXv k¿°m¿ aZyØns‚ IW-°m-Wv. A\[n-IrX aZy-Øns‚ D]-tbmKw F{Xtbm aS-ßm-Wv. 15,000 tImSn cq]-bpsS aZyw Hcp h¿jw tIc-fo-b¿ AI-Øm-°p∂p F∂-XmWv Hcp A\u-tZym-KnI IW°v. Ign™ A©p-h¿jw sIm≠v 400 iX-am\w hf¿®-bmWv Cu cwKØp-≠m-bX - v. 2006 ]pXp-h¿j-Zn-\Ø - n¬ tIc-fØ - nse 351 hntZ-ia - Zy-jm-∏p-If - n¬ \n∂pw ae-bm-fn-Iƒ IpSn-®Xv 14.27 tImSn cq]-bpsS aZy-am-Wv. Ign-™h¿jw 2005˛¬ CXv 10.63 tImSn am{Xam-bn-cp-∂p. 35˛40 iX-am\w hf¿®bmWv CXv ImWn-°p-∂X - .v Zpc-¥ß - ƒ am{Xw hnX-bv°p∂ aZy-Øn-\p-th≠n tIc-f-Ønse P\-߃ sNe-hn-Sp∂ XpI-bpsS hep∏w F√m-h-scbpw A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. aZy-]m\w aebm-fn-bpsS Pohn-X-Øns‚ `mK-ambn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tIc-f-Øn¬ 351 hntZ-i-a-Zy-jm∏p-Ifpw 512 _mdp-Ifpw 4362 I≈pjm-∏p-Ifpw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. 2001˛¬ 1336 tImSnbpw 2002˛¬ 1847 tImSnbpw 2003˛¬ 2071 tImSnbpw 2004˛¬ 2422 tImSn cq]-bp-amWv kwÿm-\Øv aZyØns‚ hn‰p- h - c - h v . \mep- h ¿jwsIm≠v 1086 tImSn cq]- b psS h¿[\hv. 2001˛¬ 75 e£w sIbnkpw (Hcp sIbnkv 12 Ip∏n), 2002˛¬ 97 e£hpw 2003˛¬ Hcp-tImSn 16 e£hpw 2004˛¬ Hcp tImSn 34 e£w sIbnkv hntZ-i-a-Zyhpw hn‰gn-®p. 4 h¿jw sIm≠v 59 e£w sIbn- k ns‚ h¿[- \ - h v . 2004˛se _nb¿ hn¬]\ k¿h- I me sdt°m¿Um-bn-cp-∂p. 52 e£w sIbnkv.

\nI-Øm\pw Iq´m\pw Ign-™-Ime k¿°m-cp-Iƒ aZy-hy-h-km-b-cw-K-sØbmWv Zpcp-]t- bmKw sNbvXX - v. Ign™ 15 h¿jsØ Ncn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ dh- \ yqhn- \ p- t h≠n aZy- ] m- \ sØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw am\y-h¬°-cn°p-Ibpw hmWn-Py-h¬°-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ImWm≥ km[n°pw. kaq-l-Ønse A[-xÿnX h¿Kß-fmb a’y-sXm-gn-em-fn-Ifpw Zfn-Xcpw k¿°m¿ dh\yq hcp-am-\Ø - ns‚ _en°-√n¬ tlman-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. C∂pw Cu IncmX \b-Øn\v am‰-an-√. aZy-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am-\w -]m-]Øns‚ Iqen-bm-sW∂ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS Xm°oXv h\-tcm-Z-\-ambn amdn. tIcf aZy-hn-cp≤ kwL-S-\-IfpsS \nc-¥-c-amb ka-c-ß-fp-sSbpw \nth-Z-\-ß-fp-sSbpw ^e-ambn aZy-\ntcm-[\w L´w-L´- a - mbn \S-∏m-°p-sa∂p {]Jym-]n-®p-sIm≠v 1991˛¬ A[n-Im-cØn-te-dnb bp.-Un.-F-^v. k¿°m¿ aZyØns‚ e`yX Ipd-bv°mt\m jm∏p-IfpsS FÆw ]cn-an-Xs - ∏-Sp-Ømt\m Xbmdm-bn-√. 1996˛¬ apJy-a{¥n F.-sI. B‚Wn-bpsS Nmcmb \ntcm-[\w ]pØ≥ {]Xo- £ - I ƒ Db¿Ønsb- ¶ nepw XpS¿∂p-h∂ C.-sI. \mb-\m-cpsS F¬.Un.-F^ - .v k¿°m¿ k¿h-{]-Xo-£I - fpw X®p-S® - p-sIm≠v Nmcmb \ntcm-[\ - sØ A´n-a-dn-®p. km[m-c-W-°m-c\v hntZ-iaZyw A{]m-]y-am-°n-Øo¿°m≥ F.-sI. B‚Wn 200 iX-am-\-ambn Db¿Ønb aZyØns‚ Xocph \mb-\m¿ k¿°m¿ 100 iX-am-\-ambn Ipd-®p. I≈p-jm-∏pI-fp-sSbpw hntZ-ia - Z- y-jm-∏p-If - p-sSbpw FÆw h¿[n-∏n-®p. A\p-tbm-Py-am-bn-SsØ√mw _nb¿, ssh≥ ]m¿e- d pIƒ°v ssek≥kv \¬In.

1.16 97 75 sIbvkv

2001

2002

2003

2004

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

50

t£{X {]thiw

A\y-a-X-°msc hne-°p-∂Xv

thZ-߃°v hncp≤w A\y-a-X-Øn¬s∏´h¿°pw kv{XoIƒ°pw t£{X-ß-fn¬ hne°v I¬]n-°p-∂Xv thZ-hn-cp-≤-am-sW∂v {]apJ Ihnbpw thZ-]fin-X-\p-amb s{]m^. hnjvWp-\m-cm-b-W≥ \ºq-Xncn Nq≠n-°m-´n. Ahn-izm-kn-Isf h¿[n-∏n-°m-\-√, hnizm-kn-Isf ]cn-]m-en-°m\mWv t£{X-ßsf∂v tIcf {_mlvaW - k - ` ap≥ {]kn-U‚pw {]ikvX \yqtdm k¿P-\p-amb tUm.-Fw. kmw_-in-h≥ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p. Xfn-∏dºv cmP-cm-tP-izc t£{X-Øn¬ {]m¿Yn-®-Xn\v {]apJ Ne-®n-{X-Xmcw aocm Pmkvan-\n¬\n∂v Ac-e£w cq] ]cn-lm-c-{In-b-I-fpsS t]cn¬ CuSm-°m-\p≈ t£{Xw A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS \o°-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ dnt∏m¿´ns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ tIc-f-Iu-ap-Zn-tbmSv {]Xn-I-cn-°p-I-bmbn-cp∂p Ccp-h-cpw. F√m Cuiz-c-∑mcpw H∂m-sW∂ hnizm-k-Øn-emWv Xfn-∏-dºv t£{X-Øn¬ Ibdn Xm≥ {]m¿Yn-®-sX∂v aocm-Pm-kvan≥ ]d-™p-sh∂mWv tI´-Xv. ]fin-X-b-√mØ B km[p s]¨Ip-´n-bpsS hnthIw

F∂mWv t£{X-`m-c-hm-ln-Iƒ°p-≠m-hpI? ˛hnjvWp \mcm-b-W≥ \ºq-Xncn tNmZn-®p. Cu ss\¿aeyw a\- n-em-°m≥ t£{X A[n-Imcn-Iƒ°v Ign-bm-ØXv ]m]-am-Wv. kv{XoI-sftbm a‰v aX-°m-sctbm t£{X {]th-i-\-Øn¬\n∂v hne-°p∂ G¿∏mSv C¥y-bn¬ as‰m-cn-SØp-an-√. hymk-`-K-hms‚ k\m-X\ [¿a-Øn\v \nc-°mØ {]hr-Ønbm-Wn-Xv. aXhpw Bflo-bX - bpw CX-√. i¶-cm-Nm-cycpw \mcm-bW - K - pcp kzman-Ifpw t`Z-_p-≤n-]m-Sn-s√-∂mWv DZvt_m-[n-∏n-®n-´p-≈X - v. sslµ-hmNmcw A\p-jvTn-°p∂ GsXm-cmƒ°pw thZw ]Tn-°m\pw ]qP sNøm\p-ap≈ A[n-Imcw \¬Ip-∂-Xm-Wv k\m-X-\-[¿aw. kzmX-{¥yw-In´n 60 sIm√-am-bn´pw tIcfw C¥y-bpsS `mK-am-bn-s√∂ henb A]-cm-[amWv ChnsS kw`-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂X - v. CXn-s\-Xnsc {]Xn-Ic- n-°p-∂X - n¬ Hcp hn´p-ho-gvNbpw ]mSn√ ˛hnjvWp-\m-cm-bW - ≥ \ºq-Xncn ]d-™p. I¿a-߃ icn-bmb `‡n-tbmsS \n¿h-ln-®m¬ Hcip-≤nbpw hcp-Ib - n-s√∂v tUm. kmw_-in-h≥ Nq≠n-°m-´n. Aß-s\-bp-≈n-SØv ]cn-lm-c-{In-b-I-fpsS Bh-iy-hp-an-√. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Ah-c-h-cpsS Bflm¿Y-Xbpw `‡n-bp-am-bmWv t£{X-Øn-se-Øp-∂X - v. AXn-\m¬ hnizm-khpw hnizm-ka- n-√m-bvabpw Xocp-am-\n-t°-≠Xpw Ah-ch - ¿X-s∂bm-Wv. `‡-P\ - ß - ƒ, GXv hn`m-KØ - n¬s]-´h - c- m-sW-¶nepw Ah-cpsS D≈n-te°v hntZz-jØ - ns‚ Idp∏v IS-Øn-hn-Sp-∂Xv Bim-ky-a√ - . AXv ]m]-am-Wv. ]cn-lmc I¿a-߃ sNtø-≠Xv Ah-\h - ≥ Xs∂-bm-sW∂ Imcyw Bcpw ad-°-cp-sX∂pw tUm. kmw_-in-h≥ ]d-™p. (tI-c-f-Iu-ap-Zn, 15/07/06)

hntZ-i-a-Zy-jm-∏p-I-fn¬ Nn√d hn¬]\ A\p- h - Z n- ® p. tZio- b , A¥¿tZ-iob tIm¨^-d≥kp-If - nepw BtLm-jm-h-k-c-ß-fnepw aZyw hnfºm≥ A\p-hmZw \¬In. F√m Ãm¿ tlm´-ep-Iƒ°pw _m¿ ssek≥kv \¬In. Nmcmb \ntcm-[-\-Im-cy-Øn¬ F¬.-Un.-F^v k¿°m¿ FXn-cm-sW∂ [mcW P\-ßf - n¬ ]c-°p-Ibpw hymPhm‰v ]q¿hm-[nIw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. aZy-im-eI - sf kw_-‘n®v Xt±i kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\-߃°v A[nImcw \¬Ip∂ ]©m-bØv cmPv \K-c]m-enI _n√p-I-fnse 232, 447 F∂o P\m- [ n- I mc hIp- ∏ p- I ƒ \mb- \ m¿ k¿°m¿ d±p-sN-bvXp. aZy-Øn\pw aZy]m-\-Øn\pw k¿°m¿ \¬Inb Ie-hd-bn-√mØ t{]m’m-l\w kwÿm\sØ sIm≠p- s N- s ∂- Ø n- ® Xv 37 t]cpsS Poh-s\m-Sp-°nb I√p-hm-Xp°¬ aZy-Zp-c¥ - Ø - n-em-Wv. tIc-fsØ \Sp-°nb hymP-aZ- y-Zpc-¥-Øn¬ ]cn-{`m-¥n-bn-emb CS-Xp-ap∂Wn k¿°m¿ skmssk‰n cq]o-Ic - n®v I≈p-hy-h-km-b-Øn¬ \n∂pw X{¥]q¿hw Xe-bq-cn. aZy-\n-tcm-[\w L´wL-´-ambn \S-∏m°pw F∂ {]Jym-]-\tØm-sS-bmWv 2001˛¬ ho≠pw bp.-Un.F-^v. A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂-Xv. F.-sI. B‚Wn Bbn-cp∂p apJy-a-{¥n-sb¶nepw "96¬ Nmcmbw \ntcm-[n® B‚Wn- b psS \ng¬t]m- e p- a m- b n- c p- ∂ n√ 2001˛se B‚-Wn. 2001˛¬ 51˛Dw 2002˛¬ 55˛Dw hntZ-ia - Z- y-jm-∏p-Iƒ A\p-hZ- n-®psIm≠v {]I-S\ - ] - {- Xn-Ib - nse hmKvZm\w A∂sØ FIvsskkv a{¥n sI. i¶c-\m-cm-b-W≥ A´n-a-dn-®p. am¿IvknÃv ]m¿´n°v kºØv D≠m-°m-\p≈ D]m[n-bm-bmWv I≈v skmssk‰n F∂v Bt£-]n-®p-sIm≠v I≈v skmssk-‰nIƒ ]ncn-®p-hn´v aZy-tIm¨{Sm-ISv ¿amsc

G¬]n-®p. kwÿm-\Øv aZy-Zp-c-¥ßƒ°v hgn- s h® aZy- t Im¨{SmIvS¿am¿°v I≈p-jm-∏p-Iƒ G¬]n-®psIm-Sp-°m≥ ]mSn√ F∂ aZy-hn-cp≤ kwL-S\m t\Xm-°-fp-sSbpw aX-ta-e[y-£∑ - m-cp-sSbpw sI.-]n.-kn.kn \ntbmKn® Bcym-S≥ apl-ΩZv IΩn-‰n-bpsSbpw FXn¿∏p-I-sfbpw in]m¿i-Isfbpw Ah- K - W n- ® p- s Im- ≠ mWv k¿°m¿ Cu \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-®-Xv. kwÿm-\Øv Bscms° acn®mepw Bscms° \in-®mepw k¿°mcn\v dh\yq D≠m-°Ww F∂ ZpjvSem-t°msS FIvsskkv a{¥n \nc-h[n aZy t{]m’m-l\, aZy-h-XvI-cW \b߃ 2003 Pq¨ 19˛\v \nb-a-k-`-bn¬ {]Jym-]n-®p. 2004 Pq¨ 29˛\v FIvsskkv hIp∏v ssIImcyw sNbvX sI.-hn. tXmakv ho≠pw aZy-]m-\sØ km¿h{Xo-I-cn-°p∂ Nne \S-]-Sn-Iƒ {]Jym]n-®p. Cu h¿jw apX¬ hntZi aZyjm-∏p-Iƒ A\p-h-Zn-°pw. hoSp-I-fn¬ _nb¿, ssh≥, aZy-߃ F∂n-hb - p-≠m°m≥ A\p-hmZw \¬Ipw. 10,000 cq] ^okv AS®v BtLm-jm-hk - c - ß - f - nepw tIm¨^-d≥kp-I-fnepw aZyw hnf-ºm\p≈ ssek≥kv \¬Ipw, HmSp∂ hml-\ß - f - n¬ aZy-]m\w A\p-hZ- n°pw XpS-ßnb a{¥n-bpsS {]Jym-]-\-߃ aZyhn- c p≤ kwL- S - \ - I - f p- s Sbpw ]{Xam[y-aß - f - p-sSbpw P\-ßf - p-sSbpw FXn¿∏p-aqew \S-∏m-°m≥ Ign-™n-√. apJy- a {¥n DΩ≥Nm- ≠ n- b psS Z¬ln-bnse ]{X-kt- Ω-f\ - Ø - n¬ am[ya- { ]- h ¿Ø- I ¿°v \¬Inb aZyk¬°mcw tIc-fØ - n¬ hnhmZw krjvSn®p. 2004 HIvtSm-_¿ 13˛\v DΩ≥Nm≠n k¿°m¿ {]Jym-]n® aZy-\-bhpw h≥ hnhm-Zß - f - p-b¿Øn. 50 hntZ-ia - Z- y-jm-∏pIƒIqSn A\p-h-Zn-°p-I, I≈v Sn∂nem°n am¿°- ‰ n- e n- d - ° p- I , lukv

52

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

t_m´p-Iƒ°v _m¿ ssek≥kv A\ph-Zn-°pI XpS-ßnb FIvsskkv a{¥n h°w ]pcp-tjm-Ø-as‚ aZy-\bw P\ß-fn¬ Aa¿jhpw {]Xn-tj-[hpw D≠m-°n. P\-ß-fpsS FXn¿∏ns\ XpS¿∂v 2004 HIvtSm-_¿ 21˛\v Cu aZy\bw k¿°m-cn\v ]n≥h-en-t°-≠n-h∂p. kzX{¥ `mc-XØ - nse BZysØ k¿°m- c ns‚ BZysØ \S- ] Sn kºq¿W aZy-\n-tcm-[-\-am-bn-cn-°-Wsa∂v Bh- i y- s ∏´ Km‘n- P n- b psS ss]XrIw t]dp∂ tIm¨{Kkv k¿°m-cp-Ifpw aZyw sXmgn-em-fn-h¿KØns‚ i{Xp-hm-sW∂v {]Jym-]n® se\ns‚ A\p-bm-bn-If - mb Iayq-WnÃv k¿°m-dp-Ifpw Ign™ 15 h¿j-°mew A\p-h¿Øn-®p-t]m∂ aZy-{]-f-b-\bw kwÿm-\Øv aZy-Øns‚ e`y-Xbpw jm∏p-If - psS FÆhpw h¿[n-∏n®v tIcfsØ aZy-Øn¬ XmgvØp-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p. aZy-Øn-eqsS k¿°m-cp-Iƒ tImSnIƒ hmcn-°q-´n-bt- ∏mƒ P\-߃ kmºØn-I-ambpw [m¿an-I-ambpw kmwkvImcn-I-ambpw ]m∏-cm-bn. aZy-]m\w aqe-ap≠m-Ip∂ tcmK-߃°pw tdmU-]-I-S߃°pw IpSpw-_- XI¿®-Iƒ°pw \¬tI-≠n-h∂ hne aZy-Øn¬ \n∂pap≈ dh\yq hcp-am-\-Øns‚ A∏p-dØm-bn-cp-∂p. aZy-]m\w ae-bm-fn-bpsS Pohn-X-ssi-en-bm°n am‰nb DØ-c-hmZn-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂pw kwÿm\w `cn® `c-WI - q-Sß - ƒ°v Hgn-™p-am-dm-\m-hn-√. aZy-]m-\-Øn-s‚bpw ab-°p-a-cp∂v D]tbm-KØ - n-s‚bpw ]´-Sb - n¬ Fcn-™p-Xocp∂ bph-Xe - a - pd kwÿm-\sØ elcn-bn-em-gvØnb `c-W-Iq-S-߃°v am∏v \¬Ip-I-bn√; Xo¿®. (^m. tXmakv ssXtØm´w, Zo]nI, 26/06/06)

apwss_ kvt^mS\w

kvt^mS\ Ncn{Xw

Xv. Ccp-]-Ø-t©mfw t]¿°v A∂v ]cn-t°-s‰-∂m-bn-cp∂p HutZym-KnI dnt∏m¿´v. 2003˛epw apwss_ kvt^mS\ ]c-º-c-Iƒ°p thZn-bm-bn. P\p- h cn 27˛\v cmhnse ]m¿se dbn¬sh tÃj\p ]pdØv Hcp ssk°n- f n¬ sh® t_mw_mWv A≥]-tXmfw t]¿°p ]cn-t°¬]n®p sIm≠v s]m´n-®n-Xdn-bX - v. apwss_ \K-csØ InSnew sIm≈n-®p-sIm≠v 11-˛\p2003˛¬ Xs∂ am¿®v 13˛\v C∂-esØ kvt^mS-\Ø - n\v ≠mb kvt^mS-\-]-c-ºc cmPysØ ho≠pw `oXn-bn-te°p kam-\-amb kvt^mS\w apwss_-bn¬ \S-∂n-cp-∂p. apepµv X≈n hn´n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. C¥y-bpsS kmº-ØnI kncmsdbn¬th tÃj-\n¬ Hcp tem°¬ s{Sbn-\nse tI-{µ-amb apwss_ F∂pw kvt^mS\ teUokv Iw]m¿´p-sa‚n-emWv t_mw_v s]m´n]c-ºc - I - f - n-eqsS cmPy-Øns‚ sØ-dn-®-Xv. kvt^mS-\-Øn¬ 11 t]¿ sIm√-s∏kpc-£m-`o-j-Wnsb kw_Sp-Ibpw 65˛Hmfw t]¿°v ]cn-t°¬°p-Ibpw ‘n® Bi-¶b - p-b¿Øn-s°msNbvXp. ≠n-cn-°p-∂p. h¿Kob Iem-]Pqsse 28˛\v LmSvIq-∏d - n¬ Hcp _kn\p ß-fn-eq-sSbpw I≈-°-SØp apI-fn¬sh® t_mw_v s]m´n-sØ-dn®v c≠pkm{am-Py-ambpw apwss_ Ip{]t]¿ acn-°p-Ibpw 31 t]¿°p ]cn-t°¬°pkn-≤n-tbmsS hm¿Ø-I-fn-epIbpw sNbvXp. ≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 2002˛sebpw 2003˛sebpw kvt^mS-\e5 1993 am¿®v 12˛\v apwss_p ߃°p ]n∂n¬ ]m°v ]n¥p-Wb - p≈ Xo{h2005 Pqss n\ Ø W B{I-a bn-ep-≠mb kvt^mS\ ]c-º-c{X hmZ nk wL S \ I f mb ejv I ¿˛ C Xzøn-_-bp£ t -´p. Atbm[y bn¬ sIm√-s∏-´Xv 300˛e-[nIw sIm√-s∏ sSbpw knanb ps Sbpw Icß f ms W∂v sXfn¿ c oI ` 6 t]cm- W v. 18 ÿe- ß - f n¬ apXn¿∂ ™n-cp-∂p. kvt^mS-\a - p-≠m-bn. ]cn-t°-‰h - ¿ 1998 s^{_p-hc - n-bn¬ tImb-ºØ - q-cn¬ Ãv 25 2003 BK {X Bbn- c - Ø n- e - [ n- I w. _m_cn £ t D≠mb kv t ^mS\ ]cº c b nepw A≥]n h Z a pw _ m t c W w , 16 7 akvPnZv XI¿°- s ∏- ´ - X ns\ tXmfw t]¿ sIm√s ∏´ nc p∂ p. A¬˛-D-Ω, _ s s pw a a 52 XpS¿∂p 1992 Unkw-_-dn-sebpw PnlmZv IΩn‰n F∂o kwL-S-\-I-fm-bn-\-߃, S m ^ t v k 93 P\p-hc - n-bn-sebpw h¿Ko-bI - e - mcp∂p kvt^mS\ ]c-º-c°p ]n∂n¬. cn-°v. t]¿°v ] ]-ßf - n¬ \n∂v apwss_ Dbn¿ØptImb-ºØ - q-cn¬ Ie-bc - wKw tÃUn¿ 24 h-cp-∂t- X-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. _ bØ n¬ sXcs ™S p∏p {]NmcW - Ø - n-s\w h \ 2002 - n-ep≈ kvt^mS-\-Øns‚ DØ-c-hm- Ø Ønb _n.-sP.-]n. A[y-£≥ F¬.-sI. Ie A ¿ o‰ a 300 ZnXzw Jmen- ÿ m≥ Iam≥tUm AZzm- \ nsb e£yw sh®m- b n- c p∂p inh-t£PΩp-hn¬ {X-Ønepw -Ww. £ t t^mgvkv (P-^¿hmƒ {Kq∏v ]n∂oSv v kvt^mS\ ]c-ºc - I - s - f-∂m-bn-cp∂p \nKY m c a Lp-\ 12 , c w {I-a-W Gs‰- S p- Ø p. t_mws_ tÃm°v a\ w. B pw ne {X-Ø FIvktv N©v sI´n-SØ - nepw kvt^mS]m°v `oI-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ C¥y-bpsS v‰w-_¿ 24 ] \-ap-≠m-bn. k kpc£ °v krjvSn-°p∂ ISpØ `ojs 2 0 0 2 n\K-dn-ep≈ cmPysØ \nt£] A¥-co-£w Wnb psS hym]vXn 2001˛se ]m¿e-sa‚ v ‘ m K e ∏ ns -s XI¿°p-Ib - m-bn-cp∂p kvt^mS-\Ø - n\p B{I-a-W-tØmsS hy‡-am-b-Xm-Wv. KpP-dm-Ø £{Xw B{I-an-° v. mw t ]n∂n¬. Abq- _ v , bm°q_v F∂ Cu h¿jw am¿®v F´n\v hmcm-W-knA£¿[ °v ]cn-° w, 40 t]¿ taa¨ ktlm- Z - c ≥amcpw ssSK¿ W bn¬ D≠mb kvt^mS-\Ø - n¬ 20 t]¿ c a 0 3 ´p. Ckvam-bn-ep-amWv t_mw_v kvt^mS-\sIm√s ∏´ nc p∂ p. 6 Ãv Ønse apJy-{]-Xn-Is - f∂v tdm Is≠-ØnIt‚m¨sa‚ v tÃj- \ n¬ 2002 BK em-ao-‰¿ sb-¶nepw Chsc ]nSn-Iq-Sm≥ Ign-™nv 100 Int H∂mw \º¿ πm‰v t^manse shbnn∂ \ p≈ {io\-K-dn¬ ¬ K m - a n- \ - S p- Ø √. Cu kvt^mS-\Ø - n\p sXm´p-]n-∂mse ‰nwKv dqan\p kao-]-Øm-bn-cp∂p ]l mZn B{I93 am¿®v 18-˛\v I¬°-´-bnepw kvt^mS\ h kv t ^mS\ a p≠ m-bX - v. h AIse o{ X ¿ ymºn¬ I I S m ]c-ºc - b - p-≠m-bn. ≥ Y h kv t ^mS\ ]c-º-c-I-sf√mw o¿ q≥ X \ Yv 9 Aa¿\m ]n∂oSv 2002 Unkw-_-dn¬ apwss_ BfpI ƒ Xnßn\ n- d - b p∂ n¬ Ø W a ho≠pw s]m´n- s Ø- d n- ® p. LmSv I q- ∏ ¿ sdbn¬sh tÃj-\p-I-fn-em-sW-´p. ∏ s ° n[ h sdbn¬sh tÃj-\p-ap-ºn¬ \n¿Øn-bn-´n∂Xv {it≤-b-am-Wv. cmPy-Øns‚ v 30 cp∂ _kn-emWv kvt^mS\w \S-∂-Xv. kpc-£-bn¬ ho≠pw `ojWn mc 2002 am¿® oI ` -bp≈ kvt^mS-\-Øn¬ 2 t]¿ acn-°p-Ibpw 31 S krjvSn®v C∂se \S∂ s m b t p-W p. t]¿°p ]cn-t°¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-shkvt^mS\ ]c- º - c bpw ]mIv ]n¥ 7 t]¿ sIm√-s∏-´ n¬ ∂mWv HutZym-KnI IW-°p-Iƒ. \ntcm-[n® sdbn¬sh tÃj≥ tI{µo-I-cn) 6 {I-a-W-Ø 0 0 , 22/03/2 hnZym¿Yn kwL- S - \ - b mb "knan'bmWv ®m-W.v - ymS- p-tU ¥ (C kvt^mS-\-Øn\p ]n∂n-se-∂m-bn-cp-∂p \nKkmº-ØnI kncm-tI-{µa-\w. amb apwss_sb e£yw \mep Znh-kß - ƒ°p tijw Unkw-_¿ shbv°p-∂X - n-eqsS cmPyØv Ac-£n-Xm-hÿ - bpw Bdn\v apwss_-bn¬ ho≠pw kvt^mS-\a - p-≠mb n . kmº-ØnI amµyhpw krjvSn-°pI F∂-Xmhmw kvt^mSapwss_ k_v A¿_≥ dbn¬ tÃj\p kao]w aIvsUm- \-Øn-\mbn apwss_ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-h-cpsS D∂w. WmƒUp ^mÃv ^pUv sdtÃm-d‚n-emWv kvt^mS\w \S-∂(Zo-]n-I, 12/07/2006)

Bh¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ

- psS - b - X `oIc ]mX

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

52

W¬ k¿sh ]T-\-{]-Imcw Im¿jn-Ihr-Øn-bn¬\n-∂p≈ I¿j-II - p-Spw-_ß - fpsS hcp-am-\w, tZio-bX - e - Ø - n¬ AhcpsS samØ-h-cp-am-\-Øns‚ 46 iXam\w BIp- t ºmƒ tIc- f - Ø n- e Xv tIhew 20.28 iX-am\w BIp-∂p. Ab¬ kwÿm-\-ß-fmb I¿Wm-SIhpw B{‘-{]-tZipw tZiob tXmXnt\m-SS- pØp \n¬°p-tºmƒ, Xan-gv\m-SntIc-fØ - n¬ I¿jI IpSpw-_ß - - Im¿jn-Ih - rØn sNe-th-dn-bXpw BZm- t‚Xv AXnepw Xmsg-bm-sW-¶nepw tIcfpsS Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn-bn¬ \n∂p≈ b-I-c-a-s√-∂-Xp-amb ]cn-`-h-߃°n-S- fsØ At]-£n®v IqSp-Xe - m-W.v kzm`mhcp-am\w Ah-cpsS samØw hcp-am-\- bn¬ {]kv X pX \nK- a \w Ht´sd hn-Ia - m-bpw, tIc-fØ - nse I¿j-II - p-SpwØns‚ 28 iX-am-\w-am-{Xw. tZio-bX - e - - Bizmkw ]I-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Irjn- _- ß - f psS samØ- h - c p- a m- \ - Ø n¬ Øn¬ CXv 46 iX-am-\a - m-sW∂pw \mj- bpsS {]m[m\yw ap≥h¿j-ßsf At]- Im¿jn-I-hrØn Hgn-®p≈ hcp-am-\W¬ kmºnƒ k¿sh-bpsS 59-˛mw du≠v £n®v IqSn-sb∂v CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\- am¿K-ßf - psS B[nIyw KWy-am-Ip-∂p. dnt∏m¿´v ]d-bp-∂p. Øn¬ ]d-bm-\m-hn-√. CXn-te-°v, I¿j- Ah-cpsS samØ-h-cp-am-\hpw Im¿jnIm¿jn-I-hr-Øn-bn¬\n∂v sNe- I- I p- S pw- _ - ß - f psS samØ- h - c p- a m- \ - I-hr-Øn°v D]-cn-bm-bp≈ hcp-am-\hpw hp-I-gn® an®w krjvSn-°m≥, tIc-f- Øns‚ F{X iX-am\w Im¿jn-Ih - r-Øn- ]´nI 1˛¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv ]cn-timØnse I¿j-II - p-Spw-_ß - ƒ°vv Ign-bp- bn-eqsS kw`m-h\ sNøp-∂p-s≠∂v ]cn- [n-°p-I. ∂-Xmbn 2002˛03 Ime-bf - h - n-te°p _m[- tim-[n-°p- ∂Xv DNn-Xa - m-bn-cn-°pw. tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬ Im¿jn-I-hrI-amb {]kvXpX ]T\w shfn-s∏-SpIm¿jn-I-hr-Øn, Iqen, I∂p-Im- Øn°v D]-cn-bm-bp≈ t{kmX- p-IØp∂p. tZio-bX - e - Ø - n¬ Im¿jn-Ih - r- en- t a- b ¬, Irjn- b n- X c _nkn- \ kv fn¬\n-∂p≈ hcp-am-\w, samØ-h-cp-amØn-bn¬\n∂v e`n-°p∂ I¿j-IIp-Spw- F∂n-h-bn¬\n-∂p≈ hcp-am-\-Øns‚ \-Øns‚ 54.18 iX-am-\-am-Ip-tºmƒ, _-ß-fpsS hcp-am\w 2837 cq]-bm-Ip- BI-Øp-I-bmWv I¿j-I-Ip-Spw-_-ß- tIc-f-Øn-t‚Xv 72 iX-am-\-am-Ip-∂p. tºmƒ, tIc-fØ - n¬ 5647 cq]-bm-Ip-∂p. fpsS hcp-am-\w. ta¬hn-h-cn® \mj- F√m Ab¬kw-ÿm-\ß - s - fbpw At]£n®v CXv IqSp-X-em-Wv. I¿jI-IpSpw-_-ßsf kw_-‘n®v Cu {]h]´nI-˛1 WX \√-Xm-sW-¶nepw Irjn-bpsS I¿jI-Ip-Spw-_ß - f - psS hm¿jnI samØ-hc - p-am-\hpw {]m[m\yw Ipd-bp-∂p-sh∂ ktµ-iIm¿jn-Ih - r-Øn-bn-Xc hcp-am-\hpw (cq-]b - n¬) amWv CXn- e qsS e`n- ° p- ∂ - X v . bYm¿Y t]mcmbva a\- n-em-°-WPq¨ 2002˛'03 Pqsse sa-¶n¬ hnf-Iƒ Xncn®v {]mtZ-in-Imkwÿm\w samØw-hc - p-am\w Im¿jnI 3 2 Sn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n- e p≈ At\z- j Ww hrØn-bn-Xc thWw. Xo¿®-bmbpw AØ-c-samcp hcp-am\w (i-Xa - m-\w) kao-]-\-Øn-eqsS Im¿jn-I-ta-J-ebnse {]iv\-ßsf Xncn-®-dn™v (1) (2) (3) (4) Ah ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂Xv tIcfw 48048 34608 72.03 Irjn-bpsS {]m[m\yw h¿[n-∏n-°p∂-Xn\v klm-bI - c - a - m-bn-cn°pw. B{‘m-{]-tZiv 19608 10692 44.53 (Xøm-dm-°n-bXv: tUm. am¿´n≥ I¿Wm-SIw 31392 16200 51.60 ]m{SnIv Xan-gv\mSv 24864 16956 68.19 sk‚¿ t^m¿ tkmtjym-˛C - ° - C¥y 25380 13752 54.18 tWm- a nIv B≥Uv F≥hb¨sa‚¬ ÃUo-kv, sIm®n˛24 Ah-ew_w: \mj-W¬ kmºnƒ k¿sh dnt∏m¿´v, 59˛mw du≠v www.csesindia.org)

Irjn

Irjn-bn¬\n-∂p≈ hcp-am\w

20 iX-am\w am{Xw

60 e£w S¨ tKmX-ºns‚ Ipd-hmWv D≈-Xv.

tKmXºv

tZiob tKmXºv tiJcw

Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS cmjv{Sobw C°pdn 36 e£w S¨ tKmXºv Cd-°p-aXn sNøm≥ k¿°m¿ Xocp-am-\n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. tKmXºv kw`-c-W-Øn¬ t_m[-]q¿hw Kpcp-X-c-amb hogvN hcp-Øn-bmWv Cd-°p-aXn°v k¿°m¿ Xocp-am-\n-®-Xv. tZiob `£ykw`-cWw A´n-a-dn-°p-I-bpw tÃm°n¬ h≥ Ipd-hp-≠m-hp-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ Izn‚-en\v 50 cq]m A[nI hne {]Jym-]n®v I¿j-I-scbpw \m´p-Im-scbpw I_-fn-∏n-°m\pw k¿°m¿ {ian-®p. 1997˛\p tijw G‰hpw Ipd™ tKmXºv kw`-cW-amWv C°p-dn-bp-≠m-bXv. hnf-sh-Sp∏pw hn¬∏-\bpw Ign™v 50 cq]m t_mWkv {]Jym-]n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p k¿°m¿ I≠ X{¥w. C°pdn k¿°m¿ kw`-c-Wn-I-fn¬

54

h¿jw 1998˛99 2000˛01 2001˛02 2002˛03 2004˛05 2005˛06 2006˛07

tKmXºv tiJcw (e£w S¨) 126.52 163.55 206.30 190.26 167.96 147.87 90.00 (km-[yX)

Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ tKmX-ºns‚ Xt±-io-b-kw-`-cWw, sXm´p ap≥ h¿j-sØ-°mƒ 60 e£w S¨ Ipd-hmbn-cn-°p-sa-∂mWv IW-°p-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. C¥y-bpsS `£y kpc-£tb XI¿°p∂ t_m[-]q¿h-amb {ia-amWv k¿°m-cn-t‚-sX∂v hy‡w. (I-W-°p-Iƒ ˛ _nkn-\ v sse≥)

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

C¥y≥ s]mXp-ta-Je H‰-t\m-´-Øn¬ (cq]m tImSn-bn¬)

Ak-aXzw hnf-bp∂

C¥y

Ign™ Ipsd h¿j-߃°ptijw CXm-Zy-ambn (2004˛05) IpSpw_-k-ºm-Zy-Øns‚ hf¿®m \nc°v ]nd-tIm´v k©-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn RBI Report Is≠-Øp∂p. 2005 am¿®v 31˛\v IpSpw-_ß - f - psS A‰ kºmZyw Pn.-Un.-]n-bpsS 9.9% am{X-am-sW∂v CMIE ]T\w Iq´n-tN¿°p-∂p. (GDP March 31, 2005-Rs. 31,13,000 Cr) 2000˛01 ¬ IpSpw-_I - S _m[y-Xb - psS hf¿®m \nc°v ˛ 9.9% Bbn-cp-∂p-hs{X. F∂m¬ 2004˛05 Bb-t∏mƒ AXv 65.8% Bbn IpXn-®p-b¿∂-Xmbn CMIE tcJ- s ∏- S p- Ø p∂p! IpSpw_ kºmZyw XI-cp-tºmƒ IS-_m-[yX am\w-aps´ IpXn-®p-bc - p-Ib - m-Wv. IpSpw-_k - º - mZyw ASn-°Sn Ipd-bpIbpw _m[y-X-Iƒ AXn-thKw s]cpIp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xv, AXn-`o-I-c-amb kmaply {]Xym-Lm-X-߃°v Imc-Wam-hp-sa∂v kmº-ØnI imkv{X-Im-c∑m¿ ]d-bp-∂p......... Xmßp-I-fn-√msX Zp¿_-e-amb ASn-Ø-d-bn¬ ]Wn-Xpb¿Ønb IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS tImf-\nbmbn C¥y amdp- I - b m- W v . hfsc sNdnb kmº-ØnI XI¿® t]mepw Xmßm-\m-hmØ hn[w IS-_m-[yX Ip∂p-Iq-Sp-∂p..... kmaply Pohn-Xw Xs∂ A´n-a-dn-bv°m-hp∂ Cu {]hWX cmPyw ]n≥Xp-S-cp∂ Ak-¥p-enX-Xhpw Ak-aX - z-]q¿W-hp-amb BtKmf-h¬°-cW hnI-k\ - \b-ßf - psS ]cn-

skbn¬kv em`w (s\‰v t{]m^n-‰v) Hml-cn-aq-e-[\w k¿°m¿ Hmlcn A‰aqeyw k©n-X\ - jvSw sXmgn¬i‡n samØw BkvXn {]h¿Ø\ aqe-[\w D¬∏m-Z\aqeyw

2002˛03 5,56,437 32,898 1,27,176 1,03,634 2,77,125 82,896 20,16,766 8,49,104 4,35,729 5,09,280

Wm-a-am-sW∂v CMIE dnt∏m¿´v ]d-bp∂p...... D]-t`m-Kn®v acn-°m≥ P\-k-aqlsØ t{]cn-∏n-°p∂ kmº-ØnI/ kmaq-ly-\b - ß - ƒ kºm-Zy-\n-c° - p-Iƒ Ipd-bm-\pw, ISw hmßn D]-t`m-Kn°m\pw P\-ßsf t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂p. IpSpw- _ - k - º mZyw Ipd- b p- ∂ Xns‚ Imc-Wß - ƒ: Ign™ H∂c Zim-_vZ-ambn kºm- Z y- ß ƒ°p≈ ]eni \nc°v aq∂n¬ c≠v Ipd-™p. kºm-Zy-߃°p≈ {]tXy-I-\nIpXn Cf-hp-Iƒ ]n≥h-en-°-s∏-´p. Hml-cn-°-tºm-f-Ønse NqXm-´ßƒ°pw _m¶nwKv CX-c-km-º-ØnI CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ°pw e`n-°p∂ AanX {]m[m-\yhpw \nIp-Xn-bn-f-hp-I-fpw. s]≥j≥/t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠v XpS- ß nb kºm- Z y- ß ƒ°v ta¬/

2003˛04 6,23,697 56,540 1,38,624 1,09,165 2,77,173 83,170 19,18,036 9,47,544 4,55,780 6,20,972

2004˛05 7,42,249 66,630 1,46,077 1,13,548 3,27,959 86,592 18,56,101 10,64,641 4,90,514 7,44,400

\nIpXn Npa-Øm-\p≈ Xocp-am-\ß - fpw Ah-bpsS ]en-i-\n-c-°p-Iƒ sh´n-°pd-®Xpw [\-kº - m-Z\ - t- ØmSv P\-߃°v Xm¬]-cy-an-√m-Xm-°nb LS-Iß - f - m-Wv. C≥sk‚o- h p- I ƒ \¬In I¨kyq-a-dnkw (D-]-t`m-Km-k-‡n) t{]m’m- l n- ∏ n- ° - s ∏- S p∂ s{IUn‰v Im¿Uv {]f-bw-A-Xn-\-h-k-c-sam-cp-°p∂p. hc-hn-\-∏pdw sNe-h-gn-°p-Ibpw, ISw hmßn Xns∂m- S p- ß p- I bpw sNøm≥ AXn-kº - ∂ - ¿ apX¬ Zcn-{Zsc hsc t{]cn-∏n-°p∂ Itºmf \b-ßfmWv Cu {]Xn-k-‘n-bpsS {][m\ Ip‰-hm-fn. ]W-b-s∏´ a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw IpSpw-_ß - f - p-sSbpw am{X-amb Hcp \mSv, AXns‚ LS-\-bn¬ F{X Zp¿_-e-ambn-cn-°p-sa∂v BcmWv \ap°v ]d™p Xtc-≠Xv?

IpSpw-_-k-ºmZyw Ipd-bp-∂p.... ISw s]cp-Ip-∂p..........

A . kmº-ØnI˛B-kvXn-Iƒ (tImSn cq]) hf¿®m\nc°v(%) B . kmº-ØnI/IS-_m-[y-XI - ƒ (tImSn cq]) hf¿®m-\n-c°v (%) C . kmº-ØnI BkvXn-If - n¬ A‰-k-ºmZyw (tImSn cq]) hf¿®m\nc°v (%) D . Hml-cn-\n-t£]w (tImSn cq])

BtcmKycwKw

k¿°m¿ ]n≥hm-ßp∂p C¥y-bn¬ BtcmKy tkh\w e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn\p≈ {][m\ DØ- c - h m- Z nXzw kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°m-Wv. Cu cwKØv tZiob \bßfpw KpW-\n-eh - m-chpw am\-Zfi - ß - fpw \n›bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-amWv tI{µ k¿°m-cn-\v. cmPy-Øns‚ samØw BtcmKy sNe-hns‚ A©n¬ \mepw sNe-hm-°p-∂Xv

2004˛05 4,26,744 10.4 1,18,639 65.8

2003˛04 3,86,509 19.8 71,547 18.6

2002˛03 3,22,583 11.3 60,305 43.3

2001˛00 2,89,953 16.6 42,082 32.5

2000˛01 2,48,774 5.3 31,796 (˛) 9.9

3,08,105 2.2 4,672

3,14,961 20.1 488

2,62,278 5.8 5,504

2,47,871 14.2 7,777

2,17,005 7.9 10,214

tIc-f-¯n kÀ¡mÀ sNe-hn Btcm-Ky-cw-Ks¯ hnlnXw (i-Xa - m-\¯ - nÂ) 12 10 9.85 8 7.21 6 6.56 6.53 5.68 5.25 4.74 4.71 4 2 0 1981 1987 1991 1996 1998 2001 2003 2005

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-If- mWv. F∂m¬ tIc-fØn¬ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ s]mXp-sN-ehn¬ BtcmKy cwK-Øn-\p≈ hnlnXw XpS¿®bmbn Ipd-™p-hc- n-Ib - m-Wv. sXmÆq-dp-If- psS BZyw apX¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ Btcm-Ky-cw-KsØ kwÿm\ k¿°m- c ns‚ apX¬ap- S °v Ipd™p hcn-I-bm-sW∂pw IW-°p-Iƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. Xøm-dm-°n-bXv: sk‚¿ t^m¿ tkmtjym-˛-C°-tWm-anIv B‚v F≥h-b¨sa‚¬ ÃUokv, sIm®n ˛ 24 www.csesindia.org

54

G‰hpw henb IS-°m-cmb 15 cmjv{S-ß-fpsS ]´n-I-bn¬ 8˛mw ÿm\ØmWv C¥y. 1991-˛¬ 83.8 _ney≥ tUmf-dm-bn-cp∂p C¥y-bpsS hntZ-i-ISw. 2004˛¬ CXv 111.7 _ney≥ tUmf-dmbn-´mWv Db¿∂Xv. hntZ-i-I-S-ß-fnse klm-b-߃ CtX ImeØv 45.9 iXam- \ - Ø n¬\n∂v 36 Bbn Ipd- ™ Xmbpw ImWmw. hnI-kzc cmPy-amb C¥y-bpsS ]cn-anX aqe-[\w hntZ-i-ß-fn-te°v A\-kyqXw Hgp-Ip-∂X - ns‚ hy‡-amb

C¥y-bpsS IS-_m-[y-X-Iƒ:

H‰-t\m-´-Øn¬

®p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ hfsc henb Ipd-hmWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bX - v. hntZ-i-hm-bv]bpw AXns‚ Xncn®-Shpw kw_-‘n-®v, [\-a-{¥m-e-bØns‚ kv‰m‰kv dnt∏m¿´v ]d-bp-∂Xv Cß-s\-bm-W.v kº∂/Zcn{Z cmjv{S-ß-fnse kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI \ne-hmcw ˛ 2000 hntZi hmbv]b - psS hc-h˛v- X - n-cn-®Shv (tImSn cq]-bn¬) kº∂ {]Xn-io¿j kv{Xo]p-cpj inip-ac - W kvIqƒ {]th-i\w 90˛91 97˛98 2000˛01 03˛04 cmjv{S-߃ Pn.-Un.]n Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw \nc°v 100\v \nc°v (100¬) hchv 6095 10,827 13,521 13,902 s]¨/B¨ Xncn-®S- hv 2139 7441 11,519 28,922 2003˛04 ¬ ISw hmßn-b-Xns‚ eIvkw_¿Kv 34,134 80/73 4.83 99/99 Cc-´n-bn-e[ - nIw ]W-amWv Xncn-®S- h - n\v Ata-cn° 34,096 80/73 6.82 99/100 th≠n h∂-Xv. Cu \ne XpS¿∂m¬ hcp∂ h¿j-ß-fn¬ `oI-c-amb Afsamtdmt°m 26,608 83/75 5.92 hn¬ ISw h¿[n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-sa-∂kzn‰vk¿em‚ v 26,270 82/75 4.53 97/100 Xn¬ X¿°-an-√. knwK-∏q¿ 24,288 79/75 3.65 81/84 ISw Xncn-®-S-hn\v cmPyw NnehnS p∂ ]Ww \ΩpsS samØw kmaqt\m¿s∆ 23,763 81/75 3.98 108/110 ly-tk-h\ sNe-hn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X_¬Pnbw 23,125 81/74 4.76 127/123 em-Wv. 2002˛¬ CXv 50.7% IqSp-X-embn-cp-∂p. 2003˛em-hs´ 43% IqSp-X¬ sU≥am¿°v 23,068 78/73 5.11 112/111 ISw Xncn-®-S-hn\v th≠n h∂p! CXv Bkv{Snb 2,2681 80/74 4.50 101/103 thsdmcp Xc-Ønepw hmbn-°mhp-∂Im\U 2,2635 82/76 5.08 103/104 Xm-Wv. 2002˛03˛¬ `mcX k¿°m-cns‚ hnZym-`ymk sNe-hns‚ 21/2 Cc´n ]Ww ISw Xncn-®S- h - n\p th≠n h∂p. Zcn{Z {]Xn-io¿j kv{Xo]p-cpj inip-ac - W kvIqƒ {]th-i\w s]mX-P-\m-tcmKy/s]mXp NnIn’ sNe-hp-If - psS 6 aS-ßmWv Cu XpI! cmjv{S-߃ Pn.-Un.]n Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw \nc°v 100\v \nc°v (100¬) hntZ-i-ISw hmßp-∂Xv cmPys]¨/B¨ Øns‚ imkv{X-˛k - m-t¶-Xn-I˛- h - ym-hk - mbn-I-˛-aq-e-[\ Bh-iy-߃°m-sWA^vKm-\n-ÿm≥ 704 46/45 149.28 22/49 ¶n¬; Xncn-®-S-hn\v klm-b-I-amb tImwtdmkv 682 60/57 86.33 44/54 kmº-ØnI hf¿® t\Sm-\m-hpw. 1994 apX¬ 2004 hsc- b p≈ ImeØv Itºm-Unb 654 55/52 66.82 67/85 imkv{X kmt¶-Xn-I-cw-KsØ ]ptcm_pdp≠n 650 44/41 71.50 34/44 KXn°mbn ISw-hm-ßnb XpI-bpsS Sm≥km-\nb 649 49/47 80.97 41/42 Hcp iX-am\w t]mepw k¿°m¿ sNeh-gn-®n-´n-√. 2002˛¬ 13,527.55 tImSnbpw tImwtKm 612 52/49 101.71 41/62 2003˛¬ 15,614.27 tImSn cq]bpw cmPyw Fdn-{Snb 598 52/49 76.66 33/41 hntZi hmbv]-Iƒ hmßn-b-t∏mƒ imkv{X/kmt¶XnI cwKsØ ]ptcmFtXym]y 509 44/42 101.29 22/37 K-Xn-°mbn am‰n-sh-®Xv bYm-{Iaw sskdm-en-tbm¨ 464 39/36 148.66 29/43 0.49Dw 0.02 tImSn cq]-bm-bn-cp∂p! 1994 apX¬ 2004 hsc ISw hmßnb XpI-bpsS 10 apX¬ 26 iXAta-cn-°-bpsS kmaqly kmº-ØnI \ne-hmcw am\w hsc sNe-h-gn-®Xv kmaq-ly-taAta-cn-°≥ IpSpw-_-h-cp-am-\-\n-c°v ˛ 1967 ˛ 2000 (i-X-am-\-Øn¬) J-e-I-fn-em-bn-cp∂p! Ah-ti-jn-®Xv C¥y-bnse AXn-k-º-∂-cpsS D]2000 1995 1990 1985 1980 1970 t`mK km[-\ß - f - psS Cd-°p-aX - n°pw ASn-Ø-´nse 20% 3.6 3.7 3.9 4.0 4.3 4.1 `c-W[ - q¿Ønepw ]eni sImSp-°m-\psXm´p-ap-I-fnse 20% 8.9 9.1 9.6 9.7 10.3 10.8 ambn Xo¿∂p t]mIp-Ibpw sNbvXp!! C¥y- s b- t ∏mse aqe- [ \ sXm´p-ap-I-fnse 20% 14.9 15.2 15.9 16.3 16.9 17.4 timj-Whpw Zmcn-{Zyhpw t\cn-Sp∂ sXm´p-ap-If - nse 20% 23.0 23.3 24.0 24.6 24.9 24.5 cmPyØv \n∂v ISw Xncn-®-S-hn-eqsS G‰hpw Db¿∂ 20% 49.7 48.7 46.6 45.3 43.7 43.3 Hgp-In-t]m-Ip∂ aqe-[\w k¶¬]mXo-Xa - m-Wv. 1994 apX¬ 2004 hsc-bp≈ G‰hpw Db¿∂ 5% 21.9 21.0 18.6 17.0 15.8 16.6 h¿jß-fn¬ ISw k¿∆o-kn\v am‰nDb¿∂ 20% s‚ hcp-am\w 49.7 48.7 46.6 45.3 43.7 43.3 h-bv°p∂ kmº-Øn-Ih - n-`hw tZiob 80% t]cpsS BsI hcp-am\w 50.3 51.3 53.3 54.7 56.3 56.7 _P-‰n¬ ]c-a-{]-[m-\-amb kmaq-ly-

56

Nn{Xw \ΩpsS IS-hpw, ISw k¿hokpw ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ sXfn-bpw. 2001˛2004 ImeØv cmPy-tØ°v h∂ IS-Øns‚ IW-°,v Chn-Sp∂v Xncn-

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

C¥y- b psS hntZiIS- _ m- [ yX (Us Billion $)

h¿jw

ISw

1991 1995 1999 2004

83.9 99.0 69.8 111.7

ISw Pn.-Un.-]n˛ bpsS F{X% 28.7 30.8 23.4 17.8

ISw k¿∆okv kmaqly sNe-hp-I-fpsS F{X iX-am\w (cq] tImSn-bn¬) h¿jw 94˛95 98˛99

(2006-˛¬ 120 _ney-\mbn CXv hf¿∂n-´p-≠v)

2001˛02 kp-c£m ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v am‰n-hb - v°p-∂Xns‚ F{X iX-am\w A[n-Ia - m-sW∂v t\m°pI: \ΩpsS hntZ- i - \ mWb IΩn IpXn-®p-b-cp-I-bm-Wv. Ib-‰p-aXn hcp-am-

2003˛04

kmaqly hnZym-`ymkw s]mXp-P\m tkh\w tcmKyw 17409.20 3940.0 1625.9 54.6% 241.2% 584.6% 38,737.9 9684.1 5411.9 32.2% 128.7% 230.2% 46474.0 10807.7 4408.5 29.0% 124.7% 305.6% 66509.8 13970.5 5605.7 43.1% 205.4% 511.9%

IpSpw_ hoSv \Kc t£aw \n¿ΩmWw hnI-k\w 1684.9 1055.6 1025.2 564.1% 900.4% 927.1% 2342.7 3143.4 2820.6 531.8% 531.8% 396.4% 3613.9 6674.5 5260.1 372.8% 201.9% 256.2% 4230.0 8629.2 7357.1 678.3% 332.5% 390.0%

Ref: Economic Survey 2004 and External Assistance-Brocher-04

tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ kmº-ØnI IS-ß- \-Øns‚ 1/3 IqSp-X-emWv C¥y-bpsS fpsS hchpw t]m°pw (cq] tImSn-bn¬) Cd-°p-aXn sNehv. XpS¿®-bmbn Cu \ne XpS-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ h≥hntZ-i\ - m-W90˛91 97˛98 2000˛01 03˛04 b-ti-Jcw shdpw sI´p-Im-gN v b - m-hp-Ib - mhchv 7684 27254 44455 30.073 Wv. AS-hp-injvS IΩn˛h¿j-ßf - n-eqsS (IISw Xncn-®S- hv 3639 12,653 24284 37,015 b-‰p-aXn hcp-am\w Cd-°p-aXn sNe-hnt\-°mƒ F{X-Ip-dh - v) 2001˛¬ hc-hn-s\-°mƒ 7528 tImSn (_n-ey≥ tUmf-dn¬) cq]m A[nIw Xncn-®p-t]m-bn. 90˛91 (˛) (˛) 2002˛¬ 8220 Dw 2003˛¬ tImSn-cq] 92˛93 (˛) (hm-ßnb IS-tØ-°mƒ A[n-Iw) Xncn- 94˛95 96˛97 (˛) ®-Sh - n\v cmPyw sNe-hn´p. IS-s°-Wn-sb98˛99 (˛) ∂mWv CXn\p ]d-bp-∂Xv! 2000˛01 (˛)

9.48 5.44 9.04 14.81 13.24 12.46

2002˛03 (˛) 10.69 2003˛04 (˛) 15.45 1990˛91 apX¬ 2003˛04 hsc 153.73 _ney≥ tUmf¿ (I-b-‰p-aXn/Cd°p-aXn {]{In-bb - n¬) IΩn-bmWv cmPyØn\v t\cn-tS≠n h∂-Xv. a\- n-em-t°-≠Xv CXm-Wv. Ib‰p-aXn hnI-k\ X{¥w F∂m¬ Cd°p-aXn sNbvXv kº-∂sc hf-cm≥ A\p-hZ- n-°p-Is - b-∂mWv bYm¿Y-Øn¬ A¿Yw. Ib-‰p-aX - n-˛C - d - ° - p-aXn {]{In-bbn¬ 153.73 _ney≥ tUmf¿ IΩn t\cnSp∂ C¥y- ˛ - ` mhn Xe- a p- d - I - f psS t]mepw Iq´-ac - W - Ø - n\v Ct∏mtg Xmømsd-SpØp Ign™p!

Zcn{Zcm-jv{S-ß-fnse Zmcn{Zyw Zcn-{Z-cm-j{v S-߃

_w•m-tZiv Itºm-Unb Nnen tlm≠p-dmkv C¥y Ct¥m-t\jy ss\Po-cnb s]dp

Zmcn-{Zy-tcJ/ {]Xn-Zn\w 2 k¿°m¿ tUmf-dn¬ % Xmsg- h-cpam\ ap≈ P\-kwJy 35.6 77.8 36.1 ˛20.5 60.3 53.0 68.8 35.0 86.2 20.3 66.1 34.1 90.8 49.0 91.4

kº∂ cm-jv{S-ß-fnse Zmcn{Zyw (%)

hSt° Ata-cn° Im\U sU≥am¿°v kzoU≥ P¿a\n P∏m≥

D]-t`m-K\ - n-c° - ns‚ 50- i-X-am-\-Øn\p Xmsg- h-cpam\ap≈ P\-kwJybpsS iX-am\w 19.1 11.7 7.5 6.7 7.6 11.8

"ISw' Im¿jnI XI¿®-bpsS D¬∏∂w kºmZyw Ipd-bm\pw ISw IqSm-\p-ap≈ G‰hpw {][m-\- Im-cW - ß - f - n-sem∂v Im¿jnI taJ-eb - nse \ΩpsS ap≥K-W\ - I - ƒ A´n-ad - n-™X - m-Wv. Irjn D]-Po-h\ am¿Kam-°nb 70 iX-am\w P\-ßf - p≈ C¥y-bn¬ 8˛mw ]©h¬kc ]≤-Xn-°m-esØ Im¿jnI hf¿®m \nc°v 4.9% Bbn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ 10-˛mw ]≤-Xn-bn¬ AXv 1.3% am{X-ambn. IqSmsX 90-˛96 h¿j-Øn¬, `£y-[m\y D¬∏m-Z-\-Øn¬ 16% {]Xn-h¿j hf¿®-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. 2001-˛05 Imeam-b-t∏mƒ AXv 2.9% Bbn Ipd™p. 1981˛86˛¬ 128 Zi-e£w slIvS¿ ÿeØv `£y-[m\y D¬∏m-Z\w \SØn-bn-cp-∂p. 2 Zim_vZw Ign-bp-tºmƒ (2001˛05) AXv 120.25 Zi-e£w slIvS-dmbn Ipd-™p. Irjn`qan DS-aÿX 1970˛71-˛¬ icm-icn 2.28 slIvS¿ Bbn-cp-∂-Xv, 1995˛96 Bb-t∏mƒ 1.41 slIvS-dmbn Npcp-ßn. ˛I-W-°p-Iƒ: B¿.-_n.sF dnt∏m¿´v Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

56

a\p-jy-cpsS Ah-KW - \ - s- Im≠pw A\mim-ky-{]¿Ø-\ß - ƒ sIm≠pw am{X-a√ t£{X߃ Po¿Wn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn\v At\I AZriy A¥-co-£i - ‡ - n-If- psS Bth-ih - p-ap-≠m-Ip-sa∂mWv imkv{Xw. tZhs‚ ssNX\yw Ipd-bp-tºmgmWv Cu Po¿W-X-Iƒ Zriy-am-Ip-∂-Xv. {_lv a - c - £ - k p- I ƒ, t{]X- ß ƒ, Zp¿aq¿Øn-Iƒ F∂nh t£{XsØ _m[n-®n´p-≠m-hpw. ""Cuiz-cs\ t{]Xw ]nSnt®m?'' kwibw kzm`m-hn-Iw. t£{X-sa-¥v, AXns‚ k¶¬]w F¥v F∂-dn-bp-tºmƒ Cu Xamibv°v DØ-ca- mIpw! Cuiz-c-ssN-X\yw hln-°p-∂, I√nepw aÆnepw sImØnb Hcp km[-It- Zlw am{X-amWv t£{Xw. CXv Xs∂-bmWv AssZzXw km[-Is‚bpw Cuiz- c - s ‚bpw D≈n- e n- c n- ° p∂ ssNX\yw H∂p-X-s∂. imkv{X-hn-[n-{]-Imcw t£{X-Øn¬ Cuiz-c-ssN-X-\ysØ IpSn-bn-cpØn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ \Ωƒ samss_¬ Nm¿Pv sNøpw-t]mse t£{X-Øn-se-Øn, bYmhn[n km[\ \S-Øn-bm¬ t£{X-Ønse Cuizc-ssN-X\yw km[-I\ - n-te°v ]c-am-h[n t]mkn‰ohv F\¿Pn-bmbn ]I¿∂v e`n-°pw. CXmWv Cuiz-cm-\p-{Klw A√msX inh\pw ]m¿hXnbpw Hmtcm t£{X-Øn-ep-an-cp∂v Xe-bn¬ ssIh®v hcw \¬I-e√ t£{X-k¶ - ¬]w. Cu imkv{X-a-\p-k-cn®v t£{X-sa∂ Cuiz-cs‚ km[-It- Z-lØ - n\v _mly-amb i‡n-If- p-sSbpw {]h¿Øn-If- p-sSbpw s\K-‰ohv F\¿Pn _m[n°-s∏-Smw. CXmWv t£{X-ssN-X\y £b-ambn´pw XpS¿∂p≈ A\n-jvSk - w-`h - ß - f- mbpw ]cnW-an-°p-∂X - v. CØcw \nan-Øß - ƒ ImWp-tºmgmWv Ah-cpsS ImcWw Is≠-Øm-\mbn tcmKnsb tUmIvSsd ImWn-°pw-t]mse hnhn[ {]iv\-Nn-¥-I-fn-te°v Xncn-bp-∂Xv bYm¿YØn¬ tZh-{]-iv\s- a-s∂mcp {]iv\a- n-√. AjvSaw-Ke {]iv\-amWv \S-°p-∂Xv CXv tZhm-e-bkw-_‘ - n-bmbn \S-°p-tºmƒ AjvSa- w-Ke tZh{]-iv\s- a∂v Adn-bs- ∏-Sp∂p. CXp-Xs- ∂-bmWv i_-cn-a-e-bnepw \S-∂-Xv.

tZh-{]iv\w Ak-a-bØv Cu tZh-{]iv\w ZpjvS-em-t°msS Aka-bØv \S-Øn-b-Xm-sW∂v tPymXnj ]finX\pw H.- F ≥.- P n.- k n- b n¬ F≥Pn- \ o- b dpw "tPymXn-jN - {Iw' F∂ ]T-\{- K-ŸØ - ns‚ I¿Ømhp-amb N{µ-lcn hy‡-amb sXfn-hp-I-tfmsS ka¿Yn-°p-∂p. ""h≥ KqVm-tem-N-\bpw ]¶p-h-bv°ens‚ IÆn-If- p-am-Wn-Xn\v ]n∂n¬''˛ N{µ-lcn ]d-bp-∂p. tPymXn-im-kv{X-{]-Imcw tKmN-cÿnXn Aip-`-Nn-¥-Iƒ am{Xw {]I-S-am-°p∂ Ime-Øv, XobXn \n›-bn®v {]iv\N - n¥ \S-ØnbXv imkv{Xo-b-a-√. Pq¨ ]Xn-\m-dn\v GXv t£{X-Øn¬ {]iv\w \SØn-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw CØcw Aip-`^ - e - ß - sf ]d-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. CXmWv ÿm]n-X-e-£y-ß-tfm-sS-bmWv {]iv\Nn¥ \S-Øn-b-sX∂v ]d-bm≥ Imc-Ww. ImS-S®v shSn-sh-bv°p-I-bmWv ssZh⁄≥ sNbvX-Xv. CXv Aø-∏≥ ]d-™-X-√. BcmtWm KpW-t`m-‡m-°ƒ, Ah¿ ssZh-⁄s\∂ thjw-sI´n sIm≠p-h∂ BfpsS hmbneqsS CØcw Imcy-߃ - ]d™v kz¥w Imcyw \S-Øm≥ t\m°p-I-bm-Wv. `‡-P-\-ßfpw hnizm-kn-Ifpw i_-cn-a-e-bpsS hnip-≤X \ne\n¿Ø-Ws- a∂v B{K-la- p≈ F√m-hcpw CXn¬

58

tZh-{]iv\w F¥v ? F¥n\v ? {]Xn-Ic- n-°W - w-˛N - {- µ-lcn Nq≠n-°m-´n. `K-hm≥ A{]-k-∂-\m-sW-¶nepw A\p{Klw sNmcn-bp-∂p-sh∂ {]kvXmhw hymP-amWv. awKfw AYhm A\p-{Klw kqNn-∏n-°p∂ bmsXmcp LS-I-ßfpw I¿t°m-Z-b-˛-Ipw-`mcpV ÿnXn-I-fn-en√. X{¥n-sbbpw ]c-º-I-c-sfbpw CXc A[n-Im-cn-Isfbpw ]m]n-I-fm-°p∂ hymJym-\Øn-\p-tijw ta¬im-¥nsb \dp-°n-s´-Sp-°p∂Xv `K-hm-\n-jvSa- m-bn-s√∂v ssZh-⁄¿ ]d-bp∂p. ip≤ Akw-_-‘-am-Wn-Øcw {]iv\-hn-[nIƒ. Agn-aXn \nd-™p-\n¬°p-∂n-SØv \dps°-Sp-∏n\v Xs∂-bmWv ]hn-{X-X. `K-hms‚ C— {]I-SamIphm≥ "Ipdn' F¶nepw kml-Ncyw Hcp°pa-t√m? Cu tZh-{]iv\w F√m-hs- cbpw hnUvVnI-fm-°p∂ Hcp {]l-k-\-am-Wv. \qdp-i-X-am\w Aip-`-hym-Jym\w am{Xw km[y-am-°p∂ {Kl-˛c- m-in-ÿn-Xn-bp≈ ImeØv Fßs\ Ih-Sn-{Inb ip`hpw Aip-`hpw Xn´s∏-SpØpw? ]r—m-Im-ew(-bm-Zr-›n-Iw) {]iv\N - n¥ (ssZh-⁄≥ XobXn \n›-bn-®v) F∂v c≠v L´-߃ tZh-{]-iv\Ø - n¬ A\p-h¿Øn-°p-∂s- X-¥n\v? bp‡n-c-ln-X-ambn ssZh-⁄≥ Xs‚ at\m[¿ahpw A⁄-Xbpw Aim-kv{Xo-b-Xbpw \nd™ hnNm-cK - X - n-sIm≠v {Kl-\ne hymJym-\n®n-´mWv sshZypXn D]-tbm-Kn®v s\øpcp-°m≥ ]mSn-s√∂pw ss]∏v sh≈-Øn¬ Ipfn-®m¬ ip≤n-bp-≠m-In-√, apßn-°p-fn-°Ww F∂psams° ]d-bp-∂-Xv. X{¥-Øn¬ a\x-ip-≤nbmWv {][m-\w. GXv sh≈-Øn¬ Ipfn-°W - w˛-AXv X{¥n°pw ta¬im-¥n°pw Ah-cpsS tZl-Øn\pw a\-kn\pw kuJyw \¬Ip-∂-Xpt]mse \n¿h-ln-°mw. Hcp {KŸ-Ønepw apßn°pfn \n¿tZ-in-®n-´n-√. Bh-iy-an-√mØ Ipfw Ipgn-°p-∂-Xn\pw A∂-Zm-\-Øn\v S¨ IW°n\v Xo‰-km-[-\-ßfpw amen-\y-ßfpw Cd°n k∂n-[m\w NoØ-bm-°m\pw hgn-sbm-cp-°p-∂XmWv Cu {]l-k-\w. imkv{XsØ sX‰mbn hymJym-\n®v k¿hcnepw A∏o-en-√mØ tZmjm-tcm-]Ww \S-Øp∂Xv icn-b-√.

{]iv\-Øn¬ I≠Xv 1. Bcq-V] - X - n-bmb i\n-bpsS A\n-jvSÿn-Xnbpw ]m]-tbm-Khpw `K-hms‚ AXr-]vXnbpsS kqN-\-bm-sW∂v hymJym-\w. 2. sshZypXn D]-tbm-Kn®v s\øv Dcp°m≥ ss]∏v CSm-\mbn {iotIm-hn¬ Xpc-∂Xn\pw Ah-Im-i-an-√m-Ø-h¿ {iotIm-hn-en-\p≈n¬ IS-∂X - n\pw CtX-hsc ]cn-lmcw sNbvXn´n-√. 3. `‡-cn¬ hen-sbmcp ]¶v thZ-\t- bmsS-bmWv aS-ßp-∂-Xv. ""]nSn-®p-X-≈ptam'' F∂ `b-tØm-sS-bmWv `‡-∑m¿ Z¿i-\-Øn-s\-Øp∂-Xv. CXv `K-hms\ s\mº-cs- ∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. 4. `‡-∑m¿°v Hcp t\c-tØ-sb-¶nepw `£Ww `K-h¬ k∂n-[n-bn¬Xs∂ \¬I-Ww. Ct∏m-gp≈ `£-Wi - m-eI - ƒ h≥ sIm≈-bmWv Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

\S-Øp-∂X - v. 5. BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\ß - f- n¬ ]qPm-cn-am¿ th≠{X {i≤ ImWn-°p-∂n-√. ]pd-s∏Smim¥n k{º-Zmbw ]q¿W-am-Ip-∂n-√. 6. ]qPm-I¿a-ßf- n¬ th≠{X {]mho-Wyan-√m-Ø-h¿ {iotIm-hn-en-\p-≈n¬ {]th-in®v I¿a-߃ \S-Øn-bX - mbn Is≠-Øn. 7. X{¥n-am¿ XΩn-ep≈ Ielw `K-hm\v {]nb-a-√. apXn¿∂ Hcp X{¥nsb i_-cn-a-ebn¬ Ib-‰m-ØXpw `K-hm\v A{]n-bw. 8. `K-hm\v \nth-Zy-ß-fn¬ Xr]vXn-bn-√. th≠{X ip≤n ]men-°p-∂n-√. A`n-tjIw sNbvX ]q°ƒ Nhn-´n-bc- ° - s- ∏-Sp-Ibpw Ae£y-ambn ssIImcyw sNø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. 9. Dd-°p-]m-´pƒs∏-sS-bp-≈-h-bn¬ hogvN kw`-hn-°p-∂p. `K-hm\v kpJ-ib - \w e`n°p-∂n-√. 10. `K-hms‚ hn`-hß - ƒ ]e-hn-[Ø - n¬ Hgp-In-t∏m-Ip-∂p-≠v. Poh-\° - m-cpsS {]hrØn Xosc Xr]vXn-I-c-a-√. Hcp Poh-\-°m-cs\ kq£n-°m≥ thsdmcp Poh-\° - m-c≥ th≠n-hcp∂ ÿnXn-bm-Wv. 11. amfn-I∏ - p-dØv Ht´sd A\m-Nm-cß - ƒ \S-°p-∂p. `‡sc ]ehn[-Øn¬ AhnsS D]{Z-hn-°p-∂p-≠v. CX-hk - m-\n-∏n-°W - w. 12. Nc-°p-Iƒ Ib-‰n-s°m-≠p-hc- m≥ D]tbm-Kn-°p∂ Igp-X-I-fpsS t\sc \S-°p∂ ]oU-\ß - ƒ `K-hm\v kln-°p-∂n-√. Ah-bpsS Zo\-tcm-Z\w `K-hms\ Atem-kc- s- ∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. CX-h-km-\n-∏n-°-Ww. _Z¬ kwhn-[m-\-ß-fmhmw. 13. th≠{X {hX-ip-≤n-bn-√msX Ht´-sdbm-fp-Iƒ i_-cn-ae - b - n-se-Øp-∂p-≠v. Ccp-ap-Sns°-´n-\p-≈n¬ I©m-hpw Idp∏pw sIm≠p-hc- cp-Xv. 14. D]-t£-{X-ßf- psS ]cn-]m-e\ - Ø - n¬ th≠{X {i≤-t]m-c. Bcy-¶m-hv, Ipf-Øq-∏pg XpS-ßnb A©v D]-t£-{X-߃ ]p\-cp-≤-cn°p-Ibpw ]qPm-Zn-I¿a-ß-fn¬ ip≤X ]men°p-Ibpw thWw. 15. ]¥fw sIm´m-c-Ønse {]h¿Ø-\ßfpw Xr]vXn-I-c-a-√. Xncp-hm-`-cWw {]Z¿i-\h-kvXp-hm-°c- p-Xv. 16. Fcp-ta-en-bnepw hmh-cp-kzman \Sbnepw \S-°p∂ I¿a-ßf- n¬ Aø-∏≥ Xr]vX\-√. AhnsS Nc-Sp-P] - n®v sI´p-∂X - pw a‰pw Dt]£n-°W - w. 17. \ne-bv°-ense t£{Xw \∂mbn kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw ]cn-]m-en-°p-Ibpw thWw. Aø-∏s‚ ]q¶m-h-\-am-Ip∂ ]Xn-s\´v ae-Ifn¬ ]eXpw A\ym-[o-\s- ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. ChnsS AXym-Nm-cß - fpw A\m-Nm-cß - fpw \S-°p-∂p≠v. AX-hk - m-\n-∏n®v Ch hos≠-SpØv kwc-£n-°Ww. 18. X{¥-hn-Zy-Iƒ ]Tn-∏n-°m\pw ]n¥p-Scm\pw ]mT-im-eI - fpw tI{µ-ßfpw XpS-ßW - w. (I-c‚v A^-tbgvkv/Pqsse 06)

tImf-bn¬ IoS-\m-in\n Awiw

24 aSßv IqSp-X¬ \yqZ¬ln: sIm°-tIm-fbpw s]]vkn-bp-a-S-°-ap≈ ioX-f] - m-\o-bß - f - n¬ IoS-\m-in-\n-bpsS Awiw A]-IS- I - c - amb Af-hn¬ Ct∏mgpw XpS-cp-∂-Xm-bmbn sk‚¿ t^m¿ kb≥kv B‚ v F≥h-b¨sa‚ns‚ ]T-\-dn-t∏m¿´v hy‡am-°p-∂p. tIc-fØ - nse ]me-°mSv AS°w cmPysØ hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse kmºn-fp-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm\-Øn-emWv dnt∏m¿´v Xbm-dm-°n-b-sX∂v kn.-F-kv.-C. Ubd-ISv ¿ kp\nXm \mcm-b¨ Adn-bn-®p. _yqtdm Hm^v C¥y≥ Ãm≥tU¿Uvkv (_n.-sF.-Fk - )v \n›-bn-´p-≈X - nepw 24 aSßv A[n-Ia - mWv ioX-f] - m-\o-bß - f - nse IoS-\m-in-\n-bpsS Awisa∂v dnt∏m¿´v {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v Ah¿ ]d-™p. ioX-f] - m-\obßfnse IoS-\m-in-\n-If - psS Afhv kw_‘n®v kpc£m am\-Z-fi-߃ cq]-h¬°-cn-°-W-sa∂ kwbp‡ ]m¿e-sa‚dn kan-Xn-bpsS dnt∏m¿´v \S-∏m-°p-∂Xn¬ tI{µ BtcmKy a{¥m-ebw Kpcp-X-c-amb hogvN-h-cpØp-∂-Xmbn kp\n-Xm -\m-cm-b¨ Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn. sIm°-tIm-f-bp-sSbpw s]]vkn-bp-sSbpw 11 {_m≥UpI-fn¬ cmPy-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-Øp-\n∂v tiJ-cn® 57 kmºn-fp-I-fmWv ]T\ hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. _yqtdm Hm^v C¥y≥ Ãm≥tU¿Uvkns‚ am\-Zfi {]Imcw IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb ]cn[n 0.5 ]n.-]n._n(]m¿Svkv s]¿ _ney≥)bmWv. F∂m¬ Is≠-Ønbn-´p-≈Xv 11.85 ]n.-]n._n-bmWv. 24 aSßv A[n-Iw. a\p-jy-ic - o-cØ - n\v G‰hpw A]-IS- I - m-cn-bmb en≥sU-

tImf bv≥, t¢mtdm-ss]-dn-t^m-k,v sl]v‰m-t¢m¿ F∂n-hb - mWv A]I-S-I-c-amb Af-hn¬ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p≈ IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ. s]]vkn-bn¬ IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ 30 aSßpw sIm°-tImfbn¬ 27 aSßpw IqSp-X-em-Wv. (am-Xr-`q-an, 3/8/2006)

]me-°ms´ tImf-bn¬ IoS-\m-in\n 20 Cc´n \yqZ¬ln: sk‚¿ t^m¿ kb≥kv B‚ v F≥hb¨sa‚ v \S-Ønb ]T-\-{]-Imcw ]me-°m-´p-\n-∂p≈ sIm°-tImf kmºn-fn¬ IoS-\m-in-\n-bpsS Afhv _n.-sF.Fkv \ne-hm-c-Øn-t\-°mƒ 20 aSßv IqSp-X-em-Wv. tIc-fØn¬ ]me-°m-´p-\n∂v am{X-amWv kmºnƒ ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am°n-bX - v. Hm¿Kmt\m t¢mssdUv 6.37 ]n.-]n.-_n, Hm¿Kmt\m t^mkv^d- kv 3.41 ]n.-]n._n F∂n-ßs - \-bmWv Af-h.v samØØn¬ IoS-\m-in-\n-bpsS Afhv 9.78 ]n.-]n.-_n-bm-Wv. AtX-k-a-bw, Cu Btcm-]-W-ß-sf-°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬ At\z-j-W-Øn\v km[y-X-bn-s√∂v Btcm-Ky-a{¥n A≥]paWn cmwZmkv ]d-™p. Ah¿ tiJ-cn® kmºn-fp-Iƒ imkv{Xo-bm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-sW∂v Icp-Xm≥ hgn-bns√∂v a{¥n ]d-™p.

ae-_m¿ taJ-e-bn¬ p p∂ I pc ] s y X l W q{` s]¨

Z-i-ßkwÿm-\Øv \K-c-{]-t hn[w amw X n- Xy `oX fn¬ s]¨{`qWl bw \SØn s]cp-Ip-∂p. enwK-\n¿W P- ∑ - ß sf ]n d- h n° p apt º s] ¨WX h¿[nD≥aq-e\w sNøp∂ {]h- n-X-Xz-Øn¬ - n¬ ®Xp P\-kwJym k¥p-e]I {]Xym- nse {Kma-ßf - pdw Pn√b ae∏ m° nm¬ ≠ ∂ Nq F kw`-hn-°m-hp∂ Zqc-hym- ¬ Nq≠p-∂ƒ I pXmgp-sa-∂mWp IW° kv{XoI-fmWp IqSp-X¬. ¨Ip´- n-I- n-te-°mWp hnc - f Lm-Xß s] w nep f I ` - k c - v. ´p-∂X at©- A©p \K - a mb Xv. -cpsS Imk¿tImUv Pn√-bnse]pcp-j- fp sS F Æ w B i- ¶ m- P - \ - I a Bdp-h-b v hsc-bp-≈-h \K- w, - b k cw tX bn A v . B W mn¬ b b I ` pn¬ Ipd-b m-\sØ cw \K-c-k psS f I nA\p-]m-XØn¬ kwÿ n¬ henb iz ¿°v 1,038 kv{XoI-fp-≠v. F∂m¬, tXmX ´ Ip mSv Pn√-bn¬ s]¨ c-ßfpw {Kma-ßfpw XΩ p- I - b m- W v . ∑m dp - h - b   v hs c- b p≈ B bn cw hb-\-Øn¬ Imcy-amb G‰-°p-d-®n¬ A ¥ cw cq] - s ∏- ´ n- c n- °v{Xo˛-]p-cpj B ¨Ip-´n-Iƒ°v 866 s]¨Ip-´n-I-tf- FÆ - w-Jy°v B\p- . samØw P\k - √ B - {]IS-- a ß i Z- psS t ]{ apXn¿∂-h¿°n-S-bnse k a c \K ¨Ip´- n-If p s] a‰ nsS nse k - ym- mWv Ch - n-Ia bp-≈q. Pn√-b ]mX - ˛- {- Km- - hyX - m-XØn¬ \Kc m- S v , ° A\p] en. ]m nX - n¬ s]¨Ip´nI- fnepw kam-\-am-Wp ÿ IÆ-]p-cØv F Æ w. CS p- ° n- b ne pw ma-{]-tZ-i-ß- f - ß an-s√-¶nepw \Kc nse {K b psS Pn√ f dIÆq¿ - a mb n Ip Xriq¿ Pn√-I fps S F Æ w {I am - X o- XYm¿Yy-ßf - n- apXn¿∂-h-cn¬ ]pcp-j-∑m-tc-°mƒ 18 fnepw s]¨Ip-´n-I-fpsS FÆ-Øn¬ mb h cKu d ´s . v Ht W mXv -]p-cw, X-e bp∂ - a m\ w k v { Xo Iƒ Iq Sp- 20 iX- {]I-S-amb Ipd-hn-√. Xncp-h-\-¥ v{Xo˛-∂-Xv. k mƒ te-°mWp shfn®w hoip kv{XoIƒ iX n¬ ° f ft F∂m¬, B¨Ip-´n-I Be-∏p-g, sIm√w Pn√-I BWp-ß-tf-°mƒ s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ. Pn√- ]p-cpj A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ t\c-tØp n¬ mW f h dß i Ip Zw t ]{ c am\ \K - p≈ - w, - ´- W Gsd IqSp-Xe - mb hf] - mb Ipd-hmWp s]¨Ip hfsc Ipdse {][m\ tI{µ-ßf ∂ {]IS- a ae v . X ∂ t]mepw s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ m-KnI IW- bn n-°q¿, Xet- »-cn, ]ø∂ pq¿, Nme, ]g- Xs f W Im w nep Ø Cc ´n-I- psS FÆ - m-bmWv HutZy - p-∂X - n¬ - f ™p-hc - {- ]-tZ-iß - nepw s]¨Ip´- n-Iƒ _m¿ Pn√I - f - nse \Kc {]tZ-iß - f mSn . v ß X b∂ p° ma ‡ hy -^ƒ p. Xn ∂ {] p°p-I c h pns‚ X ™ ∂ dpI Ip n cp- mb - p≈ {Iam-Xo-Xa {`qW-lXy s] - w-Jym-km-{µX IqSp-Xe pP\ P\k ° pw Æ ‰h F G n¬ psS f - mSv Pn√b tImgn° ms c A t] - mWp s]¨Ip´- n-I e-\a mb ∂ em s nae - _ m- d n¬ ]p cp- j ≥aSp-X-ep-≈-Xv. f ß . v i X tZ ∂ p{] h mhy‡-a m-{µ-X-bp≈ £n®p kv{XoI-fmWv Iq m- X - Ø ns‚ k mbn-em-≠n-bn¬ Bbncw ]pcp-j- d-hn¬94˛se ]n.-F≥.-Sn.]n \nb-a-{]] sI \p A pj c , p] £ ˛k v { Xo I-fp-≠v. ]t - b hp w {`q W - l - n-bmb 1,058 t\°mƒ ∑m¿°v 1,100 kv{Xo Æ-Øn¬ 16 iX- Im cw en wK - \ n¿W v. Bdp-h¿jw kwÿm\ icm-ic - _ m- d nse w Ip‰I-c-am-W ¨Ip-´n-I-fpsS F - mWp G sd apI - f n- e mW p ae -W-{]-tZ-i- s] w Ipd-hm-Wv. ]¥o-c¶m-hv, Hf-h-Æ, XybpXSh - p-in£ e`n-°m-hp-∂X c ]´ am\ hs mb a pX pc \K ]dc I n¬ p‰ sNdpXpw he ´ mmI \ p m¬, CX p-h-´w, ^tdm-°v, cma - n¬ Xmsg¬ \nb-aw. F∂zImc X KSpenw Iq ƒ ߃. F∂m¬, Bdp-h-b cpj A\p- \StZ-iß n¬ I b yXn{ J ] wpi k ymP\ - n¬ - f mWp k bp-≈-h-cpsS kv{Xo˛-]p- i-ß-fnepw {]- XoI-fm-sW-¶nepw Bdp-h-b- n\p Øn-b b ]cn-tim-[\ \S-Øp-∂-Xv. Zv{ \n¿W ]mXw H´p-an° \K-c-{]-t ˛epw Gsd k sgb - v, 12/07/06) - k (tXP n¬ B¨Ip´- n-Iƒ 12 iXc h ≈ p960 Xm mb b nc i mkwÿm\ ic - m-Wv. - a p- d - b n¬ am\w IqSp-Xe Xm sg - b m- W v . ]p Xn b Xe s\ Ø Ip w mX ] \p A kv{XoI-fpsS Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿ 58

\nbaw

`¿Øm-hns‚ ho´nse

]oU\w XS-bm≥ `¿Øm-hns‚ ho´n¬ kv{XoIƒ t\cn-Sp∂ ]oU-\-߃ XS-bm≥ ]e \nb- a - h y- h - ÿ - I fpw \ne- h n- e p- ≠ v . `¿Øm-hns‚ ho´nse AXn-{I-a-߃ Hcp {Inan-\¬ Ip‰-ambn C¥y≥ in£m\n- b - a - Ø n¬ Dƒs∏- S p- Ø nbn- ´ p- ≠ v . 1983˛emWv 498 F F∂ Cu hIp∏v \nb-a-Øn¬ tN¿Ø-Xv. `¿Ømthm `¿Øm-hns‚ ho´pImtcm `mcy-tbmSv Im´p∂ {Iqc-X-Iƒ (cruelty) XS-bm-\mWv \nb-aw. \mep-Xc-Øn-ep≈ {Iqc-XI - ƒ \nb-aØ - n¬ hnhcn-°p-∂p. 1. kv{Xosb Bfl-l-Xy-bn-te°v \bn-°m-\n-S-bp≈ s]cp-am-‰w. 2. kv{XobpsS Poh\v `oj-Wn-bmIp-∂tXm Ah-cpsS ico-c-Øn¬ ]cnt°¬]n- ° p- ∂ tXm BtcmKyw XI¿°p-∂tXm Bb s]cp-am-‰w. 3. kzØv In´m-\mbn kv{Xot°m Ah- c psS IpSpw- _ mw- K - ß ƒt°m FXnsc \S-Øp∂ ]oU-\-߃. 4. kztØm ]Wtam In´m-sX-hcp-tºmƒ kv{Xot°m Ah-fpsS IpSpw_mw-K-߃t°m FXnsc \S-Øp∂ AXn-{I-aß - ƒ. aq∂p-sIm-√w-hsc XShpw ]ngbpw In´m-hp∂ Ip‰-am-bmWv Cu AXn-{I-aßsf \nb-aØ - n¬ hnh-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂X - v. ]oU- \ - Ø n- \ n- c - b mb kv { XoXs∂

]cmXn \¬I- W - s a- ∂ n√. _‘p°ƒ°pw ]cm-Xn-s∏Smw. \nb-a-Øn¬ hnh-cn-°p∂ {Iqc-XIƒ hyXykvX cq]-Øn¬ IpSpw-_-ßfn¬ \S-°p-∂X - mbn tImS-Xn-Iƒ Is≠Øn-bn-´p-≠.v Ahbpw \nb-aØ - ns‚ ]cn[n-bn¬ in£m¿l-amb Ip‰-am-bn-hc - pw. XpS¿®-bmbn `£Ww \¬Im-Xncn-°p-I, ssewKnI sshIr-X-߃°v \n¿_-‘n-°p-I, ÿnc-ambn hoSn\p ]pd- Ø m- ° p- I , Ip´n- I sf ImWm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°msX am\-kn-I-ambn ]oUn∏n-°p-I, imco-cn-I-ambn B{I-an-°p-I, am\-kn-Ia - mbn Xf¿ØpI F∂ e£ytØmsS A]-am-\n-°p-Ibpw A[n-t£]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I. kmaq-lnI CSs]- S ¬ A\p- h - Z n- ° msX kv { Xosb ho´n¬ XS-™p-sh-°p-I, kv{XobpsS km∂n-[y-Øn¬ Ah-cpsS Ip´n-Isf A[n-t£-]n®v am\-knI ]oU-\Ø - n-\nc-bm-°p-I, Ip´n-If - psS ]nXrXzw \ntj[n®v hnj-an-∏n-°p-I, kv{Xo[\w sImSpØn-s√-¶n¬ hnhm-l-tam-N\w \S-Øpsa∂v `oj-Wn-s∏-Sp-ØpI XpS-ßn-b-hsbms° CØ-c-Øn¬ {Iqc-X-bmbn tImS-Xn-Iƒ AwKo-Ic - n-®n-´p-≠v. hnhm-ln-Xc - mbn `¿Xr-Kr-lØ - n¬ (Matrimonial house) Xma-kn-°p∂ kv{Xosb Ahn-sS-\n∂v Cd-°n-hn-Sm≥ {ian-®m¬ AXvX - S- b - m≥ Ah¿°p tImS-

C¥y≥ \nb-a-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ G‰hpw ISpØ hyhÿ-I-tfmsS \ne-hn-ep≈ \nb-a-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv kv{Xo[\ \ntcm-[\ \nb-aw. 1961˛¬ \ne-hn¬h∂ Cu \nb-a-Øn¬ ]n∂oSv 1984˛epw '86˛epw t`Z-K-Xn-I-fp-≠m-bn. kv{Xo[\w hmßp-∂Xv Cu t`Z-KX - n-If - \ - p-kc - n®v ]cm-Xn-bn-√m-sX-Xs∂ tImS- X n°v tIsk- S p- ° m- h p∂ Ip‰(Congnisable offence)amWv. sIme-°p‰w Btcm-]n-°s - ∏-´m¬t]mepw sXfnbn-°-s∏-Spw-hsc {]Xnsb \nc-]-cm-[n-bmbn Icp-Xpw. F∂m¬ kv{Xo[-\h - p-ambn _‘- s ∏´ Ip‰- ß - f n¬ sX‰p-Im-c-s√∂p sXfn-bnt°- ≠ Xv `¿Ømhpw `¿Øm-hns‚ ho´p-Im-cp-amWv. kv{Xo[-\] - o-U\ - s - ØØp-S¿∂p-≠m-Ip∂ ac-Wß- f nepw Ip‰- ° msc in£n-°m≥ I¿i-\-ambn hyh-ÿ-I-fp-≠v. Hcp h - n-hm-lØ - n¬ Hcp-Iq-´¿ at‰-Iq-´¿°v \¬Ip-Itbm \¬Im-sa∂p kΩ-Xn-°p-Itbm sNøp∂ kztØm as‰-s¥¶nepw km[-\-ßtfm \nb-a-Ønse \n¿h-N-\-{]-Imcw kv{Xo[-\-am-Ipw. kv{Xo[\w h[q-h-c-∑m-cpsS amXm-]n-Xm°tfm a‰m-sc-¶n-eptam \¬Ip-∂-Xm-Imw. hnhm-l-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn hnhm-l-Øn\p aptºm tijtam sImSp-°p∂-Xp-am-Imw. km[m-cW h[p-hns‚ ho´p-Im-cmWv kv{Xo[\w \¬Ip-

Xnsb kao-]n-°mw. AXv `¿Øm-hns‚ kz¥w hotSm _‘p-°-fpsS hotSm hmS-I-hotSm Bhmw. hnhm-ln-X-bm-bncn-°p-thmfw Ah¿°-hnsS Ign-bmw. Cd°n-hn-Sm≥ kΩ¿Z-ap-≠m-bm¬ tImS-Xnbn¬ \n∂v \ntcm-[\ DØ-chv t\Smw. CXv thK-Øn¬ e`n-°pw. F∂m¬ kΩ¿Z-Øn\p hgßn hoSp-hn-S-cp-Xv. XncnsI Ib-‰-W-sa∂v \n¿tZ-in-°p∂ tImS-Xn-bp-Ø-chv e`n°pI Ffp-∏-a-√. kv { Xo[- \ - h p- a mbn _‘- s ∏´ ]oU-\ß - ƒ XS-bm-\p≈ hyh-ÿI - fpw 498 Fbn-ep-≠v. C¥y≥ in£m-\n-b-aØns‚ 303 _n hIp-∏nepw kv{Xo[-\a-cW - Ø - n\v in£n-°m≥ hyh-ÿb - p-≠.v acn® kv{Xo ac-W-Øn\v sXm´p-apºv kv{Xo[-\-Øns‚ t]cn¬ ]oU-\-Øn\n-cb - m-bn-´p-s≠∂v sXfn-™m¬ 303 _n {]Imcw {]Xnsb in£n-°mw. Ggp-sIm√w-apX¬ Poh-]c - y-¥w-hsc XS-hp-In-´mhp∂ Ip‰-am-Wn-Xv. kv{Xo[-\-Øns‚ t]cn¬ ]oUn- ∏ n- ° - s ∏- S p∂ kv { Xo hnhmltijw Ggp-h¿j-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ acn-®m¬ AXv kv{Xo[-\-a-c-W-ambn tImSXn Icp-Xpw. acWw ]oU\w aqea-s√∂v sXfn-bn-t°≠ NpXe `¿Ømhn\pw ho´p-Im¿°p-am-Ipw. ]oU\w \n¿Øm≥ `¿Øm-hn-s\Xnsc FIvkn-Iyq-´ohv aPn-ktv {S-‰ns\ (Ie-ISv s - d) CS-s]-Sp-Øm\pw `mcy°v \nba-]-c-ambn Ign-bpw. C\n {]iv\-ap-≠m°ns√∂v `¿Øm-hn-s\-s°m≠v aPnkvt{S-‰n-\papºn¬ Icm-¿ sh∏n-°mw. A{Iaw XpS¿∂m¬ ]nSn-s®-Sp-°p-sa∂ hyh-ÿ-tbmsS kz¿Wtam ]Wtam hkvXp-hI - I - tfm Pmay-ambn hmßm\pw aPn-kvt{S-‰n\p Ign-bpw. (AUz. sI.-B¿. Zo], Infn-hmXn¬, tZim-`n-am-\n, 10/08/06)

∂-sX-¶nepw Nne hn`m-K-߃°n-S-bn¬ adn-®p≈ coXnbpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ \nb-a-Øn¬ hnhm-l-hp-ambn _‘s∏-SpØn ssIam-dp∂ GXp Xc-Øn-ep≈ kzØpw ]Whpw kv{Xo[-\(dowry)Øns‚ \n¿h-N\ - Ø - n¬ s]Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ apkvenw hy‡n-\n-baw (i-cn-A-Øv) _m[-I-am-bh¿ \¬Ip∂ al¿ Cu \nb-a-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcn-√. kv{Xo[\w sImSp-°p-Itbm hmßp-Itbm sNøp-∂h - sc A©p- h ¿j- Ø n¬ IpdbmØ XS-hn\pw 15,000 cq]bn¬ Ipd-bmØ ]ngbv°pw in£n-°mw. hnhm- l - t h- f - b n¬ h[p-hn-s‚tbm hc-s‚tbm ho´p-Im¿ \¬Ip∂ km[\-߃ \nb-a-Øns‚ ]cn[n-bn¬ hcn-√. F∂m¬ Cu kΩm-\ß - ƒ tNmZn-®phm-ßn-b-Xm-I-cp-Xv. kΩm-\-ß-fpsS ]´nI {]tXyIw Xbmdm°n sh°p-Ibpw thWw. CsX-ßs\ Xbm-dm-°-W-sa∂v N´-ap-≠v. FgpXn Xbm-dm-°p∂ enÃn¬ Hmtcm∂pw X∂Xv Bcv, Ah-cp-am-bp≈ _‘w, km[-\Ø - ns‚ hne XpS-ßnb hnh-c-߃ D≠m-I-Ww. hc\pw h[phpw ]´n-I-bn¬ H∏p-hbv°-W-sa∂v hyh-ÿ-bp-≠v. Cu kΩm-\-߃ \¬Ip-∂-hcp-sStbm hmßp-∂-h-cp-sStbm kmº-ØnI \ne-hm-c-a-\p-kcn®v AanXaqey-ap-≈X - m-Ic - p-Xv. BNm-ca - mb coXn F∂ \nebn-em-IWw Cu kΩm\w \¬Ip-∂Xv F∂p \nbaw ]d-bp-

w: kv{Xome[pw\ tIsk-Sp°mw

]cm-Xn-bn-√m-sX-t]

60

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

hnhml {]mb-Øn\p aptº hnhmlw Ct∏mgpw

G‰hpw Ipdhv ae-∏p-dØv

Bfl-lX - y-bn¬ tIcfw Ggm-aXpw H∂mw ÿm\Øv ae-∏pdw: Bfl-l-Xy-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ tIc-fØ - n\v Ggmw Xh-Wbpw H∂mw-ÿm-\s- a∂v tZio-b-˛-kw-ÿm\ ss{Iw dntk¿®v _yqtdm-IfpsS hne-bn-cp-ج. CXp-am-{X-a√ tIcfw anI-®p-\n¬°p∂ taJ-eI - ƒ. Db¿∂ sXmgn-en-√m-bva, Db¿∂ aZyD-]-tbm-Kw, am\-knI tcmK acp-∂p-I-fpsS sXt° C¥y-bnse G‰hpw henb am¿°-‰v, Db¿∂ am\-knI tcmKm-Xp-cX F∂o KWØnepw tIc-f-Øn\v H∂mwÿm\w Xs∂. Db¿∂ km£-c-Xbpw Db¿∂ kv{Xo km£-c-Xbpw sa®-s∏´ kmaq-lnI hnI-k-\kq-Nn-II - fpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-sh∂v Ah-Im-is∏-Sp∂ tIc-f-Ønse Bfl-lXym {]h-W-X-

tIcf \nb-a-k-`-bnse h\nXm {]mXn-\nXyw 1þmw \nb-ak - ` 2þmw \nb-ak - ` 3þmw \nb-ak - ` 4þmw \nb-ak - ` 5þmw \nb-ak - ` 6þmw \nb-ak - ` 7þmw \nb-ak - ` 8þmw \nb-ak - ` 9þmw \nb-ak - ` 10þmw \nb-ak - ` 11þmw \nb-ak - `

þ 6 þ 7 þ 1 þ 2 þ 1 þ 5 þ 5 þ 8 þ 8 þ 13 þ 6 (am-Xr-`q-an, 08/03/06)

Ifpw Ip‰-IrXy at\m-`m-hß - fpw Gdn hcn-Ib - mWv. ]pØ≥ kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI {]iv\ß-fmWv Bfl-lX - y°p Imc-Ww. G‰hpw Xmtg°n-S-bn-ep≈ hn`m-K-ß-fnepw XmW CS-Øcw a[y-h¿K IpSpw-_ß - f- n-ep-amWv Bfl-lX - y-It- fsdbpw. hoSv, hnZym-`ym-kw, Irjn, B[p-\nI D]I-cWw hm߬ F∂n-h°v hmßnb ISw ho´m\m-hm-sX-bmWv IpSpw-_-ß-fnse H∂n-®p≈ Bfl-l-Xy-°p≈ km[y-X-sbm-cp-ßp-∂-Xv. Bfl-lX - y°v G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Ah-ew-_n-®ph-cp-∂Xv Xqßn-ac- W - a- m-Wv. hnj-]-Zm¿Y-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn-°¬, InW‰n¬ NmSp-I, Xobn¬ NmSp-I, h≠n-°p-ap-∂n¬ NmSp-I, acp-∂p-If- p-]t- bm-Kn-°pI XpS-ßn-bh - bmWv Bfl-lX - y-°p≈ a‰p-am¿K-߃. 30˛45 hb- n-\n-S° - p-≈h - c- n-emWv Bfl-lXym {]h-WX-tb-sd-bpw. kvIqƒ Ip´n-Iƒ, Iuam-c-{]m-b°m¿ F∂n-hc- nepw Bfl-lXym {]h-WX h¿[n®p-hc- p-∂p. tZiob P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 3.1 iX-am-\a- p≈ tIc-fØ - n¬ Bfl-lX - y-bpsS h¿[-\hv Bi¶ P\n-∏n-°p-∂X - m-Wv. sXmgn¬c-ln-Xc- n¬ 19.8 iXam-\hpw Irjn-°m-cn¬ 15.6 Dw kzImcy taJ-ebn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h-cn¬ 14.80 Dw iX-am\-hp-amWv Bfl-l-Xym-\n-c-°v. Bfl-lXy sNøp-∂-h-cn¬ 75.20 iX-am\w t]cpw hnhmln-Xc- m-Wv. tIc-f-Øn¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ Bfl-lXym-\n-c°v CSp°n Pn√-bn-em-Wv. G‰hpw Ipdhv ae-∏p-d-Øpw. ae-∏pdw Pn√-bn¬ Bfl-l-XymIp-dh - n\v ImcWw aX-]c- hpw kmaq-ln-I] - c- h - pamb Imc-Wß - f- m-sW-∂mWv ]T\ hnh-cw.

∂p. kv{Xo[\w tNmZn-®X - mbn sXfn-™mepw in£-bp-≠v. t\cnt´m A√m-sXtbm kv{Xo[\w Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂h - sc Bdpam-kw-ap-X¬ c≠p-sIm-√w-hsc XS-hn\pw 10,000 cq]-hsc ]ngbv°pw in£n-°mw. Hcmƒ kºm-Zy-Øns‚ GsX-¶nepw `mKtam ]Wtam aI-s‚tbm aI-fp-sStbm hnhm-l-Øn-\pth≠n sNe-hm-°p-I-bm-sW∂v ]c-ky-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xpw Ip‰am-Wv. CXn\pw in£ kv{Xo[\w tNmZn-®m¬ In´p-∂-{X-Xs∂-bm-W.v kv{Xo[\w \¬Im-sat∂m hmßm-sat∂m hyh-ÿs - NbvXp-≠m-°p∂ GXp Icmdpw Akm-[p-hm-sW∂pw \nbaw hy‡-am-°p-∂p. GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn¬ kv{Xo[\w ssIbn¬ h∂p-s]-´m¬ AXv hcs‚ ho´p-Im¿ aq∂p-am-kØ - n-\Iw h[phn\p ssIam-dn-bn-cn-°W - w. PpUo-jy¬ ^Ã-¢ v mkv aPn-ktv {S‰v tImS-Xn-bmWv kv{Xo[-\\ - n-tcm-[\ \nb-a{- ]-Im-ca - p≈ tIkpIƒ ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-sX∂pw hyh-ÿ-bp-≠v. tImS-Xn°v t\cn´v hnhcw e`n-°p-Itbm t]meokv dnt∏m¿´v In´p-Itbm sNbvXm¬ tIsk-Sp-°mw. kv{Xo[\w BcpsS hnhm-l-Øn\mtWm sImSp-Ø-Xv, Ah¿t°m amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒt°m _‘p-°ƒt°m ]cmXn \¬Imw. tI{µ, kwÿm\ k¿°mdp-I-fpsS AwKo-Im-c-ap≈ t£a-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ°pw tImSXnsb kao-]n-°mw. Cu \nb-a-{]-Im-c-ap≈ tIkp-I-fn¬ Pmayw-In-´n-√. Ip‰w Btcm-]n-°-s∏-´m¬ sNbvXn-´n-s√∂p sXfn-bn-t°≠ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw Btcm-]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿°mWv. \nbaw \S-∏m-°m-\mbn kv{Xo[-\-\n-tcm-[\ DtZym-Kÿsc (Dowry Prohibition Officers) kwÿm\ k¿°m-

2002þ04 tZiob {]P- \ \ inip BtcmKy kÀsh (Reproductive and Child Health Survey) {]Imcw tIc-f¯nse 6.6 iX-am\w s]¬Ip-«n-IÄ \nb-a-{]-Im-c-apÅ {]mb-]-cn-[n-bmb 18 hbkv F¯pw-apt¼ hnhm-ln-X-cm-Ip¶p. ae-¸p-d¯ - mWv CXv IqSp-X (37.4 iX-am-\w). hb-\m-SmWv C¡m-cy-¯n c-mw Øm\w (13.9 iX-am-\w). F¶m Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw, Be-¸p-g, ]¯-\w-Xn-«, tIm«bw, sImÃw \nb-a{]-Imcw {]mb-]qÀ¯n-bm-Ipw-ap-¼pÅ hnhmlw \S-¡p-¶n-Ã. 18 hb-kn¬ Xmsg {]mb-ap≈ s]¨Ip-´nIƒ hnhm-ln-Xc- m-Ip-∂X - ns‚ iX-am\w Pnà iX-am\w Be-¸pg 0 Fd-Wm-Ipfw 0.5 CSp¡n 1.6 I®qÀ 2 ImkÀtImSv 8.4 sImÃw 0 tIm«bw 0 tImgn-t¡mSv 5.4 ae-¸pdw 37.4 ]me-¡mSv 6.5 ]¯-\w-Xn« 0 Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw 0 XriqÀ 0.6 hb-\mSv 13.9 tIcfw (i-cm-ic - n) 6.6

dp-Iƒ°v \nb-an-°mw. tIc-fØ - n¬ sU]yq´n Ie-IvS¿, B¿.Un.-H, Akn- v Ie-IvS¿ F∂o XkvXn-I-I-fn¬ Ipd™ XkvXn-Ib - n-ep-≈h - sc t{]mln-_n-j≥ Hm^o-kd - m-°m≥ ]mSns√∂v N´-ap-≠.v kmaq-ly-t£-ah - I - p-∏nse Hcp Db¿∂ DtZymK-ÿs\ apJy kv{Xo[\ \ntcm-[\ DtZym-Kÿ - \ - mbn (Chief Dowry Prohibition Offcer) \nb-an®v kwÿm-\-Øm-sIbp≈ \ntcm-[\ DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS {]h¿Ø\w GtIm-]n-∏n°-W-sa∂pw hyh-ÿ-bp-≠v. kv{Xo[-\-]o-U-\-߃ XS-bm≥ C¥y≥ in£m \nba-Øn-emWv (IPC) {]tXyI hIp∏v tN¿Øn-´p-≈-Xv. IPC 304B F∂ Cu hIp∏v 1986 \hw-_¿ 19 apX-emWv \nb-aØn¬ h∂-Xv. hnhm-l-tijw Ggp-h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ hnhmlnX ]cn-t°t‰m s]m≈-tet‰m acn-®m¬ Cu hIp∏v _m[I-am-Ipw. ac-W-Øn\p sXm´p-ap-ºv, kv{Xo[\w Bh-iy-s∏´v ]oUn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn sXfn-™m¬ CØcw ac-W-߃ "kv{Xo[-\-a-cWw' (Dowry Death) Bbn IcpXn tIsk-Sp°mw. CØcw tIkp-I-fn¬ Ip‰w Btcm-]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂h¿Xs∂ \nc-]-cm-[nØw sXfn-bn-°-Ww. sXfn-hp-\n-b-aØn¬ (Indian Evidence Act) Cu hyh-ÿ-tbmsS 113 B hIp∏v tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. Ip‰w sXfn-™m¬ Poh-]-cy-¥w-hsc in£ In´pw. Ipd-™Xv Ggp-h¿j-hpw. hnhm-lt- ijw Ggph¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ kv{Xo[\]oU-\w-aqew kv{Xo Bfl-lXy-sN-bvXmepw sF]n-kn-bnse 304B hIp-∏-\p-k-cn®v tIsk-Sp-°mw. Bfl-lXy kv{Xo]o-U\w aqe-sa∂p sXfn™m¬ ]Øp-h¿jw-hsc in£ e`n-°mw.

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

60

{][m-\-kw-`-h-߃ 2006 s^{_p-hcn 1 _p[³ * Cdm³ BW-h{- ]iv\w bp.-F³. c£mk-an-Xn-bpsS ]cn-K-W-\bv¡v hnSm³ A©p Øncmw- K - § fpw PÀa- \ nbpw Xocp-am-\n-¨p. 2006 s^{_p-hcn 2 hymgw * lÀ¯mepw _µpw Blzm\w sN¿p¶ kwL-S-\-IÄ Xs¶ A¶p-m-Ip¶ \mi-\-jvS-§Ä¡v ]cn-lmcw ImWm³ _m[y- Ø - c m- s W¶v sslt¡m-SXn hn[n-¨p. 2006 s^{_p-hcn 3 shÅn * {]hm- N - I - s \- ¡ p- d n- ¨ pÅ hnhmZ ImÀ«q¬ {]kn-²o-Ic - n-¨X - ns\ XpSÀ¶v {^©v Zn\-]-{X-¯nsâ ]{Xm-[n-]sc ]ncn-¨p-hn-«p. 2006 s^{_p-hcn 4 i\n * kpDuZn Atd-_y-bnÂ\n¶v CuPn]vXn-te¡v 1415 t]cp-ambn t]mb bm{Xm¡-¸Â sN¦-S-en ap§n. 2006 s^{_p-hcn 5 RmbÀ * Cdmsâ BWh ]cn-]mSn kw_Ôn¨ {]iv\w sFIy-cmjv{S c£m-kan- X n¡v hnS- W - s a¶ A´m- c mjv { S BW-thmÀP GP³kn {]ta-bs¯ A\p-Iq-en¨v Ata-cn-¡b - S- ¡ - a - pÅ cmPy§-tfm-sSm¸w C´ybpw thm«p-sN-bvXp. 2006 s^{_p-hcn 6 Xn¦Ä * BW-h-{]iv\w c£m-k-an-Xn-bpsS ]cn- K - W - \ bv ¡ v hns«- ¦ nepw A´mcmjv{S kaq- l - h p- a mbn NÀ¨¡v Ct¸mgpw Xbm-dm-sW¶v Cdm³ hyàam¡n 2006 s^{_p-hcn 7 sNmÆ * bptd- \ nbw k¼p- j vS- a m- ¡ p¶ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä ]p\-cm-cw-`n-¡p-I-bmsW¶v Cdm³ A´m-cmjv{S BWthmÀP GP³knsb HutZym-Kn-Ia - mbn Adn-bn-¨p. 2006 s^{_p-hcn 8 _p[³ * sIm¨n {]Jym-]\ - t- ¯msS cmPym-´c hnZym- ` ymk kt½- f \w kam- ] n- ¨ p. aqeym-[n-jvTnX hnZym-`ymkw Imcy-£a-am-¡W - w. 2006 s^{_p-hcn 9 hymgw * tKm{[-bn k_ÀaXn FIvkv{]kv I¯n-bX - p-ambn _Ô-s¸« At\z-jW - ¯nsâ FÃm tcJ-Ifpw lmP-dm-¡m³ bp.- k n. _m\ÀPn Iao- j \v tKm{[ At\z- j W Iao- j ³ c- p - a mkw IqSn kabw \ÂIn. 2006 s^{_p-hcn 10 shÅn * {]hm-NI ImÀ«q¬ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡s¸«Xns\ XpSÀ¶p--mb kw`-h-hn-Imk-§Ä BhÀ¯n-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m³ Hcp am[ya s]cp- a m- ä - ¨ «w D- m - ¡ p- s a¶v bqtdm-]y³ bq\n-b³. 2006 s^{_p-hcn 11 i\n * ]pXnb \nIpXn \nÀtZ-i-§-fn-ÃmsX 2006þ07 se _Päv [\-a{´n h¡w ]pcptjm-¯-a³ \nb-a-k-`-bn Ah-X-cn-¸¨p. 2006 s^{_p-hcn 12 RmbÀ * k¼qÀW \oXn F¶ k¦Â]w km£m-XvI-cn-¡m³ \nab \S-]-Sn-IÄ thK-ta-dn-bXpw sNe-hp-Ip-d-ª-Xp-am-

62

sW¶v kp{]ow-tIm-SXn No^v PÌnkv ssh. sI. k`ÀhmÄ. 2006 s^{_p-hcn 13 Xn¦Ä * hnZym-`ymkw hnÂ]-\¡v sh¡-Ws - a¶Xv BtKmf km¼-¯nI XmÂ]-cyam-sW¶v {]ikvX km¼-¯nI imkv{XÚ\pw hnZym- ` ym- k - N n- ´ - I - \ p- a mb s{]m^. {]`mXv ]Sv\m-bnIv A`n-{]m-bs¸-«p. * Ak-an Bfp-amdn sIm¶-bm-fpsS `mcy¡v ssk\y- ¯ nsâ \jv S - ] - c nlmcw. 2006 s^{_p-hcn 14 sNmÆ * ]Ån-hm-kÂ, sN¦p-fw, ]¶n-bmÀ Pe- s sh- Z ypX ]²- X n- I - f psS ]pXp¡n¸Wn-b-en\pw \ho-I-c-W-¯n\p-ambn apS-¡nb 374.50 tImSn cq] shdp-sX-bm-sb¶v Iw]vt{SmfÀ Bâ v HmUn- ä À P\- d - e nsâ hmÀjnI dnt¸mÀ«v. * emhven³: IcmÀ H¸n-«-t¸mÄ \S-]-Sn{Iaw ]men-¨nÃ. Im³kÀ skâ-dn\v e`n¨ klmbw 8.98 tImSn am{Xw. 2006 s^{_p-hcn 15 _p[³ * \nÀ_-Ôn¨v tImS-Xn-bn-se-¯n¨ \S]- S n- b n {]Xn- t j- [ n¨v k±mw lpssk³ \ncm-lm-c-¯nÂ. 2006 s^{_p-hcn 16 hymgw * BWh ]²- X n- b nÂ\n¶v Cdm³ ]n·m-d-W-sa¶v djybpw ssN\bpw Bh-iy-s¸-«p. 2006 s^{_p-hcn 17 shÅn * aX-\yq-\-]-£-§-fpsS kmaq-lnI ]ptcm-KXn hÀ[n-¸n-¡pI F¶ e£yw ap³\nÀ¯n tI{µ-kÀ¡mÀ 15 C\ \S¸m-¡p-sa¶v cmjv{S-]Xn F. ]n. sP. A_vZpÂI-emw. 2006 s^{_p-hcn 18 i\n * a[y ^nen-¸o³kn I\¯ ag-sbXp- S À¶p- - m b a®n- S n- ¨ n- e n Bbn- c ¯n-tesd t]À acn-¨p. * ssk\y-¯nse apkvenw-I-fpsS IWs¡-Sp¸v: temIvk` \S-]S- n-IÄ _n.-sP.]n. XS-Ê-s¸-Sp-¯n. * Un.-sF.-kn.-bp-ambn kJytam [mcWtbm CÃ: kn.-]n.-Fw. 2006 s^{_p-hcn 19 RmbÀ * ^nen- ¸ o³knse a®n- S n- ¨ n- e n sImÃs¸«-h-cpsS F®w 18000 Ihnªp. * ]£n-¸\n C´y-bnepw. tcmKw Is-¯n- b Xv alm- c mjv { S þ KpP- d m¯v AXnÀ¯n- ¡ Sp¯pÅ \µÀ _mÀ, [pse PnÃ-I-fnÂ. 2006 s^{_p-hcn 20 Xn¦Ä * {][m-\a - {- ´n-bmbn Ckvam-Cu l\nbsb lamkv sXc- s ª- S p- ¯ - X n Ien- ] q- C{k- C u ^e- k v X o- \ n- \ pta D]-tcm-[-taÀs¸-Sp-¯m³ Xocp-am\n-¨p. 2006 s^{_p-hcn 21 sNmÆ * BWh {]Xn-tcm[ taJeI-fn kl- I - c n¨p {]hÀ¯n- ¡ p- s a¶v C´ybpw {^m³kpw kwbpà {]kvXmh-\b - n hyà-am-¡n. CX-S¡w H¼Xp Icm-dp-If - n C´ybpw {^m³kpw H¸psh-¨p. 2006 s^{_p-hcn 22 _p[³

ZZ _p≈_p≈-‰‰n≥ n≥ 2006 2006 G{]n¬ G{]n¬ ˛˛ sk]v HIvtSm‰w-_ _¿¿

* Cdm-s\-Xn-sc C´y- thm-«p-sN-bvXXv AwKo- I - c n- ¡ m- \ m- h m- ¯ - X m- s W¶v apkvenw-eoKv AJn-te´ym {]kn-Uâ v Pn. Fw. _\m¯vhme A`n-{]m-b-s¸«p. apkvenw-eoKv ae-¸pdw PnÃm I½nän kwL-Sn-¸n¨ ]Z-bm-{X-bpsS kam-]\ kt½-f\w s]cn-´Âa-®-bn DZvLmS\w sN¿pIbmbn-cp¶p At±lw * Cdm-\nse BWh dnbm-IvS-dp-I-fn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ bptd-\nbw X§-fpsS `q{]-tZ-i¯ - p-sh¨v k¼p-jvSam-¡m-sa¶ djy-bpsS \nÀtZiw kw_Ôn¨v Ccp-cm-Py-§-fn-sebpw DtZym-KØÀ X½n \S¶ NÀ¨-bn Xocp-am\-am-bn-Ã. 2006 s^{_p-hcn 23 hymgw * knhn- e n- b ³ BW- h - ¡ - c mÀ {]mhÀ¯n-I-am-¡p-¶-Xn\v Ata-cn¡ apt¶m-«p-sh¨ \n_-Ô\ - I - Äs¡-Xnsc {][m-\a - {- ´n-bpsS imkv{X-D] - t- Z-iI - ³ IqSn cwK-s¯-¯n. Ata-cn-¡³ \n_Ô-\I - sf FXnÀ¯v BW-thmÀP Iaoj³ sNbÀam³ A\n ItIm-Zv¡-d-S¡-apÅ imkv{X-ÚÀ t\cs¯ cwKs¯-¯nbn-cp-¶p. 2006 s^{_p-hcn 24 shÅn * s{]m^. Fw. IrjvW³ \mbÀ A´cn-¨p. * Icn-¸qÀ hnam-\-¯m-hfw cmPym-´c hnam- \ - ¯ m- h - f - a mbn DbÀ¯n- b Xp kw_-Ôn¨v HutZym-KnI hnÚm-\-]\-am-bn. 2006 s^{_p-hcn 25 i\n * KpP-dm¯v hwi-l-Xy-¡nsS htUm-Zc-bnse s_Ìvt_-¡-dn¡v Xosh¨v 14 t]sc Np«p-sIm¶ tIkn H¼Xp t]À¡v Poh- ] - c y´w XS- h p- i n- £ . tIkv ]p\Àhn-Nm-cW sNbvX apwss_bnse tImS-Xn-bmWv in£ hn[n-¨-Xv. * bm{Xm-¡q-enbpw Nc-¡p-Iq-enbpw Iq«msX dbnÂa{´n emep {]kmZv bmZhv Xsâ aq¶mw _Päv Ah-X-cn-¸n¨p. 2006 s^{_p-hcn 26 RmbÀ * KpP-dm-¯nepw ]£n-¸\n Ønco-Icn-¨p. * BWh CS-]mSv kw_-Ôn¨v C´ybp-ambn A`n-{]mb hyXym-k§ - Ä \ne\n¡p- ¶ p- s - ¶ v Ata- c n¡ hyà- a m¡n. 2006 s^{_p-hcn 27 Xn¦Ä * IivaoÀ Xmgvhc - b - n ZpUn-t]md {Kma¯n ssk\n-IÀ shSn-sh-¨p-sIm¶ \mep-t]-cpsS IpSpw-_¯ - n\p ssk\yw c- p - e £w cq] hoXw \jv S - ] - c n- l mcw \ÂIn. * bap-\m-Pew IpSn-¡m³ tbmKy-as - öv tI{µ aen- \ o- I - c W \nb- { ´W t_mÀUv. 2006 s^{_p-hcn 28 sNmÆ * 110 hÀj-¯n-tesd ]g-¡-apÅ apÃs¸-cn-bmÀ Pe-\n-c¸v 142 ASn-bm¡n DbÀ¯m³ kp{]ow-tIm-SXn D¯-ch - n-«p. Umw kpc-£nXasöpw AXn-\m Pe-\n-c¸v 136 ASn-bmbn \ne-\nÀ¯W-sa-¶p-apÅ tIc-f¯ - nsâ A`yÀY\ XÅn- s ¡m- - m Wv tImS- X n- b psS D¯chv. Pe-\n-c¸v 156 ASn DbÀ¯p-¶X - n\v Bh- i y- a mb Aä- I p- ä - ¸ - W n- I Ä \S-

¯m\pw tImSXn Xan-gv\mSv kÀ¡m-dn\v A\p-aXn \ÂIn. 2006 amÀ¨v 1 _p[³ * ]pXnb \nIpXn \nÀtZ-i-§-fn-Ãm¯Xpw {Kmao-W, ImÀjn-I, ASn-Øm\ taJ-eI-fpsS hnI-k\ - ¯ - n\v IqSp-X Du¶Â \ÂIp- ¶ - X p- a mb 2006þ07 hÀjs¯ _Päv [\-a{´n ]n. NnZw_cw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p. 2006 amÀ¨v 2 hymgw * tIc-f-¯n sXc-sª-Sp¸v G{]n 22, 29 sabv 3 Xob-Xn-I-fnÂ. {]Jym-]\-t¯msS s]cp-am-ä-¨-«hpw \ne-hn h¶p. 2006 amÀ¨v 3 shÅn * cmPy-¯m-Ia - m\w Ae-bS- n-¡p¶ {]Xntj-[-§fpw tcmj-{]-IS-\-§fpw AhK-Wn¨v BWh kl-I-c-W-¡-cm-dn H¸p-sh-¡m³ C´ybpw Ata-cn-¡bpw [mc-W-bm-bn. Ata-cn-¡³ {]kn-Uâ v tPmÀPv _pjp-ambn \S-¯nb NÀ¨¡v tijw kwbpà ]{X-k-t½-f-\-¯n {][m- \ - a {´n a³tam- l ³knw- K mWv C¡mcyw Adn-bn-¨-Xv. 2006 amÀ¨v 4 i\n * 59 t]cpsS ac-W-¯n-\n-S-bm-¡nb k_ÀaXn FIvkv{]kv Xo]n-Sp¯w bmZr-On-I-am-bp--m-b-Xm-sW¶v kw`-hs¯-¡p-dn¨v At\z-jn¨ PÌnkv bp. kn. _m\ÀPn I½n-än. lnµp-¡Äs¡Xn-cmb KqVm-tem-N-\-bpsS `mK-amb k_ÀaXn FIvkv{]-knsâ IÀtkhIÀ k©-cn-¨n-cp¶ t_mKn¡v Xosh¨XmsW¶ kwLv]c - n-hmÀ {]Nm-cWw I½nän A´na dnt¸mÀ«n ]qÀWambpw XÅn. 2006 amÀ¨v 5 RmbÀ * C´y- b pambp- m - ¡ p- ¶ - X p- t ]m- e pÅ knhn-en-b³ BW-h¡ - cm-dn-\pÅ ]mIv \nÀtZiw Ata- c n- ¡ ³ {]kn- U â v tPmÀPv _pjv XÅn. {]kn- U â v ]Àthiv api- d - ^ p- a m- b pÅ NÀ¨¡v tijw hmÀ¯m teJ-I-tcmSp kwkmcn-¡-sh-bmWv _pjv C¡mcyw Adn-bn¨-Xv. * Xan-gv\m«n ssht¡m-bpsS t\XrXz-¯n-epÅ Fw.-Un.-Fw.sI. Pb-e-fnX-bpsS F.-sF.-F.-Un.-Fw.sI. bpambn kJy-¯n-se¯n 2006 amÀ¨v 6 Xn¦Ä * Cdm³ BW-h-{]iv\w kw_-Ôn¨v {][m-\a - {´n tUm. a³tam-l³knwKpw djy³ {]kn-Uâ v hvfmUn-anÀ ]pSn\pw NÀ¨ \S-¯n. 2006 amÀ¨v 7 sNmÆ * Cdm-Jn Ct¸mgpw Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n\m-fp-Isf hnNm-cW - I - q-SmsX XS-hn-en«v ]oUn-¸n-¡p-¶p-s-¶v bp.-F³ a\p-jymh- I mi kwc- £ W kan- X n- b mb Bw\Ìn CâÀ\m- j - \  dnt¸mÀ«p sN¿p-¶p. A_q-Kp-ssd_v Pbn-ense {Iqc-amb ]oU-\-§Äs¡-Xnsc temIhym- ] - I - a mbn {]Xn- t j- [ - a p- - m - b n«pw A[n- \ n- t hi ssk\n- I À Ipäw BhÀ¯n-¡p-Ib - m-Wv. * AÂJm-C-Z-bpsS klmb hmKvZm\w lamkv \nc-kn-¨p. ^e-kvXo³ kzmX{´y- ¯ n- \ p- t h- n t]mcm- S p¶ lamkv Bi-b] - c - a - mbn AÂJm-CZ- b - nÂ\n¶pw

Gsd hyXy- k v X - a m- s W¶pw `oIc {]hÀ¯-\-¯n-teÀs¸-«n-cn-¡p¶ Hcp Xo{h-hmZn kwL-S-\-b-söpw hyàam-¡n-bmWv t\XrXzw klmbw \nc-kn¨-Xv. * KpP- d m¯v Iem- ] - ¯ n XIÀ¶ kvamc- I - § Ä ]p\xØm- ] n- ¡ m³ C´y³ ]pcm-hkvXp hn`mKw {iaw Bcw- ` n- ¨ p. apKÄ Ime- L - « - ¯ n \nÀan¨ kvamc-I§ - f - psS tISp-]m-Sp-IÄ XoÀ¡m-\mWv hnZ-Kv[À {][m-\-ambpw {ian-¡p-¶X - v. 2006 amÀ¨v 8 _p[³ * XoÀYm-S\ \K-ca - mb hmcm-Wk - n-bn l\p-am³ t£{X-¯nepw sdbnÂsh tÌj- \ nepw sNmÆmgv N kÔy- ¡ p- m b t_mw_v kv t ^mS- \ - § - f n 20 t]À acn-¨p. * tKm{[-bn k_ÀaXn FIvk{v ]-kn\v Xo]n- S n- ¨ - X n- s \- ¡ p- d n¨v At\z- j n¨ PÌnkv bp.-kn. _m\ÀPn Iao-j³ dnt¸mÀ«v ]c-ky-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xns\ KpPdm¯v sslt¡m-SXn cq£-ambn hnaÀin¨p. sslt¡m-S-Xn-bpsS A\p-hm-Z-anÃmsX dnt¸mÀ«v ]pd¯p hn«-Xn-\mWv hnaÀiw. * BWh kl-I-cW Icm-dp--m¡p¶XneqsS C´ysb BW-hm-bp[ ]Z-hn-bpÅ cmPy-ambn AwKo-I-cn-¨n-«nsöv Ata-cn-¡. IcmÀ C´y-bpsS BW-h-tijn hÀ[n-¸n-¡m³ klm-bn¡p-¶-X-Ã. adn¨v; BWh \nÀhym-]\ cmjv{S-§f - psS Iq«-¯n-te¡v C´ysb F¯n-¡m³ e£y-an-Sp-¶-Xm-sW¶v Ata-cn-¡³ hntZ-i-Imcy sk{I-«dn \nt¡m-fmkv t_¬kv hyà-am-¡n. 2006 amÀ¨v 9 hymgw * ]e- X - h W samgn- a m- ä nb s_Ìv t_¡dn tIknse apJy- k m£n kmlndm ssiJn\v Hcp hÀjw ITn\ XShpw 50,000 cq] ]ngbpw in£. tImSXnsb sXän-²-cn-¸n-¨-Xn\mWv kp{]nwtIm-SXn in£- hn-[n-¨-Xv. 2006 amÀ¨v 10 shÅn * BWh ]²- X nsbs¨mÃn- b pÅ {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v NÀ¨¡v X¿m-dm-sW¶pw F¶m ]pXp-Xmbn hn«p-ho-gvN-I-sf-s´-¦nepw \S-¯m³ Hcp-¡-a-söpw Cdm³ {]kvXm-hn-¨p. 2006 amÀ¨v 11 i\n * tPmen-bn Xncn¨p Ib-dp-¶-Xn\v A[ym-]-I-\nÂ\n¶v ssI¡qen Bhiy-s¸« s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk sU]yq«n sk{I-«dn hn. jwkp-±o³ hm§p-¶-Xn\n-S-bn hnPn-e³kv ]nSn-bn-em-bn. * s_Ìv t_¡dn tIkn ]e-X-hW samgn-am-än-¸-dª Ipä-¯n\v tImSXn in£n¨ kmlnd ssiJv C¶se skj³kv tImSXnbn Iog-S§ - n. * XriqÀ PnÃ-bnse Nme-¡p-Sn-¡-Sp¯v apcn-§q-cn-epÅ Unssh³ [ym\-tI-{µ¯nsâ {]hÀ¯-\s¯¡pdn¨v ka-{Kmt\z-jWw \S-¯m³ sslt¡m-SXn D¯-ch - n-«p. 2006 amÀ¨v 12 RmbÀ * ap³ bqtKm-Ém-hn-b³ {]kn-Uâ v kvtem_-Zm³ antem-sk-hn-¨ns\ Pbnen acn¨ \ne- b n Is- - ¯ n. * BWh {]Xn-tcm-[-¯n-\pÅ C´y-

ZZ _p≈_p≈-‰‰n≥ n≥ 2006 2006 G{]n¬ G{]n¬ ˛˛ sk]v HIvtSm‰w-_ _¿¿

{][m-\-kw-`-h-߃ bpsS AhImi§sf Ata-cn-¡-bp-ambp- - m - ¡ p¶ knhn- e n- b ³ BW- h - ¡ cmÀ HcpXc-¯nepw _m[n-¡n-söv {][m-\-a{´n tUm. a³tam-l³knwKv ]d-ªp. 2006 amÀ¨v 13 Xn¦Ä * KpP-dm¯v kÀ¡m-cn\v tZiob a\pjym-h-Imi Iao-jsâ cq£ hnaÀiw. KpP-dm¯v Iem-]¯ - n\v Cc-bm-bh - À¡v \jvS-]-cn-lmcw \ÂIm\pw Ahsc ]p\- c - [ n- h - k n- ¸ n- ¡ m\pw th- \S- ] Sn kzoI-cn-¡p-¶X - n kÀ¡mÀ Aew-`mhw ImWn-¨p-sh-¶mWv Iao-j³ Ipä-s¸-Sp¯p-¶X - v. * Ata-cn-¡-tbm-SpÅ C´y-bpsS \b¯n h¶ amäs¯ kzmKXw sNbvXv BÀ.Fkv.-Fkv cwK-¯v. \bw-amäw kzmK-XmÀl-am-sW¶pw AXv Xo{h-hmZs¯ sNdp-¡m³ Ccp-cm-Py-§-sfbpw klm-bn-¡p-sa¶pw Ct´m-þA - t- a-cn-¡³ knhn-en-b³ BW-h-¡-cm-dns\ ]cmaÀin¨v BÀ.-F-kv.-Fkv hàmhv Fw.Pn. sshZy ]d-ªp. 2006 amÀ¨v 14 sNmÆ * Cdm³ BWh {]iv\w \bX{´ ]cnlmcw ImWm³ kam- [ m- \ - ] - c - a mbn k½ÀZw sNep-¯-W-sa¶v {_n«ojv hntZ-iI - mcy sk{I-«dn PmIvkvt{Sm. 2006 amÀ¨v 15 _p[³ * {]mtZ- i nI hnI- k \^- v A\p- h - Z n¡p-¶-Xn\v tImg tNmZn-s¨¶v Btcm]W hnt[-bc - mb \mev temIvk`m Fw.]n- a msc ]pd- ¯ m- t ¡- - X n- s öv CtX¡p-dn-¨-t\z-jn¨ ]mÀe-saâdn kanXn in]mÀi sNbvXp. * bptd- \ nbw k¼p- j v S - a m- ¡ p- ¶ Xv \nÀ¯-em-¡m³ Cdm-t\mSv Bh-iy-s¸S-W-sa¶ Ata-cn-¡-bp-sSbpw c£m-ka-Xn-bnse hotäm A[n-Im-c-apÅ aäv Øncmw-K§ - f - p-sSbpw \nÀtZiw djybpw ssN\bpw XÅn. 2006 amÀ¨v 16 hymgw * aAvZ\n¡v ]tcmÄ A\p-h-Zn-¡-Wsa¶v tIc-f\ - n-ba - k - ` sFII-WvtTy\ ]mkm-¡nb {]ta-b-¯n Bh-iy-s¸«p. * C´y-bnse Xmcm-]qÀ BWh \neb- ¯ n- t e¡v CÔ\w \ÂIm- \ pÅ djy³ \nÀtZ- i s¯ Ata- c n¡ FXnÀ¯p. C´y- þ - A - t a- c n¡ BWh¡cmÀ kw_-Ôn-¨pÅ _m[yX- I Ä \nd- t h- ä nb tijw am{Xta C¯cw \S-]S- n-If - p-ambn C´y apt¶m«v t]mImhq F¶mWv Ata-cn-¡³ \ne]m-Sv. * h³ kpc-£t- bmsS Fkv.F - k - v.F - Â.kn. ]co-£¡v XpS-¡-am-bn. 2006 amÀ¨v 17 shÅn * 2005 sk]väw-_À 17-þ\v t_¸q-cn aÕy-_-Ô\ t_m«n kvt^mS-\-ap-m-b-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v kn.-_n.-sF. At\zjWw \S-¯m³ sslt¡m-SXn D¯-chn-«p. * s_Ìv t_¡dn tIkn samgn-am-änb-Xn\v kp{]ow-tIm-SXn in£ hn[n¨ kmlnd ssiJv in£ KpP-dm-¯n\v ]pd¯v A\p-`-hn-¡m³ A\p-h-Zn-¡-W-

62

{][m-\-kw-`-h-߃ sa¶ Xsâ Bhiyw ]n³h-en-¨p. 2006 amÀ¨v 18 i\n * Ata-cn-¡-bpsS BW-thmÀP N«w t`Z-KXn sN¿p-¶-Xn-\pÅ _n bp.-Fkv. sk\-än Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p. * C´y¡v bptd-\nbw \ÂIn-söv Bkvt{X-en-b. 2006 amÀ¨v 19 RmbÀ * 1993þse apwss_ kvt^mS-\t- ¡-kn A_q-ke - o-an\pw Iq«m-fn-sb¶v ]d-bs¸Sp¶ dnbmkv Alv a Zv kn±o- J n\pw {]tXyI tImSXn Ipäw Npa-¯n. 2006 amÀ¨v 20 Xn¦Ä * \yq\- ] £ hnZym- ` ymk Npa- X e tI{µ \yq\-]-£-Im-cy-a{´n F. BÀ. B´p-se-bnÂ\n¶v amän. * hmcm-W-kn-bnse t_mw_v kvt^mS\-¯nsâ ]Ým-¯e - ¯ - n AZzm\n \S¯m-\n-cn-¡p¶ `mcXv bm{X-bn lnµp kwL-S-\-IÄ AXr]vXn {]I-Sn-¸n-¨p. 2006 amÀ¨v 21 sNmÆ * bp. kn. _m\ÀPn Iao- j sâ dnt¸mÀ«v ]mÀe-saân sh¡p-¶-Xn\pÅ tÌ \o¡-W-sa¶ dbn a{´me- b - ¯ nsâ Bhiyw KpP- d m¯v sslt¡m-SXn XÅn. * F¨v. Un. tZh-KuU _n.-sP.]n kJy¯n-se-¯n. 2006 amÀ¨v 22 _p[³ * Ign-ª-hÀjs¯ Fkv.-F-kv.-FÂ.kn. ]co-£-bpsS FÃm tNmZy-t]-¸-dpIfpw tNmÀ¶-Xmbn kn.-_n.-sF. DtZymK-ØÀ sslt¡m-S-Xnsb Adn-bn-¨p. * BW-hm-bp[w hln-¡m³ tijnbpÅ B[p- \ nI _m_À {Iqbnkv anssk ]mIn-kvXm³ hnP-bI - c - a - mbn ]co-£n-¨p. 2006 amÀ¨v 23 hymgw * ]me-¡mSv \K-c-k-`-bn _n.-sP.]n AwKw sshkv sNbÀam³ Øm\¯v XpS-cp-¶Xv XSª knwKnÄ _©v hn[n sslt¡m-SXn Unhn-j³ _©v d±m-¡n. sshkv sNbÀam³ Øm\-taäp. * XoÀ¯pw tbmPn- ¸ n- ¡ m- \ m- h m¯ hn[w _Ôw XIÀ¶ kml-Nc - y-¯n hnhm-l-tam-N\w A\p-h-Zn-¡m-hp¶ hn[w lnµphnhm-l-\n-b-a-¯n t`ZKXn sIm-p-h-cp¶ Imcyw Kuc-h-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-¡m³ kp{]ow-tIm-SXn tI{µkÀ¡m-dn-t\mSv Bh-iy-s¸-«p. 2006 amÀ¨v 24 shÅn * kÀ¡mÀ i¼fw ]äp¶ A\y-]-Z-hnIÄ hln- s ¨¶ Btcm- ] - W s¯ XpSÀ¶v tkmWn-bm-KmÔn temIvk`- mwK-Xzhpw tZiob D]-tZ-iI kanXn A[y£]Zhpw cmPn-sh-¨p. Fw.-]n. Øm\-¯p-\n-¶pÅ cmPn kv]o¡dpw tZiob D]-tZ-iI kan-Xn-bn-Â\n¶pÅ cmPn {][m-\-a-{´nbpw kzoI-cn-¨p. * Cdmsâ BWh {]iv\w: sFIycmjv{S c£m-ka - n-Xn-bnse hotäm A[n-Im-c-apÅ A©v Øncmw-K-§Ä A`n-{]mb sFIy-¯n-se-¯n-bn-Ã. * BW-thmÀP {]iv\-¯n C´ytbmSpw Cdm-t\mSpw Cc-«-¯m-¸n-söv Ata-cn-¡³ {]kn-Uâ v tPmÀPv _pjv.

64

2006 amÀ¨v 25 i\n * kn.-]n.-Fw. Xocp-am-\-¯n amäw. hn.F-kv. ANyp-Xm-\-µ³ aÂk-cn-¡pw. * Un.- s F.- k n(- s I)bpw sI.- ] n.- k n.kn.bpw tbmPn¨p {]hÀ¯n-¡m³ [mcW-bm-bn. 2006 amÀ¨v 26 RmbÀ * bp.-Fk - nsâ tk\m \o¡-§fpw bp²X-{´-§fpw djy k±m-an\p tNmÀ¯n \ÂIn-b-Xmbn s]â-K¬ dnt¸mÀ«p sNbvXp. * {ioe-¦³ \mhnI tk\-bpsS I¸Â FÂ.-Sn.Sn XIÀ¯p. * »Uv _m¦nse càw-hgn FbnUvkv _m[n¨ H¶-c-h-b-kp-Imcn acn-¨p. 2006 amÀ¨v 27 Xn¦Ä * Ihn Ipªp-®n-am-jv(79) A´-cn-¨p. * X]mÂh- I p- ¸ n\v Iogn- e pÅ c- v C³jp-d³kv ]²-Xn-I-fnse \nt£-]XpI Hml-cn-¡-t¼m-f-¯n \nt£-]n¡m³ tI{µ-kÀ¡mÀ A\p-aXn \ÂIn. 2006 amÀ¨v 28 sNmÆ * tNI-\qÀ aue-hn tIkv: apJy-km£n A_vZp PºmÀ Iqdp-am-dn. 2006 amÀ¨v 29 _p[³ * BW-h-I-cm-dnsâ ad-hn C´y-¡pta kn.-Sn.-_n.Sn ASn-t¨Â]n-¡m³ Ata-cn-¡³ \o¡w. * KpP-dm¯v Iem-]¯ - n-\nsS Zm\n-enwZ {]tZ-i¯v A{Iaw Agn-¨p-hn« tIkn {][m\ {]Xn apiv X mJv I\ntbm AS¡w H³]Xv t]À¡v AUo-j-\ skj³kv tImSXn in£ hn[n-¨p. 2006 amÀ¨v 30 hymgw * samgn-am-änb tIkn kp{]ow-tIm-SXn hn[n¨ XS-hp-in£ kmlnd ssiJv apwss_-bnse Pbn-en A\p-`-hn-¡W-sa¶v skj³kv tImSXn PUvPn A`bv Xn]vsk D¯-chv ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn¨p. 2006 amÀ¨v 31 shÅn * bptd-\nbw k¼p-jvSo-I-cWw ap¸Xv Znh-k-¯n-\Iw \nÀ¯n-sh-¡-W-sa¶v sFIy-cm-j{v S-ka - nXn Cdm-t\mSv Bh-iys¸-«p. * bptd-\nbw k¼p-jvS-am-¡p-¶-Xn\v taJ-em-Xe - ¯ - n kwcw`w BIm-sa¶v Cdm³ \nÀtZ-in-¨p. * Ata-cn-¡³ ]{X-{]-hÀ¯I Pn Itcm-fns\ CdmJv t]mcm-fn-IÄ tamNn¸n-¨p. 2006 G{]n 1 i\n * bp.-Un.-F^v {]I-S-\-]-{XnI ]pd-¯nd-¡n. e£w-tIm-Sn-bpsS \nt£-]w. 20 e£w sXmgn-e-h-k-cw. * ]n.-Un.-]n. ]n´pW CS-Xp-ap-¶W - n-¡v. * ]Sn-ªmsd Cdm-\n `qN-e\w: 66 ac-Ww. \nc-h[n {Kma-§Ä \in-¨p. 2006 G{]n 2 RmbÀ * Cdm-Jn Ata-cn-¡¡v ]änb sXäpIÄ Bbn-c-¯n-e-[n-I-sa¶v bp.Fkv. tÌäv sk{I- « dn tIm- - e ok ssdkv . * `qI¼ Zpcn-Xm-izmk {]hÀ¯-\¯ - n\v hntZi cmPy-§f - psS klmbw Bh-iyanÃ: Cdm³ 2006 G{]n 3 Xn¦Ä * C´ybpw Ata-cn-¡bpw BW-h-Icm-dn-teÀs¸-Sp-¶-Xn\v apt¶m-Sn-bmbn kzoI- c n- t ¡- kpc£m amÀK- \ nÀtZ-

ZZ _p≈_p≈-‰‰n≥ n≥ 2006 2006 G{]n¬ G{]n¬ ˛˛ sk]v HIvtSm‰w-_ _¿¿

i-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v C´y³ BW-thmÀP Iao-j³ sNbÀam³ A\n ItIm-ZI v À A´m-cmjv{S BW-thmÀP GP³knbp-ambn NÀ¨-\-S-¯pw. A´m-cmjv{S BW-thmÀP GP³kn-bpsS hyh-ØIÄ cmPy-¯n\v tZmj-Ic - a - m-hp-sa-¶mWv Bi-¦. 2006 G{]n 4 sNmÆ * ssk\n-tI-Xc taJ-eb - n C´ybpw Ata-cn-¡bpw X½n-epÅ BWh klI-cW [mc-W-s¡-Xnsc Ata-cn-¡³ imkv{X-ka - q-l¯ - nse Hcp hn`mKw cwKs¯-¯n. 2006 G{]n 5 _p[³ * CS-Xp-]£ - ¯ - n-sâbpw hnam-\¯ - m-hf Poh-\¡ - m-cp-sSbpw ià-amb FXnÀ¸v adn-I-S¶v ZÂln, apwss_ hnam-\-¯mh-f§ - Ä kzImcy I¼-\n-IÄ¡v ssIamdm-\pÅ Icm-dn tI{µ-kÀ¡mÀ H¸psh-¨p. 2006 G{]n 6 hymgw * \nbak`m sXc-sª-Sp-¸n PamAs¯ Ckveman ]n´pW CS-Xp-ap-¶Wn-¡v. * \yq\-]-£-{]o-W\w Dt]-£n-¨m cmjv{So-b-¯n-sâbpw `c-W-¯n-sâbpw hnim-e-X-e-¯n s]mXp-th-Zn-bm-hmsa¶ FÂ.-sI. AZzm-\n-bpsS \nÀtZiw tIm¬{Kkv XÅn. 2006 G{]n 7 shÅn * cl- k y- t cJ tNmÀ¯nb tIkv þ \mhnItk\ Iam³UÀ DÄs¸sS A©p-t]À Ad-ÌnÂ. * dh-\yq-Sh - À \nÀam-W¯ - n Agn-aXnþ a{´n amWn¡v temIm-bpà t\m«o-kv. 2006 G{]n 8 i\n * Cdm- J nse F®bv¡p ]Icw `£Ww ]²Xn: t_\-ko-dn-s\-Xnsc Btcm-]Ww. * cl-ky-hn-hcw tNmÀ¯n-s¡m-Sp-¡m³ _pjv A\p-aXn \ÂIn-b-Xmbn sshäv luknse ap³ Poh-\-¡m-c³ samgn\ÂIn. 2006 G{]n 9 RmbÀ * ^e-kvXo³ `c-W-Iq-S-¯n\v t\cn«pÅ km¼-¯nI klmbw \nÀ¯nb Ata-cn-¡-bp-sSbpw bqtdm-]y³ bqWnb-sâbpw \S-]Sn A\o-Xn-sb¶v ^ekvXo³. 2006 G{]n 10 Xn¦Ä * Fkv.-_n.-sF. kacw XoÀ¶p. * {]mbw sXfn-bn-¡m³ kvIqÄ cPn-ÌÀ aXn-sb¶v kp{]ow-tIm-SX - n. 2006 G{]n 11 sNmÆ * kn.-]n.-Fw. t\Xmhv C.]n. Pb-cm-Ps\ shSn-sh¨p sImÃm³ {ian¨ tIkn kl-I-c-W-a{´n Fw.-hn. cmL-h³, sI.-kp-[m-I-c³ Fw.-FÂ.-F, Sn.-]n. cmPo-h³ F¶n-hÀ {]Y-a-ZrjvSym Ipä¡m-cm-sW¶v B{Ô-bnse HmwtKmÄ skj³kv tImS-Xn. 2006 G{]n¬ 12 _p[≥ * \_n-Zn-\-Øn¬ Idm®n \K-c-Ønse \njm¥v ]m¿°n¬ hºn® kvt^mS\w \S-∂p. * Cdm≥ BWh kmt¶-XnI hnZy kz¥-am°n: AlvaZn \Pm-Zv. hnI-kn∏n-s®-Sp-ØXv Du¿Pm-h-iy-Øn-\p≈ C‘-\-N-{Iw.

2006 G{]n¬ 13 hymgw * {]t£m`w ]S-cp-∂p. t\∏m-fn¬ 30 ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I¿ Ad-Ãn¬. * I∂S kn\n-am-Xmcw cmPvIp-am¿ A¥cn-®p. 2006 G{]n¬ 14 sh≈n * Cdm-s\-Xnsc I¿i\ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°W - s - a∂pw C°mcyw N¿®-sNøm≥ bp.-F-kv. c£m-k-anXn ho≠pw hnfn- ® p- t N¿°- W - s a∂pw Ata- c n° Bh-iy-s∏-´p. * Cu®-c-hm-cy¿ A¥-cn-®p. 2006 G{]n¬ 15 i\n * Z¬ln Ppam-a-kvPnZv ]cn-k-cØv Cc´ kvt^mS\w \S-∂p. 2006 G{]n¬ 16 Rmb¿ * IqSp-X¬ AWzm-bp-[-߃ D≠m-Ipsa∂p hS-°≥ sImdn-b. * Ata- c n- ° ≥ B{I- a - W sØ sNdp°pw: Cdm≥ 2006 G{]n¬ 17 Xn¶ƒ * Nmh-°mSv ap≥kn-∏¬ sNb¿am≥ IptØ-‰p-a-cn-®p. 2006 G{]n¬ 18 sNm∆ * IpSn-sbm-gn-tb-≠n-h∂ P\-ß-fpsS ]p\-c[ - n-hmkw t\ctØ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® DØ-c-hn\v A\p-kr-X-ambn \¿aZ \ZoXS kwÿm-\-߃ \nd-th-‰p-∂n-s√¶n¬ \Zn-bnse AW-s°-´ns‚ Dbcw h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂Xv XS-bp-sa∂v kp{]owtIm-SXn ap∂-dn-bn∏v \¬In. CtX-XpS¿∂v 20 Znh-k-ambn ta[m-]-SvI¿ \SØn-h∂ncp∂ \ncm-lmc kacw Ahkm-\n-∏n-®p. 2006 G{]n¬ 19 _p[≥ * kvam¿´v kn‰n Icm¿ H∏nSmw: sslt°m-SXn 2006 G{]n¬ 20 hymgw * kvam¿´v kn‰n: Icm-dn¬ H∏p-sh-°m\p≈ Xocp-am-\Ø - n¬ \n∂pw k¿°m¿ ]n≥am-dn-b-Xmbn apJy-a{¥n DΩ≥Nm≠n. * tIc-f-Øn¬ sXmgn¬ taJ-e-bn¬ apkv e nw- I ƒ ]n∂n- s e∂v cPo- µ ¿ k®m¿. 2006 G{]n¬ 21 sh≈n * ]mtam-bn¬ tIkv ]n≥h-en-°m≥ At]£ \¬Imw: kp{]ow-tIm-SXn * aZ≥em¬ Jpdm\ _n.-sP.-]n-bn¬ \n∂p cmPn-sh-®p. 2006 G{]n¬ 22 i\n * aq∂p-Xz-em-Jn\p tijhpw Hcpan®p Pohn-°m≥ Ah-Im-i-ap-s≠∂v kp{]nwtIm-SX - n. * Bdv Pn√-Iƒ C∂v _qØn-te°v. 2006 G{]n¬ 23 Rmb¿ * Cfb ktlm-Z-c-\n¬\n∂v shSn-tb‰v _n.-sP.-]n. P\-d¬ sk{I-´dn {]tamZv alm-P≥ Kpcp-X-cm-h-ÿ-bn¬. 2006 G{]n¬ 24 Xn¶ƒ * Ata-cn-°-bpsS FXn¿∏ns\ Ah-KWn®v \n¿±njvS hmX-I-°p-g¬ ]≤-Xnbp-ambn apt∂m-´p-t]m-Im≥ C¥ybpw ]mIn-ÿm\pw Cdm\pw Xocp-am-\n-®p. 2006 G{]n¬ 25 sNm∆ * Aen-K-Vn¬ 50 iX-am\w kwh-cWw G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v kp{]ow-tIm-SXn hne-°v. 2006 G{]n¬ 26 _p[≥

* {ioe-¶≥ Bÿm-\a - mb sImfw-t_mbnse ssk\n-Im-ÿm-\Øv Nmth-dm-{IaWw; ]pen-Øm-h-f-ß-fn¬ thymam-{Ia-Ww. 2006 G{]n¬ 27 hymgw * Ata-cn-°≥ ZuXy-hp-ambn ssdkpw dwkvs^¬Upw _KvZm-Zn¬. 2006 G{]n¬ 28 sh≈n * taeq¿ Cc-´s - °me: {]Xn-Iƒ 2 e£whoXw ]ng-b-S-°-Ww. 14 kn.-]n.-Fw. {]h¿Ø-I¿°v Poh-]-cy¥w ITn-\-X-Shv. 2006 G{]n¬ 29 i\n * tem´dn Sn°-‰n\v hn¬]\ \nIpXn ]mSn-√: kp{]ow-tIm-SXn 2006 G{]n¬ 30 Rmb¿ * Cdm-\pƒs∏sS Bdp -cm-jv{S-߃ `oI-cX - sb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂ cmjv{Sß-fm-sW∂v Ata-cn-°. Iyq_, en_nb, kpUm≥, hS-°≥ sImdn-b, kndnb F∂n-h-bmWv enÃnse a‰p cmPy-߃. 2006 sabv 1 Xn¶ƒ * A^v K m- \ n- ÿ m- \ n¬ Xmen- _ m≥ Xo{h- h m- Z n- I ƒ X´n- s °m- ≠ p- t ]mb C¥y≥ F©n- \ o- b ¿ kqcy- \ m- c m- b Wsb h[n-®p. 2006 sabv 2 sNm∆ * Iivao¿ Xmgvh-c-bn¬ c≠n-S-ß-fn-ep≠mb A{I-ak - w-`h - ß - f - n¬ 35 t]¿ acn®p. 2006 sabv 3 _p[≥ * Cdm-Jn¬ Ipgn-t_mw_v kvt^mS-\Øn¬ ae-bm-fn-bmb kn_n tImc acn®p. 2006 sabv 4 hymgw * ktlm-Z-cs‚ shSn-tb‰v apwss_ lnµpP Bip-]-{Xn-bn¬ 11 Znhkw acW-hp-ambn a√-Sn® _n.-sP.]n P\-d¬ sk{I-´-dnbpw ap≥ tI{µ-a-{¥n-bp-amb {]tam-Zva-lm-P≥ A¥-cn-®p. 2006 sabv 5 sh≈n * s]mXp-ÿew ssItbdn hnhn[ aXhn-`m-K-߃ \S-Øn-bn-´p≈ \n¿amW {]h¿Ø-\-߃ s]mfn-®p-am-‰m-\p≈ KpP- d mØv sslt°m- S - X n- b psS \n¿tZiw kp{]ow-tIm-SXn tà sNbvXp. * Xriq¿ ]qcw: ]md-ta-°m-hns‚ ]S°-ime s]m´n-sØ-dn-®v, Ht´sd ac-Ww. 2006 sabv 6 i\n * BW-h{- ]-Xn-k‘n ]cn-lc - n-°m-\mbn Ata-cn° Cdm-\p-ambn t\cn´p N¿® \S-Ø-W-sa∂v bp.-F≥. sk{I-´dn P\d¬ tIm^n A∂≥ \n¿tZ-in-®p. 2006 sabv 7 Rmb¿ * 6 t]cpsS ac- W - Ø n- \ n- S - b m- ° nb htUm-Zc Iem-]-sØ-°p-dn®v k¿°mdn-t\mSv tZiob \yq\-]£ Iao-j≥ sNb¿am≥ apl-ΩZv lmanZv A≥kmcn dnt∏m¿´v Bh-iy-s∏-´p. 2006 sabv 8 Xn¶ƒ * F≥.-Sn.-]n.-Sn-bn¬ \n∂v ]n≥am-dp-sa∂v Cdms‚ ap∂-dn-bn-∏v. 2006 sabv 9 sNm∆ * k¿Zm¿ ktcm-h¿: Dbcw Iq´m-sa∂v kp{]ow-tIm-SX - n. 2006 sabv 10 _p[≥ * C¥y-bpsS {]Ya Nm{µ ]≤-Xn-bmb Nm{µ-bm≥ H∂n¬ c≠v imkv{Xob D]I-c-W-߃ Ab-°p-∂Xv kw_-‘n®v

ZZ _p≈_p≈-‰‰n≥ n≥ 2006 2006 G{]n¬ G{]n¬ ˛˛ sk]v HIvtSm‰w-_ _¿¿

{][m-\-kw-`-h-߃ Ata-cn-°≥ kvt]kv GP≥kn-bmb \mk sF.-F-kv.-B¿.H bpambn Icmdnse-Øn. 2006 sabv 11 hymgw * GIo-IrX \nb-a-ap-≠m-°m≥ km[ya√: ico-AØv \nbaw t`Z-KXn sNøW-sa∂ l¿Pn kp{]ow-tIm-SXn X≈n. 2006 sabv 12 sh≈n * kwÿm\ \nb-a-k` sXc-s™-Sp∏n¬ CS-Xp-]£ P\m[n-]-Xy-ap-∂Wn aq∂n¬ c≠v (98) `qcn-]£w t\Sn A[nIm-cØ - n-te-°v. 2006 sabv 13 i\n * DΩ≥Nm≠n a¥n-k` cmPn-k-a¿∏n®p. 2006 sabv 14 Rmb¿ * BW-thm¿P GP≥kn-bp-ambn Cdm≥ kl-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v djy \n¿tZ-in-®p. 2006 sabv 15 Xn¶ƒ * BWh {]iv\-Øn¬ C{k-tb¬ HgnsI-bp≈ Bcp-ambpw N¿®°v Xøm-dmsW∂v Cdm≥ {]kn- U ‚ v alv a qZv AlvaZn \Pm-Zv. * D∂X hnZym-`ym-k-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ ]n∂m° hn`m-K-߃°v 27 iX-am\w kwh-cWw \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]nt∂m´p t]mIp∂ {]iv\-an-s√∂v am\-h-tijn hnI-k\a{¥n A¿Pp≥knw-Kv. 2006 sabv 16 sNm∆ * amc-I-amb hnj-]-Zm¿Y-ß-fp-ambn hcp∂ ªqteUn F∂ I∏- e n\v C¥y≥ IS-en¬ {]th-i\w A\p-h-Zn°n-s√∂v KpP-dmØv aen-\o-I-cW \nb{¥-Wt- _m¿Uv. 2006 sabv 17 _p[≥ * {]Xn- ^ ew ]‰p∂ ]Zhn \nb- a Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬\n∂v 56 XkvXn-IIsf Hgn-hm-°n-s°m-≠p≈ \nb-a-t`-ZKXn _n¬ temIvk` ]mkm-°n. 2006 sabv 18 hymgw * {]Xn-^ew ]‰p∂ ]Zhn: cmPy-b-k`bpw _n√v ]mkm-°n. 2006 sabv 19 sh≈n * hn.-F-kv. ANyp-Xm-\-µs‚ t\Xr-XzØn¬ 19 AwK F¬.-Un.-F^v a{¥nk` A[n-Im-c-ta-‰p. 2006 sabv 20 i\n * k±mw lpssks‚ t\mh¬ P∏m-\n¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßn. * 62 iX-am\w Ata-cn-°-°mcpw CdmJv bp≤- Ø n\v FXn- c m- b n- c p- ∂ p- s h∂v k¿th. 2006 sabv 21 Rmb¿ * CdmJv k¿°mdns\ ]m¿e- s a‚ v AwKo-I-cn-®p. * Z¬ln-bnse \nb-ah - n-cp≤ sI´n-Sß - ƒ s]mfn- ° p- ∂ Xv Hcp h¿j- t Ø°v \n¿Øn-sh-°p∂ _n√n\v cmj-v{S-]Xn AwKo-Imcw \¬In. 2006 sabv 22 Xn¶ƒ * eoKv t\Xm-°-fpsS cmPn kzoI-cn-®p. C. Alva-Zn\v P\-d¬ sk{I-´-dn-bpsS Npa-X-e. kn.-Sn. Al-Ω-Zen \nb-a-k`m I£n-t\-Xm-hv. 2006 sabv 23 sNm∆ * πkv Sp: 59.21 iX-am\w hnP-bw. 16 dm¶p-Iƒ s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ°v.

64

{][m-\-kw-`-h-߃ 2006 sabv 24 _p[≥ * D∂X hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ a‰p ]n∂m° hn`m-K-߃°v 27 iXam\w kwh-cWw \S-∏m-°m≥ bp.-]n.F. tIm˛-Hm¿Un-t\-j≥ IΩn-‰nbpw CSXp-]£ ]m¿´nIfpw Xocp-am-\n-®p. 2006 sabv 25 hymgw * aIsf _em¬kwKw sNbvXp sImes∏-Sp-Ønb Bsf shSn-sh-®p-sIm∂ tIkn¬ ]nXm-hns\ sslt°m-SXn shdpsX hn´p. * Agn- a Xn: ap≥ Fw.- F ¬.- F . kn≤m¿Y≥ Im´p-¶-en\v Hº-Xp-h¿jw XShpw aq∂p-e£w cq] ]ng-bpw. 2006 sabv 26 sh≈n * Fkv.-F-kv.-F¬.-kn. 68.95 iX-am\w t]¿°v D]-cn-]-T-\-tbm-Ky-X. * Sn.-F-®v.-F-kv.-F¬.kn : 94 iX-am\w hnP-bw. * t_∏q¿ tImÃvKm¿Uv tÃj≥ Iaoj≥ sNbvXp. 2006 sabv 27 i\n * Iivao¿ kzbw-`c - W \n¿tZiw lp¿dnbØv X≈n. 2006 sabv 28 Rmb¿ * Ct¥m-t\-jy-bnse Pmhm Zzo]n¬ ]pcm-X\ cmP-\-K-c-amb tbmKy-I¿Øbn¬ D≠mb AXn-i-‡-amb `qI-ºØn¬ \nc-h[n t]¿ acn-®p. 2006 sabv 29 Xn¶ƒ * tI{µ-D-∂X hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßfn¬ a‰p ]n∂m° hn`m-K-°m¿°v 27 iX-am\w kwh-cWw 2007 Pq¨ apX¬ \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v `c-W-]-cn-jvImc Iaoj≥ sNb¿am≥ hoc-∏-sam-bven-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ta¬t\m´ kanXn cq]oI-cn-®p. 2006 sabv 30 sNm∆ * ASpØ A[y- b - \ - h ¿j- Ø nepw kzm{ib F©n-\o-b-dnw-Kv, \gvknwKv tImtf-Pp-If - n¬ PÃnkv sI.-Sn. tXmakv Iao-j≥ \n›-bn® ^okv Xs∂ CuSm°m-sa∂v kp{]ow-tIm-SXn DØ-c-hn-´p. 2006 sabv 31 _p[≥ * {]Xn-^ew ]‰p∂ ]Z-hn-bpsS ]cn[n-bn¬\n∂v 56 XkvXn-I-Isf Hgn-hm°n-°≠v ]m¿e-sa‚ v ]mkm-°nb \nba-t`-Z-KXn _n√v cmjv{S-]Xn F.-]n.-sP. A_vZp¬Iemw Xncn-®-b-®p. 2006 Pq¨ 1 hymgw * hnhm-Z-߃s°m-Sp-hn¬ hnPn-e≥kv B`y-¥-c-a{¥n sImSn-tbcn _me-IrjvW\v \¬In. 2006 Pq¨ 2 sh≈n * \mKv ] q- c nse B¿.- F - k v . - F - k v . Bÿm-\Øv B{I-aWw \S-Øm-s\Øn-b-h-sc∂p Icp-Xp∂ aq∂p-t]sc alm- c m{„ t]meokv shSn- s h®p sIm∂p. Ch¿ ejvIsd Xzøn_ hn`mK- Ø n¬s]´ Xo{h- h m- Z n- I - f m- s W∂v t]meo-kv. 2006 Pq¨ 3 i\n * sIm√-s∏´ {]tamZv alm-Ps‚ aI≥ cmlp¬ Kpcp-Xc \ne-bn¬. `£y-hnj-_m-[-sb∂pw Aan-X-tUmkv el-cna-cp∂v F∂pw A`yq-lw. * `oI-c-cpsS ]´n-I-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-b-

66

Xn\p ]n∂mse Ata-cn° ZmhqZv C{_mlo-an\p kmº-ØnI hne°pw {]Jym]n-®p. aq∂p-h¿jw apºmWv Zmhq-Zns\ sImSpw- ` o- I - c - ∏ - ´ n- I - b n¬ Ata- c n° Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bX - v. 2006 Pq¨ 4 Rmb¿ * C. Al-ΩZv apkvenw-eoKv P\-d¬ sk{I-´-dn, Ip™m-en-°p´n {Sj-d¿. 2006 Pq¨ 5 Xn¶ƒ * BWh ]≤-Xn-bpsS t]cn¬ Atacn° Cdms\ B{I-an-°p-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬ taJ-e-bn¬\n-∂p≈ Du¿P hnX-cWw Ae-t¶m-e-s∏Spsa∂v Cdms‚ Bflob-t\-Xmhv Bb-Øp√ Aen Jmw\Cu ap∂-dn-bn∏v \¬In. 2006 Pq¨ 6 sNm∆ * C‘\ hne-Ip-Øs\ IqSn. s]t{Smfn\v en‰-dn\v 4 cq]bpw Uok-en\v c≠p cq]-bp-amWv IqSn-b-Xv. 2006 Pq¨ 7 _p[≥ * BWh ]≤Xn ac-hn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v h≥i- ‡ n- I ƒ hnb- ∂ - b n¬ cq]w \¬Inb t{]m’m-l\ ]mt°Pv Cdm\v ka¿∏n-®p. bqtdm-∏ns‚ ]mt°Pv ]cnK Wn°p-sa∂v Cdm≥. 2006 Pq¨ 8 hymgw * amdmSv At\z-jW Iao-j≥ dnt∏m¿´v \nb-a-k-`-bpsS tai-∏p-dØv hbv°psa∂v kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ sslt°m-SXnsb Adn-bn-®p. 2006 Pq¨ 9 sh≈n * Cdm-Jnse A¬Jm-CZ Xe-h≥ A_qaqk A ¿Jmhn Ata-cn-°≥ tk\bpsS hnam-\m-{I-a-W-Øn¬ sIm√-s∏-´Xmbn CdmJv {][m-\-a{¥n \qcn A¬ amenIn Adn-bn-®p. 2006 Pq¨ 10 i\n * C{k-tb¬ B{I-aW ]c-ºc: 11 ^ekvXo-\n-Iƒ sIm√-s∏-´p. 2006 Pq¨ 11 Rmb¿ * Ggp ^e-kvXo≥Im-cpsS ac-W-Øn\n-Sb - m-°nb C{k-tb¬ B{I-aW - sØ XpS¿∂v shSn-\n¿Ø¬ ]n≥h-en-°p-Ibm-sW∂v ^e-kvXo≥ t]mcmfn kwLS-\-bmb lamkv {]kvXm-hn-®p. 2006 Pq¨ 12 Xn¶ƒ * Kymt\{µ cmPm-hns‚ hot‰m A[nImcw FSp-Øp-If - b - m≥ t\∏mƒ ]m¿esa‚ v sFI-I-WvtTy\ Xocp-am-\n-®p. 2006 Pq¨ 13 sNm∆ * apØß HgnsI BZn-hmkn tIkpIƒ ]n≥h-en°pw ˛ hn.-F-kv. * tImS- X n- b n¬ I≈w- ] - d - ™ - X n\v s_Ãv t_°dn tIknse apJykm£n kmlnd ssiJns\ kvs]j¬ tImSXn aq∂p amksØ ITn-\-X-Shn\pw 500 cq] ]ng-sbm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pw in£n-®p. * bptd-\nbw kºp-jvSo-I-c-W-Øn-\pta¬ N¿®-bn√: Cdm≥ 2006 Pq¨ 14 _p[≥ * k¿Jm-hn-bpsS ]n≥Kman A_plw A¬ap-Pm-ln-Zn-s\bpw Ata-cn° e£yan- S p- ∂ p- s ≠∂v {]kn- U ‚ v tPm¿Pv _pjv ap∂-dn-bn∏v \¬In. 2006 Pq¨ 15 hymgw * ssa{Xn `h\ ]≤-Xn-bp-ambn _‘s∏´v ]n.-sP. tPmk-^n-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ Btcm-]-W-sØ-°p-dn®v At\z-jWw

ZZ _p≈_p≈-‰‰n≥ n≥ 2006 2006 G{]n¬ G{]n¬ ˛˛ sk]v HIvtSm‰w-_ _¿¿

Bh-iy-an-s√∂v CSXp ap∂Wn I¨ho\¿ ssh°w hniz≥. 2006 Pq¨ 16 sh≈n * {ioe- ¶ - b n¬ Ipgn- t _mw_v kvt^mS\w; 64 _kv bm{X-°m¿ sIm√s∏-´p. 2006 Pq¨ 17 i\n * Im¿jnI taJ-ebv°pw ]c-º-cm-KX taJ-ebv°pw Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂Xpw tIcf tamU¬ hnI-k-\-Øn\v i‡n ]I-cm≥ e£y-an-Sp-∂-Xpamb CSXp k¿°m- d ns‚ \bw Kh¿W¿ B¿.F¬.-`m-´nb \nb-ak - `- b - n¬ {]Jym-]n-®p. 2006 Pq¨ 18 Rmb¿ * {ioe-¶-bn¬ t]mcm´w i‡w: 52 acWw. * tIms^ t]mk tIkp-I-fn¬ {]Xnbmb hy‡n-bp-samØv B`y-¥-c-a{¥n thZn ]¶n´ kw`hw: Akn- v Iaoj-Wsd ÿew am‰n. 2006 Pq¨ 19 Xn¶ƒ * s]]vkn Iº-\n-bpsS {]h¿Ø\w aqew ]me-°mSv Pn√-bnse ]pXp-t»cn taJ-eb - n¬ Btcm-Ky-{]-i\ v ß - f - p-≠m-hp∂ns√∂ dnt∏m¿´v. s]]vkn hncp≤ ka-c-k-anXn \¬Inb ]cm-Xn-bpsS ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ DΩ≥Nm≠n k¿°m¿ \ntbm-Kn® kan-Xn-bp-tS-XmWv dnt∏m¿´v. 2006 Pq¨ 20 sNm∆ * `h\ t_m¿Uns‚ 15 h¿jsØ {]h¿Ø\w At\z-jn-°m≥ \nb-ak - `m kan-Xnsb Npa-Xe - s - ∏-Sp-Øp-sa∂v apJya-{¥n. 2006 Pq¨ 21 _p[≥ * Iivao¿ s]¨hm-Wn-`-hp-ambn _‘s∏´p c≠p ap≥a-{¥n-amsc kn.-_n.sF Ad-Ãp-sN-bvXp. * ssk\y- Ø nse h\nXm Hm^ok¿amsc Ah-tl-fn-°p∂ {]kvXm-h\ \S-Øn-b-Xn\p Ic-tk\m D]-ta-[mhn ]´m-`n-cm-a≥ am∏v]-d-™p. 2006 Pq¨ 22 hymgw * k±m-ans‚ Hcp A`n-`m-j-I≥ IqSn sIm√-s∏-´p. 2006 Pq¨ 23 sh≈n * kwÿm-\sØ Nne kzm{ib hnZym`ymk ÿm]-\ß - ƒ°p \¬Inb \yq\]£ ]Zhn d±m-°-W-sa∂p tZiob \yq\-]£ Iao-j-t\mSv Bh-iy-s∏-Spsa∂v hnZym- ` ym- k - a {¥n Fw. F t__n. 2006 Pq¨ 24 i\n * Im¿jn-I, ]c-ºc - m-KX - , Xoc-tZi taJe-Iƒ°v Du∂¬ \¬In CSXp k¿°mdns‚ BZy_P‰v [\- a {¥n tUm. tXmakv sFkIv \nb-a-k-`-bn¬ AhX-cn-∏n-®p. 2006 Pq¨ 25 Rmb¿ * Fkv.-F≥.-Un.-]n-bp-ambn Iq´p-sI´v XpS-cm≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂n-s√∂v F≥.-Fkv.-Fkv t\Xr-Xzw. 2006 Pq¨ 26 Xn¶ƒ * kwÿm-\sØ Bdv kzm{ib s{]m^j-W¬ tImtf-Pp-Iƒ°v GI-]-£o-bambn \yq\- ] - £ - ] - Z hn \¬In- s Im≠p≈ tZiob \yq\-]£ hnZym-`ymk Iao- j s‚ Xocp- a m- \ - Ø n- s \- X nsc sslt°m-S-Xn-bn¬ A∏o¬ \¬Ip-∂-

Xpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ t]mwh-gn-Iƒ k¿°m¿ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-sa∂v a{¥n t__n. 2006 Pq¨ 27 sNm∆ * {ioe-¶b - n¬ Nmth-dm-{I-aWw; tk\m taP¿ P\-d-e-S°w \mep-a-c-Ww. 2006 Pq¨ 28 _p[≥ * Ct¥m-˛b - p.-Fkv BW-hI - c - m-dn\p bp.Fkv tIm¨{Kkv cmPym-¥c _‘ kanXn AwKo-Imcw \¬In. A©n-s\Xnsc 37 thm´p-Iƒ°mWv BWh Icmdn\v AwKoImcw e`n-®-Xv. 2006 Pq¨ 29 hymgw * ssa{Xn-`-h\ \n¿amW ]≤-Xn-bnse Agn-aXn Btcm-]-W-sØ-°p-dn®v hnPne≥kv At\z- j Ww Bh- i y- s ∏´v ka¿∏n® s]mXp-Xm¬]cy l¿Pn-bn¬ s]mXp-a-cm-aØv hIp∏v a{¥n ]n.sP tPmk-^n\v sslt°m-SXn t\m´o-k-b®p. 2006 Pq¨ 30 sh≈n * IpsshØv sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ Ncn-{XØn-em-Zy-ambn kv{XoIƒ thm´-hI - miw hn\n-tbm-Kn-®p. 78 h\n-Xm-ÿm-\m¿YnIƒ cwK-Øp-≠v. 2006 Pqsse 1 i\n * 38 ]mIn- k vXm\n XS- h p- I msc C¥ybpw 19 C¥y≥ XS-hp-Imsc ]mInkvXm\pw hn´-b-®p. * kp{]ow-tIm-SXn hn[n adn-I-S∂pw Kzm≠-\mtam XS-hp-Imsc ssk\nI tImS-Xn-bn¬ hnNm-cW sNøp-∂Xv XpScp-sa∂v _pjv. 2006 Pqsse 2 Rmb¿ * bp.-Un.-F^v k¿°m¿ sIm≠p-h∂ Kp≠m-\n-baw AS°w Bdv Hm¿Un\≥kp-Iƒ F¬.-Un.-F^v k¿°m¿ ]n≥h-en-®p. 12 Hm¿Un-\≥kp-Iƒ ]pXp°pw. * Uªn-bp.-Sn.H bpsS P\ohm N¿®-Ifn¬ \n∂v C¥y ]n∑m-dn. Im¿jnI k_vknUn Ipd-°n-s√∂ \ne-]m-Sn¬ Ata-cn-°bpw Cd-°p-aXn Np¶w Ipd°n-s√∂ \ne-]m-Sn¬ bqtdm-]y≥ bq\nb\pw Dd-®p-\n-∂-tXm-sS-bmWv C¥y N¿®-bn¬ \n∂v ]n∑m-dn-b-Xv. 2006 Pqsse 3 Xn¶ƒ * kzm{ib _n√n\p Kh¿W¿ AwKoImcw \¬In. \nbaw `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS HºXmw sjUyq-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-sa∂p hnZym-`ymk a{¥n. 2006 Pqsse 4 sNm∆ * C{k-tb¬ Sm¶v hyqlw Kmk-bn¬; kwL¿jw ho≠pw cq£-am-bn. 2006 Pqsse 5 _p[-≥ * tImgn-t°mSv sFkv{Iow ]m¿e¿ tIknse {]Xn-Isf hn´-b® skj≥kv tImSXn DØ-chv d±m-°-W-sa-∂m-h-iys∏´v kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ sslt°m-SXn-bn¬ A∏o¬ ka¿∏n-®p. 2006 Pqsse 6 hymgw * aX-]-c-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-Sm≥ hJ^v t_m¿Un\v A[n-Im-ca - p-s≠∂p tIcf sslt°m-SXn DØ-c-hn-´p. * ]k-^n-°n\p apI-fn-eqsS ]d∂v bp.F-knse hS-°p-˛] - S- n-™m-d≥ kwÿm\-amb Aem-kvIsb B{I-an-°m-hp∂ Zo¿L- Z qc _menÃnIv anssk¬ AS°w Ggp X{¥-{]-[m\ anssk-epIƒ DØ-c-sIm-dnb ]co-£n-®p. 2006 Pqsse 7 sh≈n

* bp.-]n.F k¿°m-cn-\p≈ ]n¥pW ]n≥h-en-°p-sa∂ Un.-Fw.-sI-bpsS `ojWn°p hgßn tI{µ k¿°m¿ s]mXpta- J em ÿm]- \ - ß - f psS Hmlcn hn¬∏\ \n¿Øn-sh-®p. 2006 Pqsse 8 i\n * tIcf \nb- a - k ` ]mkm- ° nb kzm{ib {]^-jW - ¬ tImtfPv \nbaw tNmZyw sNbvXv kzm{ib saUn-°¬, F≥Pn- \ o- b - d nwKv tImtf- P p- I - f psS Atkm- k n- t b- j ≥ \¬Inb l¿Pn ^b-en¬ kzoI-cn-°m≥ kp{]nw-tIm-SXn hnk-Ω-Xn-®p. * tPm¿Pv s^¿Wm≠kv {]Xn-tcm-[-a{¥n-bm-bn-cns° D≠mb ih-s∏´n Ipw`tImWw: Ic-tk-\-bnse aq∂v DtZym-Kÿ¿s°-Xnsc kn.-_n.sF tIsk-SpØp. 2006 Pqsse 9 Rmb¿ * kzm{ib tImtfPv ^okv L - S \ \n›bn-®p. * Iivao-cn¬ ap≥a-{¥n-°p-t\sc B{Ia-Ww. * hS-°≥ Kk-bn¬ \n∂pw C{k-tb¬ tk\ ]n∑m-dn. Ccp-hn-`m-Khpw ssk\nI \S-]-Sn-Iƒ \n¿Ø-W-sa∂v ^ekvXzo≥ {][m-\-a{¥n Ckvam-Cu¬ k\n-ø. 2006 Pqsse 10 Xn¶ƒ * C‰-en°v temI ^pSvt_mƒ Inco-Sw. * C¥y-bpsS AXym-[p-\nI a[y-Zqc _men-ÃnIv anssk¬ (A-·n-˛3) ISen¬ hoWp. 2006 Pqsse 11 sNm∆ * C¥y-bpsS ]pXnb hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab D]- { K- l - a mb C≥km- ‰ v - ˛ 4- k nbpsS hnt£-]Ww ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. 2006 Pqsse 12 _p[≥ * apwss_-bn¬ kvt^mS\ ]c-ºc. kvt^mS\w \S-∂Xv Xoh-≠n-I-fnepw πm‰vt^m-ap-I-fn-epw. \c-h[n ac-Ww. 2006 Pqsse 13 hymgw * kwÿm- \ - k ¿°m¿ ]mkm- ° nb kzm{i-b\ - n-baw `c-WL - S- \m hncp-≤a - msW∂v ]d™v ka¿∏n® l¿Pn-Iƒ sslt°m-SXn ^b-en¬ kzoI-cn-®p. 2006 Pqsse 14 sh≈n * e_-\m-\n¬ 40 Xmh-f-ß-fn¬ C{ktb¬ B{I-a-Ww. 2006 Pqsse 15 i\n * apwss_ kvt^mS-\-Øn\p ]n∂n¬ hntZ-i-i‡n: {][m-\-a{¥n C¥ym-˛-]mIv _‘w De-bp∂p; sk{I´-dn-Xe N¿®-am-‰n. 2006 Pqsse 16 Rmb¿ * Ipd™ hnebv°v C¥ybv°pw ]mInÿm\pw {]Ir-Xn-hm-XIw \¬Im-\m-hns√∂v Cdm≥ hy‡-am-°n. * C{k-tb¬ a[y _bvdqØv B{I-an®p. 2006 Pqsse 17 Xn¶ƒ * DØ-c-sIm-dn-b-s°-Xnsc D]-tcm-[ta¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v bp.-F≥ c£m-kanXn AwKo-Imcw \¬In. * cmPysØ cl-kym-t\z-jW hn`mKhpw Zpc¥ ssIImcy kwhn-[m-\ßfpw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-sa∂pw F∂m¬ t]m´ ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°n-s√∂pw {][m-\a-{¥n. 2006 Pqsse 18 sNm∆

ZZ _p≈_p≈-‰‰n≥ n≥ 2006 2006 G{]n¬ G{]n¬ ˛˛ sk]v HIvtSm‰w-_ _¿¿

{][m-\-kw-`-h-߃ * Ct¥m-t\-jy-bn¬ ho≠pw kp\m-an. 2006 Pqsse 19 _p[≥ * kzm{ib \nbaw A\p-k-cn-®p≈ {]th-i\ - hpw ^okpw Cu h¿jw ]mSns√∂v sslt°m-SXn DØ-c-hn-´p. \nehn- e p≈ coXn Xs∂ XpS- c m- \ mWv PÃnkv kncn-P-Ks‚ \n¿tZiw 2006 Pqsse 20 hymgw * C{k-tb¬tk\ e_-\m≥ AXn¿Øn IS-∂p. 2006 Pqsse 21 sh≈n * e_-\m-\n¬ ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ tamiam-Ip-∂p. * _m_cn `qan-bnse \n¿am-W-Øn-s\Xnsc l¿Pn. 2006 Pqsse 22 i\n * apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ s]´-h¿°v A√m-lp-hns‚ \ma-Øn¬Xs∂ kXy{]-Xn⁄ FSp-°m-sa∂v sslt°m-SX - n. * apwss_-bn¬ Xoh-≠n-I-fn-ep-≠mb kvt^mS-\-]-c-º-c-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v aq∂p-t]sc Xo{h-hn-cp-≤-tk\ Ad-ÃpsN-bvXp. * tNI- ∂ q¿ auehn Xntcm- [ m\ tIkn¬ Im¥- ] pcw F.]n. A_q_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿°v t\m´okv Ab°m≥ kp{]ow-tIm-SXn DØ-c-hn-´p. 2006 Pqsse 23 Rmb¿ * tImb-º-Øq-cn¬ kvt^mS-\-Øn\p ]≤Xn: A©p-t]¿ Ad-Ãn¬. 2006 Pqsse 24 Xn¶ƒ * hS-°≥ C{k-tb-en¬ Iq´-∏-em-b-\w. * kzm{ib \nb-a-Øn-s\-Xnsc ap∂n-´nd-ßp-I; ss{IkvXh k`-If - psS Blzm\w. 2006 Pqsse 25 sNm∆ * kzm{i-b-\n-baw: N¿®bv°p Xbmsd∂v apJy-a-{¥n. * i_-cn-ae X{¥n IWvT-ccv taml\\sc tZhkzw t_m¿Uv \o°n. 2006 Pqsse 26 _p[≥ * CS- ° me hn[n saUn- ° ¬ tImgvkn\pw _m[-I-sa∂v sslt°m-SXn. 2006 Pqsse 27 hymgw * bp.-F≥ \nco-£-Isc C{k-tb¬ t_mw_n-´p-sIm-∂p. t_m[-]q¿h-sa∂v tIm^n A∂m≥. * XS-hp-Im¿°v ]tcmƒ \¬Im≥ A`y¥-c-a-{¥nsb A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv GXp- \ n- b - a - Ø ns‚ ]n≥_- e - Ø n- e msW∂p sslt°m-S-Xn. * k±mw lpssks\ \n¿_- ‘ n®p tImS-Xn-bn¬ lmP-dm-°n. 2006 Pqsse 28 sh≈n * ap√-s∏-cn-bm¿: tIc-f-Øns‚ l¿Pn kp{]ow-tIm-SXn X≈n. 2006 Pqsse 29 i\n * Fkv . - F w.C tImtfPv dmKnwKv : s]¨Ip- ´ n- b psS \pW- ] - c n- t im- [ \ kp{]ow-tIm-SXn XS-™p. 2006 Pqsse 30 Rmb¿ * kzm{ib \nbaw Cs°m-√w- th≠: sslt°m-S-Xn. k¿°m-cns‚ A∏o-epIƒ Unhn-j≥ s_©pw X≈n. 2006 Pqsse 31 Xn¶ƒ * e_-\m-\n¬ C{k-tb¬ Iq´-°p-cpXn XpS-cp-∂p.

66

BtcmKyw

c‡-Zm\w Poh-Zm\w c‡-Zm\w Poh-Zm-\s - a∂ al-Zk v tµiw Hcn-°¬IqSn DW¿Øn Hcp temI c‡-Zm-\-Zn\w IqSn sImgn-™p. Pq¨ 14 temI-c‡ - Z- m-\Z- n-\a - m-bn-cp-∂p. temIm- t cm- K y- k w- L - S - \ - b p- s S- b pw sdUvt{Imkv ˛ sdUv{I-k‚ v skmssk‰n-I-fpsS A¥m-cmjv{S s^U-td-js‚bpw C‚¿\m- j - W ¬ ªUv sUmtWgvkv Hm¿K-ss\-tk-j-s‚bpw kwbp-‡m-`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ c‡-Zm-\Z- n\w 192 cmPy-ßf - n¬ BN-cn-®p. C°pdn Cu Poh-Zm-\-Øns‚ hnjbw "_n¬UnwKv ssehvkv, IW-IvSnwKv Iayq-Wn-‰okv' F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. "c‡-Zm-\-Øn-eqsS Rm≥ Hcp Poh≥ c£n-°p∂p' F∂ ap{Zm-hm-Iy-ap-b¿Øn-bm-bn-cp∂p Zn\m-Nc-Ww. F. _n. H, c‡-{Kq-∏p-I-fpsS \n¿W-b-Øn-eqsS t\m_¬ ]pc-kvImc-Øn-\¿l-\mb alm-\mb tUm. Imƒ em≥Uv sÃbn-\-dpsS P∑-Zn-\-amWv Pq¨ 14. c‡-Zm-\-sa∂ al-XvIr-XyØn\v k∂-≤c - m-Ip∂ temI-P\ - X - bv°v \µn ]d-bm\pw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°m\pw Zn\m-N-cWw e£y-an-Sp-∂p. Hcp-h¿jw icm-icn F´p-tImSn bqWn‰v c‡w Zm\w sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂mWv temIm-tcm-Ky-kw-L-S-\-bpsS

IW-°v. temI P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 82 iXam-\t- Ømfw t]¿ A[n-hk - n-°p∂ hnIkz-c-cm-Py-ß-fn¬\n-∂mWv Cu F´ptImSn bqWn‰v c‡-Øns‚ 38 iX-am\hpw tiJ-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. c‡-Zm-\Øns‚ HutZym- K nI IW- ° p- I ƒ Cßs\ t]mIp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ {it≤-bamb as‰mcp hkvXpX temI-P-\-kwJy-bpsS Bdp-i-X-am-\-Øn¬ Xmsg Bfp-Iƒ am{X-amWv c‡-Zm-\-Øn\v Xøm-dm-Ip-∂s - X-∂m-W.v kzta-[bm c‡Zm\w sNøm-\p≈ k∂-≤-X-bp-ambn IqSp- X ¬ Bfp- I sf cwK- t Ø- ° v sIm≠p-hc - n-Is - b-∂Xv C\nbpw ssIhcn-t°≠ kz]v\a - mbn Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂nS-ØmWv Zn\m-Nc - W - Ø - n\v {]k-‡n-tbdp-∂-Xv. c‡-Øn-eqsS ]I-cp∂ F®v.sF.-hn-˛-F-bvUvkv, sl∏-ss‰-‰nkv _n XpS-ßnb amdm-tcm-K-߃ c‡-Zm-\Øn\v `oj-Wn-bm-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. th≠{X kpc-£m-{I-ao-I-c-W-ßtfm AWp-\m-i-{I-ao-I-c-W-ßtfm C√msX kq£n® c‡-Øn-eqsS Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcØv ]n©p-Ip-™n\v F®v.-sF.-hn. tcmK-_m-[-bp-≠m-sb∂ sR´n-°p∂ hm¿Ø C\nbpw tIc-fo-b¿ ad-∂n-´n-√. IqSp-X¬ c‡w Bh-iy-am-bn-h-cp∂ ikv{X-{In-bI - ƒ°pw a‰pw tcmKn-Iƒ°v

ªUv_m-¶p-I-sfbpw Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ c‡-Zm-\-k-an-Xn-I-sfbpw B{i-bn-t°≠n-h-cm-dp-≠v. ]e-t∏mgpw tcmKn-bpsS _‘p-°-fn¬\nt∂m kplr-Øp-°fn¬\nt∂m Bh-iy-Øn\v c‡w e`n°m-dp-an-√. AWp-_m-[-bn-√mØ c‡amWv kzoI-cn-°p-∂-sX-∂p-d-∏p-h-cpØm≥ Bip-]-{Xn-I-fpsS kmt¶-XnI klmbw tXSp-Ib - √ - msX a‰p am¿K-ßfn-√mØ ÿnXn°v ip≤-amb c‡w \¬Im≥ ZmXm-°ƒ°v _m[y-Xb - p-≠v. c‡-Ønse Nph∂ c‡m-Wp-°ƒ°v 35 Znh-khpw tπ‰vse-‰p-Iƒ°v A©pZn-h-khpw am{X-amWv Bbp- v. 35 Znhk-Øn-\p-≈n¬ \in-°s - ∏-Sp∂ Nph∂ c‡m-Wp-°-fp-sSbpw tπ‰vse-‰p-I-fpsSbpw ÿm\Øv ]pXn-bh cq]w-sIm≈pw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ c‡-Zm\w A]-IS- I - c - a - m-Ip-sa∂ `oXn°v ASn-ÿm\-an-√. 17-˛\pw 70-˛-\p-an-S-bn¬ {]mb-ap≈ Btcm-Ky-hm-\mb GsXm-cmƒ°pw c‡w Zm\w sNømw. Hcp-h¿jw Ipd-™Xv aq∂p Xh-W-sb-¶nepw c‡w Zm\w-sNøm-hp-∂X - m-W.v H, F, _n, F_n t]mkn-‰o-hv, s\K-‰ohv hn`m-KØ - n¬s∏´ c‡-{Kq-∏pI-fmWv {][m-\-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv. H {Kq∏v c‡-ap-≈-h-cmWv IqSp-X¬ t]cp-sa-∂Xn-\m¬ IqSp-X¬ Bh-iy-°m-cp-≈Xpw Cu {Kq∏v c‡-Øn-\m-Wv. sI. {Kq∏v, t_mws_ {Kq∏v F∂n-ßs\ hnc-fa - mb c‡-{Kq-∏p-I-fp-ap-≠v.

- hpw - ‘ - p-Ibpw hbd- p-ho¿∏pw ae_ e`n° ®m¬ BkvXabv°v Bizmkw hn´p-am-dp-Ibpw sNøpw. - ´w tkhn-®m¬ I^w - o-cn¬ C¥p∏v tN¿Øv ]eh - \ sNdp-\m-cß v Xp∏n-t∏m-Ipw. I- t b¬ ]n- ® m¬ B kv X ab v ° bh w s] mSn ®v IØ n®v ]p v Xncn-bm°n (Xp-Wn-bn¬) s\øv mSn® Bizmkw In´pw. sN©eyw s]w a\t- bme s]mSn®v Xncn-bm°n IØn®v mep ® ]nb¬ t n¬ ]pI Ø n®v £ oc IØ ´n A¥ ]pc pw XWpØ s]mSn, ]pI, Im‰v Chs- b√mwsIm≠w IpSn-°p-I, XWpØ sh≈- ]pIt- b¬]n-®mepw AkvXva°v Bizmw-kw-In-´pw.-ß, Xn∏en Ch kaw h≈ s Ø pm-≠v, apØ XW pw, ≠ Im s pv, _e- n-°p-∂X Xmak ISp-°-sØm-≠v, s\√n-°-sØ n-®m¬ BkvXabv°v Bizmkw hymbmaw sNøp-I, hb-dp-ho¿∏ kvX-ambn Ig a v X n¿Ø Aa , tN I pbpw c ° n°Ipf i¿ n¬ Ø s]mSn®v tX\pw F∂o Imc-W-߃sIm≠pw B £bw, Dc-£-Xw, a¿am-`n-LmXw In´pw. v tX\pw ]©-kmv, apØß Ch kaw s]mSn®pw. ISp-sI-Æ-bn¬ v, o¿∏ Np° h n, pd e bp-≠m-Ipw. hb Xn∏ , aSn , v ∏ dpsh mSp ´ nØ I lrZ-b`- m-KØv thZ-\, Blmc- t- mSv AcpNn tXm∂pI F∂nh cbpw tN¿Øv Ign-®m¬ BkvXabv°v Ipd-hp- kvXabv°v Bizmkw m¬ B lm-c-tØ ® B hn, \ tk ZN th mgv n¬ f aq∂ v ß K m¿Ø ` iztN c ]m¿ ]gb i¿° - f- m-Wv. - psS ]q¿h-cq-]ß BkvXa- b - s- ∏-Sp-I, In´pw. A\p-`h e ]ms t pX ® ]mbw Ijmbw DØ\ne kw izm ƒ - p-tºm vZw p-≠m-Ip∂ BkvXabv°v XtbmtcmKn Npa° ° ni_ W e `nK¿ ]ms t pwI pIpd hp {]m , ¿°p-I IÆp-Iƒ Xpdn-°p-I, s\‰n hnbm-kß a-am-Wv. - s- ∏-Spw. w, ]gb s\bv, - ƒ A\p-`h {]b o F∂ pI ° n-c-b-cn, sNs∂-√-cn, tKmX-ºv, bh v h pS Ø Rh ∏s N¿ nb t pI ]pd ® ]g mSns] p∏v ≥, ap¥n-cn-ß, C¥ tX , Ch ß c ew [m\z-¥cw ssXew, _em-ssX I^Ø - p- Xn∏-en, apXn-c-®m-dv, kpcm-a-Zyw, Imbw, amX-f-\m- m-Wv. - w-X´n ]pdØ ° Cf n\v a p∂ X° S ln nv ° ´nkw In´p- s\√n° Ch-sb√mw BkvXa tcmKn° ≥, tZim-`n-am-\n, 10/08/06) s\©n¬ ]pc´- n-bm¬ sI Xp∏n-t∏m-bm¬ tcmKn°v Bizm (tUm. hn.-B¿ _mlp-te-b t]m-Im≥ klm-bn-°pw. I^w w. øp hnsN tk pw v Ib p∏pw Imbhpw tN¿Ø h≈n-\m-c-ß-bpsS \ocn¬ C¥ fpsS auenI I¿Ø-hy-Øn¬ (h-Ip∏v 51-˛-F) Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn. Ip´n-Iƒ, Bdv hb- m-hp-∂X - p-hsc, Ah¿°v sa®-s∏´ ssiih ]cn-Nc- W - h - pw, 2002 Unkw-_-dn¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂ 86˛mw hnZym-`ym-khpw \¬Im≥ F√m-hn[ {ia-ßfpw `c-WL - S- \m t`Z-KXn BIvSn-eqsS hnZym-`ym-ksØ 86˛mw `c-WL - S- \m t`Z-KX - nbpw tÉv \S-ØW - s- a∂pw Cu t`Z-KXn \n¿tZ-in-°pauen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS ]´n-I-bn¬s]-Sp-Øn. ∂p. hnZym-`ymkw \ntj-[n-°-s∏-´m¬, tÉn-s\CXp {]Imcw 6˛\pw 14˛\pw at[y {]mb-ap≈ - S- \ - b - n¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-cn-°p-∂- Xnsc tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°m≥ t`Z-KXn AhIp´n-Iƒ°v kuP-\yhpw \n¿_-‘n-X-hp-amb isØ `c-WL hnZym-`ymkw \¬Im≥ tÉn\p _m[y-X-bp-≠v. Xv. Cu t`Z-K-Xn-bpsS A\p-_-‘-am-bn, Ip´n- Imiw \¬Ip-∂p. 93˛mw `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-KXn hIp∏v 21˛F BbmWv Cu auen-Im-h-Im- Isf kvIqfn¬ Ab-t°-≠Xv amXm-]n-Xm-°- _n√mWv 86-˛mw t`Z-K-Xn-bmbn amdn-b-Xv.

BkvXabpw

Bbp¿thZ NnIn-’bpw

hnZym-`ym-khpw

68

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

s≠-¶n¬ AXns\ \yq\-]£ - ÿ m-]\ - ambn AwKo-I-cn-°-bmWp th≠-Xv. ChnsS HuZm-cy-sam∂pw Bh-iy-an-√. 2. \yq\-]£ - ß - ƒ {]tXyI AhIm-i-߃ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂p F∂mWp as‰mcp [mc-W. `qcn-]£ - Ø - n\p kz¥w i‡n-bm¬ auen-Im-hI - m-iß - ƒ kwc£n-°m≥ Ign-bpw. \yq\-]-£-°m¿°v AXp km[n-°n-√. amdn-amdn hcp∂ {]^- j - \ ¬ hnZym- ` ymk cwKØp IS- ∂ - X p- X s∂ ]mh- s ∏- ´ - h ¿°p k¿°m-cp-Iƒ As√-¶n¬ \nb-a-k-`bnse `qcn-]-£-°m¿ \yq\-]-£-ßsXmgn¬ km[yX \¬Im-sa∂p Icp-Xn-bm-Wv. h≥ XpI-Iƒ apS-°nfpsS ap≥]p ]d™ auen-Im-h-Imiw bp≈ ÿm]-\-߃ \S-Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Im\pw ]ncnhv \S-Ø-W-sa∂p \ntj-[n-°mt\m sh´n-°p-d-bv°mt\m ]d-bp-∂Xv ic-bn-√. CS- b m- I m- X n- c n- ° m≥ `c- W - L S\ hyhÿ sNøpI am{Xta sNbvXn-´pcmjv{So-bhpw ssk≤m-¥n-Ihpw P\m-[n-]X - y-Øn\v A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂pw ≈q. \yq\-]-£-߃°p hnZym-`ym-kmh¿Ko-bh - p-amb {]Nm-cW - ß - ƒ°n-Sb - n¬ `c-W-L-S\m hn[m-Xm-°ƒ a\- n-em- h-Imiw ˛ Xß-fpsS [m¿anI aqey]e Imcy- ß - f p- s Sbpw \nP- ÿ nXn °n. Ah¿°p ]cn- c £ \¬Ip- I - ߃°pw tN¿∂-hn[w hnZym-e-b-߃ ÿm]n- ° m\pw \S- Ø m- \ p- a p≈ Bcpw Adn-bmsX t]mIp-∂p. kzm{ib bmWp `c-WL - S- \ - b - n¬ sNbvXX - v. - m-ia - mbn ]cntImtfPp-I-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw AXp Cu \yq\-]-£m-hÿ AwK-kw- kzmX{¥yw ˛ auen-Im-hI kw`-hn-®p. Cu cwKsØ Nne [mc-W- Jy- b psS Imcy- a m- W v. AXv c-£n-°p-I-bmWp `c-W-L-S\ sNbvXI-sf-°p-dn-®mWv ]d-bm-\p-≈X - v. ASpØImew-hsc tZio-bm-Sn-ÿm-\- Xv. `mj, aX `qcn-]-£-߃°v Ah1. \yq\-]£ ]Zhn F∂ ]Z-{]- Øn¬ IW-°m-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. Ct∏mƒ tbm-Kw-Xs∂ sX‰n-≤m-cW - bv°v CS-bm- C°mcyw kwÿm-\m-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ cpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂°mw. k¿°m¿ HuZm- c y- ] q¿hw IW-°m-°n-bm¬ aXn-sb∂p kp{]ow- Xn\v A\p-Iq-e-amb A¥-co-£-am-bn- v. Ah¿°p hnZym\¬Ip∂ Hcp ÿm\- a m- s W∂p tIm-SXn CubnsS Xocp-am-\n-®p. C°m- cn°pw cmPy-Øp-≈X Nne¿s°-¶nepw tXm∂n-t∏m-Imw. \yq\- cy-Ønepw k¿°m¿ Kth-jW - s - am∂pw e-b-߃ ÿm]n-°m\pw \S-Øm-\pap≈ auen-Im-hI - m]-£m-hÿ i-ap-≠v. Ah-cpsS Bcp-sSbpw HuZmAh-Im-i-߃°p cy-^-e-a-√. `qcn-]hnLm-Xa - mbn \nb£w, \yq\-]£w ""A\p-t—Zw 30(1)s‚ bYm¿Y e£yw \yq\-]£ kap-Zm-bmw-K-߃s°-Xn-cmb hnth-N\w a - \ n ¿ a m W w F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv P\- k w- J y- b psS XS-bp-Ibpw Ahsc \yq\-]-t£-X-c¿s°m∏w Xpey-]-Z-hn-bn¬ Ccp-Øp-I-bp-am-Wv. A\p-t—Zw \SØm≥ km[nASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n- 30-˛s‚ Dt±iyw hn]-coXhnth-N-\-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. GsX-¶nepw _nkn-\kv \S-Øm-\p≈ Ah-Im-i- °n-√. km[m-cW - ƒ \S-Øm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw F∂p ]d-bm-\m-In-√. kwhn- [ m- \ - ß - f nemWv. `qcn-]-£- Øn¬\n∂v Db¿∂-XmWv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\ß - n-\p-ta¬ Npa-Øp-∂X - p-t]m-ep≈ \ymb-amb \nb-{¥Ww s{]m^- eqsSØs∂ Ahl n - X - a m W v AXn-\m¬ _nkn-\kv \S-Øp-∂X jW ¬ tImgv k pI ƒ \SØ p∂ hnZym` ymk ÿm]\ -ß-fpsS taepw Npa-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu cpsS Xm¬]- c yAhnsS \nb- a ambn cq]w- s Im- \nb-{¥-W-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ \yq\-]-£-ß-sfbpw \yq\-]-t£-X-c-scbpw Xpey-\n-e-bn¬ ]cn-K- ߃ kwc-£n-°≈p-I. `qcn-]-£-˛- Wn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AXv A\p-t—Zw 30 (1) s‚ ewL-\-am-In-√. B A\p-t—Zw `qcn-]-£w \yq\-]- s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNømw. - n¬\n∂pw kwc-£Ww Dd-∏p-\¬Ip-Ia- m-{Xta sNøp-∂p-≈q. hnZym-`ymk \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS \ y q - \ - ] £ £sØ ASn-®a- ¿Øp-∂X {]h¿Ø\ ß ƒ Ahi ya mbn [m¿anI kz`m-ha- p-≈h - b - m-Wv. AXn-\m¬ \yq\-]t- £-Xc- ˛- \ - yq-\] - £ \ne hyXym-ka - m-bhyXymkw A`n{]m-b-ß-fp-sSbpw kz`m-h-ap≈ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p-Ibpw {Iao-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Xp-sIm-≠mWv Cu - n-\m-bp≈ ko‰p-Iƒ hn¬°p∂ {]{In-bb - n¬ AhG¿s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°m- kwc-£Ww `c-WXm¬]- c y- ß - f p- ]W-ap-≠m-°m-\mbn ]T-\Ø sSbpw ÿnXn-hn- \mWv AXv. ÿm]\w \S-Øp-∂-Xn\pw AXns‚ `mhn hf¿®bv°pw \ymb-ambn Bh-iy-ambn L-S-\-bn¬ Dd-∏m- m-Wv.'' °n-b-Xv. `qcn-]-£ti-j-Øns‚bpw hcp∂ XpI-Iƒ kam-lc- n-°m≥ Ahsc A\p-hZ- n-°m-hp-∂X kp{]ow-tIm-SX - n-bpsS GgwK `c-WL - S- \ - m-_© - ns‚ hn[n (2005 BKÃv 12 C\mw-Zm¿ tIkv) Øn\p kzbw a‰pw t]cn¬ km[n-°p-∂Xv D≠m-hp-∂X - mWv. - Ø - n\v `c-WL - S- \ Dd-∏m-°nHcp kaq-l-Øn¬ ]e-X-c-Øn- \S- t Ø≠ Bh- i y- a n- √ . ChnsS \yq\-]£ ep≈ ASn-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ `qcn-]-£, ss{IkvX-hcpw apkvenw-Ifpw \yq\- sb∂p am{Xw. 3. \yq\-]£ ]cn-c-£Ww kwh\yq\-]£ hyXymkw ImWm-hp-∂-Xm- ]£ hn`m-Kß - f - m-sW∂p Imt\-jp-amcn Wv. \ΩpsS cmPy-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S-\- IW-°n¬\n∂p a\- n-em-°m-t\-bp-≈q. cW k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬\n∂p ]mtS `n∂bn¬ `mj-bp-sSbpw aX-Øn-s‚bpw \yq\-]£w \S-Øp∂ GXp ÿm]-\- am-Wv. C°mcyw ]ecpw {i≤n-°p-∂n- mbpw kmº-Øn-Ia - mbpw sshhn-[y-amWv ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb sØbpw \yq\-]-£-ÿm-\-]-\-am-bn- √. kmaq-ln-Ia ]n∂m°w \n¬°p∂ h ¿°pw ]T\-cwhyXym-k-ambn `c-W-L-S\ I≠-Xv. ´mWv C{X-\mfpw k¿°m-cp-Ifpw tImS`mj-tbmSp tN¿∂v Hcp {]tXyI Xn-Ifpw IW-°m-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Hcp KØpw DtZym-K-cw-KØpw ÿm\-߃ kwkvImc kº-Øp-≠v. AXp-t]mse ÿm]\w ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw \S-Øp- kwh-cWw sNbvXp Ahsc apJy[mcaX-hn-`m-K-tØmSp tN¿∂p {]tXyI Ibpw sNøp-∂Xp \yq\-]£ hn`m-K- bn-te°p sIm≠p-h-cm-\m-Wv. CXv Hcp PohnX Z¿i-\hpw [m¿anI kwln- ß-fn¬s∏-´-h¿ am{X-amtWm F∂p Xm¬°m-enI kwhn-[m\w am{X-am-Wv. Xbpw AXn-t‚-Xmb Pohn-X-ssi-en-bp- am{Xta k¿°m¿ Xn´-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm- ]n∂m-°m-hÿ amdp-tºmƒ ]ns∂ ap-≠v. bn-´p-≈q. CXn\p ap≥]p tImS-Xn-Ifpw AXm-h-iy-an-√. GXm≠v 15 h¿j-tØ\yq\- ] - £ - ß - f mb apkv e nw, a‰pw sNbvXn-´p-≈Xpw ÿm]-\Ø - ns‚ °mWv BZyw kwh-cW k{º-Zmbw ss{IkvXh aX-hn-`m-Kß - sf kw_-‘n- `c-W-k-an-Xn-bn¬ \yq\-]-£-hn-`m-K- hn`m-h\w sNø-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. \yq\-]£ ]cn-c£ B hn[-Øn®n-St- Ømfw hnizm-kt- ØmSp _‘-s∏´ ߃ am{X-ta-bp-t≈m, \yq\-]£ - Ø - ns‚ ep≈ X √ - . \yq\-]£ kwkvIm-cß - sf [m¿an-IX Gsd {]k-‡-am-Wv. Cu {]tXy-IX - I - ƒ°-\p-kc - n®p ]cn-io-e\w hn`m-Kß - ƒ kwc-£n-°s - ∏-Sp-Ibpw hf- \¬IpI ÿm]- \ - Ø ns‚ e£y- \ne- \ n¿Øm\pw Aßs\ `mc- X cp-Ibpw \ne-\n¬°p-Ibpw thWw. amtWm F∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°pI am{X- Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI kº-∂X sXfn\yq\-]£ - h - n-`m-Kß - f - psS `{Z-Xm-t_m[w am-Wv. Cu hyh-ÿ-Iƒ ]men-°p-∂p- bn®p ImWn-°m-\p-ap-≈-Xm-W-Xv. Cu sFIy-Øn-e-√msX `mcX kwkvIm-

kzm{ibw/\yq\-]£w

\yq\-]£w Hcp ]Z-hn-b-√,

Ah-Imiw am{Xw

kp{]nw-tIm-SXn ]d™p

Z _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

68

kzm{ib\nbaw

tImS-Xn-hn-[n-Ifpw

kzm{i-b-\n-b-ahpw kzImcy kzm{i-bt- Im-tf-Pp-If - psS cq]o-Ic - Ww cmPyØv hym]-Ia - m-Ip-∂Xv 1980˛I-tfmsSbmWv. CØcw ÿm]-\ß - ƒ h≥tXm-Xn¬ tImg-hmßn hnZym¿Yn-Isf {]th-in-∏n-°p∂ \ne-bp-≠m-bn. CXn-s\-Xn-cmb P\-hn-Im-chpw H∏-ap-b¿∂p. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv DÆn-°r-jvW≥tI-kn¬ kp{]owtIm-SX - n-bpsS hn[n ]pd-Øp-h∂ - X - v. kzImcy kzm{ib ÿm]\-ß-fn¬ 50 iX-am\w ko‰p-I-fn¬ hnZym¿Yn-Isf kuP\y \nc-°n¬ ]Tn-∏n-°-W-sa∂pw _m°n-h-cp∂ 50 iX-am\w ko‰p-I-fn¬ Db¿∂ ^okv CuSm°mw F∂p-am-bn-cp∂p hn[nbpsS A¥xkØ. DÆn-°r-jvW≥tI-kn-ep-≠mb hn[n `c-WL - S- \m hncp≤-am-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p ]n∂oSv Sn.-Fw.F ss] tIkn¬ kp{]owtIm-SXn hn[n-®-Xv. {]th-i\ ]co-£-bpsS Aim-kv{Xo-b-Xbmepw kaq-l-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ D®-\o-N-Xz-ß-fmepw sacn‰v enÃn¬ ap∂n¬ FØp-∂Xv kmaq-ly-ambpw kmºØn-Iambpw ]n∂m°w \n¬°p∂ hn`m-K-ß-f-√. AXpsIm≠v t{Imkv k_v k n- U n- b psS KpWw ]n∂m°w \n¬°p∂ P\-hn-`m-K-߃°v e`n-°p-∂n√ F∂m-bn-cp∂p CXnse {][m\ Is≠-ج. F∂m¬, CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kmaq-ly-ambpw kmº-Øn-I-ambpw ]n∂m°w \n¬°p-∂-h¿°v IqSp-X¬ {]tbm- P \w e`n- ° p∂ hn[- Ø n¬ hnZym¿Yn- { ]- t h- i - \ -

csØ \ap°p ImWm≥ Ign- b n- √ . \yq\-]£ - ß - f - psS `{Z-Xm-t_m[w F∂ph-®m¬, Ah-cpsS ss]XrIw kwc-£n°-s∏-Sp-sa∂ Dd-∏v, Ah¿°v F∂p-ap≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠X - m-Wv. AXv Ah¿ `qcn]- £ - a m- I m- Ø n- S - t Ømfw Imew Ah¿°p e`y-am-tI-≠-Xp-am-Wv. Ah¿ kmº-Øn-I-ambn i‡n t\Sn-bmepw kmaq-ln-I-ambn apt∂-dnbmepw \yq\-]-£m-hÿ amdp-∂n-√. Ah¿ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\p {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-Ibpw BZyw Xs∂ XymKw kln®p hnZym-e-b-߃ ÿm]n-°pIbpw \S- Ø p- I bpw sNøp- t ºmƒ, {]tXy-In®pw ]n∂m-°m-hÿ - b - n¬ Ignbp-∂-h¿°pw Ah-cpsS hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-߃ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Wsa∂pw Icp-Xp-tºmƒ, ÿm]-\ß - f - psS FÆw IqSpw. Hcp ImeØp Xo≠epw sXmSo-ep-sa-√m-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ hn`m-K߃°v CØcw hnZym-eb - ß - f - m-bn-cp∂p Bew- _ w. \yq\- ] £w Xo¿Øpw sNdnb KW-am-bn-cn-°p∂ {]tZ-i-ßfn¬ a‰p≈ hnZym¿Yn-I-sfbpw Dƒs∏Sp-Øn-thWw hnZym-eb - ß - ƒ \S-Øm≥. 4. ss{IkvX-hcpw apkvenw-Ifpw kwÿm-\m-Sn-ÿm-\Ø - nepw \yq\-]£ - ß-fm-Wv. AXv B¿°pw \ntj-[n-°m\m-hn-√. c≠p hn`m-K-߃ IqSn-bmepw GXm≠v 43 iX-am-\ta Bhp-I-bp-≈q. CXv Chn- S psØ `c- W - I - £ nbpw IjvSn®p kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬, ÿm]-\-ß-fp-sSbpw hnZym¿Yn-If - p-sSbpw FÆ-Øns‚ ASnÿm-\Ø - n¬ \yq\-]£ \n¿Wbw \S°-W-sa-∂m-Wv Ah-cpsS imTyw. CXv ]t≠ tImS-Xn-Iƒ- ˛-{]n-‰ns\t∏mep≈

70

sØbpw ^okn-s\bpw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn\v tImSXn CS-s]´n-√. ^okv \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v kzImcy amt\-Pp-sa‚pIƒ°p≈ k¿°m¿ \nb-{¥-W-߃ FSp-Øp-am-‰p-I-bmWv XpS¿∂p-≠m-b-Xv. emt`-O-tbmsS ÿm]-\-߃ \S-Ø-cpsX∂pw sacn-‰-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kpXm-cy-ambn {]th-i\w \SØ-W-sa∂pw ]d-™p-t]m-hp-I-am-{X-amWv tImSXn sNbvXXv. AXn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb \n_-‘-\-Iƒ hnZym¿Yn {]thi-\-Ønepw ^okv LS-\-bnepw D≠m-°n-bn-√. ss] tIkn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v tImS-Xnbpw k¿°m-cp-Ifpw amt\-Pp-sa‚pw hyXy-kvX-amb coXn-bn¬ AXns\ hymJym\n®v \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ FSp-°p-∂p-sh-∂Xv ]pXnb {]iv\ß - ƒ°v hgn-sh-®p. AXp-sIm≠v kp{]ow-tIm-SXn A©w-K-s_-©ns\ hnjbw ssIImcyw sNøm≥ Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn. Ckvem-anIv A°m-Z-an-bp-ambn D≠m-b-tI-kns‚ hn[nbn¬ \mep {][m\ Imcy-ß-fmWv kp{]ow-tIm-SXn hy‡am-°n-b-Xv. ÿm]\w \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-ap-≈Xpw Ip´nI-fpsS ]T\ kuIcyw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ ^okv Npa-Øp-hm≥ amt\-Pp-sa‚p-Iƒ°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. Cßs\ Npa-Øp∂ ]Ww ÿm]-\-Øns‚ \ne-hmcw Db¿Øp-∂Xn-\p-am-{Xta D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-hq. emt`-O-tbmsS ^okv Npa-Øm≥ ]mSn-√. CXpw {]th-i\w kw_‘n® Imcy-ßfpw k¿°m¿ \nb-an-°p∂ IΩn-‰n-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. tImtf-Pns‚ hchv sNe-hp-ambn HØp-t\m°n Cu IΩn‰n°v ^okv \n¿W-bn-°m-hp∂XmWv. IΩn-‰n-bpsS LS-\bpw tImS-Xn-Xs∂ \n¿tZ-in-®p. Hcp-hn-[-Øn-ep-ap≈ tImgbpw hmß-cp-sX∂pw tImSXn I¿i-\-ambn \n¿tZ-in-®p. \yq\-]£ ]Z-hn-bp≈ ÿm]-\-߃°v Ah-cpsS kap-Zm-b-Øn-sebpw `mjm-]-c-ambn \n¬°p∂ hn`m-K-Ønsebpw hnZym¿Yn-Isf {]th-in-∏n-°m≥ Ah-Im-i-ap-s≠∂pw hn[n-bn¬ hy‡-am-°n.

hntZi \nb- a - ⁄ sc sIm≠p- h ∂v sFIyw hmZn-®n-´pw˛ X≈n-t∏mb hmZK-Xn-bm-Wv. t]msc-¶n¬, ap≥]v kqNn∏n-®Xp t]mse-bp≈ Imc-Wß - ƒsIm≠mWv \yq\-]-£-߃°p IqSp-X¬ hnZym-eb - ß - f - p-≠m-bX - v. Ah \yq\-]-£-ÿm-]-\-ß-f√ F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv XnI®pw _men-i-amWv. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ \yq\-]-£-kwkvIm-cß - ƒ kwc-£n-°W - s - a∂ Dt±-iyamtWm ÿm]-\-߃°p≈-Xv, \yq\]-£-ß-fmtWm Ah-bpsS `cWw \SØp-∂Xv F∂Xp am{X-amWv k¿°m¿ t\mt°- ≠ - X v . \yq\- ] - £ - ß ƒ°p {]tbm-P\ - s - ∏-SWw F∂ Dt±-iy-tØmsS \S- Ø p∂ GXp ÿm]- \ hpw \yq\]£ ÿm]-\a - m-sW-∂mWv F√mh¿°p-ap≈ [mc-W. hnZym-`ymk Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Cu kwÿm-\Øv F∂pw \yq\-]£ hnZyme-b-߃ `qcn-]£ kap-Zm-b-߃ \SØp∂ hnZym-eb - ß - s - f-°mƒ IqSp-Xe - mbn-cp-∂p. an°hm-dpw, hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS FÆhpw IqSp-X-em-bn-cp-∂p. ]t£, F√m tImS- X n- I fpw CØcw hnZym- e - b - ß sf sFI- I WvtTy\ \yq\-]£ ÿm]-\ß - f - m-bn´p Xs∂- b mWp ]cn- K - W n- ® n- ´ p- ≈ - X v . CsX√mw ad-∂mWv C∂v k¿°m-cns‚ \o°w. Cu \yq\-]£ hnZym-e-b-߃, \yq\-]-£-hn-Zym-e-b-߃ A√m-Xm-°nØo¿°m≥ am{X-amWp \nb-a-Ønse F´mw hyhÿ D]-I-cn-°p-I. \yq\-]£-߃°mbn \na-b-a-Øn¬ ]d-™n´p≈ Hcp B\p-Iq-eyhpw Chn-SsØ \yq\-]-£-߃°p e`n-°m-Xn-cn-°m\p≈ F√m ]gp-Xp-Ifpw AS-®p-sImZ _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

≠p≈ \nb-a-amWv CsX∂p `c-W-I£n°p ]d-bmw. 5. tIc- f - Ø nse kmaq- l nI ÿnXn, kmaq-lnI \oXn F∂o ]cn-KW-\-Iƒ sh®mWv ]pXnb \nbaw \n¿an- ® n- c n- ° p- ∂ - s X∂p ]d- b p- ∂ p. \oXn°p ]e am\-ßf - p-≠.v Ah-sb√mw ]cn-KW - n-®m¬ ]pXnb \nbaw XnI®pw A\o-Xn-]-c-am-Wv. \nb-a-Ønse A\oXn-bpsS Nne hi-߃ Nq≠n-°m-Wn°-s´: F) \yq\- ] - £ - ß ƒXs∂ ÿm]n®p \S-Øp∂ hnZym-eb - ß - f - n¬ Hmtcm ÿe-sØbpw kml-Nc - y-ßf - \ - pk-cn®v A¿l-amb \yq\-]£ hnZym¿YnIsf {]th-in-∏n°m-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw \ntj-[n-°p-∂Xv XnI™ A\o-XnbmWv; `c-W-L-S\m hncp-≤-hp-am-Wv. \yq\- ] - £ - ß - f psS \ne- \ n¬]n- s \Øs∂ CXv A]-IS- Ø - n-em-°p-Ib - m-W.v _n) ]mh-s∏-´-h-scbpw ]n∂m° hn`m-Kß - s - fbpw klm-bn-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ k¿°m-cns‚ {]mY-an-I-amb _m[y-Xbn¬\n∂v Hfn-t®m-Sp-∂Xv \oXn-hn-cp-≤amb \ne-]m-Sm-Wv. k¿°m-cm-Wt√m s]mXp-ap-X¬ Iøm-fp-∂-Xv. k¿°m¿ hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ t]mIp∂ hnZym¿YnIsf am{Xta klm-bn°q F∂p ]dbp-∂Xv ]£-]m-X] - c - a - m-Wv. kn) \yq\-]£ hn`m-K-ß-fpsS hnZym¿Yn-I-fp-sS-ta¬ a‰p-≈-hsc ]Tn∏n- ° m- \ p≈ Npa- X e sI´n- h - b v ° p∂Xpw hnth-N-\-]-c-am-Wv. Un) ]mh-s∏-´-hsc klm-bn-°p∂- X n- \ mWv ChnsS ss{Ikv X - h ¿ F∂pw hnZym-e-b-߃ \SØn-bn-´p-≈Xv. hnZym-`ymkw Xs∂-bmWv kmaq-lnI

amt\-Pp-sa‚p-Iƒ°v F{X iX-am\w ko‰p-I-fn-te°v {]th-i\w \S-Øm-sa-∂Xv k¿°m¿ Xocp-am-\n-t°-≠-XmsW∂pw hn[n-bn¬ ]d-™p. \yq\-]£ ÿm]-\-߃°v {]tXy-I-ambn \n›-bn® ko‰p-I-fn¬ B kap-Zm-b-Øn-seXs∂ sacn-‰p-Im-sc-bmWv \nb-an-t°-≠-Xv. (D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn\v F≥{S≥kv enÃn¬ 500-˛maXmbn Hcp apkvenw h∂p-sh-∂ncn-°s - ´, Abmƒ°v \¬In-bXn\v tijta 501˛maXmbn hcp∂ apkven-an\v \¬Im-hq). CØ-c-Øn-emWv tImS-Xn-hn-[n-bp-≠mb-Xv. Cu hn[n-bn-eq-sSbpw Cu taJ-e-bnse {]iv\-߃°v hy‡-X-bp-≠m-°m≥ Ign-bmØ kml-N-cy-am-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. XpS¿∂v ]n.F. C\mw-Zm¿ tIkn¬ tImS-Xn-bpsS as‰mcp hn[nh∂p. \mev {][m-\-s∏´ {]iv\-ß-fmWv tImSXn hy‡am-°n-b-Xv. 1. kzImcy kzm{ib Itf-Pp-I-fn¬ kwh-c-Whpw k¿°m¿ Izm´bpw ASn-t®¬]n-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw k¿°mcn-\n-√. 2. \njv]-£hpw kpXm-cyhpw Nqj-W-c-ln-X-hp-ambn {]th-i\w \S-Øp-∂X - n\v k¿°m-cn\v \S-]S- n-{I-aß - ƒ sNømhp-∂-Xm-Wv. amt\-Pp-sa‚p-Iƒ°v Iq´mbn s]mXp-]-co£ \SØn {]th-i\w \¬Im-hp-∂-Xp-am-Wv. 3. Hmtcm ÿm]-\Øn\pw Ah-cp-sS-Xmb ^okv LS\ \n›-bn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. emt`-Ot- bm-sS-b√ - msXbmWv CXpw sNtø-≠X - v. 4. {]thi\ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kpXm-cy-am-sW∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Hcp IΩn‰n D≠m-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AXv hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ KpW\n-e-hm-chpw Nqj-W-c-ln-X-ambn ÿm]-\-߃ {]h¿Øn°p-∂pt≠m F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw D≈-Xpam-bn-cn-°pw. Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw Im∏n-t‰-j≥ ^okv hmßcp-sX∂pw Cu hn[n-bnepw \njvI¿jn® tImSXn Cu \n_‘-\-Iƒ ewLn-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ k¿°m-cn\v CS-s]-Sm-sa∂pw hy‡-am-°n. Cu hn[n-bn¬Xs∂ c≠v \n_-‘-\-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-

DXvI¿j-Øn\p ]‰nb am¿K-sa∂v Adnbm-hp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Ah¿ hnZym`ymk cwK- Ø n- d - ß n- b Xp Xs∂. Ct∏mgpw {]^- j - \ ¬ hnZym- ` ymk cwKØp IS-∂X - p-Xs∂ Ipsd ]mh-s∏´-h¿s°√mw sXmgn¬km-[yX \¬Imsa∂p Icp-Xn-bm-Wv. h≥ XpI-Iƒ apS°n-bp≈ ÿm]-\-߃ \S-Øn-s°m≠p-t]m-Im\pw ]ncnhv \S-Ø-W-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv icn-b√ - . Xo¿®-bmbpw an° ÿm]-\ß - fpw Ign-h\ - p-kc - n®v ]n∂m° hn`m-K-߃°p kvtImf¿jn∏pw a‰pw \¬Im≥ {ian-°p-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬, AXn\p ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp-≠v. {]mY-anI hnZym-e-b-߃ \S-Øp-∂-Xp-t]m-sebp≈ sNe-h√ {]^-j-W¬ ÿm]-\߃ \S-Øm-\p-≈-Xv. k¿°m¿ kmaqlnI _m[y-Xb - n¬\n∂v Hfnt®mSp-∂Xv \oXn-b√ - . C) Hcp hn`mKw hnZym¿Yn- I fn¬\n∂p \mtem At©m Cc´n ^okv CuSm- ° pI F∂p ]d- b p- ∂ Xpw XnI®pw A\o-Xn-bm-Wv, A{]m-tbm-KnIhpw tImS-Xn-hn-[n°v FXn-cp-am-Wv. \gvknwKv tImtf-Pv, _n.-FU - v. tImtfPv XpS-ßnb ÿm]-\-߃°v F≥.-B¿.sF. {]k-‡-ta-b-√. {]nhn-tePv ko‰v F∂p ]d-bp∂ hyh-ÿbpw kaq-lØn¬s∏´ ]mhs∏´h¿°p \¬Im≥ Ign-bp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ AXpw \ymb-a-√. F^v) \ymb-a-√mØ Hcp ^okv LS- \ - h - ® n´p hnZym- e - b - ß ƒ \SØnt°m F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv \ncp-Ø-chm-Z] - c - a - m-W.v cmjv{So-b° - m¿°pw _nkn\-kp-Im¿°pw tImg k{º-Zmbw \ne\n¿Øm-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\a - mWv AXp-fhm-°p-I. Ahn-ln-X-ambn ^okv ]ncn-

\-Øn¬ 15 iX-am\w F≥.-B¿.-sF. ko‰pw hn`m-h\w sNøp∂p. F≥.-B¿.-sF-°m-cpsS a°ƒ, F≥.-B¿.-sF-°m-cpsS c£m-I¿Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Ign-bp∂ hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ F∂n-h¿°pam-{Xta Cu C\-Øn¬ ko‰v \¬Im-hq. F≥.-B¿.sF ko‰n¬\n∂v e`n-°p∂ ]Ww \n¿_-‘-ambpw kmº-ØnI-ambn ]n∂m°w \n¬°p∂ hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS ]T-\-Øn-\pth≠n D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠X - m-Wv. kwÿm-\m-Sn-ÿm-\Ø - n-emWv \yq\-]-£-ßsf \n›-bn-t°-≠-sX∂pw hn[n-I-fn¬ hy‡am-°p-∂p-≠v. kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn\v Izm´ \n›-bn-°m≥ A[n-Im-can-s√∂ hn[n-s°-Xnsc henb {]Xn-tj[w Db¿∂p. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 93˛mw hIp∏v t`Z-KXn sNbvXv ]m¿e-sa‚ v \nbaw ]mkm-°n. AXn¬ Cß-s\bmWv {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂Xv: ''(5) Nothing in this article or in sub-clause (1) of Article 19 shall prevent the State from making any special provision, by law, for tha advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes or citizens or for this Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes in so far as such special provisions relate to their admission to educational institutions including private educational institutions, whether aided or unaided by the State, other than the minority educational institutions referred to in clause (1) of Article 30''

hfsc hy‡-amb hmN-I-ß-fm-Wn-Xv. kmaq-ly-ambpw hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-ambpw ]n∂m°w \n¬°p∂ P\-hn-`m-K߃°pw ]´n-I-Pm-Xn-˛-]-´nI hn`m-K-°m¿°pw kzImcy kzm{ib tImtf-Pp-I-fn¬ {]th-i\w Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v \nbaw \n¿an-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn\v CXn-eqsS e`n-®p. (]nW-dmbn hnP-b≥, tZim-`n-am\n 3/7/06)

°m≥ hnZym-eb - ß - sf CXp-hgn \n¿_‘n-°p-I-bp-am-Wv. Agn-a-Xn°p hgn-Xpd-°p-∂Xpw A\o-Xn-bm-Wt- √m. Pn) \S- Ø n- s °m- ≠ p- t ]m- I m- ≥ \nhr-Øn-bn-√mØ Hcp ^okv LS\bv°p hnZym-e-b-߃ \S-Øp-∂-hsc \n¿_-‘n-°p-∂Xp Xe-ap-d-I-tfmSp sNøp∂ A\o-Xn-bm-bn-cn-°pw. ImcWw CXp-aqew ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS KpW-\n-ehmcw sa®-s∏-Sp-Ømt\ km[n-°m-sXh-cpw. 6. \yq\- ] £ kaq- l - Ø nse Xs∂ \yq\-]-£-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bmWp aX-t\-Xm-°ƒ hmZn-°p-∂-sX-∂mWp as‰mcp hmZ-K-Xn. Xo¿®-bmbpw {]^j\¬ tImtf-Pp-If - n¬ hcp-∂Xv BsIbp≈ hnZym¿Yn-If - n¬ \yq\-]£ - a - m-W.v ^okv F√m-h¿°pw \ymb-am-bn-cn-°W - a-t√m. k¿°m¿ Ab-°p∂ Xmc-Xt- ay\ kº-∂c - mb hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°p kuP-\y\n-c° - n¬ ^oko-Sm-°n-bm¬ aXn F∂p ]d-bp-∂X - ns\ FXn¿°p-∂Xp kº-∂cpsS ]£w tN¿∂p-sIm-≠m-sW-∂mWv Cu hmZ-K-Xn-bnse kqN-\. ]mh-s∏-´h - sc klm-bn-°m-\mWv Cßs\ {]^-j-\¬ hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KtØ°p k` IS-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xp-Xs∂ F∂p ]d-™t- √m. DZm-lc - W - a - mbn, \gvknwKv tImtf-Pp-If - psS Imcy-sa-Sp-°p-I. IqSp-X¬ tImtf-Pp-Iƒ Cu cwK-ØmWp h∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu Iem-e-b-ß-fn¬ ]Tn- ° p∂ At\Iw Ip´n- I sf Ct∏mƒXs∂ ^≠p-Iƒ tiJ-cn®p \mw klm-bn-®mWp ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Cu cwKØp k¿°m-cns‚ NpaXe ]mtS am‰n-a-dn-®p-sIm≠p \yq\]£ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬s∏´ hnZym¿Yn-IZ _p≈-‰n≥ 2006 G{]n¬ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿

fn¬\n∂v CuSm°n {]mtbW IqSp-X¬ kº-∂-cmb Bfp-Isf klm-bn-°-Wsa∂p ]d- b p- ∂ Xv Bsc klm- b n°m\mWv? ap≥]p ]d-™ hmZ-KXn X´n∏m-Wv. \S-Øn∏p Zp¿h-la - m-°p∂ ^okv LS-\-bpsS e£y-sa-¥mWv? ta¬°qcbpw s_©p-I-fp-an-√mØ k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂X - p-t]mse \S-Ønbm¬ aXn-sb-∂m-bn-cn°pw `mhw. CXp ]mh-ß-tfmSp sNøp∂ A\o-Xn-bm-Wv. ]mh-s∏-´-h¿ ChnsS \ne-hm-c-an-√mØ hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ Xf-bv°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw kº-∂cpw cmjv{So-b° - mcpw Xß-fpsS Ip´n- I sf \ne- h m- c - a p≈ A\y- k wÿm\ ÿm]-\-ß-fn-te°v Ab-bv°pIbpw sNøp∂ ÿnXn- h n- t ijw C\nbpw hcm≥ t]mIp-∂p. C∂pw aµ-_p-≤n-Iƒ, hnI-emwK¿, A‘¿, _[n-c¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿°pth≠n BcmWp IqSp-X¬ hnZym-e-b߃ \S-Øp-∂Xv? A\m-Y-cmb Ip´nIsf Gsd kwc-£n-°p-∂Xpw hnZym`ymkw \¬Ip-∂Xpw C∂pw \yq\-]£ - ß-fm-Wt- √m. CsX√mw ad-∂mWv Btcm]-W-߃ F∂p \mw a\- n-em-°-Ww. kuP-\y-ambn ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ klmbn-t°≠ k¿°m¿, Npa-Xe - b - n¬\n∂p amdn-\n¬°p-∂-Xns\ \yq\-]-£-°m¿ FXn¿°m-Xn-cn-°n-√. sX‰n-≤c - n-∏n-°p∂ Ip{]-Nm-cW - ß - ƒ am‰n-sh®p bmYm¿Yyt_m-[-tØmsS {]^-j-\¬ cwKsØ {]iv\-߃ Hcp-an®p N¿®-sNbvXp \ymb-amb Xocp-am-\ß - f - m-sW-Sp-t°-≠Xv. [m¿jvSy-tØmsS ASn-®-a¿Øm\p≈ \o°w icn-b-√. (am¿ tPmk^v ]∆-Øn¬, aebm-fa - t- \m-ca 11/07/06)

70

For Private Cerculation Only

P\kwJy

P\-kw-Jym-]-c-amb kqNnI: kmaq-ly-hn-Ik - \ - Ø - ns‚ Hc-Snÿm\w P\-kw-Jym-]c - a - mb Imcy-ßfm-Wv. Ahn-I-kn-X-amb Hcp kaq-lØn¬ P\-\hpw ac-Whpw IqSp-X-embn-cn-°pw. hnI-k\w ssIh-cn-°p-∂Xn\v Ch c≠pw Ipd-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. km[m-c-W-bmbn hnI-k-\-a-\p-k-cn®v ac-W-\n-c°v Ipd-bp-Ibpw P\-\-\nc°v h¿[n® \nc-°n¬ \ne-\n¬°pIbpw sNøpw. {ItaW B[p-\nI Pohn-X-co-Xn-b-\p-k-cn®v P\-\-\n-c-°v ac-W\ - n-c°pt]mse Ipd-bp-Ibpw P\-

tIcfw ap∂n¬

kv{XoIƒ K¿`-\n-tcm-[-\-am¿K-߃ Ct∏mƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-sh-∂p-≈Xns\ K¿`-\n-tcm-[\ \S∏p\nc°v F∂p-]-d-bp-∂p. Hcp kv{Xo°v {]P-\\-Ignhv D≈-t∏mƒ icm-icn F{X Ip´n-If - p-≠m-Im-sa-∂p-≈X - ns\ samØ _oP-kw-tbm-K\ - n-cs - °∂v hnfn-°p-∂p. Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS {]P-\-\-{]m]vXn-hsc Pohn-®n-cn-°p-sa-∂p≈ hnhn[ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS P\-kw-Jym-]-c-amb Hcp k¶¬]hpw Cu \nc°v hnI-k-\-kq-NnI IW-°m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≠v. P\-kwJy-bn¬ Hcp h¿j-Øn\p Xmsg1991 2001 bp≈ Ip´n-I-fn¬ Bbn-c-ØnkqNnI {Iaw kqNnI {Iaw s\{X t]¿ Hcp h¿jw acn-°p∂p-sh-∂X - ns\ ssii-ha - c - W - \ - nB{‘-{]-tZiv 44 7 48 7 c-s°-∂p ]d-bp-∂p. CXn¬ BZyAkw 29.14 12 26 15 tØXv h¿[n- ° p- I bpw a‰p c≠pw Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv _nlm¿ 11.61 17 3 19 kmaq-ly-hn-Ik - \ - Ø - ns‚ Hc-fh - pOØn-kvKVv 18.66 15 27 14 tIm-embn KWn-°p-∂p. KpP-dmØv 40 10 37 10 C¥y≥ {Kma-ß-fn¬ Chlcn-bmW 30 11 39 9 bpsS \nc-°p-Iƒ°v {]I-S-amb hyXym-k-ap≠v Cu Imcy-Øn¬ lnam-N¬{]-tZiv 49 4 60 2 {KmaoW tIcfw ap∂n¬\n¬°pPΩp Iivao¿ 41 9 32 12 ∂p. G‰hpw ]n∂n¬ \n¬°pPm¿Jfiv 11.61 17 19 16 ∂Xv {KmaoW _oamcp kwÿmI¿WmSIw 41.15 8 45 8 \- ß ƒ Xs∂- b m- W v . henb kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ Z£n-tW-¥ytIcfw 100 1 97 1 bnepw DØ-tc-¥y≥ kwÿm-\a[y-{]-tZiv 18.66 14 15 17 ß-fmb ]©m-_v, lcn-bm-\, alm-cmjv{S 47 5 51.25 5 lnam-N¬{]tZ-i,v alm-cm{„ XpSHdok 29.46 13 32.94 11 ßn-b-hbpw sa®-s∏´ \ne-hm-cØn-em-Wv. P\-kw-Jym-]-c-amb ]©m_v 50 3 53 3 Imcy-ß-fn¬ ap∂n-´p-\n∂ tIccmP-ÿm≥ 18.38 16 13 18 f-Øn-s‚bpw Xan-gv\m-Sn-s‚bpw Xan-gv\mSv 52 2 49 6 kqNn-I-bn¬ h∂ Ipdhv {it≤DØ¿{]-tZiv 1.11 19 1.38 20 b- a m- W v. F∂m¬ Akw, _olm¿ F∂o kwÿm-\-ßDØ-cm-©¬ 1.11 19 29 13 sfm- g n- ® p≈ DØ- c - ˛ - Z - £ nW ]›n-a_ - w-Kmƒ 46.39 6 51.43 4 kwÿm-\ß - f - psS kqNn-Ib - nepw {IaØ nepw h¿[\ h p≠ m-bXv Ah-ew_w: kmaqly hnI-k\ dnt∏m¿´v, 2005 ipt`m- Z ¿°- a m- W v . Ch- b n¬ ]eXpw ]n∂m-°k - w-ÿm-\ß - f - mX¿m-dm-¡n-bXv: sk‚¿ t^m¿ tkmtjym-˛-C-°-tWm-anIv B‚v F≥hbn´pw P\-kw-Jym-]-c-amb ImcytUm. Fkv. apc-fo-[-c³ b¨sa‚¬ ÃUo-kv, sIm®n ˛ 24 ww.csesindia.org ß-fn¬ \ne sa®-s∏-Sp-Øn. kw-Jy-bpsS hm¿jn-I-h-f¿® GXm≠v Hcp iX-am-\-Øn¬ ÿnc-am-Ip-Ibpw sNøm-dp-≠v. Cu ÿncX ssIh-cn-°p∂Xv aq∂p LS-Iß - sf B{i-bn-®m-Wv: 1. K¿`-\n-tcm-[\ \S-∏p-\n-c° - ,v 2. samØ _oP-kw-tbmK\nc-°,v 3. ssii-ha - c - W - \n- c - ° v . F{X hnhm- l n- X - I - f mb

Edited and published by K.A Naser for media watch, I.S.T Building, Silver Hills, Calicut-12 Ph: 0495 2731305, Mob:9447740139, E-mail: [email protected] Layout: Salim G. Road, Type setting: N. Anshad, Proof: M.S.A Rasheed.