Tricky Trivia
This document was uploaded by user and they confirmed that they have the permission to share it. If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this DMCA report form. Report DMCA
Overview
Download & View Tricky Trivia as PDF for free.
More details
- Words: 42,784
- Pages: 112
Tricky Trivia Compiled by Mart Schnd
About This Document “Tricky Trivia” provides you answers to some fun and interesting questions in your life and environment. These were collected from various sources. More and more such facts will be included in the future versions of this document. The next version with more facts will be released in the near future. This document is free-of-charge. I release this document in portable document format (.pdf) only.
Download the Latest Version I invite you to download the future versions also from my web site. Moreover, I appreciate your comments regarding this e-book. Please let me know any errors or omissions of the publication as well as your proposals to upgrade the quality of this publication. Please use my email address to contact me. http://www.ebooks-ms.9f.com/ [email protected]
Distribution I encourage you to freely distribute this document as it is, among your friends, colleagues, family members, customers or any other person who you think interested in or relevant to, in any form as you wish. If anybody who wants to republish this e-book in any from and need us to make changes to this version, please contact us by means of above mentioned email address.
Legal Notice and Terms of Agreement “Tricky Trivia” provides you answers to some fun and interesting questions in your life and environment. These were collected from various sources. While attempts have been made to verify information in this publication, neither the author nor the publisher assumes any responsibility for errors, omissions, interpretation or usage of the subject matter herein. The contents in this publication are intended for informational purposes only. The author and publisher shall in no event be held liable for any loss or other damages incurred from the usage of this publication. The author and publisher reserve the right to terminate this publication at anytime, without warning, and are not responsible for any results forthcoming from said termination. Furthermore the author and publisher extend no warranty of results either expressed or implied from the usage of this information. Results vary by user. By using the “Tricky Trivia” you agree to this legal notice and terms of agreement. Mart Schnd. Wednesday, February 23, 2005
2
Table of Contents 001.
Why do we say that the police “frisk” a suspect?
13
002.
Why do we call what a spider produces a cobweb?
13
003.
Why don’t figure skaters get nauseous when spinning?
13
004.
How do alcohol breath tests work?
14
005.
Why do we say that provoking someone is “getting a rise” out of them?
006.
14
Exactly who was Nostradamus and is there anything to his predictions?
14
007.
Why do we call a drunk a lush?
15
008.
Why do matadors wave a red cape at the bull?
15
009.
What is a pixel and what can it do for you?
16
010.
Why do we say that someone who is sincere and trustworthy is on the level?
16
011.
In the expression “kith and kin,” what’s a kith?
16
012.
What are “The 12 Days of Christmas,” and what about that song?
17
013.
How do they stage movie animal fights?
17
014.
Was there really a King Canute who tried to hold back the tides?
18
015.
When did anesthetics begin to be used in surgery?
18
016.
Is there any kind of “lucre” besides “filthy lucre?”
18
017.
Just how drastically can the weather change in half a day?
19
018.
Who invented the modern lottery?
19
019.
Just what kind of a cat was the Cheshire cat in Alice in Wonderland?
020.
20
Have brothers ever opposed each other for the nomination for President of the United States?
20
021.
What’s the difference between pathos and bathos?
20
022.
Was Bill Clinton the only U. S. president to be involved in a sex scandal while in office?
21
023.
Why do we call extortion “blackmail?”
21
024.
Who was the original Grateful Dead?
22
025.
Why do we have earlobes?
22
026.
Just what is a krill?
22
027.
Exactly what do we mean by “the exception that proves the rule”?
23
3
028.
Why do they put that ring of salt around the top of a Margarita?
23
029.
When things go awry, why will there “be the devil to pay?”
24
030.
Who invented Groundhog Day, and when?
24
031.
What does your dentist do when he or she does a root canal?
24
032.
Why are social outcasts sometimes called pariahs?
25
033.
Why do we sometimes call chopped meat Salisbury Steak?
25
034.
What is there about light beer that makes it “light?”
26
035.
If yellow is the easiest color to see, why are stop signs red?
26
036.
Why do we say that a team that loses big got a real “drubbing”?
037.
Have any presidents kept unusual pets while residing in the White House?
038.
26
27
How did “beating around the bush” get to mean evasiveness?
27
039.
How did the bulldog get its name?
28
040.
How can we tell what a dinosaur looked like from a few bones?
041.
Why do we pull the wool over someone’s eyes when we fool them?
042.
28
28
Why are auctioneers sometimes hard to understand at live auctions?
29
043.
Why would we say that someone is “happy as a clam?”
29
044.
Why does anxiety make our palms sweat?
30
045.
Why do we describe money obtained corruptly, such as from bribes, as graft?
046.
How does one shoe size differ from the next bigger or smaller size?
047.
30
Do any species other than human beings go through a period of adolescence?
048.
30
31
Why do we say that the person receiving the largest share of something has gotten the lion’s share?
31
049.
Why do sailors wear bell-bottomed trousers?
32
050.
Is there really such a thing as being tone deaf?
32
051.
How does a thermos bottle work?
33
052.
Why do they call that thing we hang onto while walking on stairs a banister?
33
4
053.
Why are natives of Indiana called Hoosiers?
33
054.
Why do we call advertising and political hype, ballyhoo?
34
055.
Is carob better for you than chocolate, for which it’s often substituted?
34
056.
Why are there no seat belts in buses?
35
057.
How could a starfish possibly eat a clam?
35
058.
Why do we say that something open to discussion is a “moot” point?
36
059.
Why do we call unrealistic ideas pipe dreams?
36
060.
Why does it mean “yes” when we nod our head up and down, and “no” if we shake it from side to side?
061.
Why is a leading indicator of a trend called a bellwether, as in a bellwether stock?
062.
36
37
Did barbershop quartets ever have anything to do with barbershops?
37
063.
When did rap music begin?
38
064.
What do those weird movie credits, “gaffer” and “best boy” mean?
38
065.
What’s a papal bull?
39
066.
Why don’t cats like to get wet?
39
067.
Why are those strange subatomic particles called quarks?
39
068.
Why do we call trying to persuade someone with a pile of blarney a snow job?
40
069.
Are there any Christians who do not celebrate Christmas?
40
070.
Why do people in the military always salute each other when they meet?
071.
41
How does a bill-changing machine determine that your bill isn’t counterfeit?
41
072.
Why is a biting satire called a lampoon?
41
073.
Just what is “method” acting?
42
074.
Why do we say that coming upon something by accident is “serendipitous?”
42
075.
What’s the longest place-name in America?
43
076.
Did the ancient Egyptians speak hieroglyphics? If not, what did they speak?
43
077.
Why is an easy mark a “sucker?”
43
078.
What’s the difference between an opera and an operetta?
44
079.
Why do we call uproar “pandemonium?”
44
5
080.
Can choreographers “write” down dance routines the way composers write music?
45
081.
Why is caviar so expensive?
45
082.
How did that silent “b” get into the word “debt?”
45
083.
Why do tennis balls feel fuzzy?
46
084.
If you’re mistaken about something, why would you be barking up the wrong tree?
085.
Why is it easier to tear an article from a newspaper from top to bottom than from side to side (try it!)?
086.
46
47
Why do we say that if you’re annoying someone you’re “pestering” him or her?
47
087.
Why is there no channel one on broadcast TV?
48
088.
What was so terrible about Ivan the Terrible?
48
089.
What was the first “panic button?”
48
090.
Is badminton played anywhere besides backyards?
49
091.
What’s the point of daylight saving time?
49
092.
We have New York State and California “champagne,” so why isn’t there any from Italy?
093.
50
Why do we joke about fools believing the moon is made from green cheese?
50
094.
Why do they call that radioactive stuff “uranium?”
50
095.
Where in the world does it rain the most?
51
096.
Do bananas grow on trees?
51
097.
Why do light bulbs come in odd-sized wattages, such as 40 and 60 watts?
52
098.
Why do we call a violent robbery a “mugging?”
52
099.
Why do we call a test for authenticity or usefulness the “acid test?”
53
100.
When do bears emerge from hibernation?
53
101.
Why do so many major train stations have high, often vaulted ceilings?
53
102.
Whatever happened to phone booths?
54
103.
Why is the female side of something referred to as the “distaff side?”
104.
Why do we say that someone who is really wrong or out of line is “off base?”
105.
54
55
What’s the purpose of that snap-box contraption they clack in front of a movie camera just before filming a take?
55
6
106.
Why is that square space in which boxers fight called a “ring?”
107.
56
Why do we say that someone who is kept in isolation is in “quarantine?”
56
108.
Is there any animal that has four horns?
56
109.
How do antihistamines stop sneezing and a runny nose?
57
110.
Why do we call a computer problem a glitch?
57
111.
Is there any difference between a porpoise and a dolphin?
58
112.
What happens if you go several nights without sleep?
58
113.
Why do we call that stand that holds an artist’s canvass an easel?
114.
Why do we call something that’s sloppy or muddled a “mess?”
115.
60
Why do we call that suite of playing cards with the cloverleaf symbol, “clubs?”
117.
59
What’s the difference between an ophthalmologist, an optometrist and an optician?
116.
59
60
Why is there “snow” on the TV screen when a station goes off the air?
60
118.
Why do people who lose their temper “fly off the handle?”
61
119.
Why do we call those grotesque figures on medieval buildings gargoyles?
61
120.
Why don’t we use Roman rather than Arabic numerals?
62
121.
How can you tell a mushroom from a toadstool?
62
122.
What is the continental shelf?
62
123.
Why do we say that people who get hung up on minor arguments are “quibbling?”
124.
63
How much of a tree that’s been cut for timber actually ends up as usable wood?
63
125.
What are the northern lights?
64
126.
Why do they turn off the cabin lights on planes before takeoff?
64
127.
Why do we call that children’s game hopscotch?
64
128.
Why do we call a cheapskate a ‘piker?’
65
129.
Why do we associate Dalmatians with firemen?
65
130.
How does one become a circus clown?
66
131.
How did ‘Mister’ get to be a title of address?
66
132.
Why don’t our palms get sunburned at the beach?
66
7
133.
Why do we sometimes call someone with below average intelligence a moron?
67
134.
Why can’t you buy cashew nuts in the shell?
67
135.
Why does the president of the United States work in an oval office?
136.
Why do graduates wear those strange square caps with their gowns?
137.
68
Why might we say that someone who acts crazy has gone ‘berserk?’
139.
68
Why do we say that something obscene appeals to prurient interests?
138.
68
69
In testing new medicines, what’s the difference between a blind and a double-blind test?
69
140.
What’s the difference between an atoll and an island?
70
141.
Why are those Congressional pleasure trips called “junkets?”
70
142.
Just how does a Venus flytrap eat dinner?
70
143.
Why are certain four-letter words obscene while other words that mean the same thing are not?
71
144.
Do identical twins have identical fingerprints?
71
145.
Who is buried on the moon?
72
146.
Why do we chill white wine but serve red wine at room temperature?
72
147.
Exactly what is a calliope?
73
148.
Are there any animals that never sleep?
73
149.
Where did people first eat chocolate, and when?
73
150.
What do hospitals mean when they say that someone’s condition is “stable,” “serious,” “critical” or some other melodramatic adjective?
151.
74
Why do many newspapers have the word “gazette” in their name?
74
152.
Why do they play “Taps” at military funerals?
75
153.
Who built the first bathrooms, and where?
75
154.
Where was the U. S. state of Franklin, and whatever happened to it?
155.
76
Why do we say that someone held up from doing something is “marking time?”
76
8
156.
Why do we describe as round robin a tournament in which everyone plays everyone else?
76
157.
How big does a watch have to be before it becomes a clock?
77
158.
Why does the shower curtain get sucked in toward you when you shower?
77
159.
Was there really an Orient Express?
78
160.
Why do we say that we’re bluffing when we try to mislead someone?
161.
78
Why do we say that an annoying person who won’t let up is nagging?
79
162.
Why do angels have halos?
79
163.
Why do we describe nonsense as claptrap?
79
164.
When did we start using decongestants?
80
165.
Why do they refer to the hottest days of summer as the dog days?
80
166.
Has the Medal of Honor ever been won by a woman?
81
167.
What road are middle-of-the-road moderates traveling?
81
168.
How do they decide what to name new objects found in outer space?
169.
82
Just what is the Golden Gate that the San Francisco Bridge is named for?
82
170.
Why don’t fast food restaurants promote their desserts?
82
171.
Why might we say that someone feeling out of sorts is cranky?
83
172.
Why does someone take the “minutes” at a meeting?
83
173.
How come dinner knives have rounded edges?
84
174.
Are there any dogs that don’t bark?
84
175.
What’s the safest form of transportation?
85
176.
Is there any way to fend off a shark without a weapon?
85
177.
Why do we say that someone “testifies” in court?
85
178.
How come a hot, humid day is more uncomfortable than a foggy day?
86
179.
Why do we say that we’re “parking” a car?
86
180.
Why do we say that de-emphasizing something is soft pedaling it?
181.
87
Why is it a 10-foot pole with which we will not touch something?
87
9
182.
Why are animals the featured characters in so many children’s stories?
88
183.
Why does hair turn gray?
88
184.
Why does the devil have horns?
88
185.
Why do we call something that achieves its end by trickery a gimmick?
186.
89
Why do we say that something boring, familiar or tiring has left us jaded?
89
187.
Just how heavy can a human being get?
90
188.
What happens if a person dies after marking their absentee ballot?
90
189.
Why do footballs look so weird?
90
190.
Why do we refer to something lascivious as lewd?
91
191.
Why do we call a problem with a torn cuticle a “hangnail?”
91
192.
Why is there more static electricity in winter than in summer?
92
193.
Why is the White House white?
92
194.
Why do we say that a well-intentioned person has his or her heart in the right place?
93
195.
What’s so deadly about the Seven Deadly Sins?
93
196.
Why do monkeys in the zoo spend so much time cleaning each other?
93
197.
What’s so “fulsome” about fulsome praise?
94
198.
Why do we say of something we don’t believe, “tell it to the Marines?”
199.
What’s that lion doing roaring at the beginning of MGM films?
200.
94
95
Why did children’s book author Theodor Geisel change his name to Dr. Seuss?
95
201.
Why is the pipe under your kitchen sink S-shaped?
95
202.
Why do we say we’re “out of touch” with someone, even if they’re nowhere near enough to touch?
203.
96
Who invented the refrigerator, and when did it first become available to consumers?
96
204.
When did terrorism first become a political weapon?
97
205.
Did Julius Caesar ever eat Caesar’s Salad?
97
206.
Who invented the toothbrush?
97
10
207.
Why do we call a man whose wife has committed adultery a “cuckold?”
98
208.
What’s the difference between a weasel and an ermine?
98
209.
How does one become a saint?
99
210.
What’s so “liberal” about the liberal arts?
99
211.
When did they start making people who were getting married take blood tests?
212.
100
Is there any connection between “dopes” (stupid people) and “dope” (drugs)?
100
213.
Why is that stuff people smoke called “tobacco?”
100
214.
Do cats always land on their feet if they fall from a high place?
101
215.
Why does yeast make dough rise?
101
216.
Why do we say that a crazy person is “loco?”
102
217.
Where do mosquitoes hang out and what do they do when they’re not biting you?
102
218.
How do seedless grapes reproduce?
103
219.
Is there any difference between a lawyer and an attorney?
103
220.
Why might we describe a burden as an albatross around the neck?
221.
What’s the difference between softwood and hardwood, as in a “hardwood floor?”
222.
104
What’s the doctor looking for when she taps your knee with a rubber hammer?
223.
103
104
Why do we call someone who provocatively criticizes, a “gadfly?”
105
224.
Who invented the microwave oven?
105
225.
Which is more potent, a mixed drink or drinking liquor straight?
106
226.
What kind of a spider is a “daddy longlegs?”
106
227.
Why do birds sing?
106
228.
Why do we say that someone who has revealed secret information has “spilled the beans?”
107
229.
Why are people in conflict said to be at “loggerheads”?
107
230.
What’s the difference between a homeopath and an osteopath?
108
231.
Why do we have wisdom teeth?
108
232.
How did we come up with “$” as a dollar sign?
109
11
233.
Why do say that a politician talking a bill to death is ‘filibustering?’
234.
109
Is the real roadrunner anything like the creature in the cartoon?
109
235.
Why do soldiers wear their hair so short?
110
236.
How come your heart muscle doesn’t get charley-horsed from all that exertion?
237.
Why do we say that you’re encroaching when you trespass on someone’s space?
238.
110
111
What English word do most people probably use more often than any other, aside from “the,” “I,” etc.?
111
239.
Have any married couples been launched into space?
112
240.
Do turkeys really drown by looking up when it rains?
112
12
1. Why do we say that the police “frisk” a suspect? The cops also say they’re “patting” someone down when they check to see what they might be carrying or concealing in or under their clothes. Frisk entered English in the 1500s, probably from a German word that meant fresh and lively. Over time, the meaning not only evolved, it picked up speed, as it became a verb that meant to move lively, briskly. If you were frisky, you might even be dancing. By the 18th century, the sense of quick and lively movement was extended in slang to the manual dexterity exhibited by the pickpocket, whose quick hands danced deceitfully in and out of his victim’s pockets. At the same time, the police, with different motives, were said to be doing something similar when they nabbed and searched, or frisked a suspect. Source: www.word-detective.com 2. Why do we call what a spider produces a cobweb? Fancy the spider, whose rather obsessive web building has provided us with the metaphor that describes the most powerful electronic communications network ever. Of course, we surf while spiders spin, although like the spider we are also trying to catch something with our web, whether it’s the news, stock prices, or just dirty pictures. Yet although we find plenty of corny jokes on our web, we certainly don’t “cob”: why does the spider? Cobweb was spun out from the Anglo-Saxon word, attercoppes, which means, “poison head.” By the Middle Ages they were abbreviating that to “cop” and calling its product a copweb. Finally it became easier to pronounce as cobweb. Source: Who Put Butter in Butterfly... and Other Fearless Investigations into Our Illogial Language by David Feldman 3. Why don’t figure skaters get nauseous when spinning? The great figure skaters can make as many as six revolutions per second. Since that would make most of us decorate the ice with our dinner, these folks must know something that we don’t. Indeed, they do. Skating instructors can teach even amateurs not to get dizzy in a spin, but they must have apt pupils. Actually it’s the pupils who must have apt pupils because the trick is in the eyes. Dizziness results from rapid eye movement as skaters focus on objects flying by. The trick is to keep the eyes still by imagining a fixed blurred line and focusing on it. I tried that once and imagined a buffet table. It didn’t work. Source: Do Penguins Have Knees? By David Feldman
13
4. How do alcohol breath tests work? There’s no way around it: drinking and driving don’t mix. But there has to be a way to determine one’s level of sobriety, often fixed by law at a certain amount of alcohol in the blood. That’s why anyone so childish as to ignore common sense will be pulled over by the police and asked to play blow up the balloon. The first breath tests, introduced in the late 1930s and in common use by the 60s, actually used balloon-like bags containing chemicals that were turned into vinegar by breath alcohol. If what was left in the bag after you breathed into it could go on a salad, you were in trouble. More recently they have you breathe into an electronic device in which alcohol on your breath fuels an electric current. If you are sufficiently lit up, the machine will be, too. Source: How in the World? A Fascinating Journey through the World of Human Ingenuity by Reader’s Digest 5. Why do we say that provoking someone is “getting a rise” out of them? Sometimes there’s nothing quite so satisfying as provoking someone to get so angry, upset, and beside themselves that they are all but sputtering. If you’re a control freak, it’s passiveaggressive heaven. You are totally innocent and in command while they have gone for the bait you casually tossed out and have gotten so furious they can’t think straight. In fact, going for the bait is what getting a rise out of someone is all about. The expression describes what happens when you go fishing and your baited hook hits the water. If you’re lucky, a fish will spot it and come up from the depths to impale itself on your hook. You’ve gotten a rise out of it. But poor fishy: he’s sunk. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 6. Exactly who was Nostradamus and is there anything to his predictions? As the Millennium approached, almost everyone making predictions about the future invoked the name of Nostradamus. Who was this guy? A 16th century French doctor, Michel de Nostredame was also an astrologer. Some of his predictions, written in a cryptic form, seemed to foretell the future. In that golden age of astrology, Nostradamus (his Latin name) became a celebrity and was appointed a Court physician and asked to cast the horoscopes of the King’s children. The Church condemned his writings, but they have remained popular.
14
Nostradamus’ non-specific, poetic language probably accounts for his staying power. “The young lion shall overcome the old,” for example, like a wild card, can mean whatever you want it to mean. If you like Tarot cards, you’ll love Nostradamus. And who can resist anyone whose name sounds like the first word of a medieval chant? Source: Return of the Straight Dope by Cecil Adams 7. Why do we call a drunk a lush? Ordinarily we apply this word to rich vegetation that luxuriously covers an area. What could that possibly have in common with someone who never thinks of water when thirsty? Not much, other than that plants and people who are potted may both sway in the breeze. Lush in the alcoholic sense -- in Britain it means the drinks themselves -- most likely comes from an English brewer whose name was Lushington. In the 19th century a number of actors who frequented a particular London tavern even referred to themselves as “The City of Lushington.” Lush may also have some connection to the Old French expression, vin lousch, meaning thick wine. Drunks sound like they have a mouthful of it when they speak. Source: Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 16e (Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable) edited by Adriam Room 8. Why do matadors wave a red cape at the bull? Maybe it’s because they’re nuts. Isn’t life hard enough? Why go looking for trouble? The conventional explanation, of course, is that they are trying to provoke the bull to charge, to literally make him see red, the color that drives bulls bonkers. Then the matador can do his thing, showing the bull who’s boss. The only trouble with this is that bulls don’t know red from your Uncle Herman. Toro is colorblind. It’s the movement of the cape that gets his attention. The color red is really meant to provoke the audience -- a hot, blood-like color to work them into frenzy. It’s show biz and it helps fill the arena seats. If the matador can’t do that, he’s really caught on the horns of a dilemma, and that’s no bull. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith
15
9. What is a pixel and what can it do for you? Pixels should not be confused with the imaginary, elf- or fairy-like creature in children’s stories, such as Peter Pan. Pixies can only get you into trouble. On the other hand, to paraphrase an old song, pixels can light up your life -- and in fact they already do if you use a computer. The word is a combination of “picture” and “element.” Pixels are the smallest picture elements on your computer screen. They are the thousands of dots that, combined, bring you the image of a spreadsheet, the text of your report, or the message that you have caused the machine to make a fatal error. On laptop screens a defective pixel may cause a permanently off-color spot. If you experience this, either return the computer or make that misbehaving pixel stand in the corner. Dot’s all I have to say about dot. Source: The Handy Science Answer Book by Science and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library 10. Why do we say that someone who is sincere and trustworthy is on the level? Many words we use to describe character are related to our sense of direction and position. He’s a “straight-nosed, upright, stand-up kind of guy,” for example. Or, “she won’t mislead you; she’s a straight talker and knows which end is up.” Clearly in this right-angle universe, curves lead you astray and it’s not good to get bent out of shape. Maybe that’s why they talk about people having a moral compass. On the level derives from another instrument used to determine direction and position. It comes from the Masons, the secretive fraternal order. They hold that the level, the tool that masons (the building crafts people) use to make sure their work is level, represents integrity. So if you’re on the level, we can trust you because your bricks are stacked straight. That’s my slant on the matter. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris 11. In the expression “kith and kin,” what’s a kith? From the context, which is relatedness, it obviously means something less than or at least other than kin. So it’s certainly not about kithin’ cousins. That’s no great loss, since it’s not terribly exciting to kith your cousin. Actually, kith originated in Anglo-Saxon times, about 900 AD, as cyth, meaning knowledge or information, as well as the place you came from or were most familiar with.
16
Just a century later, it began to take on a meaning similar to today. It was used to describe those people most familiar to you. By the 14th century it had been yoked to kin in the expression, kith and kin, which came to mean “friends and relatives.” Kith, by the way, is related to the “couth” in uncouth, which means lacking knowledge, crude, not kith, which I guess makes them kin - in my family, at least. Sources: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris and Oxford English Dictionary: Including Additions Series Volumes 1-3 12. What are “The 12 Days of Christmas,” and what about that song? “Two turtle doves, three French hens,” what is this, some kind of exotic birdhouse? And when the heck are they going to get that damned partridge out of that pear tree? Well, “lords-a-leaping,” we sure do like to sing this nonsense. Some people even think that it’s a secret code devised to teach English Catholic kids about their religion when Catholics were persecuted there centuries ago. No external evidence has ever surfaced to prove this, nor do the lyrics support the claim. We do know that the song first surfaced in an English children’s book in the 18th century and may have originated in France. As for the “12 Days” themselves, in the 6th Century A. D. The Second Council of Tours proclaimed the sanctity of the period from Christmas to the Epiphany, the January 6th feast day celebrating the visit of the Magi. That’s 12 days -- count ‘em. Source: The Catholic Encyclopedia: Revised and Updated by Robert Broderick 13. How do they stage movie animal fights? First, what you see is not what you get. Movie animal fights are to fighting what “professional wrestling” is to wrestling: the fix is always in. The closest you might see to an actual fight is when two animals that have gotten to know each other are allowed to mix it up for a couple of seconds, not long enough to cause damage. Several cameras shoot the scene from varying angles and the “fight” is produced in the post-production editing room. The fight may also be simply the product of trick photography. For example, the two animals fight with their trainers in separate scenes and the trainers are later edited out when the scenes are combined. Or one real animal might fight with a dummy. Come to think of it, I suppose they could have an animal and a “professional” wrestler fight: the ultimate in fix’n and fake’n. Source: Return of the Straight Dope by Cecil Adams
17
14. Was there really a King Canute who tried to hold back the tides? Don’t you just love this guy’s name? An advertising copywriter couldn’t have come up with a better one. And trying to hold back the tides -- hey, what a stunt. It would have made the evening news, for sure… King Canute, who was real enough, ruled in England at the beginning of the last millennium. The story about him and the tides is usually misinterpreted. He wasn’t trying to defy nature. His underlings buttered him up to the point where they claimed he could hold back the tides. He took them to the seashore to show them up. The story was recorded a century after Canute lived by one Henry of Huntington, who either made it up or heard it from others. So, rooty toot, toot, there was a Canute; canow you know. Source: Dictionary of Misinformation by Tom Burnam 15. When did anesthetics begin to be used in surgery? Can you imagine what it might have been like to have surgery before anesthetics? “This is going to hurt me more than it will hurt you,” the doc tells you. “Don’t put me on, doc,” you plead, “put me out!” The first anesthetic was whiskey, but I can’t imagine that dealing with more than, oh, maybe a fifth of the pain. Modern surgery begins with a Connecticut dentist, Horace Wells, who in 1844 used -- don’t laugh -- nitrous oxide to dull the pain of a tooth extraction. Two years later, after progress in developing a mechanism to deliver this painkiller evenly, surgeons used it in removing a tumor from a patient at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. Within a year, this anesthetic technique became standard throughout the world. Source: Facts at Your Fingertips by Reader’s Digest 16. Is there any kind of “lucre” besides “filthy lucre?” What kind of a detergent do you suppose they use in money laundering? We can certainly hope that it does not harm the environment, but one thing is for sure: it doesn’t work. It never seems to get the stains out of filthy lucre. Lucre evolved from the Latin word, lucrum. It just means money or profit. So why is it always described as unclean? How else should we collect our pay -- in ears of corn? That’s just the point. Filthy lucre dates back to an agricultural society when land, livestock and crops were the measure of wealth. Money as a means of exchange was abstract, unnatural
18
and evil. Maybe deep down we still believe that because the expression has stuck. Lucre is never clean. It’s a good thing I’m the down and dirty type. When payday comes, slip me the dough, Joe; pay me with that bill, Phil! Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 17. Just how drastically can the weather change in half a day? They say that everybody talks about the weather but nobody does anything about it. I do something. On a bitter cold day I call in sick, pull the covers back over my head, and make the world go away. But even I might have been caught flat-footed in Fairfield, Montana on Christmas Eve, 1924. At noon it was 63 degrees Fahrenheit, a balmy afternoon to get in that last minute shopping. Well, I hope any shopper who was going to be out that evening spreading good cheer picked up a pair of yak fur-lined mittens for themselves because by midnight the mercury had plummeted to 21 degrees below zero. That’s a drop of 84 degrees in 12 hours! Santa Claus didn’t check the forecast that Christmas, reindeered into town at night wearing Bermuda shorts, and had to be treated for frostbite at the local hospital. Source: Book of Answers: The New York Public Library Telephone Reference Service’s most Unusual and Enter by Barbara Berliner 18. Who invented the modern lottery? There are lots of references to lottery-like activities in the Bible, and the Romans used them to sell property. In the United States today, lotteries finance education. I got an education from my state’s lottery. Many losing tickets have taught me that I have a better chance of winning at the track. The people of Renaissance Florence are credited with developing the modern public lottery, run by the state to finance its operations without raising taxes, and paying off the winners in cash. With the formation of a united Italy in the mid-19th century, that new nation-state also became the first country to run a national lottery. My local diner holds a lottery with the prize of a free turkey dinner. In truth, you take a chance whenever you eat there. Source: The Browser’s Books of Beginnings: Origins of Everything Under and Including, the Sun by Charles Panati
19
19. Just what kind of a cat was the Cheshire cat in Alice in Wonderland? Never trust a grinning cat like the one Alice encountered. He’s probably just trying to distract you while he picks your pocket. And if he disappears, leaving only the grin, as he did when Alice met him, he’s probably picking both pockets. In reality -- a condition quite scarce in Alice in Wonderland -- there is no such feline as the “Cheshire.” It has been suggested that Lewis Carroll, Alice’s creator, got the idea from Cheshire cheese, once sold in England in the form of a cat that seemed to be grinning. Another theory holds that the grin without the cat represents mathematics, Carroll’s profession - abstract and otherworldly, at best a wispy outline of things corporeal. I dunno. My cat not only grins, but also laughs hysterically, but only at his own jokes. Source: Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology edited by C. T. Onions 20. Have brothers ever opposed each other for the nomination for President of the United States? Well, two pairs of brothers, both active in politics, with one brother in each holding the office of President, come to mind: George and Jeb Bush and John and Robert Kennedy. Fugedaboutit. It ain’t them. While one could hardly call it active opposition, there were two brothers who each received votes for the office at the Republican nominating convention in Boston in 1884. Senator John Sherman, whose name later appeared on a famous anti- trust act, received 30 ballots and his brother, Northern Civil War General William T. Sherman, garnered two votes. The winner, though, was James G. Blaine. But he lost the election to Grover Cleveland and hasn’t been heard from since. General Sherman, by the way, was an experienced campaigner. In the 1860s he blazed quite a trail in Georgia from Atlanta to the sea, kissing no babies but burning many barns and bridges along the way. Source: Political Parties edited by Gene Brown 21. What’s the difference between pathos and bathos? It’s a trick question, right? I’m really trying to see if you know the name of the third of the Three Musketeers. O. K., you didn’t fall for it. Clearly the first word is about how to get somewhere and the second, how to be clean when you arrive.
20
All right lexicographers, if you insist. Pathos was an ancient Greek word. It’s the arousal of pity or sadness, typically in tragic drama. Bathos also comes from the Greek and literally means “deep.” But it’s not deep as in “deep thinker,” but rather deep as in the sub-basement of emotions. It’s the emotion a soap opera might evoke. Aiming for pathos, it’s only pathetic, trite, insincere and overly sentimental. What? Yeah, that’s it. Stop whining, you’re giving me a headache. Source: Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology edited by C. T. Onions 22. Was Bill Clinton the only U. S. president to be involved in a sex scandal while in office? What do you mean by ‘in’? Or ‘was’? How about ‘a’? John F. Kennedy’s presidential hanky panky was not public knowledge till 12 years after he died. Other presidents, such as Jefferson and Cleveland, went awry before they went to Washington. So, the closest match would be Warren G. Harding, who played poker and apparently, played around. At least that’s what many historians believe. Only three years after he died in 1923, a woman named Nan Britton created quite a stink with a kiss and tell tome, ‘The President’s Daughter.’ According to her, she and the married Harding weren’t hanging clothes when they dallied in a White House closet. But her claims have never been corroborated… Harding also had a pre-presidential ‘friend’ named Carrie Phillips, whose letters to Warren are sealed until 2014, at the behest of his heirs. Obviously, they suspect that the contents go beyond gardening and stamp collecting. Source: www.straightdope.com 23. Why do we call extortion “blackmail?” Do you tip your mailman at Christmas? You don’t have to. But would you want your neighbor to “mistakenly” receive your Frederick’s of Hollywood catalog? Accidents happen. How about those “toys” you ordered from that torrid website? Actually, blackmail has nothing to do with the Post Office, which screws up as a matter of principle. It comes from “mal,” Old English for tribute or rent. Warlords in ancient Scotland used to force farmers to pay mal as protection. Pay it and you plant your crops in peace; don’t pay it and we plant you and you rest in peace. Blackmail took on its modern meaning of general extortion for money in the 19th century.
21
Why black? The color was often used to suggest evil, but it may also have been to distinguish the payment, made in crops or livestock, from what was called “white” money -coins and currency. Source: www.wordorigins.org 24. Who was the original Grateful Dead? No, not them. I don’t care if your hippie parents took you to their concerts when you were a baby. Put away that long strange trip tee shirt and the Cherry Garcia ice cream. This is about folklore, not free music. Now don’t laugh, but the folktale goes that there was a corpse that needed burying. (You can leave the room any time you wish.) But it was prohibited to put him under. One guy, though, braved the ban and dug the grave to give him a decent burial. The dead person, out of gratitude, secured a bride for his benefactor. Isn’t that romantic? I think I’ll take my chances with the personals ads. Source: Book of Answers: The New York Public Library Telephone Reference Service’s most Unusual and Enter by Barbara Berliner 25. Why do we have earlobes? Do yours hang low? Do they wobble to and fro? Can you tie them in a knot; can you tie them in a bow? Can you wiggle them, jiggle them and make people giggle with ‘em? Or do you just hang earrings from them, as one dangles a hanger from the rod in a closet? Earlobes are pieces of fatty tissue, hanging like pendants from the outer ear. It’s hard to imagine any function for them other than as an aid to accessorizing your head. But scientists keep trying to come up with what might have been the original purpose for this now vestigial structure. Maybe when we walked on all fours our earlobes were larger and kept dust and dirt from our ear canals. One anthropologist even theorizes that they were used for sexual attraction. Hey, baby, how about a little lobe? That’s so earotic. Source: Do Penguins Have Knees? By David Feldman 26. Just what is a krill? Sounds like something from a science-fiction film, doesn’t it? In fact, one could imagine some good movie titles using the word, such as The Krill of It All and A View to a Krill. The reality is more prosaic. This is a shrimp-like marine animal, a planktonic crustacean, of which there are 85 species. Some are as small as one-quarter inch, although they often
22
swarm near the ocean surface in huge numbers. They tend to be bright red and when they appear in bunches, sailors call the waters around them tomato soup. Ironically, this itty-bitty thing constitutes the main part of the diet of the world’s biggest animal, the blue whale. As much as four tons of these little critters have been found in the stomach of one of the behemoths - but without the toast that the whale must have smeared them on. Source: The Handy Science Answer Book by Science and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library 27. Exactly what do we mean by “the exception that proves the rule”? We’ve all heard and probably repeated this expression many times. But can you explain it? When I say it slowly, paying attention to what I’m saying, it sounds like nonsense. An exception undercuts, it doesn’t prove a rule. So why have we been duped into repeating this gibberish? Because it made sense at one time when the word “proves” meant something other than what it usually means today. It used to mean, “test,” from the Latin, probare, “prove.” The same root gives us the word “probe,” also a test. And an exception does test a rule. If the exception is valid, the rule ain’t. So why do we go on repeating an expression which at its heart is truly archaic? Because we heard it from others when we were young and we imitate them, like monkeys. Here, have a piece of my banana. Source: Dictionary of Misinformation by Tom Burnam 28. Why do they put that ring of salt around the top of a Margarita? I can’t confirm the rumor that this wonderful drink contains all the vitamins, minerals and other essential nutrients a human being needs to stay healthy. But darn it, it certainly satisfies on a warm and sunny -- or any other -- day. As for the salt around the top of the Margarita, if you think it’s pretty, I don’t want to spoil your aesthetic experience. If you like the way it tastes, salud! But in truth it’s there first of all to keep you from disowning your tongue after you’ve downed your last chili pepper or dipped the last chip into the salsa de muerta. Salt helps to dampen the fire of food that’s hot, hot, hot. Even if you think you are a muchacho macho, Mexican food does push the envelope when it comes to spices. The salt insures that your sense of taste survives the experience. Source: Return of the Straight Dope by Cecil Adams
23
29. When things go awry, why will there “be the devil to pay?” I always thought this was a damned rip off. Here you are having a hard time to begin with, and then old horny-head butts in demanding some kind of compensation. What’s his fee? They never tell you. Is it tax deductible? Ask your accountant. Now here’s a surprise. The expression has nothing to do with Lucifer! Once again we return to the days of sailing ships. The seams on these old wooden vessels were called devils. Caulking or sealing the seams was known as “paying” them. The only way you could get at the devil to pay it was to bring the ship in at high tide so that the bottom rested on the sand. But if you didn’t work fast enough and the tide went out, you still had the devil to pay but no way of doing it. Hell of a spot! Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 30. Who invented Groundhog Day, and when? So this is what three millennia of philosophical, religious and scientific thought have brought us to in the progression of Western Civilization. With super-computers running complex weather-forecasting models in real time, we ask a two-foot-long member of the squirrel family to consult its shadow on the length of winter. In truth, the groundhog, or woodchuck, is a stand-in for the badger, which German farmers in the 16th century first relied on for long-term forecasting. (The farmers had too much gassy red cabbage for dinner on those long, cold winter nights, no doubt!). The custom may have even more ancient origins in a similar pagan ritual called Imbolc that occurred in the dead of winter. But the ancient pagans were decent enough not to bother any hibernating animals in the process. Maybe they just relied on their super-computers. Source: The World Book Encyclopedia by World Book Inc. and Just Curious About History, Jeeves by Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 31. What does your dentist do when he or she does a root canal? You mean aside from inflicting mental and physical anguish? Do you really think there’s a purpose beyond the good doctor’s expression of deep, dark sadistic impulses? Sorry, I had a root canal recently. I’ll calm down and tell you what I know. Root canals differ from filled cavities in how far down they go. If your tooth is infected right through to its insides, or if it’s damaged, the only way to save it is to “fill” it down to the
24
bottom. The dentist has to drill through the enamel, and through the dentin - living tissue below it, into the crown’s pulp chamber where the nerve is located. He then removes the nerve and completely fills the chamber or “canal,” to the root. Heck, I lose my nerve EVERY time I go to the dentist! Source: How Do They Do That? By Caroline Sutton 32. Why are social outcasts sometimes called pariahs? Remember the kid in high school who thought his plaid pants and Hawaiian sports shirt combination looked snazzy? Or the diligent kid in chemistry class who reported to the teacher everyone he noticed sharing homework? Remember how they couldn’t find a table that would take them in the lunchroom? I know you had more colorful names for them, but in polite society they are pariahs, social outcasts. We should probably spell outcastes, with an “e,” because it’s the caste system of India that gives us the word. “Pariah” literally means a drummer, a lower caste man who kept the beat during festivals -- someone with whom one didn’t socialize. Why do you suppose rhythm was so low in the pecking order? It’s a pretty downbeat way of looking at life. Source: Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology edited by C. T. Onions 33. Why do we sometimes call chopped meat Salisbury Steak? Since a hamburger contains no ham -- and hopefully, no horse -- I suppose we could label any other version of chopped meat in any way we wish. This particular nom de hash, however, has a specific historical origin. Hamburgers were named for the Germany city of Hamburg, where they supposedly originated. Salisbury Steak also has a German connection. But it was named not after anything German but rather to make it sound as un-German as possible. Feelings against Germany ran so high during and after World War I that efforts were made to rid English of German names. Sauerkraut, for example, became “victory cabbage.” And hamburger steak was renamed Salisbury Steak, after Dr. James Salisbury, who had extolled the health benefits from eating chopped meat. When feelings cooled off, victory cabbage went kaput. But Salisbury Steak is still on the menu. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith
25
34. What is there about light beer that makes it “light?” Often on a Sunday, when I was young, after a big noontime meal, my father would get moderately hungry in the early evening and would ask my mother to make him “something light.” “How about feathers?” she would respond. I wouldn’t want to bench-press a couple of cases of light, any more than regular, beer. The only beer-hoisting I like is accomplished with the bent elbow, a glass or bottle at a time. But the content, not the weight, is the issue. Simply put: Light - or “lite” -- beer has fewer calories and is less filling than the straight kind because it has less alcohol. Problem: If you need a little light-headedness after a heavy day, one light beer won’t do. You need at least two. In fact it’s so easy to drink light beer -- you need more to lighten up -that you may unwittingly turn out your lights. Source: Return of the Straight Dope by Cecil Adams 35. If yellow is the easiest color to see, why are stop signs red? Well there’s a possible psychological explanation. Car-bound cowboys might see a yellow stop sign as a challenge to their manhood. If you give in to the traffic rules you don’t have the guts to risk instant death. Stop and you’re as yellow as the sign. Actually that’s not too far off. Psychology is what the color of the sign is all about. Red causes excitement, heightened awareness, and possibly even suggests sex to some people. In other words, drivers are likely to notice it and pay attention. Then there’s the aversion factor: red also conjures up blood. Do you really want your face and body rearranged to resemble an abstract expressionist painting? You can apply the brakes, or suffer the breaks. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 36. Why do we say that a team that loses big got a real “drubbing”? Sportswriters seem to be prone to oral sadism. For example, when a strong team plays a weak one the dominant club may eat the lesser team alive, chew them up and spit out the leftovers. Drubbing is a word that also echoes the spirit of the Marquis de Sade. But its origins are Arabic. And anatomically it is as far from oral sadism as you can get, unless you tend to put your foot in your mouth.
26
It originates with Sir Thomas Herbert, who in the 17th century coined it from “dararaba” while traveling in Arabia. This charming custom, like that of the Spanish bastinado, involved torture by beating a person on the soles of their feet until they confessed: if you ever again want to walk the walk, you had to talk the talk. Source: The Secret Lives of Words by Paul West 37. Have any presidents kept unusual pets while residing in the White House? Bill Clinton and George W. Bush are middle-of-the-roaders when it comes to pets. Each has had the conventional dogs and cats. But has anything ever slithered or waddled through the Oval Office? (I heard that! Keep politics out of this.) Let’s see, how about silkworms? Louisa Adams, wife of John Quincy Adams, raised them. While some presidents have kept mistresses, in the early 20th century President William Howard Taft kept a cow. Years ago there were even turkeys at the White House. (There you go again! I didn’t say IN the White House.) Teddy Roosevelt, who loved to look at animals when he wasn’t shooting them in large numbers, had a guinea pig named Father O’ Grady and a snake named Emily Spinach. And you thought the zoo was at the other end of Pennsylvania Avenue! Source: Just Curious About History, Jeeves by Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 38. How did “beating around the bush” get to mean evasiveness? First let there be no misunderstanding. This phrase has nothing to do with the way some critics of the recent U. S. presidential election have greeted the man who was judged to be the winner. The expression goes back hundreds of years. When was the last time you went boar hunting? I thought so. You should know, therefore, that while shooting boars could be terribly satisfying to the noblemen who hunted them, getting too close to these sharp-toothed pigs in their own habitat was not. So the bores, uh, noblemen had young men beat the bushes to flush the boars into the open. These young guys weren’t stupid. They often evaded danger by beating near or around the bushes instead of in them, where they were supposed to be. Hence the phrase. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison
27
39. How did the bulldog get its name? Did you know that Great Britain has a national dog, and that this one is it? It’s also the Royal Navy’s official mascot. You can’t get much more British than that. Fortunately the British game these days is cricket, and not the sport from which this dog derives its name. In the Middle Ages this breed was used for bull baiting, a rather simple activity: Tie up a bull, let a bunch of dogs loose on it, and watch the bull get ripped to shreds. Not very cricket, at all, I’d say. (I, for one, don’t even like fish baiting.) The bulldog, pretty tenacious to begin with, was bred for viciousness to make it excel at bull baiting and at bearbaiting, which I suppose they held in reserve for times when they ran out of bulls. Today the breed is gentler, although it retains its fierce appearance. About the only thing it will rip to shreds now is a doggie biscuit. Source: The World Book Encyclopedia by World Book Inc. 40. How can we tell what a dinosaur looked like from a few bones? Maybe paleontologists are just making it up. Why do we believe their stories of huge prehistoric reptiles? What’s the latest? Humongosaurus? The whole thing might be a fraternity prank, and Jurassic Park, a good place for a Sunday picnic. We believe them -- some of us do, at least -- because their reasoning is perfectly plausible. Bones are like machine parts -- their shape, size and structure tells us what part of a body they come from, and the kind of work that part could have accomplished. We know this from studying the skeletons of creatures for which we do have living examples. By analogy, the big bones that have been unearthed from creatures no longer with us suggest the size, shape and strength of the critters from which they came. Think big! Say, imagine that we had no living chickens and someone found a wishbone. What would they surmise, that it came from a Wishosaurus? Source: How Do They Do That? By Caroline Sutton 41. Why do we pull the wool over someone’s eyes when we fool them? Because we want them to feel sheepish about being fooled? Because it will make their eyes itch and they won’t see us fooling them? Because if one minute they have no wool over their eyes and the next minute they do, it will get them all wigged out? The answer is “C,” sort of. The wool in question was originally part of the wigs worn by judges to enhance their dignity. Unfortunately for the judges, the wigs often slipped around
28
and sometimes slid down over their faces. How dignified could you be, even in black robes, if your face suddenly looked like a sheep’s… hindquarters? The expression was generated by - who else? - lawyers, who used the image of wool over the eyes to signal that they had outwitted the judge. Justice is blind, indeed! Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 42. Why are auctioneers sometimes hard to understand at live auctions? Auctioneers often sound like they’ve been smoking wacky weed. Every once in a while a word or number comes through, but the rest sounds like a chant by the high priest of some very weird cult. There are several reasons for the strange patter. If the auction is confined to a single type of merchandise, such as tobacco, there may be references that only people in the business would understand. In general, auctioneers also speak quickly because often there’s lots of stuff to sell in a limited amount of time - it’s not a store where people shop at leisure over an extended period. But how about what sounds like gibberish? Those are the “filler” words, just a little excess verbiage to give people time to decide if they want to raise their bid, while the rhythm of the chant is psychologically designed to encourage them to do just that. Source: How Do Astronauts Scratch an Itch? : An Imponderables Book (An Imponderables Book) by David Feldman 43. Why would we say that someone is “happy as a clam?” Do you ever get the feeling that whoever invented this expression was playing a little shell game with us? How can you tell when a clam is happy? Can you see it smiling? Do you hear, perhaps, a few giggles, a chortle or two, a sigh of satisfaction? The key to understanding what’s going on here is that invariably you are hearing only half the expression. The whole thing is, “Happy as a clam at high tide.” That’s when the mollusks are safe from clam diggers, who at low tide can walk out into the clam’s habitat and volunteer the little fellows for someone’s chowder. In other words, if you’re a clam and the tide is out, you could end up in hot water. When the tide is in, the world is your oyster. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris
29
44. Why does anxiety make our palms sweat? If your palms weren’t so exposed to the surrounding air you would probably have to rub them with deodorant every morning. That’s because you have more sweat glands there than anywhere else. (And a phrase such as “I’ve got to hand it to you” would take on a new and less friendly meaning.) Why did sweat glands proliferate on our palms? We can probably blame evolution. There was a time, say tens of thousands of years ago, when our ancestors didn’t react to anxiety by reaching for a pill. Instead, they grabbed the limb of the nearest tree and started climbing for their lives. In those days stress meant a big, hungry animal, not car payments, corporate mergers, or choosing between a Merlot or Cabernet to accompany a meat dish. Tree climbing was a life-preserving skill enhanced by moist palms that helped one get a grip on things. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 45. Why do we describe money obtained corruptly, such as from bribes, as graft? Now pretty Standard English, “graft” evolved as an American slang word late in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Urban politicians discovered that licenses, easements, contracts and the like were worth money to those seeking them. In the tradition of the free market, buyer and seller came together in an informal economy, the politician profiting in the form of the big boodle (a slang term I like even more than graft). Strangely enough graft, an unsavory, underhanded, under-the- table activity, appears to have had a peculiarly positive, organic, life-affirming etymology. The comparison that produced it involves the practice of taking part of one plant and adding it to, or grafting it onto another. Similarly, politicians added extra, dishonest perks onto the privileges already inherent in their position, producing graft. The more appropriate comparison, of course, would have been to the manure that fertilizes a plant. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris 46. How does one shoe size differ from the next bigger or smaller size? Admit it: They never tell us what the difference is and we never ask, right? We’re just like cattle. Well, OK, I suppose we’re really more like horses, which also wear shoes, but then the expression doesn’t deliver the idea of being passively led.
30
Originally measurements of all kinds were based on body parts. A foot, for example, was the length of a person’s foot. But whose foot? Now you’ve stepped in it. For centuries such measurements, including shoe sizes, were not standardized. The Romans took the first step in setting things right. They discovered that barleycorns tended to be of uniform length and decided that three of them in a row equaled an inch. Early shoemakers used one barleycorn, or a third of an inch, for size increments. And that’s where it still stands today. Now you want to know about widths? Give ‘em an inch and they take . . . . Source: A World of Imponderables: The Answers to Life's Most Mystifying Questions (Imponderables Series) By David Feldman 47. Do any species other than human beings go through a period of adolescence? First let’s acknowledge that the application of such expressions as slothful and piggish to teenagers in no way implies that these metaphorically abused animals have themselves nothing better to do on a Saturday night than drive around aimlessly, dripping pizza sauce on their jeans. That doesn’t mean, though, that we are necessarily the only species designated by nature to suffer adolescent antics. While we have no record of rhesus monkeys asking for the car keys or maxing out their parents’ plastic at the mall, they do seem to experience a teenager-like period. At least the males do. Upon attaining puberty, they leave their troop to hang with other young males and, oh, do they party! Then, after sowing their wild oats, they rejoin a troop and settle down, ready to engage in adult monkey business. Sound familiar? Source: Why Things Are & Why They Aren’t by Joel Achenbach 48. Why do we say that the person receiving the largest share of something has gotten the lion’s share? Do you think it’s always desirable to get the lion’s share? Suppose you are the one who receives the lion’s share. How do you think the lion feels about it? Would you want him to share his feelings with you? Most people probably assume that the expression stems from the idea of the lion being king of the beasts, the most ferocious and powerful individual in the jungle. Like the 800-pound gorilla, he always sits where he wants and takes as much as he chooses. That’s the right spirit, but the phrase’s origin is more specific. In an Aesop fable a lion, a cow, a sheep and a goat form a hunting party. They kill a deer and the lion divides it into
31
four equal parts. He takes three of the parts - the lion’s share -- and lets the others divide one. Would YOU question his arithmetic? Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 49. Why do sailors wear bell-bottomed trousers? We know that the reason is not, “Because they’re caught up in 60s nostalgia.” Sailors got there first, and with them it was never merely a matter of style. It figures that any prominent feature of a military uniform is there for its usefulness, and that’s the case here. For one thing, bell-bottoms make it easier to roll up one’s pants when swabbing the deck is the order of the day. Sailors have been doing that since the beginning of history. This style of pants-leg also facilitates getting the pants off quickly. Wipe that grin off your face, we’re talking here about what happens if a sailor suddenly finds himself overboard and needs to swim, free of encumbrances. We’ll discuss how sailors behave on shore leave some other time. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 50. Is there really such a thing as being tone deaf? It’s real. The aural equivalent of being color blind, tone deafness means that everything sounds as if it’s in a monotone. You can’t tell one note from another. You can’t appreciate your spouse singing in the shower, listen to Wayne Newton, or tell the difference between TV commercial jingles. Well at least it has SOME compensations. In fact, although people use this expression with some frequency, the condition is relatively rare. Those who do have it have trouble not only distinguishing one note from another but also even the inflection in someone’s voice. It makes communication difficult. By the way, don’t confuse it with being phone deaf. That can result from having a cell phone pressed to one ear all day while absorbing traffic sounds with the other ear. Finally you can’t hear a beepin’ thing. Source: Just Curious About Science, Jeeves (Ask Jeeves) By Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett
32
51. How does a thermos bottle work? When I was a kid my mother warned about dropping the thermos bottle she packed in my lunch box. She feared broken glass, a nuclear chain reaction, who knows? One day I smashed open my thermos to find out - in the interest of science, of course. I lived to tell the tale: There is a double glass bottle inside the container. Glass conducts heat poorly, as does the cork that seals the thermos. These materials help to keep what’s inside at a constant temperature. There is a near vacuum between the inner and outer bottles because heat can be transferred through the movement of air molecules -- convection. With little or no air, there is little or no change of temperature. Heat also radiates between surfaces, even in a vacuum. That’s why the bottles are given a silvery coat, to reflect, not absorb heat. Break open yours and see for yourself. Source: How Do They Do That? By Caroline Sutton 52. Why do they call that thing we hang onto while walking on stairs a banister? Did you ever slide down a banister when you were a kid (I trust you haven’t done it lately)? If you think you did, think again. A banister is only one of the vertical posts that hold the rail that we hold onto, not the rail itself. The word is a corruption of “baluster,” which in turn was derived from the Italian word “balaustra.” And that is Italian for a wild pomegranate blossom. I’m sure it’s obvious where we’re going, but I’ll fill in the blank for those of you who are slow. Banisters carved in the Italian Renaissance resembled that plant part. So what WAS it you slid down as a kid, almost giving your mother a heart attack? Posts and rail together is technically a balustrade. And I hope you didn’t rip your pants. Source: Fabulous Fallacies: More Than 300 Popular Beliefs That Are Not True by Tad Tuleja 53. Why are natives of Indiana called Hoosiers? If this word had come from a local dialect in which some words are blended into others to shorten them, then it would be the perfect word to describe natives of Brooklyn, New York. That’s where school kids ask each other, “hoosier teacher?”
33
Actually, the best theory of the origin of Hoosier is that it IS dialect - Cumberland dialect. In the early 19th century “hoozer” meant “big” to the people who came over the Cumberland Mountains and settled in Indiana. And why big? Beats me. Indiana is not an especially big state, and the usage predates the invention of basketball, the state passion, in which very big people run around in their underwear. Maybe the whole thing was a mistake. Perhaps somebody just misheard something someone said. Anyone knows the Cumberland dialect for “flat?” Source: Americanisms: A Dictionary of Selected Americanisms on Historical Principles edited by Mitford M. Mathews 54. Why do we call advertising and political hype, ballyhoo? Ballyhoo is such a marvelous word and it sounds so appropriate that one might guess it was made up because it sounds just like what it is. But that guess would be entirely wrong, which is the sort of thing that makes word origins so intriguing. Imagine that you are off in the village of Ballyhooly in County Cork, Ireland. Now cover your ears. You see, the village was famous for its argumentative residents, who would debate loud and long and with great passion about almost anything. So famous were they for this cacophony - not to mention, hot air - that loud arguments and speeches anywhere were compared to the goings on at Ballyhooly. In time, the last two letters were dropped, making it a noun. Eventually it was applied to the high-decibel, low-content communication style frequently found on Capitol Hill and Madison Avenue. At its worst, of course, that’s really ballyhooey. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 55. Is carob better for you than chocolate, for which it’s often substituted? Please note: this is not about chocolate’s power to restore the soul, cleanse the spirit, bring enlightenment and turn you on. Nothing else on this planet can do that. No, this is more mundane - you know calories, sugar content, nutrition, etc. And on that count the answer is clear: no, it isn’t inherently better for you than the original. BUT, although carob, prepared from the ground and roasted pods of the carob tree, does not differ enough in sugar and other content to make a difference, it does taste sweeter than chocolate before both are processed. So you need to add less sugar to a recipe in which you substitute carob for chocolate. Hence it’s presence in “health” food.
34
Final thought: What, then, are you going to do to add life to the years you think you’ve added to your life by eating carob? Source: Return of the Straight Dope by Cecil Adams 56. Why are there no seat belts in buses? These days there are seat belts on school buses in many areas of the United States, mandated by law. But the vehicles used by the general public are still beltless. Given the way many urban bus drivers maneuver in heavy traffic, you might think this is a subtle attempt to winnow out the population, lowering its average age. But the reasons are much more ordinary. The main one is that adults can’t be coerced into using belts in the way that kids can. You can’t keep an adult after school or threaten to call the parents in for a little talk. Some localities have tried to get adults to use belts on buses, but they just won’t buckle up. Another reason you hear is that installing belts would add to the cost of building a bus. But you don’t think that lower profits or higher cost would be a factor, do you? Source: A World of Imponderables: The Answers to Life's Most Mystifying Questions (Imponderables Series) By David Feldman 57. How could a starfish possibly eat a clam? Yes, “If it’s hungry, it could,” is an acceptable answer. But not with great ease, one would conjecture, given what both sea creatures look like. So how do those spiny, five- armed thingies do it? The answer is that while starfish are very decorative when viewed from the top, they are all business when seen from the bottom. There are tiny suction tubes on each arm. Clam up as it may, the star-crossed mollusk doesn’t have a chance. The starfish latches on to both halves of the clam’s shell and pulls each in the opposite direction. “Open wide, little clam,” says the starfish, and open it does. Then slurp, slurp, and there’s one less clam on the seabed. Shucks, isn’t nature wonderful? Source: How a Fly Walks Upside Down... and other curious facts by Martin M. Goldwyn
35
58. Why do we say that something open to discussion is a “moot” point? This is the kind of thing they deal with often in law school where, being apprentice lawyers, they discuss and argue about everything, preparatory to billing clients $500 an hour. In law school they even use moot as a verb, as in “to moot.” You know, I moot, you moot, she moots. Whole lotta’ mootin’ goin’ on. So why do they meet to moot? Because in the Middle Ages, when points were often made with battle axes rather than briefs, the word “mod,” pronounced like moot, meant a meeting. It came from a still older word, “metan,” meaning the same thing. Moot is really just a modernizing of “mod.” At a meeting, of course, one discusses things, so points raised there are moot. And you probably thought that someone using this word was just being a snoot. Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 59. Why do we call unrealistic ideas pipe dreams? Because only drips and plumbers have them? Hardly. To understand the origins of the expression, imagine that in the 1960s a similar phrase likened unrealistic ideas to the kind of distorted thinking engendered by using LSD. The drug was often supplied on a sugar cube, so unrealistic ideas could have been called “sugar cube fantasies.” The 19th century equivalent of LSD was the hallucinogenic drug opium, imported into Europe from Asia. It was widely used in certain literary circles in Britain. Opium was smoked in a pipe and once under the influence, people had strange visions. But they were only pipe dreams. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 60. Why does it mean “yes” when we nod our head up and down, and “no” if we shake it from side to side? Imagine how many misunderstandings there have been throughout history because someone happened to be trying to flex a stiff neck or perhaps shake a fly off his or her ear. How many wars and multimillion-dollar contracts owe their genesis to some sleep-deprived negotiator nodding off for a second?
36
Nevertheless, a nod or a shake is the body language signal we use and they seem to be universal. How can that be? What is there in our biology that would make this body language “natural” for everyone? As best we can tell, it comes from breast-feeding. Babies seeking a breast on which to suck make a nodding motion, which mother and child both understand as a positive gesture. Infants shake their head away from the breast when they’ve had enough or aren’t hungry. I wonder if my behavior when I don’t get my way, throwing a tantrum, is also universal. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 61. Why is a leading indicator of a trend called a bellwether, as in a bellwether stock? Do you remember that investment newsletter that only cost you $500 a week? The one once told you that investing in Internet stocks would let you retire at age 28? You know, the one that touted a security called No-profits- now-but-wait-for-the-next-life.com as an Internet bellwether stock? Feeling a little sheepish now that its former CEO is shining shoes for a living? How would you feel if I told you that the “wether” in bellwether is a castrated sheep, the one the rest of the pack follows? It’s a fact. The bell around it’s neck tells the shepherd where all the sheep are headed. Hence our use of “bellwether” as a leading indicator. By the way, please don’t fall prey to the common misspelling of this word, “bellweather,” which could only mean “it’s a fine day for ding-dongs.” Source: Fabulous Fallacies: More Than 300 Popular Beliefs That Are Not True by Tad Tuleja 62. Did barbershop quartets ever have anything to do with barbershops? You’ve surely seen barbershop quartets on TV or in the movies. You know, four guys wearing straw hats, harmonizing on such Stone Age favorites as “Sweet Adeline,” “Down by the Old Mill Stream,” or “Sweet Genevieve.” American as apple pie, right? Well, as British as shepherd’s pie is more like it. In Shakespeare’s time a barbershop was a male hangout as well as a place to get one’s haircut. Guys being guys, they indulged in a little Elizabethan doo-wop while awaiting the snip-snip, with someone strumin’ and pluckin’ on a lute. That’s where it all started. Flash forward to barbershops in the American West in the late 19th century. Substitute a banjo for the lute. Add a little man-talk one wouldn’t use at home, a copy of “The Police
37
Gazette” (Playboy with long underwear), and some good harmonizing. The haircut was almost incidental. Next best thing to a bar, hummmmmm. Source: The Oxford Companion to Popular Music by Peter Gammond 63. When did rap music begin? Begin? Where you been? The latest, the greatest. Magnifyin.’ Non-stop signifyin.’ Truth from art, playing its part. Now you want the start? The roots of rap are in African-American culture’s powerful oral tradition. That means the blues and gospel music, the black church and its minister’s cadenced sermon. It draws from the “dozens,” the ghetto verbal duel of insults and retorts. You can even hear it in the civil rights movement. (Danny Simmons, father of Russell Simmons of Run-DMC, motivated a busload of demonstrators in the 1963 March on Washington with witty, biting, sometimes rhyming patter -- I have it from a firsthand source.) Disco DJ’s brought it into the commercial realm, rapping over recorded music. The Sugar Hill Gang’s “Rapper’s Delight” (1979) is said to be the first rap recording. Source: Just Curious About History, Jeeves by Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 64. What do those weird movie credits, “gaffer” and “best boy” mean? At the movies I sit through the credits right through to the copyright notice, just before the house lights go on. You, too? But until now all I knew about a gaffer was that the word means an old man. Why, then, does every film employ one? To remind the rest of the cast that they won’t be young forever? Actually, the gaffer is the head electrician, who lights the sets for the director of photography. Why do they call him a gaffer? Beats me, but I suppose its better than “wirehead,” “bulbbunny,” or “filamentphil.” As for the best boy, he hasn’t won any popularity contest. Far from it. He’s the gaffer’s helper, a mere assistant, which makes him a not-quite-gaffer-grade kind of guy. If he’s a she, she’s called - I dunno, “Ms. best boy?” Source: Return of the Straight Dope by Cecil Adams
38
65. What’s a papal bull? Holy cow, you don’t suppose that the Pope raises livestock as a hobby! After all, with all his heavy responsibilities, he has to relax somehow. Then again, if he did keep a bull, all those cardinals walking around wearing red could create some problems. In fact, that kind of bull has nothing to do with it. A papal bull is a document in which the Pope presents his views on a significant subject. Catholics are supposed to give it serious thought. Traditionally, this document became official once it received the papal seal -which in Latin was called the “bulla.” Over time . . . you guessed it. To repeat, the Pope keeps a seal, not a bull. And after all, is this not fitting for the man who follows in the footsteps of St. Peter, “the fisherman?” Source: Fabulous Fallacies: More Than 300 Popular Beliefs That Are Not True by Tad Tuleja 66. Why don’t cats like to get wet? Not only do cats not like to get wet, they don’t like being asked about it either. Nor do they invite your attention to any of their habits. They are totally independent creatures and will pay you no heed whatsoever - except, of course, at mealtime. But they do want you to know that rumors to the contrary, they are not afraid of water. In fact, bigger cats, such as tigers, actually enjoy swimming. So why do Sylvester, Fluffy, [your cat’s name here] and other house cats never go for a dip? Simply because its inconvenient. Did you ever notice how obsessive cats are about cleaning themselves in general, and cleaning off anything that gets on them in particular? If they go for a swim, they would have to lick all that water off their fur. With their busy schedules, they just can’t be bothered: So many mice, so little time! Source: A World of Imponderables: The Answers to Life's Most Mystifying Questions (Imponderables Series) By David Feldman 67. Why are those strange subatomic particles called quarks? Envy your grandparents. All they had to cope with were neutrons, protons and electrons the big, uh, tiny three. Now we’ve got bosons, gluons, mesons… Atomic particles are beginning to sound like National Hockey League expansion franchises. But when it comes to names, quarks, the building blocks of subatomic particles, really take the cake (or would if they could find one small enough). A physicist, Dr. Murray Gell- Mann,
39
who got the word from a passage in James Joyce’s Finnegan’s Wake, named them in the mid-1960s. If you’re British, you may recognize Quark as a brand of cream cheese. Cream cheese! Say, if we ever discover that quarks collide with another, unknown particle, let’s call the new quark- smeared particle a “bagel.” Back to basics! Source: The Secret Lives of Words by Paul West 68. Why do we call trying to persuade someone with a pile of blarney a snow job? Because if they’re smart they’ll recognize that it came from a flake? It will leave them cold? They’ll white it out? Lest you think this meteorological meandering is drifting off-topic, I assure you that the expression really is based on winter weather. The key concept is to overwhelm someone. A heavy snowstorm does that by dumping enough snow around you so that you can’t shovel your way out. It just keeps mounting up. When you do a figurative snow job on someone, you’re dumping enough superfluous facts, adjectives, nonsense and sheer verbiage on them that they can’t dig their way through it. An effective snow job doesn’t give a person time to think, so busy are they trying to shovel out from under the deluge. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 69. Are there any Christians who do not celebrate Christmas? Retailers who depend on Christmas gift sales for a major part of their annual profits probably consider this a rather un- Christian way to behave. And indeed there is a group that falls into this category, if one classifies Jehovah’s Witnesses as Christians. The Witnesses do not believe in the divinity of Jesus. But they rank Him just under God and do believe in the teachings of the Old and New Testaments. Founded in the United States in the 1870s, they base their creed on a passage from Isaiah (43:12): “Ye are my witnesses, saith Jehovah, and I am God.” They observe holidays only when the Bible literally says to do it and it says nothing about celebrating Christmas. So, it’s safe to say that Jehovah’s Witnesses may never help to jump-start the economy, at least not where holiday shopping is concerned.
40
Source: Just Curious About History, Jeeves by Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett, Encyclopedia Britannica and The World Book Encyclopedia by World Book Inc. 70. Why do people in the military always salute each other when they meet? They can’t be shielding their eyes from the sun, the better to see each other, because they salute indoors and after dark, as well. Nor can it be some form of elbow aerobics, because a mere one repetition would have little value. In fact, it’s based on tradition. The handshake upon meeting came from the custom of showing the other person that you carried no concealed weapon. The salute originated with the medieval knight, who pulled up his visor to reveal his face and show he was a friend. It evolved into a widespread custom of nodding or tipping one’s hat as a greeting, and in the military became the more formal salute. Servicemen and women learn to put snap into their salute. But don’t overdo it if you join up. You lose face if you knock yourself unconscious in front of an officer. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 71. How does a bill-changing machine determine that your bill isn’t counterfeit? Do you, like me, take it personally when one of your bills is rejected? Only my therapist knows just how badly this electro-magnetic authority figure makes me feel. In passing judgment, the machine checks for several characteristics. For instance, by passing a light through it, the changer examines your bill’s gross density (my Junior High School gym teacher would have scored high). It also uses light rays to check the alignment of thin lines embedded in your bill. A magnet generates a signal from the ink in your bill and it had better match the one characteristic of the ink used in printing real bills. The machine also measures the exact length of your bill. It’s a good thing the bill changer doesn’t also measure the sweat on my palms while I await it’s verdict. After 30 seconds I’ll sign any confession it prints out. Source: How Do They Do That? By Caroline Sutton 72. Why is a biting satire called a lampoon? This is such a peculiar word. Had I not known its meaning and come upon it, I would guess from its sound that it came from some slang expression, originating in New Orleans and having a sexual connotation that would put it in very questionable taste.
41
Placing it in the French Quarter wouldn’t be too far off because the source of the word is French. It originates with the Old French, lampons, “let us drink,” from the verb lamper, to guzzle. What’s the connection between tossing off a few pints and a parody? Simply that a popular method of satirizing something or someone used to be to do it in a drinking song. Such songs often began with the expression, “let us drink,” or in French, “lampons.” Do you suppose we can call a lampoon containing word play a lampun? Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 73. Just what is “method” acting? Acting is about the only activity where you don’t get locked up for pretending that you are someone else. (In politics they do put you away if your illusion doesn’t account for what you did with large sums of money.) Onstage there is more than one way to play “let’s pretend.” You can work from the outside, consciously modifying your speech, body language and mannerisms to turn yourself into someone else. Or you can find something within yourself -- a memory of something in your childhood, say -- that enables you to sympathize with your character’s motives, almost becoming that character. The latter approach, developed early in the 20th Century by Konstantin Stanislavsky of the Moscow Art Theater, is called method acting and is today identified with the Actor’s Studio. Marlon Brando is its most famous proponent. Source: The Facts on File Dictionary of Film and Broadcast Terms by Edmund F. Penney 74. Why do we say that coming upon something by accident is “serendipitous?” I love the sound of this word -- especially the “dip” part, which seems to launch it from one’s mouth. Where could it have come from? Latin? Medieval German? Old French? AngloSaxon? Groucho Marx? Actually the last is the closest, since someone did make it up. Eighteenth century English author Horace Walpole, most famous for the engaging letters he wrote to his fortunate friends, coined the word serendipity. He got the idea from a book of fiction called The Three Princes of Serendip, in which the protagonists were constantly discovering things by tripping over them while looking for something else. Serendip came from “Serendib,” once the name of Ceylon, which was once the name of the country we now call Sri Lanka. And so, serendipitously, you’ve learned a little place-name history in the bargain.
42
Source: The Secret Lives of Words by Paul West 75. What’s the longest place-name in America? Oh boy! Put on your reading glasses, take a deep breath, and feed the cat because you may be out of commission for a while. We are about to journey to Worcester County in the state of Massachusetts, where there’s a lake that can literally take your breath away. It’s Lake Chargoggagoggmanchauggauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg. The name, which has 17 g’s, is pronounced, naturally, as it’s spelled. There are two variant spellings, but I don’t have the heart to subject you or my proofreader to them. According to author Bill McLain, this Nipmuck Indian word (did you really think it was Portuguese?) means, “You fish on your side, I fish on my side, nobody fishes in the middle.” By the way, it’s also known as Lake Webster. Source: Do Fish Drink Water? Puzzling and Improbable Questions and Answers by Bill McLain 76. Did the ancient Egyptians speak hieroglyphics? If not, what did they speak? In the museum’s Egyptian collection I marveled at the ancient stone carving showing a group of men and women watching slaves roll several big rocks. A guy next to me nudged his girlfriend and offered to translate. He said it means, “Ladies and gentlemen, The Rolling Stones.” Seriously, there is a popular notion that hieroglyphics, the famous picture writing of ancient Egypt, was simply a written language. But -- surprise! -- it did phonetically “spell out” their spoken language, combining alphabet-like symbols with the pictures. Unfortunately, the symbols appear to have represented only consonants, not vowels - nbdy knws hw th lngge snded. The language itself was a mixture of Cushitic and Berber languages from northern Africa and words taken from the Semitic tongues spoken in nearby Asia. But you can just call it Ancient Egyptian. Source: The World Book Encyclopedia by World Book Inc. 77. Why is an easy mark a “sucker?” Do you like fish tails… uh, tales? Bear with me. It begins with the bottom-scavenging fish known as the sucker, from the way it purses its “lips” to draw in the garbage it eats (how low
43
can you sink?). The early settlers of America saw lots of these fish and soon they were indiscriminately using the name as well for other fish that made the same motion with their mouths. Eventually so many kinds of fish bore this name that if you baited a hook you were likely to haul in a sucker. Suckers, being so easy to catch, became synonymous with an easy mark. Any person who would figuratively go for the bait was also labeled a sucker. By the way, while I’ve had your attention, did you notice what happened to your wallet . . .? Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 78. What’s the difference between an opera and an operetta? In the typical opera, the heroine, whose lover has just been executed, her father run over by a wagon, and her brother killed by mistake, sings a long and beautiful aria as she swallows poison. What’s not to like? As for operettas, they always seem to be singing with a stein of beer in one hand and a glass of wine in the other. Operas are usually sung through, having little or no spoken dialogue. Operettas are less serious, with frothy, sentimental plots that have happy endings. They have spoken dialogue and simpler, easier to whistle music. They also tend to have more dancing than do operas. It’s from operettas that the modern musical evolved. You say you can only compare them by rating each on a scale from one yawn to ten? Well at least cover your mouth, the curtain’s going up....” Source: Harvard Brief Dictionary of Music Dictionary by Willi Appel and Ralph T. Daniel 79. Why do we call uproar “pandemonium?” Some years ago, when China made a gift to the Washington D.C. zoo of a pair of pandas, newspaper headline writers had a field day playing off this word to describe the hullabaloo caused by the creatures. The sound of the word, for me, conjures up an image of people banging on pots and other hard surfaces to make a racket. Maybe that occurred as well to the 17th century poet John Milton when he invented the word. Speaking of Washington, Milton needed a name for the devil’s capitol city in his epic poem, Paradise Lost. So he played around with Latin and Greek and came up with “pandemonium.” If you look at the middle of the word, beginning with the 4th letter, you’ll see an appropriate word within the word.
44
Hell of an idea, huh? Source: Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology edited by C. T. Onions 80. Can choreographers “write” down dance routines the way composers write music? Yes. There are two dance notation systems. Labanotation, the more famous, was invented in 1928 by Rudolph Von Laban and uses abstract symbols based on the rectangle, inscribed on a vertical staff read from bottom to top. The symbols represent how and where the body moves and how long it should take to get where it’s going. Choreology, devised in 1956 by Rudolf and Joan Benesh, is just slightly more representational. The lines on its five- line staff read from left to right and correspond to the height of the human body, head to toe. Lines and dots are placed on the staff to show which part is to be moved, when, and in what way. Folks, I’ve made a good faith effort in the privacy of my own home to follow some of these diagrams. All I could produce was a death spiral. Source: How Do They Do That? By Caroline Sutton 81. Why is caviar so expensive? What makes a tin of this stuff possibly the most expensive six-letter answer in a crossword puzzle (“champagne and _ _ _ _ _ _”)? It has to do with simple old economics. Caviar is relatively scarce and difficult to process. The sturgeon, from which true caviar comes, takes from 8 to 15 years to mature. This ain’t no chicken that keeps on giving. Maturity is the only point at which the eggs can be harvested. You catch the fish, cut it open and take the eggs. At every step, the eggs must be slowly hand-processed by an expert, who can tell just how much salt to add. Bad eggs, with an off-smell or color, must be thrown out, sometimes significantly diminishing the total harvest. So what will it be, Beluga on toast points or the down payment on a Lexus? Source: How Do They Do That? By Caroline Sutton 82. How did that silent “b” get into the word “debt?” I always had my doubts about silent letters, especially when a teacher offered to help me remember them with a mnemonic. Trying to get the spelling of “debt” right made me feel
45
particularly dumb. In that I may have had something in common with the people of thirteenth century England, who couldn’t leave well enough alone. You see the word, which came into English with the Norman Conquest two centuries earlier, was originally spelled “det.” It came from the French word, “dette,” meaning, well, you know. In jolly Olde England they just loped off the last “e” and totaled one of the “t’s.” So far, I like it. But then the pedants got at it. They did a little research, discovered that the French word came from the Latin, “debita,” and in the thirteenth century upgraded the English version. For kids learning spelling, it’s been tough going ever since. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris 83. Why do tennis balls feel fuzzy? Did it ever occur to you that tennis balls might be perfectly smooth and it’s your fingertips that are fuzzy? Just a thought. Tennis balls aren’t completely bald for two reasons. The fuzz is there, for one thing, to slow it down. You might find that hard to believe had you ever had to receive a cannonball serve from John McEnroe, but there you are. It facilitates rallies by increasing wind resistance and preventing the ball from leaving the stadium on one bounce. The fuzz also increases racket control by holding the ball against the strings for just a fraction of a second longer than would happen with a smooth ball. As for me, I visit the bar in the clubhouse before the match. After that it’s not just the balls that are fuzzy. Source: Just Curious About Science, Jeeves (Ask Jeeves) By Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 84. If you’re mistaken about something, why would you be barking up the wrong tree? Maybe that mistake put you in the doghouse. More likely it’s because you or one of your ancestors hunted raccoons. Hunters usually take along a dog while hunting one of these clever little masked bandits. Raccoons will run through the bush and dash through the bramble, but when cornered they will climb the nearest tree. The dog’s function is to park under that tree and make doggy-like sounds to keep your prey up there and show you where it is.
46
Remember, I said the little fella was clever. Raccoons can sometimes fool the dog by crossing the branches into adjoining trees, making their getaway while the dog mistakenly continues to bark up the wrong tree. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 85. Why is it easier to tear an article from a newspaper from top to bottom than from side to side (try it!)? Isn’t it better that your newspaper doesn’t give in so easily to the right or the left? There are, naturally, reasons other than politics that make top-down newspaper clipping easier. In order to print the news, you need newsprint, the wood pulp paper product on which the opin… uh facts go. That pulp is broken down into many small fibers that tumble onto a conveyor belt. This process naturally aligns them in the direction the belt is moving, a direction they retain when formed into sheets and then large rolls of newsprint: straight up and down. Thus when you clip an article from top to bottom you go with the grain and achieve a smooth cut; tear it out from the side and you are ripping against the grain and risk losing part of the article. Of course, if that’s a quote from a politician, the loss is negligible. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 86. Why do we say that if you’re annoying someone you’re “pestering” him or her? We’ve all experienced pests at one time or another. They can get pretty onerous. I worked with a pest for years and at one time I thought he would be the death of me. In fact, the word “pest” comes from the Latin “pestis,” or plague. All of this is interesting but beside the point because pester doesn’t come from pest. Instead it derives from another Latin word, “pastern,” which was a device meant to hobble, or impede movement. The pastern was commonly placed on a horse’s foot, allowing him to graze but also not get very far in the process. The pastern was an annoyance for the animal, but it served its purpose. Someone who pesters another person, in the modern sense, also annoys. But the only purpose I can see to it is neurotic. Pester ME on the wrong day and it could get you worse than hobbled! Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison
47
87. Why is there no channel one on broadcast TV? In “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland,” Lewis Carroll has a character say, “Begin at the beginning… ” That’s the only way that American broadcast TV does not resemble Alice in Wonderland. You can count on broadcast TV to have little relationship to reality, but you can’t count on it to count. It starts with the number two. That’s because there is only a limited amount of broadcast bandwidth to go around. The part that would be used by channel one was long ago allocated to mobile radios, as in Citizen’s Band, or CB. And who can say that it isn’t more useful to have that part of the band used by truckers to warn colleagues of a speed trap (“Smokey up ahead!”) than have it used to promote lemon mousse-flavored dog biscuits? Source: Return of the Straight Dope by Cecil Adams 88. What was so terrible about Ivan the Terrible? They don’t make historical names like they used to. “Charles the Fat,” “Good Queen Bess,” “Jack the Ripper” -- ah, those were the good old days. The closest we get to such colorful names today would be in professional wrestling - you know, where a guy whose real name is Stanley Smith becomes something like “Slimeball Harry.” Ivan the Terrible, who lived from 1530 to 1584 and was Russia’s first czar, earned his adjective. He was truly gosh awful. How about killing your own son during an argument hands on? I mean what did the kid do, bring the car back late on a Saturday night date? Ivan was also paranoid. He suspected the nobility of plotting against him, so he had 1,000 of them killed. Too bad he didn’t survive into modern times. Had Ivan lived long enough he probably could have become Ivan the Misunderstood. Source: Big Book of Knowledge by Sarah Phillips 89. What was the first “panic button?” That depends on how broadly we consider this query. For example, some early ancestor of modern man might have had an excruciating stomach ache and discovered by accident that if he pushed hard enough on his belly button, the discomfort at that spot would distract him from the tummy ache.
48
Less imaginative scholars trace the panic button’s origin to the considerably more recent World War II. The pilot of a bomber flying a mission could push a button to set off an alarm, alerting men in other sections of his aircraft that the plane had been damaged, was in danger of crashing and that they might have to bail out. The sense of pushing the panic button as an over- or premature reaction to a crisis came from worrywart pilots who caused their men to parachute when it wasn’t necessary. You might say they jumped too quickly to conclusions. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris 90. Is badminton played anywhere besides backyards? First things first. If you’ve always assumed that it was named after a glove with a hole in it, shame on you. There really are two “n’s,” and it was named for the Duke Of Beaufort’s summerhouse in Gloucestershire. The Duke, as you well know, invented the game in the mid nineteenth century. Believe it or not, badminton is the national spot of Malaysia. I guess they don’t have much wind down there. Furthermore, in the 1990s it became an Olympic sport. I kid you not. Can you imagine walking into a waterfront bar and bragging that you had won the Olympic gold medal in badminton? I play badminton with my parakeet, by the way. He bats the shuttlecock back with his beak. He scored a point on me the other day by confusing me. He hit it back and squawked, “watch the birdie!” Source: Just Curious About History, Jeeves by Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 91. What’s the point of daylight saving time? Everything I learned in school I owe to nursery rhymes and stupid word tricks. How many days in a month? “Thirty days hath September, …” Which way to move the clock when daylight saving time starts? “Spring forward, fall back.” But why “spring forward” and lose an hour of sleep when you would rather fall back and pull the cover over your head? To make the days longer when the evenings are warmer? But the days are naturally longer in summer without this time- tampering maneuver. The point is to MOVE the extra daylight from the early morning, when it would only benefit dairy farmers, to the evening, allowing all of us to clog our arteries with backyard barbecuing. By the way, notice that there’s no “s” at the end of “saving.” You can bank on it. (Another stupid word trick, courtesy of yours truly.)
49
Source: Why Things Are & Why They Aren’t by Joel Achenbach 92. We have New York State and California “champagne,” so why isn’t there any from Italy? Do you like to play “let’s pretend?” Surely winegrowers in those two states revel in it. Champagne is an area of France, not too far from Paris. It’s where the authentic bubbly comes from. Labeling a beverage California or New York State Champagne is like selling Mississippi Nova Scotia Salmon. It doesn’t make geographical sense. So why doesn’t Italy and, for that matter Germany, to name another prominent wineproducing nation, market their own Champagne-style sparkling wines (for that’s what the New York and California products are) as if they were the same as the original? Because they have signed a treaty that says they can’t use the “C” word. The U. S. never signed it. The federal government does regulate the content of any wine called “Champagne,” but doesn’t care if it was produced in Bordeaux, Brooklyn or on Mars. You don’t like it? Go pop your cork. Source: A World of Imponderables: The Answers to Life's Most Mystifying Questions (Imponderables Series) By David Feldman 93. Why do we joke about fools believing the moon is made from green cheese? Well it would be interplanetary imperialism to say it was composed of American cheese, and the holes on the moon’s surface don’t go all the way through, so it can’t be made of Swiss cheese. Even a fool wouldn’t believe Brie unless there’s wine on the moon to go with it (a very dry Chardonnay would do). But it’s not just green cheese by default. Did you ever stop to think, just what “green cheese,” is after all? There’s no such thing, right? Literally, that’s true. The “green” in this old proverb refers to the quality of “newness.” Specifically it described a hunk of cheese that had not yet aged, the appearance of which reminded people of what the moon looked like from afar. But only a fool thought it was really made from it. Hey, I’m no fool. It’s made of pizza, with extra green cheese. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris 94. Why do they call that radioactive stuff “uranium?” Uranium was all the thing in the 1950s. What with atom bombs tested in the atmosphere, uranium mines promising untold riches and science-fiction pictures about giant spiders and
50
ants accidentally created by radioactivity, uranium was really in its element. Contemplating it now can give one a nostalgic, uh, glow. The surprising thing is that even way back then uranium was nothing new. It was discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth, a German chemist, who named it after the planet Uranus (how do YOU pronounce that word?). Sir William Herschel discovered and named Uranus a few years previously. In fact, 150 years ago people were already practicing radioactive medicine, treating everything from birthmarks to ringworm with uranium. No wonder they’re all dead! Source: The Secret Lives of Words by Paul West 95. Where in the world does it rain the most? Anywhere I plan to have a picnic. Ok, rather than precipitate a crisis with my colleagues, I’ll give you the conventional answer. It’s on the island of Kauai in sunny (?) Hawaii. There, on the slippery slopes of Mt. Waialeale, you never have to get a forecast to know if you should take an umbrella. You should wear one all the time on your head because Waialeale gets an average 472 inches of rain a year. While we’re into liquid data, note that the most rainfall in a 24-hour period anywhere was the 46 inches that fell on Bauio in the Philippines in 1911. The most in any place in a given year was the 905 inches that went drippy-poo on Cherrapunki, India in 1861. In other words, if it’s hard to spell or pronounce, plan to stay indoors. Source: Do Fish Drink Water? Puzzling and Improbable Questions and Answers by Bill McLain 96. Do bananas grow on trees? Sure, like money. Did you ever see a money tree? Well you have as much chance of seeing a banana tree, or a monkey reading the Wall Street Journal. (Scratch that: I actually did see a simian speculating in Internet stocks two days ago.) Bananas grow out of a trunkless plant - an herb, to be exact. The fruit comes out of the stem of the plant, appearing first as flowers. They grow in bunches on the plant and are picked when green so that they will be ripe by the time they reach your cereal bowl.
51
Banana plants are transplanted by taking a piece of the plant’s underground stem and replanting it. These pieces are called “suckers.” Which brings us back to those monkeys on Wall Street… Source: The World Book Encyclopedia by World Book Inc. 97. Why do light bulbs come in odd-sized wattages, such as 40 and 60 watts? “How many psychiatrists does it take to change a light bulb?” I yelled to my friend at the other end of the bar. He didn’t have the faintest idea. “Just one,” I chortled, “but it has to REALLY want to change.” Well the bulbs may have changed, but those odd wattage numbers have remained pretty steady since the commercial development of the tungsten filament in 1907. That’s when the 40-, 60- and 100-watt models came on the market. The best explanation for these seemingly random numbers is that the light they emitted roughly corresponded to that produced by the standard-sized gas lamps then in use. A little familiarity helped people accept the new technology. It’s like when PC’s were introduced. The keyboard suggested the typewriter, and Windows crashing reminded users of how they would have to crumble up and discard the paper if they made too many errors. Source: A World of Imponderables: The Answers to Life's Most Mystifying Questions (Imponderables Series) By David Feldman 98. Why do we call a violent robbery a “mugging?” The slang generated by the real world of cops and robbers is often colorful, but sometimes misleading. A cat burglar, for example, deftly and daringly climbs great heights to get his booty. He’s not a felon who filches felines. But a mugger is not only linguistically related to mug, the slang word for one’s visage, he’s also very much physically in your face. A mugging is a street crime in which the perpetrator forcefully removes your valuables. He often grabs his victim from behind, putting his hand over the mouth to prevent an outcry, which is how the act got to be a “mugging.” Mug as a slang word for face originated with old drinking mugs, which were often decorated with distorted caricatures of faces. You might even end up looking that way if you drank too much of what was in the mug. Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi
52
99. Why do we call a test for authenticity or usefulness the “acid test?” Because if the thing being tested fails it must be a lemon? Not really, although this does remind me of my 10th grade geometry teacher. We called any test she gave the acid test because she was a real pickle-puss. But enough of my adolescent bitterness. The origins of this phrase were quite literal. More than a century ago, when much of the population lived in rural areas, the itinerant peddler was an important person. Not only did he sell all sorts of manufactured goods otherwise unavailable, he also bought old objects made of gold. For this purpose he needed an easy way to estimate the gold content of, say, an old spoon. He did it by nicking it slightly and pouring nitric acid on the indentation. The color the liquid turned revealed the percentage of gold present. This acid test was as good as gold, to coin a phrase. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 100. When do bears emerge from hibernation? Some trivia books still try to pose this as a trick question, stating that bears don’t emerge because they never hibernated in the first place. The bear’s body temperature doesn’t fall as much as that of other hibernating animals, and this was once thought to disqualify them as true hibernators. But now we know that their higher body temperature is simply a function of their larger size. Like other hibernators, bears don’t sleep through the winter, but rather wake up periodically and eat what they’ve stored in their cave. They emerge for good when average temperatures are above freezing. How does the bear determine the average temperature? Damned if I know. I’m more interested in how we knew about the bear’s hibernating temperature in the first place. Would you enter the cave of a sleeping bear and stick a thermometer… well, wherever? Source: The World Book Encyclopedia by World Book Inc. 101. Why do so many major train stations have high, often vaulted ceilings? You’ll encounter a lot of hot air if you research this question. And well you should, because the custom of building the stations this way arose in the nineteenth century, when trains produced a good deal of steam and smoke. Hot air rises, and the high ceilings allowed this potentially noxious stuff to drift safely away from the passengers.
53
When many of those stations were built - Grand Central, in New York, to name a famous one - they also had a symbolic as well as practical value. The automobile symbolizes our age, in which individuals are empowered with mobility previously unknown in world history. Trains 150 years ago symbolized the age of power produced by machines driven by steam. The cathedral-like ceilings in those stations express the faith that such power would elevate life in general. With the hindsight available to us, of course, we know that they were a bit off-track on that one. Source: What Are Hyenas Laughing At, Anyway? An Imponderables Book by David Feldman 102. Whatever happened to phone booths? Phone booths once played an important cultural role in Western Civilization. Gang rubouts in the movies were more dramatic when the victim was neatly enclosed in a glass booth that shattered to hell when riddled with bullets. And college fraternities might have totally disappeared in the 1950s without phone booths into which to squeeze the “brothers” in an attempt to set a new campus record. But now steel-plated, wall- or pole-mounted phones have replaced booths. One reason for this is that people were starting to use the phone booths to answer the call of nature. Imagine: They couldn’t tell a toilet from a telephone! Phone booths also occupied valuable space. In our spreadsheet world, everything has to justify its existence in the bottom line. By the way, rumor has it that the old booths are now renting as studio apartments in New York City and San Francisco. Source: Why Things Are & Why They Aren’t by Joel Achenbach 103. Why is the female side of something referred to as the “distaff side?” They’ve been sticking it to women since the Garden of Eden, and this expression is just another verbal confirmation that women get the short end. The “staff” in distaff is the stick on which women wound the material used to make yarn on the spinning wheel. The expression, which arose in the 16th century, thus equates women with an implement they used to use in a domestic chore. Now you might say, “What’s the equivalent expression for a man?” I don’t know of any exact, mirror-opposite. But going back to the same period, one would think it would have
54
something to do with a spear. It would perhaps be an expression indicating that back then giving people the shaft was a guy kind of thing. Source: Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology edited by C. T. Onions 104. Why do we say that someone who is really wrong or out of line is “off base?” I bet I know what you’re thinking. This comes from baseball, and it describes a runner who is on base, has taken too big a lead away from the base, and is about to be picked off because he’s too far off base. Guess what? You’re out. The “base” in this sense is your foundation, mooring, and anchor. You need it to function. It could be your common sense, sense of values, family, or just familiar surroundings. If you’re detached from it you go wrong, drift, and lose you’re bearings -- are off base. If you still don’t get it, imagine a head that’s grown tired of being attached to it’s neck and has decided to go off on its own (imagine also that it’s not dripping blood all over the carpet!). It’s likely to be wrong about most things (go ahead, ask it a question). And it’s certainly out of line. Source: Heavens to Betsy! & Other Curious Sayings by Charles E. Funk 105. What’s the purpose of that snap-box contraption they clack in front of a movie camera just before filming a take? I don’t know how many times I’ve seen one of these things in some TV documentary about the movies and never asked myself why the heck they needed it. But sure as shootin,’ just before the camera roles, some fool sticks this box that has the title and take number printed on it in front of the camera and clacks it. The key, it turns out, is in the clack. The purpose of this mysterious ritual is to synchronize the soundtrack with the picture. In the editing room during post-production, the editor can align the soundtrack for the entire scene by synchronizing the clack sound with the frame in which the box -- it’s called a clapboard -- is snapped closed. Then again, sometimes it’s more fun if King Kong opens his mouth to roar and you hear instead someone ordering a coffee with milk and a piece of Danish. Source: Return of the Straight Dope by Cecil Adams
55
106. Why is that square space in which boxers fight called a “ring?” I can understand why boxers might be a little punchy and not always know a square from a circle, but how about the rest of us? What’s our excuse? You flunked plane geometry, too? Let’s go back in time. There’s no HBO, no million-dollar purses, and no promoters like Don King with French-fried hair. A fighter comes to town and challenges anyone to knock him out. A couple of guys form the fighting area by standing in a circle, holding a rope. All the action will be confined to this “ring.” That was OK for a small town, but not so good when several thousand people came to see the fighters. Then they squared the circle, attaching ropes to four poles. But they still called it a ring. And the boxers still tried to beat each other to a bloody pulp and the spectators still called it a sport. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 107. Why do we say that someone who is kept in isolation is in “quarantine?” Short of making someone wear a dunce cap and stand in the corner, there are few things more isolating than being placed in quarantine. Even your breathing is a threat to everyone. The word quarantine originated in the Middle Ages with the most famous epidemic in Western history, the black plague. Forty days appeared to be the incubation period for this dread disease and in Italy; they simply called this period, in which you were kept away from everyone, the “quarantina,” Italian for the number forty. By the way, I’m for extending the reasons for which people are quarantined. For example, the king of early television, comedian Milton Berle, resorted to some of the worst jokes ever to get a laugh. Perhaps his worst was when he opened his show with the greeting, “Good evening ladies and germs.” What could be sicker than that? Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 108. Is there any animal that has four horns? A few weeks ago there was a truck driver just behind me on the New Jersey Turnpike who might have qualified. But other than that nerve-jangling encounter I don’t believe I have ever come across such a beast until now. Yes, there is such an animal, an antelope, in India. Whoever named the four-horned antelope was not terribly imaginative, but the creature itself seems to have been put
56
together with a good deal of inventiveness. He has the usual two horns between his ears and a smaller pair just over his eyes. Notice I wrote “he.” It’s the male who has the four horns, while the female is hornless. Now I ask you, with the male extraordinarily horny but the female not horny at all, isn’t it amazing that they ever bring forth new little four horns? Source: The Handy Science Answer Book by Science and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library 109. How do antihistamines stop sneezing and a runny nose? Spring really turns me on -- like a faucet. I tear and sneeze. To heck with balmy days: I wish it would freeze. Pollen and other irritants in the spring air set off this debilitating cycle of activity in the eyes, nose and breathing passage of millions. The invaders provoke a counteraction by the body’s “mast” cells, which fight back with various substances, one of which are histamines. Unfortunately, these hista-meanies, while defending us, also run amok, irritating nerve cells and blood vessels, attaching to them and causing the collateral damage of sneezing and tearing. Antihistamines prevent this attachment by blocking the “receptors” on the nerve and blood vessel cells. The histamines can no longer connect to them. Imagine histamines in a singles bar trying all of their pick- up lines on these sensitive cells. No dice. Antihistamines have protected them with blindfolds, earplugs and bags over their heads. Source: The New York Times – National Ed 110. Why do we call a computer problem a glitch? My favorite reference book on such matters, “Small Bytes: An Irreverent Computer Dictionary,” succinctly describes a glitch as “a hitch in the glutch between input and output.” I couldn’t have put it better myself. Every other word I’ve heard in conjunction with this unfortunate occurrence has four letters. But they can’t match this one’s ability to sound just like what it is: a mishap that may well ruin your day but won’t spoil your life. The word glitch is relatively new, a product of the space age and the era of advanced electronics. It comes from the German “glitschen,” and via the Yiddish, “glitshen.” Both
57
mean, “to slip.” We have ingeniously miniaturized electronic circuits, but it looks like the old banana peel has shrunk in proportion to them. No matter how carefully we design electronic products, such as computers, we never get out all the weirdness. They still trip us up. Source: The Secret Lives of Words by Paul West 111. Is there any difference between a porpoise and a dolphin? With the international economy fragile, global hotspots threatening to explode and global warming heating up, you’re concerned with the difference between a porpoise and a dolphin? Well I must admit this has been on my mind, too. Now maybe we can all achieve some closure on it. Both are actually small whales. You have met a porpoise if he or she has a round snout and flat teeth. When it comes to associating with people, this mammal is something of a cold fish. You are dealing with a dolphin if you see more of a beak, nose-wise, and cone-shaped teeth. Dolphins tend to be longer than their more aloof porpoise kin. They are more playful as well as more social than the porpoise, which given its druthers would rather go off by itself and read a good book. Source: The Handy Science Answer Book by Science and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library 112. What happens if you go several nights without sleep? You would be tired, short-tempered and dead if you kept it up long enough. You would also yawn a lot. Sleep is just about as basic as food to human beings. Your brain needs it to function. People who haven’t slept for several days cannot reason very well or concentrate. They may even hallucinate, become schizophrenic and lose touch with reality. (Drinking a pitcher of Margaritas is a quicker and far more pleasant way to accomplish the same thing.) Sleep deprivation also impairs the brain’s ability to connect to the nervous system. Without sleep, you can’t walk, see or hear very well. Dream deprivation, scientists conjecture, may also impair our ability to think straight. Fish, spiders and snakes do not dream. Did you ever meet one with a Ph.D.? Source: The World Book Encyclopedia by World Book Inc.
58
113. Why do we call that stand that holds an artist’s canvass an easel? What could be more basic to civilization than the beast of burden? (Trust me, I do not digress!) The ox, the donkey and the packhorse expanded our ancestors’ ability to do all kinds of work. So basic were these animals that their service was embodied in words and expressions. The French, for example, called a clothing rack a “chevalet,” likening it to a small horse. Similarly, what we call an easel, they call a “chevalet de peintre,” or a rack to hold a painting. The Dutch actually gave us the word “easel.” In Holland in the 16th century, when painting hit a peak, they likened the stand that held the canvass to an ass, using their word for that animal, “ezel,” to describe it. Think of it: Rembrandt painted his Self Portrait while supporting it on his ezel. Now that’s talent! Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 114. Why do we call something that’s sloppy or muddled a “mess?” The word “mess” reminds me of the word “doctor.” I thought Ph.D.s had borrowed that title from medical practitioners. But I had it backwards: “doctor” comes from a Latin word for teacher. It’s like that with mess. My mother used to say, “Your room’s a mess. Straighten it up or you don’t go out to play!” When I discovered “mess” in the food sense, as in the Army mess hall, I figured it had migrated over from my mother’s usage. Whaddayaknow, food came first! Mess is from the Latin, “missus.” That’s not a married woman, but rather means part of a meal. Shades of my high school cafeteria, the meaning of mess evolved from a bunch of food tossed together, to just a plane mess: from slop to sloppy. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris
59
115. What’s the difference between an ophthalmologist, an optometrist and an optician? First, I’ll give you two quick tests to winnow out the ophthalmologist. Cover one eye. Which is the only one with an “l” in his title? You got it. Now compare bills from each (uncover that eye). The biggest one also comes from the ophthalmologist, who is an M.D., an eye doctor. Now let’s shop for glasses and we’ll separate optometrist from optician. The optometrist is one step down in the medical pecking order from the ophthalmologist. She can also examine your eyes, and in addition make glasses for you if you need them or give you an eyeglass or contact lens prescription that someone else can fill. But she’s not an M.D. and can’t operate or prescribe medicine. An optician can make and fit your glasses, but that’s all. He’s a technician, and can look down only on the receptionist. Source: The Handy Science Answer Book by Science and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library 116. Why do we call that suite of playing cards with the cloverleaf symbol, “clubs?” Ok, here’s the real deal: The English adopted the symbol for this suite from French playing cards. On French cards, the symbol was clearly a cloverleaf, the French word for which was “trefles,” meaning “cloverleaf.” So, what did the English call it? “Clubs,” naturally. In the great tradition of English eccentricity, the people of that green and pleasant land took the translation of the Spanish word for the same suite, “basto,” which in English is “clubs,” and applied it to the cards that clearly depicted a cloverleaf. Don’t blame the Spanish, whose cards of that suite DID use a drawing of clubs to represent it. Why combine a symbol from one country’s cards and the word from another language that describes a different symbol? Need I remind you which country gave us “Alice in Wonderland?” Maybe the Queen of Hearts simply decreed that cloverleaves be clubs. Source: Why Things Are & Why They Aren’t by Joel Achenbach 117. Why is there “snow” on the TV screen when a station goes off the air? Because a station leaving the air lowers the temperature of the picture tube - Just kidding I’m not that flaky. Ordinarily a circuit in your TV’s amplifier either boosts or diminishes broadcast signals, depending on the strength of the signal. But if there’s no signal -- as when a station goes off
60
the air -- this amplifier circuit, called an automatic gain control, boosts to the maximum whatever it picks up. In the absence of a broadcast signal, it’s picking up and amplifying random static emissions that could come from your pc, vacuum cleaner or other circuits in the TV itself -- maybe even from a belch, or the dirty joke your Uncle Harry told at dinner. Without any signal at all you would see a white screen. The electronic static shows up as moving dark dots which, blended with the white, appear to be snow. Source: How Do Astronauts Scratch an Itch? : An Imponderables Book (An Imponderables Book) by David Feldman 118. Why do people who lose their temper “fly off the handle?” Right off the bat I should identify the geographical origin of this phrase: 19th century rural America, where the handle in question was likely to be attached to a hammer, hatchet, ax or similarly sharp or heavy-headed instrument. Tool handles were made from wood, which shrinks over long periods. The shrinking wood loosened the head of the instrument. The first good swing could send that head flying, with serious consequences for anyone standing nearby. Similarly, someone metaphorically flying off the handle is momentarily irrational and perhaps even dangerous to those near them. It is also said that such people “lose their head,” which is the same thing as saying that they fly off the handle. Of course, when that used to happen literally, anyone standing close enough could lose his head, too. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 119. Why do we call those grotesque figures on medieval buildings gargoyles? Please don’t misunderstand: At one time in the movies, on Broadway and in the stories of Damon Runyon, it was thought that all average Joe’s pronounced girls, “goyles.” But there’s no gender reference here - the word applies to garboys as well as gargoyles. Gargoyles served a mundane purpose. Water ran off buildings into a gutter and from there flowed out through the gargoyles mouth, which was actually a spout. In Latin, “gutter” is a word for throat. “Garg” is a Latin prefix that also means throat (think of the word “gargle”). Old French for throat was “gargouille,” from which we get gargoyle. So, the most grotesque thing about gargoyles is that they expectorate in public all day. Just like my old Uncle Harry, who was the spitting image of a gargoyle.
61
Source: Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology edited by C. T. Onions 120. Why don’t we use Roman rather than Arabic numerals? Who said we use “Arabic” numerals? (I know, I just did, but bear with me while I make a point.) Our numbering system is actually Hindu. It passed down to us through the great Arab culture of the Middle Ages. We use the Hindu-Arabic numbers because they’re easier to manipulate. Roman numerals are cumbersome. (Try multiplying XCLXVI by VXLI.). BUT - Sorry, But believe it or not, adding and subtracting can sometimes be easier the Roman way. Say you want to subtract 16 from 77. LXXVII is 77 and XVI, 16. Just erase a X, a V, and an I (16) from the bigger number, leaving LXI, or 61, the correct answer. The real genius of the Hindu-Arabic number system is the concept of zero. If you look at Western achievements in science and technology over the past century alone, we have really made something out of that nothing. Source: Why Things Are & Why They Aren’t by Joel Achenbach 121. How can you tell a mushroom from a toadstool? If you eat it and don’t have to go to the hospital afterward, it was a mushroom. Toadstools, as I’m sure you know, are quite poisonous. Toadstools have been so demonized that you might be surprised to learn that they are not some separate kind of plant. If either a toadstool or mushroom is present, there is a fungus among us. They’re both wild fungi; mushrooms are simply the edible kind. But this was supposed to be “how to ...,” wasn’t it? Well in fact, no matter what your counselor told you in camp, you almost surely can’t tell them apart -- and shouldn’t try -unless you are an expert on the 38,000 species of mushrooms. You know what? Go pick blueberries. Source: Fabulous Fallacies: More Than 300 Popular Beliefs That Are Not True by Tad Tuleja 122. What is the continental shelf? As big as it sounds, I doubt it would hold the spillover from what used to be my walk-in closet. Maybe I need the continental shelves. In the geographical sense, the continental shelf is the underwater ledge that juts out from land at the ocean’s edge. Don’t confuse this ledge with the shallow end of a swimming pool.
62
It goes down as much as 600 feet. But it goes no deeper than that for quite a distance out from shore, where the real slope starts and the bottom quickly drops to a depth of several miles. The width of this shelf varies from next to nothing to hundreds of miles and represents about 7 percent of all the world’s oceans. Fisheries and underwater oil deposits are located on this shelf. Source: How a Fly Walks Upside Down... and other curious facts by Martin M. Goldwyn 123. Why do we say that people who get hung up on minor arguments are “quibbling?” You’ll never guess what profession is the source of this word. Let’s see, its members certainly quibble over minor arguments. They often scribble on large leg… uh, yellow pads. And they positively dribble at the mouth over the potential for many billable hours. Yes, it’s our friends the lawyers. So, how do we get from them to the word “quibble?” It’s from the Latin, “quibis,” a form of the word “qui,” or “who.” Quibis is the equivalent of “party of the first part.” So to quibble, in other words, is to talk like, and therefore to act like he or she whom you should usually try to avoid at all costs. And “all” is what it will probably cost you if you don’t. Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 124. How much of a tree that’s been cut for timber actually ends up as usable wood? The timber industry goes against the grain of cost efficiency. Between the tree and your dining table, most of what was originally standing ends up as waste. Picture yourself dismembering a carrot for a salad. You begin by lopping off the top, right? Lumberjacks do the same to a tree, removing its top and its branches before they even yell…… you know what. By the time what’s left is on its way to a mill, as much as half of its original volume is gone. Another twenty-five percent is left in sawmill, much of it as sawdust. Hey, they have to have something to put on the barroom floor, don’t they? Another eighth is wasted in machining the lumber for the final product. That leaves as little as an eighth of the original tree, a mere chip off the old block. Source: The Handy Science Answer Book by Science and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library
63
125. What are the northern lights? “Aurora Borealis.” Roll that around your mouth a few times. That’s another name for this phenomenon, the faint glow in the sky seen in the far north and south of our planet. (To be fair about it, they are called “Aurora Australis” Down Under but, mates; there are more of us up here than there are of you down there.) These lights, which at their most dramatic can cover the whole sky, usually vary in intensity and location. They are probably the result of electronic particles thrown off by the sun that bang into our atmosphere. This phenomenon generally coincides with periods of sunspot activity. Now tell the truth: Did you really think northern lights were a brand of low-tar cigarettes made in one of the Scandinavian countries? Source: How a Fly Walks Upside Down... and other curious facts by Martin M. Goldwyn 126. Why do they turn off the cabin lights on planes before takeoff? I could understand it if they did that whenever they served food, airline cuisine being what it is. Or if this was just another way they were cutting service, saving a few pennies on electric power. It would even make sense to dim the lights when someone is airsick. Who wants to look at THAT? But for takeoffs? Why? All the better for you to see the sights outside, folks. There’s nothing technical about it, and it’s that simple. At night, especially, the lights are quite pretty, particularly once you’re airborne and you can see them sparkle all over the city. You say you’re sitting in an aisle seat? Crane your neck. So why don’t they do blackouts for landings? Because people then are more concerned with getting their stuff together for departure. And how else would you see the attendants’ insincere smiles when they thank you for flying with them? Source: What Are Hyenas Laughing At, Anyway? An Imponderables Book by David Feldman 127. Why do we call that children’s game hopscotch? Well if the kids played it on a tartan-design playing area, the name might be self -evident. But not only is that not the etymology, the origin of the name has nothing to do with any part of the British Isles. The game - called scotch hoppers in the seventeenth century - - is played on squares cut into the ground or marked on pavement. The name was derived from the Old French word
64
“escocher,” which meant to cut or mark. It was anglicized to “scotch.” From the same source, we get the expression, to “scotch a rumor.” And butterscotch - didn’t you ever wonder about that? - is simply butter-colored candy cut into squares. Adults sometimes hop after drinking enough Scotch. They also giggle, guffaw, spin around and fall down. Great game! Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 128. Why do we call a cheapskate a ‘piker?’ Because such a person would rather go out of their way and, figuratively, climb Pikes Peak rather than pay their fair share of anything. How does that sound? I made it up, but the real origin of the word is somewhat similar. ‘Piker’ comes not from climbing but from walking. In the early nineteenth century, especially in the United States, turnpikes were being built everywhere as part of a revolution in transportation. Since it was not yet common for government to build such improvements, private companies often constructed them. Naturally, they did it for a profit, which they got by charging tolls on vehicles using their road. But if you were on foot, you didn’t have to pay. People who walked from town to town to save the toll money were called ‘pikers,’ from the word “turnpike.” A pedestrian explanation, to be sure, but it’s the truth. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 129. Why do we associate Dalmatians with firemen? I could imagine 101 different reasons. But lest anyone accuse me of dogging it, I’ve pawed through some reference sources to bring you a credible answer. The answer is simple. The key facts are that there is a natural affinity between Dalmatians and horses, and Dalmatians make good watchdogs. People who owned valuable horses often kept Dalmatians around to guard them against horse thieves. Fire engines used to be drawn by fast and powerful horses, a tempting target for thieves. So, Dalmatians were kept in the firehouse as deterrence to theft. The horses have long since gone, but the Dalmatians, by tradition, have stayed. Would you like an even simpler explanation? Firemen are often on the spot, while the spots are always on the Dalmatians.
65
Source: The Handy Science Answer Book by Science and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library 130. How does one become a circus clown? The easiest way to become a clown is to come from a family of them. (Never mind the smartass remarks; you know I’m referring to professionals.) Barring that, you have to go to school to learn the basics. The Ringling Brothers Circus, biggest of the “big tops,” runs a clown college, where you learn everything from juggling to how to paint your face to how to stand on your head. After graduating, you start at the bottom, with low pay. Are you ready to do it? Not so fast. Competition to get in is fierce, and only 10 percent of the graduates are offered jobs. You have to have many kinds of physical skills and have a real knack for entertaining. It’s not enough just to score high on the S. A. T. (Silly Attitude Test). Source: Just Curious About Animals and Nature, Jeeves (Ask Jeeves) By Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 131. How did ‘Mister’ get to be a title of address? Well let’s see, Mister is shorter than “hey, you,” and Mr. is shorter still. And I don’t know about you, but there are very few guys I feel like addressing as “your lordship.” While Mr. is common these days, it began as a term of respect, coming to us from two sources. “Master” as a title evolved into mister to match the female title, “Mistress.” Mister also developed as a title to set apart skilled workers, or artisans, from the peasantry and common laborers. Here it descends from the Latin, “ministerium,” which meant craft or trade. Over the centuries, as it passed through the lips of enough mumblers and fast talkers, ministerium became mister. By the way, the French Revolution sought to eliminate all special terms of address, replacing them with “Citizen.” That really went too far. No sense losing your head over it. Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 132. Why don’t our palms get sunburned at the beach? Well I know why bellhops, cab drivers and other workers who depend on tips are protected: their palms are always being greased. But how about the rest of us? Think about how you hold your palms. When you walk down the street on a sunny day your arms are usually at your side, palms facing your body. The sun can’t get at them. Even if you’re lying on the beach unprotected, daring skin cancers to take its best shot, your palms
66
are safe. If you’re on your back, your arms are at your side, palms face down. Lying on your stomach, you probably keep your arms folded in front of you, palms down. For double protection, the skin on your palms is thicker than everywhere else but on the soles of your feet, with more dead cells at the surface to keep out ultraviolet rays. Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 133. Why do we sometimes call someone with below average intelligence a moron? As a kid, I thought it was because morons, too, had foolishly eaten my Aunt Emily’s vegetable soup. The soup was so bland that I had to pour salt into it. She would just shake her head and mutter repeatedly, “pouring more on, more on?” Then I discovered that moron was a word coined in 1910, before Emily was born. It seems that psychologists, never happy unless they can stick a label on someone, felt they needed a new word to describe people who were quite slow on the uptake. So, in that year, at the convention of The American Association for the Study of the Feeble Minded (“moron” did symbolize progress), the delegates went to work. Someone remembered that the French dramatist, Moliere, had written a play in which a stupid character was named Moron (ancient Greek for stupid was “moros”). Voila! Everyone went home happy. (Just remember what some folks say about ignorance being bliss…) Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 134. Why can’t you buy cashew nuts in the shell? Whatsamatter? Are you unhappy that someone has already done the work for you, shelling the little things and sparing your fingers? If you really need to burn excess energy, c’mon over to my house, where there are weeds that need pulling. Ok, ok: here’s the truth in a nutshell. Cashews have no shells. What’s more, they’re not nuts. The cashew is a seed, just like sunflower and pumpkin seeds. They grow on shrubs and hang from cashew apples, which also taste pretty good. Anyone who tells you otherwise IS a nut. By the way, don’t believe the story about the elephant and the origins of the word, “cashew.” You know, the elephant sneezed, “cashew,” blowing the shells off the nuts. It’s apocryphal. Source: A World of Imponderables: The Answers to Life's Most Mystifying Questions (Imponderables Series) By David Feldman
67
135. Why does the president of the United States work in an oval office? Given the odd behavior of some presidents, maybe it’s to keep from being cornered. But I have another angle on the matter. When the White House was built, in the late 1790s, it contained several oval rooms, one of which, on the second floor, was used by early presidents as an office. But before there could be a TV program called “The West Wing,” the executive mansion had to have same. Teddy Roosevelt added it in 1902, and the proponent of the “Square Deal’ went to work in a similarly shaped office in the new wing. It was the next president, William Howard Taft, who turned it into an oval when he renovated, because people had come to associate oval rooms with the White House. (For the rotund Taft, the oval shape may also have been a matter of self-expression.) Source: Why Things Are & Why They Aren’t by Joel Achenbach 136. Why do graduates wear those strange square caps with their gowns? Those mortarboards are modeled after the biretta, a similar cap worn by church officials in the Middle Ages to symbolize their knowledge, experience and high place. With an optimism that borders on religious faith, the mortarboard states that the graduate has reached a similar point in life. The square cardboard was added to the top to keep the biretta’s high crown from flopping on the grad’s face (and extinguishing the joint he’s smoking to get through the day). Now here’s what I really think: Like the beanies sported by fraternity pledges, those sillylooking mortarboards are worn by people pledging adulthood. Of course, once you get in, the parties aren’t as good, eventually you’re supposed to be monogamous, you can only watch your kids have food fights and work is worse than cramming for finals. Go out into the world? Not me! Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 137. Why do we say that something obscene appeals to prurient interests? “Obscene,” like “lascivious,” has a certain amount of animal energy in it, while the sound of “prurient,” for me, invokes “prune.” The etymology of prurient takes us back to Latin, to the word “prurire,” which has several modern translations. It means to be wonton (which, of course, has nothing to do with any ethnic cuisine you may know of). But it also means to itch. Now there’s an interesting idea. Something obscene that appeals to prurient interests, like a mosquito’s bite, makes us itch. And you know what THAT makes you want to do. As your mother worried about your mosquito bites, so the community is concerned that you may be incited to “scratch.”
68
President Teddy Roosevelt’s daughter, Alice Longworth Roosevelt, had a refreshing antidote to this attitude: “I have a simple philosophy. Fill what’s empty. Empty what’s full. Scratch where it itches.” Source: Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology edited by C. T. Onions 138. Why might we say that someone who acts crazy has gone ‘berserk?’ Obviously, because they remind us of Norway and its history, of Old Norse warriors, and especially of Old Norse itself, the ancient language of Norway. In Old Norse, “berserk” meant “bear shirt” - a shirt made from bear skin, not a shirt typically worn by bears. It’s what Norse warriors wore when they went into battle, earning them the name, “berserkers.” These guys really went nuts when they took up the sword -hence our modern meaning of berserk -- in no small measure because they first got stoned out of their minds by munching on hallucinogenic mushrooms. Why, you ask, did they wear those bear shirts in the first place? Because their fathers did before them, and everyone knows you can’t teach an Old Norse new tricks. Source: Who Put Butter in Butterfly... and Other Fearless Investigations into Our Illogial Language by David Feldman 139. In testing new medicines, what’s the difference between a blind and a double-blind test? What both have in common is a group of patients, some of whom get the new medication while others receive a placebo. The question is who knows what was given to whom? (For purposes of this explanation, we ignore drug companies that stand to profit from these medicines, which approach the tests with eyes wide open and focused on their spreadsheets.) In a blind test, the patients do not know if they got the placebo or the real thing. But the doctor administering the medication does know which went to whom. This keeps the patients from having a subjective reaction and skewing the results. But it’s always possible the doctor could unconsciously signal to patients what they were getting. In a double-blind test, patient and doctor are each in the dark. The doctor doesn’t know to whom she gave the experimental whosamajiggie, and who swallowed peppermint candy. Source: Book of Answers: The New York Public Library Telephone Reference Service’s most Unusual and Enter by Barbara Berliner
69
140. What’s the difference between an atoll and an island? With summer coming on, many Americans probably think atoll is simply what they pay to cross the bridge to their favorite island. But it’s worth knowing the difference between these two geological formations. An island is a chunk of land surrounded by water. Think of it as resembling the piece of Danish you might drink with your coffee. An atoll is more like a bagel. It began as a volcano in mid-ocean. But then the volcano sinks below sea level, leaving just the coral that forms on the rim of the crater. Soil forms on top of the coral, producing an island- like circular formation with a lagoon in the middle. The formation, or atoll, found most often in the Pacific, is also referred to as a coral reef. As I said, the distinction is worth knowing - unless you’re a fish, to whom, I imagine, it doesn’t matter atoll. Source: Big Book of Knowledge by Sarah Phillips 141. Why are those Congressional pleasure trips called “junkets?” Some Americans object to their representatives using their tax dollars to go abroad, spending $250 on dinner with a companion hired from an escort service. Hey, spoilsports, how else do you think members of Congress can come up with ideas for new legislation? Such Puritans could care less why these investigative forays are called junkets. But for the rest of us: The etymology begins with the Latin word for baskets woven from rushes: “juncus.” Junket, the custard-like desert older readers may recall from their childhood, got its name because containers of it were transported in such baskets. Picnics, as well, come in these baskets. Do you see where this is going? Eating sweet deserts, feasting and having a good time - everything that’s not work. Well, maybe we should bring these guys home where the worst they can do is feed from the pork barrel. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris 142. Just how does a Venus flytrap eat dinner? Here is the vegetarian’s nightmare: a carnivorous plant. That is not to say that you will ever see one of these cuties devouring a cheeseburger. As their name implies, they would rather feast on what your sandwich attracts if you eat it outside in warm weather.
70
A native of the Carolinas, the Venus flytrap grows in soil that lacks the nitrogen it needs. Enter the nitrogen-rich fly. And enter he does at the top of the foot-high plant where there are leaves that resemble two hinged lobes, usually open in a mouth-like array. On their surface are sensitive hairs. The fly lands on a hair, triggering the leaves to close, holding him prisoner. The plant digests the fly with fluids it secretes through the leaves. Yechhh! And what if no fly comes along? Oh, I dunno, maybe the plant takes out a personals ad. Source: The World Book Encyclopedia by World Book Inc. 143. Why are certain four-letter words obscene while other words that mean the same thing are not? Gosh darn it; people do talk dirty these days. But what makes for a “dirty” word in the first place, when synonyms for the same thing are respectable? Well, they say that it’s the victors in battle who write the history of the war, and it seems that they write the dictionaries and etiquette books, as well. Those four letter words for body parts and functions are Old English, Germanic in origin and were spoken by the AngloSaxons. But after the Norman Conquest - 1066 and all that - the invaders from France made it clear that French, Latin-derived words for these things were refined, while the native Saxons spoke a gutter language. And in the gutter, it’s stayed. I can’t, of course, cite examples. But some sports terms are four-letter words with only a single letter changed -- shot, puck, punt, pass, dart, pick and bunt, for example. Shoot, ain’t that somethin’? Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 144. Do identical twins have identical fingerprints? Identical twins must be sick of questions and jokes about their resemblance. After a while it just isn’t cute to be referred to as “your doubleship,” or to be asked if you and your sibling still play with “two-two-twains.” But at the risk of a four-fisted knuckle sandwich from some pissed-off pair, I’ll take this one on. Identical twins are born virtually indistinguishable, mirror images from the same egg. But that’s only the half of it. As they age, life leaves separate tracks on each in the forms of scars and more subtle markings. It’s the same with their fingerprints, which are very similar but also different on close examination. In addition to the influence of their environment after birth, they are even
71
born with very slightly different prints due to chance occurrences in the womb, such as position, etc. - what scientists cryptically call “random events.” Source: National Science & Technology Week 145. Who is buried on the moon? What little bit of cleverness is this going to involve, you might be thinking. What have they been smoking? Well, there’s actually a straightforward answer. People have played golf on the moon, haven’t they? If you can bury a putt on earth’s satellite, why not a person? It’s been done. His name was Dr. Eugene Shoemaker, an astro-geologist who, with his astronomer wife, discovered Shoemaker-Levy 9 Comet in 1994. In 1999, NASA sent up a spacecraft to map the moon. It also carried Shoemaker’s ashes (he had died, naturally). After the craft had plotted its last lunar coordinates, it was sent crashing into the moon. In death as in life, Dr. Shoemaker had made an impact. Source: Just Curious About Science, Jeeves (Ask Jeeves) By Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 146. Why do we chill white wine but serve red wine at room temperature? One of the most gut-wrenching sights I have ever seen is a person I love dearly dropping several ice cubes into a stein of beer. Appalling! But then part of being an adult is coming to terms with the fact that those you love are not perfect. There are also people who get a little cold-crazy with wine, making a slurpy-slush ice drink out of the best vino. Cease and desist, please! Allowing for a little variation in taste careful, we’re watching you - the whites go in the fridge and the reds are served at room temperature, or slightly below. Here’s why: Reds are fermented with the grape skin. This leaves them with tannins and other acidic components, the bitter taste of which is magnified by chilling, overwhelming the grape flavor. The skinless, tannin-less whites simply taste better cold. But remember, you’re not going to skate on it. Source: Why Do Dogs Have Wet Noses? And Other Imponderables of Everyday Life By David Feldman
72
147. Exactly what is a calliope? You probably know it when you hear it, but could you describe a calliope to someone and explain how it works? Of course, it’s the watcha-ma-call-it that goes clackety-clack, toottoot, boombah, gong-plunk at circuses and in the middle of merry-go-rounds. The calliope, a mid-nineteenth century American invention, resembles a phantasmagoric organ, adorned by wooden figurines and caricatures of musical instruments. It makes its sound through pipes. But compressed steam, not air, blows through those pipes. The calliope was often pulled on a wagon at the end of a circus parade for safety’s sake, in case the final sound was the KABOOM of an exploding boiler. Named for a Greek goddess of poetry, the calliope used to be played from a keyboard. But today an automatic rotating cylinder is more likely to open and close the valves that govern the flow of steam. Source: The World Book Encyclopedia by World Book Inc. 148. Are there any animals that never sleep? My cat, who may or may not honestly mistake my prone figure for a trampoline during the night, will never let me see him with his eyes closed. He thinks it’s a sign of weakness that might allow me to permanently assert MY dominance in the house I paid for. But cats aside, it’s the dolphin that comes to mind. Dolphins can’t go to sleep. They are mammals, need to surface to breathe and will drown if they doze off. And underwater is the only place you won’t find a Starbucks. Not to worry. For eight hours a day dolphins are fully awake, but the rest of the time they’re on cruise control. In those 16 hours, half of their brain is asleep for one eight-hour stretch, while the other half snoozes during the next eight-hour shift. Moral: to beat a dolphin at chess, first check his schedule. Source: Do Fish Drink Water? Puzzling and Improbable Questions and Answers by Bill McLain 149. Where did people first eat chocolate, and when? Notwithstanding what you read in the supermarket tabloids while waiting to pay for the groceries, there is no proof that chocolate was brought to earth by aliens. However, it IS plausible that the smell of chocolate attracted them TO our galaxy.
73
Sticking to established fact, civilization as we know it began about the year 1000 AD in South America when several cultures started to use a bitter concoction made from the cocoa bean in important rituals. Columbus, who also discovered America, made a significant contribution to European culture when he brought this liquid back from the New World. Sweetened, it became “cocoa.” By the 17th century, cocoa was the cat’s meow among the nobility and was spreading to the lower classes. Chocolate remained a drink exclusively until the middle of the 19th century, when chocolate candy was developed in Europe. Now if we can just figure out how to smoke it. Source: The Browser’s Books of Beginnings: Origins of Everything Under and Including, the Sun by Charles Panati 150. What do hospitals mean when they say that someone’s condition is “stable,” “serious,” “critical” or some other melodramatic adjective? I’ve often suspected that HMO’s reimburse the hospitals on a schedule that takes into account the weight of these adjectives. But conjecture aside, there are general, although not rigidly explicit rules for the use of these words to frighten patients’ friends and relatives. On the low end of the scare scale are “good,” “fair,” “stable” and “satisfactory” (to whom, their creditors?). Put away the Valium, the greatest threat to these patients is hospital food. “Serious” is a question mark. It means pretty darn sick, possibly not stable, but in no immediate threat of falling into a coma or dying. “Critical” is the flashing red light. This patient is unstable, may not even be conscious, and his or her life is in danger. But at least they don’t have to eat the Jell-O. Source: Why Do Dogs Have Wet Noses? And Other Imponderables of Everyday Life By David Feldman 151. Why do many newspapers have the word “gazette” in their name? Well, the German word for “shrill” is Gezeter, and if you saw the headlines in one of the tabloids in my town, you would know why it comes to mind. But that ain’t it. Nor does gazette have any relationship to gesundheit, although the power of the press is nothing to sneeze at. Gazette comes from 16th century Venice, where reading was not a common skill. Upon payment of a gazeta, the penny of its day, you could have the newspaper read to you. (How do you say “Tom Brokaw” in Italian?) As “gazette,” the word soon spread to English as a synonym for the newspaper itself.
74
Journalists were even called gazetteers. Then, as now, many of them didn’t know where it was at, so a reference book of geographical information, The Gazetteer’s Interpreter, was compiled for them. That’s the source of the modern word, gazetteer. Source: Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology edited by C. T. Onions 152. Why do they play “Taps” at military funerals? Well, it’s a lot more appropriate than reveille. Taps was originally used in the military only to end the day. If you’ve ever been to summer camp you may recall singing to it’s melody, “Day is done, gone the sun… yada, yada, yada.” It took on its additional, more solemn function during the American Civil War. Traditionally, a soldier’s funeral included the firing of a three-shot salute. The Civil War produced fatalities wholesale, and the military usually lacked the means to ship the bodies home. This led to funerals on or near the battlefield after the shooting stopped. Firing a salute might have been misinterpreted by the foe as a resumption of hostilities, so Taps, with its evocation of day’s end, was substituted. The custom has survived along with the rifle salute. Source: Just Curious About History, Jeeves by Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 153. Who built the first bathrooms, and where? Between the discovery of sex and the invention of television, you won’t find anything more important on the timeline of indoor human history. So who, and where? No, it wasn’t King John. And they didn’t originate in Flushing, New York. Bathrooms actually come from a place famous for its pipes, but of another kind: Scotland, known more for bagpipes than plumbing. The place was the Orkney Islands, off the Scottish coast, ten millennia ago, where some nameless individuals finally took a stand for comfort. (Actually, I assume they took a seat.) They left their mark in the annals of latrinery by throwing together a primitive drain system that carried wastes directly from their huts to the local stream - the first in- house outhouse. It would take another 10,000 years for folks to notice that this created as many problems as it solved, waste-wise. Source: Extraordinary Origins of Everyday Things by Charles Panati
75
154. Where was the U. S. state of Franklin, and whatever happened to it? Throughout history, many important things have been lost, including the Ark of the Covenant and my Christmas bonus one year in Las Vegas. But it takes a peculiar level of historical absent-mindedness to misplace an entire state. However, that’s if you think Franklin was a state, as most trivia books are only too glad to do. In 1784, this territory, controlled by North Carolina, was left unprotected when a series of complicated real estate negotiations between that state and the federal government went awry. The territory’s settlers, in limbo, declared themselves the state of Franklin and elected a governor. But no one recognized them and four years later North Carolina reestablished control. Territory shifted a great deal in the early Republic, and in 1796, the former “state” of Franklin ended up in Tennessee. Conclusion: people who take the “statehood” of Franklin seriously are living in a state of confusion. Source: The World Book Encyclopedia by World Book Inc. 155. Why do we say that someone held up from doing something is “marking time?” I suppose the ultimate in marking time is the guy in the dungeon who only knows how many days have passed by the mark he makes on the wall with each sunrise. That’s even more frustrating than sitting through a high school English class, discussing “Return of the Native” while glancing at your watch every 45 seconds. In fact, the phrase “marking time” has nothing to do with clocks, watches or sundials, although impatiently tapping your foot to the tick-tock of a mechanical clock comes close. This “marking” is done by marching - in place. It’s the drill sergeant’s command to his soldiers, MARK TIME, to keep their feet going up and down without moving forward. And it nicely captures the idea of exerting energy with nothing to show for it. “Spinning your wheels,” and “placed in a holding pattern” are later incarnations of the same thing. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 156. Why do we describe as round robin a tournament in which everyone plays everyone else? When Soviet Communist Party leader Nikita Khrushchev spoke to the Party elite about the terrible crimes of his predecessor, Joseph Stalin, someone called out: “Where were you?”
76
Khrushchev looked up from his speech, demanding, “Who said that?” There was silence. “That’s where I was,” said Khrushchev. Similarly, on British warships centuries ago, complaining to the captain might get you hanged as mutineer if your name was at the top of a petition. The solution: arrange the signatures in a circle so nobody could be singled out. This was called “round robin,” for the circle and the ribbon (modified in the expression to robin) that tied the document. When diagrammed, a tournament with everyone playing everyone else, as opposed to an elimination tournament, looks like that circle of signatures. And you thought round robin was a portly bird that had overindulged on worms. Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 157. How big does a watch have to be before it becomes a clock? My great-grandfather carried a ponderous pocket watch in his pants pocket. No wonder he was always hitching up his trousers. Time weighed heavily on him. Could that timepiece have achieved clockhood? Not by growing larger. Mechanics, not size, was the determining factor. Most clocks in his day still ran on a system of weights. Watches used the coiled mainspring that you had to wind. But then the clock/watch gap narrowed as the mainspring spread to clocks, especially smaller ones such as alarm clocks. Later, until about 30 years ago, the difference was primarily that most clocks were driven by an electric motor, while watches still needed to be wound. Now that watches and clocks are both digital, based on crystals, the pendulum has finally swung toward size as the distinguishing factor. If you can wear it, it’s a watch. But did you really need to hear that from me, second-hand? Source: Why Do Dogs Have Wet Noses? And Other Imponderables of Everyday Life by David Feldman 158. Why does the shower curtain get sucked in toward you when you shower? If you’ve ever seen Alfred Hitchcock’s film Psycho, you know that a lot worse can happen to you in the shower. Still, the curtain getting clammy with your body is an unasked for intimacy. Who gave this inanimate object permission to get fresh? Until recently, we didn’t understand the process, but now we do. David Schmidt, professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Massachusetts, took a $28,000 computer software model of spraying liquids and applied it to his mother-in-law’s bathtub. Two weeks and 1.5 million calculations later, he discovered
77
that: The water from the shower spray slowed down as it fell, the result of hitting the air. This process caused the air to become turbulent, actually forming a miniature storm system with low pressure at its center. The air pressure outside the shower, now higher than inside it, pushed the curtain in. I knew the computer would come clean. Source: The New York Times – National Ed 159. Was there really an Orient Express? Agatha Christie didn’t invent this fabled train in Murder on the Orient Express. It was mysterious, colorful, exciting and real! Imagine traveling from Paris to Istanbul, 1,700 miles, in luxury, on one train. From 1889 to 1977, except during the two world wars, it was possible for those who could afford it. Never mind about all those borders. A multilingual concierge on board handled your passport. That fellow in the plush armchair in the smoking car might very well be the spy he appeared to be. And occasionally King Boris of Bulgaria actually came aboard to take the throttle for a spell. No wonder it was easy to imagine anything happening on the Orient Express. Any train that could pass through the Turkish Sultan’s Empire while skirting Count Dracula’s lair as well was the perfect setting for harum scarum adventure. Source: Just Curious About History, Jeeves by Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 160. Why do we say that we’re bluffing when we try to mislead someone? I’m putting on my best “poker face” as I tell you that there are two theories for the origin of bluffing. Do you believe me? One sees the word rooted in the blinder, or bluff that was developed for horses in the 16th century. Etymologically it gave birth to the present sense of the word via the notion of pulling the wool over someone’s eyes, of fooling him or her because they can’t see what you’re doing. The other explanation, which dispenses with metaphor, says that the source is the Dutch word, bluffen, which means to brag. In a card game, you would bet on your hand as if it were a full house, when in fact it’s not even an empty bungalow. So, did I steer you right? Never mind my poker face, look at my red-hot hand. That’s not a stalk of celery I’m holding, ducky, it’s four aces.
78
Source: Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology edited by C. T. Onions and Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 161. Why do we say that an annoying person who won’t let up is nagging? If you’re trying to figure out if there’s some connection between horses and being annoyed, or if you think you’re being set up for a pun involving some nag, fuhgedaboutit. I wouldn’t saddle you with such a thing. The only way a horse gets into this is if he or she has sharp teeth. Nag comes from a Scandinavian or Low German word, nagga or gnaggen, to gnaw or chew. You may pick up the connection if you think of a nag as someone characterized by oral aggression, someone who has his or her teeth sunk into you and won’t let go. Nag, nag, and nag. Or think of it this way. You answer, “He/she is nagging me” to the question, “What’s eating you?” Source: Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology edited by C. T. Onions 162. Why do angels have halos? To keep them from having a bad hair day? So they don’t need one of those small lamps for reading in bed late at night? The answer is actually odder. Becoming an angel would be quite a feather in anyone’s cap, wouldn’t it? Well, that’s something like what the artists who originally depicted angels had in mind. Many of the customs and much of the iconography of our great religions were adapted from paganism. In the case of angelic halos, the source was sun worship. People who worshipped the sun emulated its rays by wearing rings of feathers on their heads. That would be too tacky for angels, so they were painted with actual rays of light. Then, conversely, why not paint the devil with his head in a cloud? Because it’s more important to hold his feet to the fire. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 163. Why do we describe nonsense as claptrap? This is one of those words that just sound right for what it means, no matter what its source. That’s as long as you don’t confuse it with something designed to prevent a social disease.
79
The source of claptrap is the 19th century equivalent of television’s “canned applause.” Theater owners were always looking for ways to stir their audiences’ enthusiasm, and sometimes they resorted to hiring people to initiate the applause or laughter that, they hoped, would spread to the rest of the crowd. These facilitators of felicity were called claquers, from the French word for clapping. The practice generated the English word “claptrap,” which fastened on the phoniness of this practice of milking applause. Something is claptrap if it has no substance, if it’s being conjured up out of nothing, if it’s like the applause that people have been tricked or “trapped” into offering. Source: Who Put Butter in Butterfly... and Other Fearless Investigations into Our Illogial Language by David Feldman 164. When did we start using decongestants? More to the point, what in the world did people do for sinus headaches and nasal stuffiness before decongestants? Perhaps they ate really spicy Indian or Mexican food, which at its hottest can all but blow a hole through the back of your head and open breathing passages all over the place. But decongestants ARE more specifically targeted and we’ve had them in our medicinal arsenal since the early 1930s, when a product called Benzedrex came on the market. It contained Benzedrine, an amphetamine that dilated breathing passages. These days the active ingredient in a decongestant is likely to be pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, found in brands such as Sudafed. Opening breathing passages isn’t the only thing decongestants do. They’re uppers. Swallow too many and you could go bonkers, take an axe to your neighbor, whatever. Do you really want to chance it? Say, I know a good Indian restaurant . . . Source: The Browser’s Books of Beginnings: Origins of Everything Under and Including, the Sun by Charles Panati 165. Why do they refer to the hottest days of summer as the dog days? First, let’s express our appreciation to canines everywhere for being so good-natured about our negative characterization of these days in their name. Finicky felines would have long since filed a class action libel suit. Rover can blame the ancient Romans for the dog days. To turn a line from Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar on its head, the fault was in their stars. Specifically, it had to do with Sirius, the Dog Star, which during July and early August appeared to rise with the sun. The Romans may have been pretty good engineers and soldiers, but they hadn’t yet bothered to invent computers and the like, and so they just connected the dots. Sirius rose with the sun,
80
therefore it must have worked with it to make the weather icky - a pretty Sirius allegation, based on faulty science, doggone it. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris 166. Has the Medal of Honor ever been won by a woman? One woman, Mary Walker, has won the Congressional Medal of Honor. She earned it for her work as an assistant surgeon with the US army during the Civil War, when the medal was first awarded. The citation that came with the medal, in something of a backhanded compliment, declared that Walker was receiving it because “by reason of her not being a commissioned officer in the military service a brevet or honorary rank can not, under existing laws, be conferred upon her…” In 1917 the government rescinded Walker’s medal, along with medals awarded to several hundred others, because too many had been given out, reducing its value and prestige; henceforth it would be awarded only for valor under fire. Walker refused to return her medal and was vindicated in 1977 when President Carter restored it. Source: Book of Answers: The New York Public Library Telephone Reference Service’s most Unusual and Enter by Barbara Berliner 167. What road are middle-of-the-road moderates traveling? Middle-of-the-road could mean a place of political safety, where one can avoid the extremes. But as more than one political figure has observed, standing in the middle of any road can also get you run over. The expression originated in 19th century America, when roads were an adventure. They were unpaved, often paths that graduated to road hood simply from frequent use. The constant play of wagon wheels on them ground ruts into the sides, making the middle the highest point. After it rained, water collected in the ruts and walking in the middle was how you kept your feet dry. In the 1890s, by analogy, middle-of- the-road became a metaphor for avoiding the extremes. Say, if they ever have a political rodeo, how about an event in which contestants throw their hat in the ring from the middle-of-the-road while toeing the party line. That’s in addition to bull throwing, of course. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison
81
168. How do they decide what to name new objects found in outer space? Personally, I would prefer informal, comfortable names, such as Mabel’s Galaxy or Bob’s Big Nebula. These would be names suggesting that wherever you went in the universe, you might find a way to kick back in your seat and enjoy a cheeseburger and a brewski. But it’s formal as well as infinite out there, and they’ve got rules. “They” are the International Astronomical Union. The rules: Stars named by Greek, Roman and Arab astronomers in ancient times retain their names. Newly discovered stars receive not names but numbers, based on their coordinates. Theme names used for geographical features of various heavenly bodies are more imaginative. On Venus, for example, such features are appropriately named for women. If you discover a comet, it’s your baby and bears your name. Find a new asteroid and you can call it just about anything. Well I guess you could call it Al’s Old Asteroid. Source: The Handy Science Answer Book by Science and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library 169. Just what is the Golden Gate that the San Francisco bridge is named for? A year or two ago I would have suggested that “Digital Doorway” would be a more appropriate name. But then nearby Silicon Valley’s bytes bit the dust. So Golden Gate it is, but why? Any “obvious” answer is the wrong answer. It has nothing to do with the mid-19th century California gold rush, for example. The sun is definitely more golden in southern California. And when the fog lifts - you may have to wait until after lunch - it becomes clear that the name doesn’t come from the color of the famous bridge, which is red. Well now, the suspense is over: In 1846, three years before gold was discovered, explorer John C. Fremont named it for another narrow passage, the Golden Horn of the Bosphorus. The ancient Greeks named the Golden Horn because this passage at the end of the Mediterranean led to Byzantium’s gold. Source: Why Things Are & Why They Aren’t by Joel Achenbach 170. Why don’t fast food restaurants promote their desserts? Fast food restaurants chains are single-minded about their double whazits. The only things that tend to share the hamburger’s spotlight are the fries, which accessorize the burgers, and the chicken and fish concoctions eaten by the burger-impaired part of the population. Soft drinks, the most profitable item, round out the narrow spread of products.
82
The proof of the pudding for the success of this business model is that they usually don’t have to waste too much space or too many advertising dollars on desserts. Their thinking on the matter: As impulse purchases with small profit margins, desserts require too much expensive display space. The bulk of fast food business is at breakfast and lunch, when people are less likely to want dessert. Customers associate fast food places with their specialty, usually burgers, so they don’t go there for dessert. You don’t like it? Put some whipped cream on the onion rings. Source: A World of Imponderables: The Answers to Life's Most Mystifying Questions (Imponderables Series) By David Feldman 171. Why might we say that someone feeling out of sorts is cranky? Because they feel that the world is jerking them around? Well that’s not too far off. The word is related to that right-angled tool used to start an engine. In the positive sense, you might get cranked up for something. But you could also be cranked in the sense of spun around. It gets more interesting as we look at the origin of the word “crank.” In the Middle Ages, weavers used a bent tool called a crancstaef. It appears that the “cranc” part was related to the word “cringan,” which described the bent, contorted, curled and shrunk look of a person severely injured in battle. It may sound as if we’re getting further away from the modern sense of being cranky, but it’s just the opposite. What’s another way of saying a person is cranky? They’re bent out of shape. Source: Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology edited by C. T. Onions 172. Why does someone take the “minutes” at a meeting? The way most meetings drone on, the minutes seem more like hours. Calling the record of the proceedings “minutes” appears to be nothing more than putting a polite spin on the thing. At least that would be the case if the word in question really were the one we’re thinking of. But it’s minute, as in “minoot,” something very small. The idea is that the recording secretary summarizes in some kind of shorthand what’s happening as he or she hears it, and then writes up a larger, expanded account later. The original is comparatively small, or minute. So why don’t we say that someone is taking the “minoots?” What? Do YOU want to sound like a goofus? I wave the reading of the minoots. This meeting is adjourned.
83
Source: Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 16e (Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable) edited by Adriam Room 173. How come dinner knives have rounded edges? I don’t know about you, but I find this much more interesting than queries such as, “What is the sound of one hand clapping?” At least here there’s a point. Uh, actually, there isn’t, and that is the point. So, why round off an implement that’s made for cutting? To make sure that you cut with couth. Four hundred years ago, in the home of France’s Cardinal Richelieu, a dinner guest was uncouth. This guy mistook his dinner knife for a toothpick. The Cardinal was horrified! The fellow who did this dastardly deed might as well have been picking his toes in Poughkeepsie. In response, the Cardinal had all of his dinner knives rounded off, and the custom caught on. When he wasn’t obsessing about the silverware, by the way, Richelieu also helped to create the modern French state. Source: A World of Imponderables: The Answers to Life's Most Mystifying Questions (Imponderables Series) By David Feldman 174. Are there any dogs that don’t bark? That’s almost like asking if there are any dogs that think that a fire hydrant’s main purpose is to help put out fires. With most any pooch, barking is a basic civil liberty - unless the cat’s got its tongue. But there really is a canine that doesn’t carp, a pup that doesn’t prattle on for all the world to hear. Well, in truth, he’s not totally silent, but this small dog doesn’t bark. The basenji, a good, if silent hunter, originated in Central Africa, and was valued as a pet by the Egyptian Pharaoh’s. In a mellow mood, the basenji makes a sound that some have described as yodeling. Well that’s just ducky, a dog that yodels. Next thing you know they’ll say it can mimic Madonna or the drumbeat in Queen’s “We Will Rock You.” Source: The Handy Science Answer Book by Science and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library
84
175. What’s the safest form of transportation? Well let’s see, they say that great music can transport you, figuratively speaking. And even then, the roof of the concert hall might collapse, someone could yell “fire” and you’ll be trampled, or you’ll die of boredom. Getting from here to there isn’t much safer. There are daily derailments, near-collisions at 20,000 feet and SUV’s turning other vehicles into road kill. And you really think you’re safe on two wheels in the bicycle lane? Actually, there’s a little trickery afoot (walking is dangerous, too). We didn’t say which way we were traveling. How about up and down? The answer is: elevators -- only one death for every 100 million miles traveled. I suspect that the unlucky traveler at the 100 million mark tired of gazing at his shoes or staring straight ahead, and while tilting his head back to look up at the ceiling, broke his neck. Source: Just Curious About Science, Jeeves (Ask Jeeves) By Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 176. Is there any way to fend off a shark without a weapon? Radiate good will if you wish, speak out for fair play and appreciate the wonders of nature. But not around one of these killing machines, which could leave you tooth-totaled. Have no pity for the poor fishy, but never mind what you’ve heard about punching the shark in the nose. A sock in the snoot may give the shark a bloody nose, but it could be your blood. This nautical nightmare is most vulnerable around the eyes and gills. The advice they give to boxers holds here: jab, jab, jab -- short, hard punches. Sharks are bullies, and fighting back puts a damper on their aggressiveness. If this works, don’t go to a neutral corner expecting a referee to count to ten. Depart, with measured haste. Source: The Worst-Case Scenario Survival Handbook by Joshua Piven and David Borgenicht 177. Why do we say that someone “testifies” in court? Anyone who has ever placed their hand on a Bible and sworn that they were telling the whole truth may not believe what I’m about to tell you. But it’s true. I swear it. If we were holding to the history and spirit of this word, only males would be allowed to testify, which was the case in the ancient world. Instead of placing a hand on a book, the witness would be grabbing his crotch. “Testify” is rooted in the Latin, testiculus, or testicles. These orbs bore witness to a man’s virility -- the word for witness was testis -- and it is on
85
them that he would swear. The King James Bible even hints at this meaning, referring to oaths taken with a hand on the thigh. Under these circumstances, imagine what the penalty might have been for giving false testimony. Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 178. How come a hot, humid day is more uncomfortable than a foggy day? People are often in a fog about high humidity. On a hot, humid day, there’s actually more total water vapor in the air than on a cool, foggy day. The reason: hot air can hold more moisture than cold air. High humidity -- but less than 100 percent -- tells us that at a certain temperature the air can still take more water before it condenses, even though it already holds plenty. In a fog, the humidity is 100 percent because the cool air is saturated and the water vapor is already condensing. But the total amount of water in the air is less than on a sultry summer afternoon. If fog bothers you, you can put on a jacket. But if its hot and humid, even stripping naked may not help because you can’t sweat enough to cool your body. The only solution -- no pun intended -- is air conditioning Source: Why Things Are & Why They Aren’t by Joel Achenbach 179. Why do we say that we’re “parking” a car? George Carlin, existential philosopher, raconteur, and dean of dirty words, has remarked on how curious it is that we drive on a parkway and park in a driveway. If there were any logic to English, you might think that the only time you truly park a car is if you wrap it around a tree. Ok, let’s take an etymological trip. We start in Normandy in the early Middle Ages, where they’ve adapted a Germanic word close to “park” to describe an enclosure holding game animals. The Normans invade England and establish deer parks. Eventually, English soldiers, after a day’s march, circle their wagons and put their horses in the middle, calling that a park. Over time, any military vehicle moved to a set position is said to be parked. Then the act of doing this for any vehicle comes to be known as parking. Are we there yet? We’re there.
86
Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 180. Why do we say that de-emphasizing something is soft pedaling it? When I was a young child, I heard this as “soft-petaling,” and assumed it had something to do with flowers. In adolescence, I finally got the words right but still had the source wrong. It never had anything to do with bicycles. Finally, I reached adulthood and realized it must refer to the gas pedal on my car. All wrong. When you soft-pedal something, you’re making an analogy to playing a piano. When that instrument first came into wide use what distinguished it from other keyboard instruments, the harpsichord, for example, was its wider dynamics. The pedals enabled the musician to soften a note. Similarly, you soft-pedal something when you soften its intent or affect. Of course, if you soft pedal too often you lose credibility, strike the wrong chord, and may have to change your tune. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 181. Why is it a 10-foot pole with which we will not touch something? First, let’s clear up a common misunderstanding. This ubiquitous measure of avoidance has nothing whatsoever to do with especially tall citizens of a prominent Eastern European country. Now, what’s this 10-foot fetish all about? Why not seven feet? That would keep you far enough away and bring good luck, to boot. Simple: In early 19th century America, farm produce was often taken to market on flat bottom boats. Most rivers weren’t that deep, and a 10-foot pole was ideal for pushing away from shore and propelling the craft by pushing the pole against the river bottom. The 10-foot pole was so common that it became an informal, figurative standard of measurement, like going the whole 9 yards and not giving an inch. (Knew a guy once who went only 7 yards, gave 2 inches and wouldn’t touch anything with a 5-foot pole. Ended up 6 feet under.) Source: Who Put Butter in Butterfly... and Other Fearless Investigations into Our Illogial Language by David Feldman
87
182. Why are animals the featured characters in so many children’s stories? There’s just something about four-legged furries that grabs kids, right? Or is it paid propaganda from zoological societies to create adult animal lovers? Are children’s book authors so flaky that they actually think that animals can talk? Perhaps these books are really written by animals looking for a fair shake. None of the above. It’s all about emotional distance. Kid’s stories often deal with scary themes, such as separation, violence and the consequences of misbehaving. Animals can be portrayed as just human enough, and childlike, where appropriate, to make them surrogates for people. But in the end kids know that they are not people. So, the stories may make them a little uncomfortable, but will usually not terrify them. All except the guy in the next cubicle from me. He never got over Bambi. He hangs deer pinups on his corkboard and quotes Thumper at sales meetings. Obnoxious! Source: Why Things Are & Why They Aren’t by Joel Achenbach 183. Why does hair turn gray? Because people continue to insist on having and raising children? Because the hair coloring companies are putting something in our drinking water? It’s a publicity stunt somehow involving Madonna and Michael Jackson? All of these are plausible, but there’s an easier explanation. You get older. Your body produces less melanin, the substance that gives hair its color. Without that color, your hair becomes transparent. Each hair is hollow, a shaft enclosing a column of air. Without the protective coloring, light can penetrate your hair and be refracted by that air column, producing the white/gray color we associate with aging. Should you color it? What will you do when you lose that hue? Source: Just Curious About Animals and Nature, Jeeves (Ask Jeeves) By Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 184. Why does the devil have horns? You think, maybe, he should just wear earmuffs instead? Actually, a more interesting problem might be what kind of a hat can you wear if you have horns? The devil has to accessorize, too, after all. But we’re stuck with the current query. To get to the point, Christian iconography of the Middle Ages, which is our source for pictorial characterizations of Satan, was influenced by Roman and Greek mythology. When
88
artists had to depict the devil, they took as their model the satyrs (Mick Jagger wasn’t available), attendants of Bacchus, the Greek god of wine. The satyrs were soused and besotted, horned and hooved hellions of sloth, who could find nothing better to do than chase nymphs all day. They were just no damned good and thus perfect models for the ultimate horny fellow. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 185. Why do we call something that achieves its end by trickery a gimmick? Step right up and see the hootchie cootchie girl, take a walk down the midway, eat some cotton candy and take a spin at a game of chance. We’re going to an old-fashioned carnival. Virtually everything at the carnival was hyped beyond reason. And in games of chance, you usually didn’t have a chance. Typical was the spinning wheel at which you could win a cheap prize -- a “gimcrack” in carney talk -- if it stopped at the right spot. That spot, in reality, was wherever the wheel’s operator wanted it to stop. He used a hidden device called a gimmick to control the wheel’s spin. Eventually gimmick entered the language to describe any bit of trickery to achieve a goal. What? You say you didn’t see the hootchie cootchie girl? Just a gimmick to get you to read on. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 186. Why do we say that something boring, familiar or tiring has left us jaded? Well, I could understand it if “jaded” was shorthand for being green with envy. I could accept it easily, as well, if a gem of a person left me with a jaded feeling. How about if it meant the same thing as getting stoned? I would buy that. But jaded meaning tired? That appears to be a horse of a different color. Well never mind the color, let’s just focus on the nag. Jade is another word for a broken down old horse -- a tired horse. The word entered English in the 14th century. Where did it come from? We just don’t know. Ok, so it’s not crystal clear. Maybe the idea of jaded as tired comes from the notion that we’ve been down this trail once too often. Whatever. Anyway, I hope it spurs you to further thought.
89
Source: Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 16e (Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable) edited by Adriam Room 187. Just how heavy can a human being get? Well, Albert Einstein probably could have lightened up a bit. He couldn’t have been the life of any party, talking all the time about the speed of light and the nature of the universe. Hey Al, this Bud’s for you. Oh, I beg your pardon, you meant how much, literally, could a person weigh? Well we don’t know absolutely for sure, but how does just under 1,400 pounds sound to you? HEAVY! John B. Minnoch, who lived in the state of Washington, tipped the scales -- probably crushed them into submission -- at that figure in 1978, mainly because of fluid retention. Now that’s not quite fair, since he was admitted to the hospital when his weight shot up to that amount. Usually he weighed in at 976 pounds. He must have been turned away from more than one buffet restaurant. Source: The Handy Science Answer Book by Science and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library 188. What happens if a person dies after marking their absentee ballot? Well, unless the person lived in Chicago, where cemeteries are considered precincts and the dead vote is all but reported in the pre-election polls, it’s probably the last absentee ballot he or she will ever cast. Ah, but how about this particular ballot? Does it count? First, did the person mail it? If not, it’s not good for anything more than lining the pussycat’s litter box. If anyone else mails it in -- except possibly in America’s Windy City -it still won’t count. (And never mind the jokes about election post-mortems.) But if the voter did mail it before his or her demise, it’s a genuine, acceptable ballot; it’s “v” for vote as well as “d” for dead. Of course, in the year 2000 presidential election, “absentee ballot” could have described the contention of some commentators that one couldn’t find a live candidate from either party ON the ballot. Source: Just Curious About History, Jeeves by Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 189. Why do footballs look so weird? American footballs look like something designed by someone tackled too often after one drink too many. They were a long time coming to this shape. The first balls anyone kicked in
90
a game were human skulls. “Heads up” they could have yelled in the 11th century, if they had field goals then. Skulls eventually gave way to cow bladders and then to round balls, as the modern game of soccer evolved. With the development of Rugby in the 19th century, in which carrying the ball was as important as kicking it, an elongated ball, more spheroid than sphere and easier to grasp, was favored. In American football, the importance of handling the ball in the run, and even more, throwing it as a forward pass, led to an even more elongated ball. And that’s how footballs came to be shaped like something a nearsighted elephant might mistake for a suppository. Source: Why Do Dogs Have Wet Noses? And Other Imponderables of Everyday Life by David Feldman 190. Why do we refer to something lascivious as lewd? It’s only a coincidence that this word rhymes with nude. It’s also just a coincidence that it rhymes with crude. And it’s still a coincidence that it rhymes with scr? oops, can’t print that. One more coincidence and I’m going to assume that someone is toying with us. First used in the 13th century, lewd derived from the Old English word laewede, which is how I probably spelled lewd on my last spelling test in grade school. It meant laic, as in layperson, one who was not of the clergy. At the time, members of the clergy were just about the only people who could read. Everyone else was illiterate. In other words, lasciviousness was linked to ignorance or lack of an education. What a relief! I’d hate to think that college men and women might have dirty thoughts, use dirty words or (gasp!) do dirty things. Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 191. Why do we call a problem with a torn cuticle a “hangnail?” Well, “torn cuticle” sounds disgusting, so we’re already ahead if we call it just about anything else. How about a notsocuticle? Seriously, a hangnail has nothing to do with capital punishment for nails. The cuticle is the hardened skin at the base of a nail and it’s that, not the nail itself, that’s torn. In Anglo-Saxon England, a corn on the toe was called an “agnail.” They derived that word from “ang,” meaning “ouch, it hurts,” and naegl, the head of a nail, because a corn looked like the head of that which you drive into wood. The toe and finger problems seemed similar, and the two kinds of “nails” at least sounded identical. Shift the anatomy, make a pun and add an “h” and you have the hangnail. Ouch, it hurts.
91
Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris 192. Why is there more static electricity in winter than in summer? This has nothing to do with the economic law of supply and demand. Who needs this stuff, cold weather or hot? All it produces is more bad hair days and dogs and cats who suddenly find your proclivity to pet them, well, shocking. To get static electricity, you need two objects with a substantial difference in electrical charge between them. That difference in charge occurs when it’s difficult for the charge from one to be conducted to the other. That happens when the air between them is characterized by low conductivity. Dry air, found in a heated room on a cold day, has that low conductivity. Until the difference in charge builds up enough, the two objects might as well be, shall we say, poles apart. But when the difference is sufficiently large to overcome the low conductivity, the result can make your hair stand on end. Source: Why Do Dogs Have Wet Noses? And Other Imponderables of Everyday Life by David Feldman 193. Why is the White House white? You would have to have slept longer than Rip Van Winkle to think that it’s because the White House is associated with purity. And if we were looking just at the past decade, perhaps scarlet red would have been a more appropriate shade. In fact, contrary to what many people think the place where the President hangs his hat wasn’t always white and was not originally called the White House. The original building, put up at the end of the 18th century, was called the Presidential Palace and was made of brownstone. And it might still be somber looking had not the British set fire to it during the War of 1812. Restoring the place involved, among other things, covering the burn marks. White paint was just fine for this purpose, leading people to refer to it thereafter as the White House, a designation that became official under Teddy Roosevelt. Source: Just Curious About History, Jeeves by Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett
92
194. Why do we say that a well-intentioned person has his or her heart in the right place? Having your heart in the right place has its roots in genuine anatomical ignorance. In Europe’s “Dark Ages,” among the uneducated, which meant most people, the classical world’s knowledge of anatomy was largely lost. Oh, they knew where one’s heart should be. But they also thought the organ could wander around, a notion promoted by the behavior of various body parts when influenced by strong emotion. For example, if you were under stress and you swallowed hard, “your heart was in your mouth.” Therefore a heart in the right place meant there was no unusual body activity betraying wayward thoughts or nervousness. You were together, and your intentions could be trusted. Boy, were they ignorant. I would never be so silly. My head is screwed on right. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 195. What’s so deadly about the Seven Deadly Sins? Expressions involving sin often pose problems. Take, for example, “the wages of sin.” Do you need to join a union to earn them? Are they indexed to the cost of living? Are they taxable? Do you get credit for them in your Social Security account? Then there are the Seven Deadly Sins. (Why seven? Who knows? A roll of the dice?) While not grouped together in the Bible, these no-nos -- if you use an organizer, put them on your Not To Do list -- have been unofficially associated with each other since about the 6th century. They are pride, envy, anger, sloth, covetousness, gluttony, and lust. They are not deadly themselves -- as in get angry, drop dead -- but are mortally dangerous because they lead to other sins, greasing the slippery slope to damnation. For example, take lust… Ok, forget that, take gluttony. If you eat too much chocolate ice cream… Say, maybe I’m not the best person to advise you on matters spiritual. Source: Encyclopedia Britannica 196. Why do monkeys in the zoo spend so much time cleaning each other? They do pick at each other plenty, don’t they? Well, I would imagine there’s not a lot do in a zoo. You can’t eat and have sex all the time, even if you’re a monkey. You took a bath this morning? That was then, this is now. Gotta kill time; take another one.
93
Out in the wild -- “it’s a jungle out there,” as Indiana Jones would say -- monkeys pick with a purpose. They are trying to prevent an infestation of body parasites. Lice ain’t nice, sagacious simians realize, so they clean each other off constantly for the good of all. But most zoos are kept clean these days and lice are not a problem. Yet still it’s pick, pick, pick. Why? Because monkeys sweat, sort of, a process that leaves a salt residue on their skin. Wouldn’t pretzels be easier?... Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 197. What’s so “fulsome” about fulsome praise? You can fulsome of the people some of the time ... whoops, wrong question. Ok, I’m back. This is a sneaky word. It sounds like a word we might easily use to praise. And it also sounds like it goes well with praise. And one might guess that it means that the praise is, is, is -- full of it? In a word, “yes.” It IS full of it; that is the correct answer. Not only is fulsome sneaky, it’s also deceitful. People get tricked by its sound into misusing it in a positive sense, but it doesn’t have any. Fulsome comes from the Middle English word fulsum, which meant full of fat. Think of it as padded praise. Fulsome praise is stuffed, overdone, insincere, out of proportion to what it’s praising. If someone heaps it on you, heap it back. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris 198. Why do we say of something we don’t believe, “tell it to the Marines?” A tough leatherneck librarian smiles sweetly while cataloging a new cock and bull story before adding it to the archives. “Gosh darn it,” the Marine swears, dropping his pencil. Taken literally, this expression makes the Marines a tall- tale repository. I don’t think so. An often-cited origin has the original phrase as “tell it to the horse marines.” Since marines are usually soldiers that embark from a ship, they’re not likely to be “horse” marines and by extension, the story that should be told to them also does not jibe with the facts. It’s also thought that marines, who used ships but only to get to where they were going, were held in contempt by sailors, who lived on the vessels fulltime. They considered marines to be green and gullible, ready to believe any fanciful story. To have some fun, they would tell one to the marines. Source: Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 16e (Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable) edited by Adriam Room
94
199. What’s that lion doing roaring at the beginning of MGM films? Well, it’s certainly more impressive than a hyena laughing or a house cat coughing up a hairball. Hey, maybe the lion is hungry or just looking for a little kitty-catting from his lady lion. Ok, I’ll tell you the truth. MGM inherited the big pussycat when it acquired Goldwyn Pictures (which became the “G” in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer). Howard Dietz, an advertising executive, who had attended Columbia University, had created the trademarked feline, named Leo, for producer Samuel Goldwyn. Columbia’s mascot was a lion and their football fight song was “Roar, Lion, Roar.” Leo was thus an Ivy League lion, a gentleman and a scholar, and always roared properly. As far as I know, Leo never joined the Screen Actors Guild, owned a house in Malibu or broke up with Julia Roberts. Source: Book of Answers: The New York Public Library Telephone Reference Service’s most Unusual and Enter by Barbara Berliner 200. Why did children’s book author Theodor Geisel change his name to Dr. Seuss? Well he couldn’t call himself Dr. Spock, for obvious reasons. Nobody would believe he was Dr. Louis Pasteur. Nurse Seuss didn’t quite do it. And Dr. Zeus sounded a bit presumptuous. Believe it or not, the widely beloved children’s book author needed a quick name change because of some illicit booze he was caught with doing Prohibition. He was at Dartmouth and editor of the school’s humor magazine when a room check turned up a bottle of gin in his quarters. The Grinch in charge of the place decreed that he be booted from the magazine as punishment for imbibing. Outwitting the authorities, the young man took his middle name, Seuss, as his last name and stayed on the publication. In later life he promoted himself to “Dr.,” a title that Dartmouth confirmed on him officially with an honorary doctorate in 1957. I hope they returned his gin. Source: Just Curious About Animals and Nature, Jeeves (Ask Jeeves) By Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 201. Why is the pipe under your kitchen sink S-shaped? Didn’t know I had been looking under your kitchen sink, did you? I’ve also been going through your dresser draws and… Well, I won’t embarrass you.
95
While we commonly refer to that curve in the pipe as “S,’ the proper name for it is a “P” trap. You insist it looks like an “S,” not a “P?” Complain to City Hall. Anyway, this bend in the pipe, or P trap, is there to create a water seal. It insures that only water, not air fills the pipe below that point. The reason for the water seal is so that you don’t get a whiff of what’s further down the pipe -- get my drift? Somewhere at the end of all such pipes is a sewer, the odors from which would not boost your appetite one iota. Source: Why Do Dogs Have Wet Noses? And Other Imponderables of Everyday Life By David Feldman 202. Why do we say we’re “out of touch” with someone, even if they’re nowhere near enough to touch? Is English your native tongue? Be grateful. It’s logically contradictory phrases such as this that make English as a second language a first-rate pain in the derriere. The phrase “out of touch” originates with the military, a not exactly touchy-feely institution. Armies in the eighteenth century marched in increasingly tighter formations. I’m not saying it was a great idea -- the famed British Redcoats did it fighting the colonists in the American Revolution and look what it got them. But they did it. In order to stay in formation, soldiers made sure that they could touch the man nearest to them by swinging their elbows. If you couldn’t make contact, you were “out of touch.” Now call your aunt Mabel, who hasn’t heard from you in ages, before she brings up the heavy artillery. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 203. Who invented the refrigerator, and when did it first become available to consumers? You didn’t think it was the rap singer, Ice Cube, did you? It wasn’t Phoebe Snow, either. In fact, this marvelous invention, which believe it or not predates the six-pack of brewskies, began its life in Scotland. Scottish scientist William Cullen, in 1748, discovered that the liquid ethyl ether, allowed to evaporate in a partial vacuum, cooled its surroundings. Americans in the early 19th century substituted the rapid expansion of a gas for the evaporation of a liquid as the coolant. With the widespread availability of electricity at the beginning of the 20th century, the time was ripe for the debut of the household appliance that we know. It arrived in 1913.
96
Now grab me a cool one, will you, Bud? Source: The Browser’s Books of Beginnings: Origins of Everything Under and Including, the Sun by Charles Panati 204. When did terrorism first become a political weapon? The word terrorism dates from the French Revolution, when Robespierre used the guillotine in a calculated attempt -- called “The Terror” -- to demoralize his enemies, rendering them helpless. Anarchists in Russia in the 1880s tried to change the political world by assassinating political leaders. They, too, were called terrorists. But over the past 75 years terrorism has become more than political violence used outside of a formal military context. It is also killing or kidnapping innocent civilians to intimidate secure demands or make a point. Modern terrorists play to the media and leverage technology to make it possible for a few to hold sway over the many. Examples are as widely varied as the Ku Klux Klan, the Irish Republican Army, the police and rogue military units in some countries, the contending forces in the Middle East and the 19 men who took 6,000 lives on September 11. Source: Encyclopedia Britannica 205. Did Julius Caesar ever eat Caesar’s Salad? Not even at a toga party. We might as well ask if he ever ate Waldorf salad, Baked Alaska or Southern Fried Chicken. In the days of the Romaine, uh, Roman Empire, this dish was unknown. And contrary to what many people think, Caesar’s Salad was not invented in Prince Mike Romanoff’s Hollywood restaurant, either. But Romanoff, who by the way was also not a prince, is credited with popularizing it and adding the anchovies Caesar’s Salad was first tossed in Tijuana, where tourists wearing Roman sandals have passed through in legions, but never in Roman chariots, other than Alfa Romeos. Its creator was Caesar Gardini, the other Caesar, who put it together at his restaurant, Caesar’s Place, from romaine lettuce, egg and dressing. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris 206. Who invented the toothbrush? Surely a better person than he or she who invented the dentist. Those folks really give me a pain.
97
Now don’t bristle, but that “who” will have to be collective. The toothbrush is an anonymous, evolving cultural artifact, not an invention. We begin with a twig, frayed at one end, which was a kind of ancient brush used at least as far back as the Egypt of the Pharaohs. They are still used in some rural areas of the United States. The modern toothbrush originated in China about the time that Columbus discovered America. They used bristles taken from the back of a hog’s neck and attached them to bamboo or bone to brush their teeth. (I guess you could say it was a kind of piggyback contraption.) Europeans adopted the device, but used horsehair for bristles. Nylon toothbrushes, considerably more sanitary, finally appeared, in the U.S. in 1938. Source: Extraordinary Origins of Everyday Things by Charles Panati 207. Why do we call a man whose wife has committed adultery a “cuckold?” When I was a kid, this whole thing fascinated me. The word adultery was intriguing because clearly, whatever it really was, you had to be an adult to do it -- like smoking, for example. And the word “cuckold” was but one letter away from being an out-and-out obscenity and thus inherently interesting. Well it turns out that aside from being interesting; it’s also more than a bit cuckoo. In fact, that’s where cuckold comes from: the cuckoo bird. The cuckoo lays its eggs where they don’t belong, in other birds’ nests. What about the little birdies already there? They don’t become bothers and sisters with the newcomers. The filial phonies who have feathered the nest displace the original occupants. So a cuckold, the victim of adultery, has really been cuckooed. The word evolved from the Old French, cucualt. Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 208. What’s the difference between a weasel and an ermine? You mean in current dollars and cents, or in status? Imagine showing up for that big deal society wedding in weasel! Or picture a playboy giving his playgirl a weasel stole for her birthday. Boy would the fur fly. Of course, nobody ever thinks of posing this question to a weasel and an ermine. And that’s a good thing, too, because an ermine is nothing more than a weasel in winter. Not all weasels, but those populating northern habitats are a mousy brown in summer. But in winter, ah, they turn a very lush white, except for the black tip of their tail. Their pelts are relatively rare and beginning with the Middle Ages in England, ermine was a sign of royalty.
98
The short-tailed weasel, from which royal robes were made, was eventually named the Bonaparte weasel, perhaps because they were worn while the wearer dined on Beef Wellington. Source: Encyclopedia Britannica 209. How does one become a saint? If you have to ask, it’s probably already too late for you. Nevertheless, the process of canonization is a basic part of one of the world’s great religions -- we’ll stick to Roman Catholicism here -- and everyone ought to know something about it. Sainthood was a local affair, strictly regulated by bishops, until a thousand years ago, when the Pope began to formalize the process and concentrate the power to create new saints in Rome. Eventually the Church settled on a two-step process. Beatification is the preliminary phase, involving limited veneration. To reach that point a candidate is proposed and then investigated, with a “postulator” assigned to making the case for sainthood and a “devil’s advocate” looking for any negative factors. Once beatified, there must be proof of two miracles associated with the candidate. The Pope makes the final decision. Still want to try for it? Be good, be very good. Source: Encyclopedia Britannica 210. What’s so “liberal” about the liberal arts? No, this doesn’t represent the Democratic Party’s program to promote culture in America. “Liberal” in this context means free as opposed to the servile, or practical arts. The latter are “servile” because they deal with necessity, work and the everyday, rather than the finer things. The concept of the seven liberal arts – maybe they rolled the dice to see how many there would be – goes back to ancient times. By the Middle Ages, they had become codified: arithmetic, astronomy, geometry, grammar, logic, music and rhetoric.(Who said “Driver’s Ed.?”) Although the early Church Fathers held them suspect because they could lead people to secular pursuits, they eventually became part of the curriculum in church schools. Their function was to develop a whole person, more “human” than just someone who works like a beast of burden. The liberal arts – they make weekends! Source: Do Penguins Have Knees? By David Feldman
99
211. When did they start making people who were getting married take blood tests? Getting married can be a draining experience. There’s the ring, the caterer, the guest list... and other tasks in that vein. You may even have to bleed for your nuptials. Why? First, you should know that if you would rather not bleed for the sake of the government – paying taxes is bleeding enough – you can move to another state. The tests are no longer required everywhere. They originated in the 1930s as an effort to discover cases of venereal disease, then widespread but curable, before infected marital partners could pass it on to their spouse and perhaps a child. Connecticut drew first blood, in 1935, and eventually many, although not all, states required the tests. Now that the VD crisis has receded, how about a screening to see if either prospective spouse squeezes the toothpaste from the top, followed by preventive counseling for those who test positive? Source: Triumph of the Straight Dope by Ed Zotti and Cecil Adams 212. Is there any connection between “dopes” (stupid people) and “dope” (drugs)? I guess this comes under the heading of dumbing down the language. Yes, there is a connection, but it does not originate in English. So let us head for the land of windmills and tulips – and the wide-open city of Amsterdam, where they used to say you could buy anything – to get the dope on it. The Dutch word “doop” meant a thick sauce. In underworld slang, it was also applied to the substance of similar consistency that resulted from heating opium. By extension, doop also came to mean narcotics in general and specifically the kind used to drug thoroughbreds to fix a race. Extended even further, doop was used to describe the dope that would bet on such a race. Are you following this? It leaves me feeling a little doopy. Let’s cut it short: then it got Anglicized. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris 213. Why is that stuff people smoke called “tobacco?” See that guy in the corner smoking that sweet-smelling stuff?
100
The guy with the silly grin. The one muttering, “oh, wow, far out!” That stuff is not called tobacco. We’re talking about the substance that American Indians originally inhaled through the nose. Yes, they whiffed it up the old proboscis. There are two theories how the word was engendered, and the first is directly connected to this Indian habit. The two-stemmed pipe they used was called the tubac, from which we get . . . you got it. The other theory is that in the Caribbean, the rolled up leaves, smoked cigar-wise, was called a tabac. My theory is that some etiquette book of the time cautioned that if you were at a party and wanted to light up, you should step out in tabac to do it. Source: Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology edited by C. T. Onions 214. Do cats always land on their feet if they fall from a high place? If they can bring it off, they would rather land on you. It’s a heck of a wake-up call if you’re not paying attention to them. Barring that, cats do seem to land paws down most of the time and can survive falls from considerable heights. One study, published in a respectable veterinary publication about 15 years ago, showed that 90 percent of cats that fell out of apartment house windows an average of 5.5 stories up survived, although not unscathed. Tabby accomplishes this by righting herself during the fall and spreading out to turn into her own parachute. Yes, this sample excludes cats killed on contact. So, the percentage may be a tad high. And if truth be told, we have heard from more than one cat hater that felines survive such falls on just pure spite. Source: Triumph of the Straight Dope by Ed Zotti and Cecil Adams 215. Why does yeast make dough rise? Not so long ago, it was a good bet that the stock market would make your dough rise. But the air has gone out of that bubble. Speaking of bubbles, would you like to make some real bread? Without yeast, you will end up with matzo, the “unleavened” bread of the Jewish holiday of Passover. Yeast consists of one-celled plants that constantly split to form other plants. During this process they make two enzymes that, when mixed into flour and water, cause the resulting dough to ferment, or leaven. During fermentation, the starch in the dough is changed into sugar and then alcohol and carbon dioxide. The latter, a gas, forms bubbles throughout the dough, puffing it up. The alcohol and yeast disappear during baking, leaving you with bread.
101
Next time your stockbroker advises putting your dough to work in the market, tell him you would rather let it loaf. Source: How a Fly Walks Upside Down... and other curious facts by Martin M. Goldwyn 216. Why do we say that a crazy person is “loco?” First, let’s clear up some confusion. This is not related to the old railroad slang word, which was simply short for locomotive. If you think they’re the same, you don’t know one end from another. Crazy railroad people aren’t loco, they have a loose caboose. But I digress. The word “loco” comes from a weed found in the Southwest. No, not THAT weed – and stop grinning. This plant, a narcotic, is actually called the locoweed and it drove cattle nuts when they ate it. It became a synonym for craziness in the West in the 1840s and came into widespread use about four decades later. Did you ever see a bull run amok? Crazy, man. Source: I Hear America Talking: An Illustrated History of American Words and Phrases (A Touchstone book) By Stuart Berg Flexner 217. Where do mosquitoes hang out and what do they do when they’re not biting you? They’re on my arm, biting me. Sorry, just indulging in a little self-pity. Who knows where the bloody things hang out? Maybe at the Type O Bar, where old proofreaders also go to drink. Ok, I did the research. Typically, mosquitoes put the bite on you at night or, if they’re crepuscular (sounds like someone who doesn’t blow his nose, doesn’t it?), at twilight. They hate sunlight, but you probably already guessed that. During the day, they’re likely to be in the grass, on a tree, under a bridge or in a house on a wall away from light. And what are they doing when not drinking your blood or mating? Not much of anything. Well are they just hanging out or asleep? We’re not sure. If you have an itch to know, put your ear next to one and tell me if it’s snoring. Source: Do Penguins Have Knees? By David Feldman
102
218. How do seedless grapes reproduce? I can’t exactly draw you a picture, if you get my drift. But if you’ll usher any minors in the house out of the room in which you keep your computer, I’ll do my best to inform, with discretion. And I promise there will be no childish jokes about how before there were seedless grapes, it was the pits. Actually, I was overreacting because seedless grapes reproduce without sex. (Borrring!) Did someone ever give you a cutting from a plant so that you could start your own? The process involved is regeneration, in which you can grow the whole plant by transplanting only a part of it. The original seedless grapes were mutations that were perpetuated via cuttings. It’s still done that way. But now that the kids are gone, have you heard the one about... Source: Why Things Are & Why They Aren’t by Joel Achenbach 219. Is there any difference between a lawyer and an attorney? Sure, one sends you an invoice, while the other bills you; one talks a lot, but the other’s trademark is lots of talk. Six of one and half a dozen of the other – and the meter is always running. We tend to use the words interchangeably, but technically, there is a difference. Did you or anyone you know ever have the power of attorney for someone, without being a lawyer? An attorney is anyone – not necessarily a lawyer -- who represents someone else. Such a person is known as an attorney in fact. An attorney at law is what we commonly know as a lawyer, one who has studied the law and has passed a bar examination in order to obtain a license to practice before the courts. Say, if lay people are attorneys in fact, what do lawyers use instead of facts? Hmmm. Source: Law Dictionary (Barron’s Legal Guides) By Steven H. Gifis 220. Why might we describe a burden as an albatross around the neck? Disturbed by body piercing? What if a young person expressed him or herself by wearing a dead bird as a necklace? Could be the next thing -- complemented by live spider bracelets.
103
In the expression, the bird is more noose than necklace. It comes from “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,” the poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Sailors considered the albatross a lucky omen, probably a sign that they were approaching land. In the poem, when a sailor kills an albatross, his shipmates punish him by making him wear it around his neck. Bad decision. Nothing but ill fortune befalls the ship and eventually all die except the guy wearing the bird. He prays for deliverance and is saved, but has to tell his story for the rest of his life. I’d call that a birden... uh, a burden. Moral: if somebody gives you the bird, politely decline it. Source: Just Curious About Animals and Nature, Jeeves (Ask Jeeves) By Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 221. What’s the difference between softwood and hardwood, as in a “hardwood floor?” Is softwood what they use to make discount furniture – where you get a full living room’s worth for $5 down and $10 a week and it turns to sawdust the day after you make the last payment? And hardwoods are the kind in which you can get easily lost? Of course not. But the real difference is tricky because, common sense notwithstanding, it does not relate to their relative densities: one is not “harder” than the other. The distinction is based on whether or not the seeds from which new trees grow are covered. Hardwood seeds have a covering, such as a husk. An example would be the walnut tree. Softwood seeds are uncovered and the trees that bear them are, like the pine, evergreens. That just shows you: Every time etymology starts to seem logical, you get words that go against the grain. Source: Do Penguins Have Knees? By David Feldman 222. What’s the doctor looking for when she taps your knee with a rubber hammer? Not a “thank you,” I hope. There are other things I would rather have people do to me -scratch my back, for example. Ok, the doctor wants a knee-jerk reaction. You knew that was coming, right? That reaction tells her a lot more than whether or not you’re alive or, if she taps hard enough, your threshold of pain. Believe it or not, there are a number of diseases and conditions for which your response to this seemingly hostile behavior is an indicator. For example, if your knee
104
jerks too much it suggests that further tests are indicated for a possible brain tumor, tetanus, or several other charming possibilities. If your knee is too blasé, it could be that you have -- are you ready? -- Botulism. At least this test hasn’t gone high-tech. Next thing you know they’ll be administering an MRI to test your gut instincts. Source: Triumph of the Straight Dope by Ed Zotti and Cecil Adams 223. Why do we call someone who provocatively criticizes, a “gadfly?” Well, they can criticize indoors or out, so they can’t be houseflies. Except for Mr. Ed., horses don’t speak, so they can’t be horseflies. But, by gad, there’s nothing to stop us from calling this person a. . . The Old English word, gadde, meant to sting or goad. The flies that hung around livestock, annoying and biting them, were called gadflies. Eventually the word stuck to individuals whose constant criticism, well meant though it might be, was equally appreciated. Do you suppose this implies that the objects of a gadfly’s criticism should be considered cattle? That’s a moot point. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris 224. Who invented the microwave oven? Someone who didn’t have the patience to wait three minutes while water boiled on the stovetop? Someone who loved gray hamburgers? Actually, none of the above. In 1946 Dr. Percy Spencer, an engineer with the Raytheon Corporation, was working with a magnetron tube, the emitter of microwave energy invented six years earlier in Britain by Sir John Randall and Dr. A. H. Boot. Spencer got too close to the tube and a chocolate bar in his pocket melted. This chocolate-loving -- and therefore, right-thinking -- engineer drew the proper conclusion: microwaves could cook food. Raytheon used his discovery to produce a “Radar Range” for restaurants, which by 1952 became available as a home microwave oven. Consumers were finally able to melt chocolate in their own pockets. Source: Extraordinary Origins of Everyday Things by Charles Panati
105
225. Which is more potent, a mixed drink or drinking liquor straight? There’s something really neat-looking about a sassy little shot glass filled with liquid dynamite. It’s a mighty powerful thing in a small but potent package. Here’s lookin’ at you! Bottoms up! Bombs away! Well relax your longshoreman’s grip on that thumbful of instant oblivion long enough to hear this. Those effete, goat-cheese chomping mixed drink aficionados are going to disappear a little further into alcoholic lal-la land than you will. Drink for drink, mixed drinks can get you closer, quicker to the big drunk than imbibing straight up – unless, of course, you’re a chain drinker and are chugalugging those shots. The sugar in the mixer speeds absorption of alcohol. Simultaneously, that sugar, combined with the alcohol, interacts with the pancreas to make one’s blood sugar level drop. The result: the room spins, your inhibitions disappear, you’re flying! Whoops. Didn’t you see the coffee table in front of you? Source: Facts at Your Fingertips by Reader’s Digest 226. What kind of a spider is a “daddy longlegs?” With a name like that, it’s obviously a cute one, not ugly and disgusting like other spiders. Had it been this creature who sat down besides Little Miss Muffet, she would have let him buy her a drink and then who knows where it might have led. In truth, the daddy longlegs is no kind of spider. Like spiders, it’s an arachnid, an eightlegged invertebrate. But scorpions and ticks also come under this heading without being spiders, creepy though they may be. The big difference between the daddy longlegs and the spider is the latter’s segmented body. I guess you could say that the daddy longlegs is a more together kind of creature. Unlike spiders, daddy longlegs do not spin webs. However, their exceptionally long legs do enable them to double park over other insects. Source: The Handy Science Answer Book by Science and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library 227. Why do birds sing? Why is the sky blue? Why does the sun rise? Why do fools fall in love? We’re really getting down to bedrock with this question, which is only two degrees of separation from, “What is life?”
106
Have you noticed that there are few sopranos among the birdies? Singing is generally a guy thing in the feathered set. One reason for it is to stake out territory, which is lot neater than how many other animals accomplish the same thing – peeing all over the place instead of putting up a fence. And, hey, you can’t nest alone. Mr. Bird breaks into song when he’s on the make. Birds who sing the most usually have marked out territory rich in food. That’s what the female birds are looking for: a guy with the goods. They don’t care if he can’t carry a tune, as long as he can put worms on the table. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 228. Why do we say that someone who has revealed secret information has “spilled the beans?” This expression would be obvious if it referred to giving away the location of a great little Mexican restaurant, ruining it with overcrowding. But that’s not it, and I have to admit that before I looked it up, it was Greek to me. In fact, the ancient Greeks were some of history’s first bean counters, especially when it came to selecting members for their many secret societies. They voted on new candidates by putting a bean in a jar. A white bean meant “yes,” and a black one meant you were, well, black-balling (black-beaning?) the unlucky aspirant. Occasionally, some klutz reached over to drop his bean but managed to knock over the jar instead, spilling the beans and exposing how the secret vote was going. But how did the expression get into English? We don’t know: that’s still Greek to us. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 229. Why are people in conflict said to be at “loggerheads”? Do not confuse these people with the thick-muscled, ax- wielding men of the North Woods who get paid to yell “timber” all day. Nor should we mistake the disputants for ventriloquist’s dummies – well, that depends on the disputants. Loggerheads were weapons on medieval ships. They were sticks with iron at the end that was heated and then dipped in tar. The stick became a hand-held catapult with which one launched the molten tar at an enemy ship at close quarters. If you ran out of tar, you still had a long stick with a weighted end.
107
When applied to an enemy’s head with sufficient force, you were at loggerheads with a vengeance. We had a variant in college. After enough beer, a few of the guys in the frat house would start butting skulls. We used to say they were at lagerheads. Source: Who Put Butter in Butterfly... and Other Fearless Investigations into Our Illogial Language by David Feldman 230. What’s the difference between a homeopath and an osteopath? College students with a yen to heal the sick used to come to a fork in the road when choosing a career path. They could choose traditional medicine or alternative medicine, such as homeopathy and osteopathic medicine. But if they choose the latter path they got forked: insurance companies wouldn’t pay for it. Things are changing. Now you can often co-payment your way to a homeopath, who seeks to cure by inducing in patients via some natural substance the same symptoms – on a much smaller scale – that brought them to the doctor in the first place. The theory is that “like cures like.” HMOs also pay for osteopaths, who base their cures, at least in part, on the manipulation of the musculoskeleton system. Personally, I prefer to see a primrose-path. He’s the doc that knows that prescribing two weeks in Cancun or Aruba will cure most anything. Source: The Handy Science Answer Book by Science and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library 231. Why do we have wisdom teeth? Because the American Dental Association lobbied for them, I concluded after reviewing the bill from my latest brush with dentistry. There are so many dentists with the skills of a coal miner and the heart of an accountant, and so few wisdom teeth. Before microwaves and frozen dinners, people had to really chomp their uncooked food with what are also called “third molars.” But today wisdom teeth are vestigial. You don’t need them for a guacamole burger. And they get infected and have to come out. Which is where your dentist and credit card come in. They’re called wisdom teeth because they’re the last teeth you get. You’re older and smarter than you were when you got your first teeth. So why not call gray hair, wisdom hair; middle
108
age paunch, wisdom fat; and the forgetfulness that begins in your 40s, wisdom whiteout? Chew on that for a while. Source: Why Things Are & Why They Aren’t by Joel Achenbach 232. How did we come up with “$” as a dollar sign? First notice that computer programmers, looking to save bits and bytes, represent the dollar sign by an “S” over one, rather than the standard two vertical lines: $ (Saves money, too: if a quarter is two bits, that would make the eight-bit byte worth a dollar.) Now, where it came from: Thomas Jefferson, who stole it from Spain. After the American Revolution, the new nation wanted to free itself from British influence and was not about to adopt the pound and its sign as its currency. Instead, the United States, at the behest of Jefferson, turned to the Spanish dollar. On the back of that large coin was the Two Pillars of Hercules at Gibraltar. An “S” was imposed on them simply to show they were plural. “I’ll buy that,” said the US Congress. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 233. Why do say that a politician talking a bill to death is ‘filibustering?’ Filibustering’s etymology is rooted in the nature of politicians: it has to do with piracy. Pirates were also called freebooters, from the Dutch “vrij,” or free, and “buit,” or boot. “Filibuster” derived from that word, came into English via French (filibustier) and then Spanish (filibustero). In the 19th century, Americans applied the word to the extralegal behavior of their countrymen who incited revolutions in Latin America. This filibustering by private citizens independent of the U. S. government was accomplished by stirring up trouble through incendiary speeches. Since Congress does many things backwards, it shouldn’t surprise us that the word came to mean almost the opposite in legislative terms. It described the process of preventing action on a bill – pouring cold water on it -- through endless talk that couldn’t be stopped as long as the talker kept talking. It was legislative death by lethal interjection. Source: Who Put Butter in Butterfly... and Other Fearless Investigations into Our Illogial Language by David Feldman 234. Is the real roadrunner anything like the creature in the cartoon? The roadrunner’s real-life behavior is every bit as eccentric as its animated counterpart in reel life. No wonder that the roadrunner also goes by the name of the “ground cuckoo.”
109
The roadrunner builds its nest in a cactus and will dine on a snake by first banging it against a rock and then wolfing it down whole. The two foot-long roadrunner, half of which is tail, actually plays chicken on the roads of its southwestern habitat, running ahead of speeding cars and then veering off at the last minute. It flies when it has to, but much prefers to run at up to 15 miles an hour, usually without Nikes. But don’t expect to hear it go “meep, meep,” as the celluloid version does. More appropriate for a member of the cuckoo family, it goes, “coo, coo.” Source: The World Book Encyclopedia by World Book Inc. 235. Why do soldiers wear their hair so short? It’s bad enough to get shot at without having a bad hair day on top of everything else. But mostly soldiers wear their hair short because they’re ordered to. Ok, there’s a historic reason. Look at pictures of U. S. soldiers in the Civil War. They look like hippies. Now look at our men in uniform after the Spanish-American War at the beginning of the 20th century. Crew cuts! What happened? Fighting in the tropics, that’s what. It went beyond comfort. Dare I be blunt? Cooties. It’s easier to avoid such distractions with short hair, which facilitates keeping the scalp clean. It also turned out to be easier to treat scalp wounds without long hair to complicate matters. Why not, then, specify complete baldness? Bald soldiers could send signals by reflecting sunlight off their skulls. They would certainly be using their heads. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 236. How come your heart muscle doesn’t get charley-horsed from all that exertion? If you’re pumping iron, your heart is pumping blood, big time. Even walking fast stresses the old ticker. Likewise a little romantic activity. So why don’t you wake up the next morning with aches and pains where it would really scare you? For one thing, your heart muscle is not like your other muscles. The part that turns food into energy is a greater percentage of cardiac muscle than of the rest of your muscles. Your
110
heart also contracts more slowly than other muscles, with a smoother, less taxing motion. Each of these factors decreases the amount of stress on heart muscle, lessening fatigue. Nevertheless, our hearts ache, break, burn, get stolen, are given away, end up in our mouths and often skip a beat. But just try to get your HMO to approve a referral to a specialist for any of these conditions. Source: Why Things Are & Why They Aren’t by Joel Achenbach 237. Why do we say that you’re encroaching when you trespass on someone’s space? “Posted: No hunting or fishing.” On privately owned country property, this is a common sign. Likewise, we all have our own private space, with psychic as well as physical boundaries. We warn off encroachers, if not with a sign then with body language, or a look. Why “encroachers?” Because they want to get their hooks in us. What? Croc or croche was French for “hook.” Beginning that word with “en” gave it the meaning of taking or hooking something not belonging to you. Over time the meaning shaded to that of trespassing. The same root gives us crochet, meaning a small hook. But if anyone tells you that the word “hooker” also comes from this root, tell ‘em that’s a big croc. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris 238. What English word do most people probably use more often than any other, aside from “the,” “I,” etc.? No, not THAT word. We’re in the parlor, not out on the street. I mean nice, refined, genteel English-speaking people. You can’t guess? Helllllo! That’s it – unless you’re one of those people who picks up the phone and says “yeah,” or greets others merely with a nod. Hello is ubiquitous. It started in Chaucer’s time as “hallow,” also a word for saint so perhaps it had some religious connotation, as in “bless you.” It eventually evolved into “hallo.” Nineteenth century Americans were saying “hullo” until it all fell into place as “hello” about the time that the telephone came into use. But when the first telephone exchange was set up in 1878 in New Haven, Connecticut, people actually answered the phone with, “ahoy.” While that happens to be the eccentric way that Alexander Graham Bell greeted people, I think the new invention simply left those folks feeling at sea. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris
111
239. Have any married couples been launched into space? On the 1950s TV show, “The Honeymooners,” bus driver Ralph Kramden often promised his wife, “Alice, you’re gonna go to the moon!” Neal Armstrong beat her to it. In 1992, a real married couple did go into space -- together. Astronauts Jan Davis and Mark Lee were preparing for an 8-day mission aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavor. During their training they secretly married and by the time they revealed it the flight was drawing near. They were permitted to go but NASA scheduled them on opposite 12-hour shifts. Since astronauts are above it all, so to speak, it’s hard to say who worked days and who, nights. By the way, if you and your sweetie are thinking you, too, would like to really get away from it all, fuhgedaboutit. NASA now nixes space spouses. Source: The Handy Science Answer Book by Science and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library 240. Do turkeys really drown by looking up when it rains? A species synonymous with stupidity, that communicate by going “gobble, gobble,” certainly has a problem with public perception. Typical is the barnyard canard that when it rains, turkeys look upward, open their mouths to gape and drown. What do you think they are, a, uh, bunch of turkeys? They don’t do it. The probable source for this legend is the few young turkeys that sometimes do die in a heavy downpour. They’re covered with down but are not yet protected by the adult turkey’s protective outer feathers. Their down gets wet, becomes ineffective and they die from the cold. Criticizing this bird is like engaging in a, uh, turkey shoot. For instance, the birds today are bred to have plump breasts, which have been likened to footballs. It keeps them from “mounting,” and they can’t reproduce. See, first we call them stupid, now we complain that they can’t score. Source: Just Curious About Animals and Nature, Jeeves (Ask Jeeves) By Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett, and The New York Times – National Ed
112
About This Document “Tricky Trivia” provides you answers to some fun and interesting questions in your life and environment. These were collected from various sources. More and more such facts will be included in the future versions of this document. The next version with more facts will be released in the near future. This document is free-of-charge. I release this document in portable document format (.pdf) only.
Download the Latest Version I invite you to download the future versions also from my web site. Moreover, I appreciate your comments regarding this e-book. Please let me know any errors or omissions of the publication as well as your proposals to upgrade the quality of this publication. Please use my email address to contact me. http://www.ebooks-ms.9f.com/ [email protected]
Distribution I encourage you to freely distribute this document as it is, among your friends, colleagues, family members, customers or any other person who you think interested in or relevant to, in any form as you wish. If anybody who wants to republish this e-book in any from and need us to make changes to this version, please contact us by means of above mentioned email address.
Legal Notice and Terms of Agreement “Tricky Trivia” provides you answers to some fun and interesting questions in your life and environment. These were collected from various sources. While attempts have been made to verify information in this publication, neither the author nor the publisher assumes any responsibility for errors, omissions, interpretation or usage of the subject matter herein. The contents in this publication are intended for informational purposes only. The author and publisher shall in no event be held liable for any loss or other damages incurred from the usage of this publication. The author and publisher reserve the right to terminate this publication at anytime, without warning, and are not responsible for any results forthcoming from said termination. Furthermore the author and publisher extend no warranty of results either expressed or implied from the usage of this information. Results vary by user. By using the “Tricky Trivia” you agree to this legal notice and terms of agreement. Mart Schnd. Wednesday, February 23, 2005
2
Table of Contents 001.
Why do we say that the police “frisk” a suspect?
13
002.
Why do we call what a spider produces a cobweb?
13
003.
Why don’t figure skaters get nauseous when spinning?
13
004.
How do alcohol breath tests work?
14
005.
Why do we say that provoking someone is “getting a rise” out of them?
006.
14
Exactly who was Nostradamus and is there anything to his predictions?
14
007.
Why do we call a drunk a lush?
15
008.
Why do matadors wave a red cape at the bull?
15
009.
What is a pixel and what can it do for you?
16
010.
Why do we say that someone who is sincere and trustworthy is on the level?
16
011.
In the expression “kith and kin,” what’s a kith?
16
012.
What are “The 12 Days of Christmas,” and what about that song?
17
013.
How do they stage movie animal fights?
17
014.
Was there really a King Canute who tried to hold back the tides?
18
015.
When did anesthetics begin to be used in surgery?
18
016.
Is there any kind of “lucre” besides “filthy lucre?”
18
017.
Just how drastically can the weather change in half a day?
19
018.
Who invented the modern lottery?
19
019.
Just what kind of a cat was the Cheshire cat in Alice in Wonderland?
020.
20
Have brothers ever opposed each other for the nomination for President of the United States?
20
021.
What’s the difference between pathos and bathos?
20
022.
Was Bill Clinton the only U. S. president to be involved in a sex scandal while in office?
21
023.
Why do we call extortion “blackmail?”
21
024.
Who was the original Grateful Dead?
22
025.
Why do we have earlobes?
22
026.
Just what is a krill?
22
027.
Exactly what do we mean by “the exception that proves the rule”?
23
3
028.
Why do they put that ring of salt around the top of a Margarita?
23
029.
When things go awry, why will there “be the devil to pay?”
24
030.
Who invented Groundhog Day, and when?
24
031.
What does your dentist do when he or she does a root canal?
24
032.
Why are social outcasts sometimes called pariahs?
25
033.
Why do we sometimes call chopped meat Salisbury Steak?
25
034.
What is there about light beer that makes it “light?”
26
035.
If yellow is the easiest color to see, why are stop signs red?
26
036.
Why do we say that a team that loses big got a real “drubbing”?
037.
Have any presidents kept unusual pets while residing in the White House?
038.
26
27
How did “beating around the bush” get to mean evasiveness?
27
039.
How did the bulldog get its name?
28
040.
How can we tell what a dinosaur looked like from a few bones?
041.
Why do we pull the wool over someone’s eyes when we fool them?
042.
28
28
Why are auctioneers sometimes hard to understand at live auctions?
29
043.
Why would we say that someone is “happy as a clam?”
29
044.
Why does anxiety make our palms sweat?
30
045.
Why do we describe money obtained corruptly, such as from bribes, as graft?
046.
How does one shoe size differ from the next bigger or smaller size?
047.
30
Do any species other than human beings go through a period of adolescence?
048.
30
31
Why do we say that the person receiving the largest share of something has gotten the lion’s share?
31
049.
Why do sailors wear bell-bottomed trousers?
32
050.
Is there really such a thing as being tone deaf?
32
051.
How does a thermos bottle work?
33
052.
Why do they call that thing we hang onto while walking on stairs a banister?
33
4
053.
Why are natives of Indiana called Hoosiers?
33
054.
Why do we call advertising and political hype, ballyhoo?
34
055.
Is carob better for you than chocolate, for which it’s often substituted?
34
056.
Why are there no seat belts in buses?
35
057.
How could a starfish possibly eat a clam?
35
058.
Why do we say that something open to discussion is a “moot” point?
36
059.
Why do we call unrealistic ideas pipe dreams?
36
060.
Why does it mean “yes” when we nod our head up and down, and “no” if we shake it from side to side?
061.
Why is a leading indicator of a trend called a bellwether, as in a bellwether stock?
062.
36
37
Did barbershop quartets ever have anything to do with barbershops?
37
063.
When did rap music begin?
38
064.
What do those weird movie credits, “gaffer” and “best boy” mean?
38
065.
What’s a papal bull?
39
066.
Why don’t cats like to get wet?
39
067.
Why are those strange subatomic particles called quarks?
39
068.
Why do we call trying to persuade someone with a pile of blarney a snow job?
40
069.
Are there any Christians who do not celebrate Christmas?
40
070.
Why do people in the military always salute each other when they meet?
071.
41
How does a bill-changing machine determine that your bill isn’t counterfeit?
41
072.
Why is a biting satire called a lampoon?
41
073.
Just what is “method” acting?
42
074.
Why do we say that coming upon something by accident is “serendipitous?”
42
075.
What’s the longest place-name in America?
43
076.
Did the ancient Egyptians speak hieroglyphics? If not, what did they speak?
43
077.
Why is an easy mark a “sucker?”
43
078.
What’s the difference between an opera and an operetta?
44
079.
Why do we call uproar “pandemonium?”
44
5
080.
Can choreographers “write” down dance routines the way composers write music?
45
081.
Why is caviar so expensive?
45
082.
How did that silent “b” get into the word “debt?”
45
083.
Why do tennis balls feel fuzzy?
46
084.
If you’re mistaken about something, why would you be barking up the wrong tree?
085.
Why is it easier to tear an article from a newspaper from top to bottom than from side to side (try it!)?
086.
46
47
Why do we say that if you’re annoying someone you’re “pestering” him or her?
47
087.
Why is there no channel one on broadcast TV?
48
088.
What was so terrible about Ivan the Terrible?
48
089.
What was the first “panic button?”
48
090.
Is badminton played anywhere besides backyards?
49
091.
What’s the point of daylight saving time?
49
092.
We have New York State and California “champagne,” so why isn’t there any from Italy?
093.
50
Why do we joke about fools believing the moon is made from green cheese?
50
094.
Why do they call that radioactive stuff “uranium?”
50
095.
Where in the world does it rain the most?
51
096.
Do bananas grow on trees?
51
097.
Why do light bulbs come in odd-sized wattages, such as 40 and 60 watts?
52
098.
Why do we call a violent robbery a “mugging?”
52
099.
Why do we call a test for authenticity or usefulness the “acid test?”
53
100.
When do bears emerge from hibernation?
53
101.
Why do so many major train stations have high, often vaulted ceilings?
53
102.
Whatever happened to phone booths?
54
103.
Why is the female side of something referred to as the “distaff side?”
104.
Why do we say that someone who is really wrong or out of line is “off base?”
105.
54
55
What’s the purpose of that snap-box contraption they clack in front of a movie camera just before filming a take?
55
6
106.
Why is that square space in which boxers fight called a “ring?”
107.
56
Why do we say that someone who is kept in isolation is in “quarantine?”
56
108.
Is there any animal that has four horns?
56
109.
How do antihistamines stop sneezing and a runny nose?
57
110.
Why do we call a computer problem a glitch?
57
111.
Is there any difference between a porpoise and a dolphin?
58
112.
What happens if you go several nights without sleep?
58
113.
Why do we call that stand that holds an artist’s canvass an easel?
114.
Why do we call something that’s sloppy or muddled a “mess?”
115.
60
Why do we call that suite of playing cards with the cloverleaf symbol, “clubs?”
117.
59
What’s the difference between an ophthalmologist, an optometrist and an optician?
116.
59
60
Why is there “snow” on the TV screen when a station goes off the air?
60
118.
Why do people who lose their temper “fly off the handle?”
61
119.
Why do we call those grotesque figures on medieval buildings gargoyles?
61
120.
Why don’t we use Roman rather than Arabic numerals?
62
121.
How can you tell a mushroom from a toadstool?
62
122.
What is the continental shelf?
62
123.
Why do we say that people who get hung up on minor arguments are “quibbling?”
124.
63
How much of a tree that’s been cut for timber actually ends up as usable wood?
63
125.
What are the northern lights?
64
126.
Why do they turn off the cabin lights on planes before takeoff?
64
127.
Why do we call that children’s game hopscotch?
64
128.
Why do we call a cheapskate a ‘piker?’
65
129.
Why do we associate Dalmatians with firemen?
65
130.
How does one become a circus clown?
66
131.
How did ‘Mister’ get to be a title of address?
66
132.
Why don’t our palms get sunburned at the beach?
66
7
133.
Why do we sometimes call someone with below average intelligence a moron?
67
134.
Why can’t you buy cashew nuts in the shell?
67
135.
Why does the president of the United States work in an oval office?
136.
Why do graduates wear those strange square caps with their gowns?
137.
68
Why might we say that someone who acts crazy has gone ‘berserk?’
139.
68
Why do we say that something obscene appeals to prurient interests?
138.
68
69
In testing new medicines, what’s the difference between a blind and a double-blind test?
69
140.
What’s the difference between an atoll and an island?
70
141.
Why are those Congressional pleasure trips called “junkets?”
70
142.
Just how does a Venus flytrap eat dinner?
70
143.
Why are certain four-letter words obscene while other words that mean the same thing are not?
71
144.
Do identical twins have identical fingerprints?
71
145.
Who is buried on the moon?
72
146.
Why do we chill white wine but serve red wine at room temperature?
72
147.
Exactly what is a calliope?
73
148.
Are there any animals that never sleep?
73
149.
Where did people first eat chocolate, and when?
73
150.
What do hospitals mean when they say that someone’s condition is “stable,” “serious,” “critical” or some other melodramatic adjective?
151.
74
Why do many newspapers have the word “gazette” in their name?
74
152.
Why do they play “Taps” at military funerals?
75
153.
Who built the first bathrooms, and where?
75
154.
Where was the U. S. state of Franklin, and whatever happened to it?
155.
76
Why do we say that someone held up from doing something is “marking time?”
76
8
156.
Why do we describe as round robin a tournament in which everyone plays everyone else?
76
157.
How big does a watch have to be before it becomes a clock?
77
158.
Why does the shower curtain get sucked in toward you when you shower?
77
159.
Was there really an Orient Express?
78
160.
Why do we say that we’re bluffing when we try to mislead someone?
161.
78
Why do we say that an annoying person who won’t let up is nagging?
79
162.
Why do angels have halos?
79
163.
Why do we describe nonsense as claptrap?
79
164.
When did we start using decongestants?
80
165.
Why do they refer to the hottest days of summer as the dog days?
80
166.
Has the Medal of Honor ever been won by a woman?
81
167.
What road are middle-of-the-road moderates traveling?
81
168.
How do they decide what to name new objects found in outer space?
169.
82
Just what is the Golden Gate that the San Francisco Bridge is named for?
82
170.
Why don’t fast food restaurants promote their desserts?
82
171.
Why might we say that someone feeling out of sorts is cranky?
83
172.
Why does someone take the “minutes” at a meeting?
83
173.
How come dinner knives have rounded edges?
84
174.
Are there any dogs that don’t bark?
84
175.
What’s the safest form of transportation?
85
176.
Is there any way to fend off a shark without a weapon?
85
177.
Why do we say that someone “testifies” in court?
85
178.
How come a hot, humid day is more uncomfortable than a foggy day?
86
179.
Why do we say that we’re “parking” a car?
86
180.
Why do we say that de-emphasizing something is soft pedaling it?
181.
87
Why is it a 10-foot pole with which we will not touch something?
87
9
182.
Why are animals the featured characters in so many children’s stories?
88
183.
Why does hair turn gray?
88
184.
Why does the devil have horns?
88
185.
Why do we call something that achieves its end by trickery a gimmick?
186.
89
Why do we say that something boring, familiar or tiring has left us jaded?
89
187.
Just how heavy can a human being get?
90
188.
What happens if a person dies after marking their absentee ballot?
90
189.
Why do footballs look so weird?
90
190.
Why do we refer to something lascivious as lewd?
91
191.
Why do we call a problem with a torn cuticle a “hangnail?”
91
192.
Why is there more static electricity in winter than in summer?
92
193.
Why is the White House white?
92
194.
Why do we say that a well-intentioned person has his or her heart in the right place?
93
195.
What’s so deadly about the Seven Deadly Sins?
93
196.
Why do monkeys in the zoo spend so much time cleaning each other?
93
197.
What’s so “fulsome” about fulsome praise?
94
198.
Why do we say of something we don’t believe, “tell it to the Marines?”
199.
What’s that lion doing roaring at the beginning of MGM films?
200.
94
95
Why did children’s book author Theodor Geisel change his name to Dr. Seuss?
95
201.
Why is the pipe under your kitchen sink S-shaped?
95
202.
Why do we say we’re “out of touch” with someone, even if they’re nowhere near enough to touch?
203.
96
Who invented the refrigerator, and when did it first become available to consumers?
96
204.
When did terrorism first become a political weapon?
97
205.
Did Julius Caesar ever eat Caesar’s Salad?
97
206.
Who invented the toothbrush?
97
10
207.
Why do we call a man whose wife has committed adultery a “cuckold?”
98
208.
What’s the difference between a weasel and an ermine?
98
209.
How does one become a saint?
99
210.
What’s so “liberal” about the liberal arts?
99
211.
When did they start making people who were getting married take blood tests?
212.
100
Is there any connection between “dopes” (stupid people) and “dope” (drugs)?
100
213.
Why is that stuff people smoke called “tobacco?”
100
214.
Do cats always land on their feet if they fall from a high place?
101
215.
Why does yeast make dough rise?
101
216.
Why do we say that a crazy person is “loco?”
102
217.
Where do mosquitoes hang out and what do they do when they’re not biting you?
102
218.
How do seedless grapes reproduce?
103
219.
Is there any difference between a lawyer and an attorney?
103
220.
Why might we describe a burden as an albatross around the neck?
221.
What’s the difference between softwood and hardwood, as in a “hardwood floor?”
222.
104
What’s the doctor looking for when she taps your knee with a rubber hammer?
223.
103
104
Why do we call someone who provocatively criticizes, a “gadfly?”
105
224.
Who invented the microwave oven?
105
225.
Which is more potent, a mixed drink or drinking liquor straight?
106
226.
What kind of a spider is a “daddy longlegs?”
106
227.
Why do birds sing?
106
228.
Why do we say that someone who has revealed secret information has “spilled the beans?”
107
229.
Why are people in conflict said to be at “loggerheads”?
107
230.
What’s the difference between a homeopath and an osteopath?
108
231.
Why do we have wisdom teeth?
108
232.
How did we come up with “$” as a dollar sign?
109
11
233.
Why do say that a politician talking a bill to death is ‘filibustering?’
234.
109
Is the real roadrunner anything like the creature in the cartoon?
109
235.
Why do soldiers wear their hair so short?
110
236.
How come your heart muscle doesn’t get charley-horsed from all that exertion?
237.
Why do we say that you’re encroaching when you trespass on someone’s space?
238.
110
111
What English word do most people probably use more often than any other, aside from “the,” “I,” etc.?
111
239.
Have any married couples been launched into space?
112
240.
Do turkeys really drown by looking up when it rains?
112
12
1. Why do we say that the police “frisk” a suspect? The cops also say they’re “patting” someone down when they check to see what they might be carrying or concealing in or under their clothes. Frisk entered English in the 1500s, probably from a German word that meant fresh and lively. Over time, the meaning not only evolved, it picked up speed, as it became a verb that meant to move lively, briskly. If you were frisky, you might even be dancing. By the 18th century, the sense of quick and lively movement was extended in slang to the manual dexterity exhibited by the pickpocket, whose quick hands danced deceitfully in and out of his victim’s pockets. At the same time, the police, with different motives, were said to be doing something similar when they nabbed and searched, or frisked a suspect. Source: www.word-detective.com 2. Why do we call what a spider produces a cobweb? Fancy the spider, whose rather obsessive web building has provided us with the metaphor that describes the most powerful electronic communications network ever. Of course, we surf while spiders spin, although like the spider we are also trying to catch something with our web, whether it’s the news, stock prices, or just dirty pictures. Yet although we find plenty of corny jokes on our web, we certainly don’t “cob”: why does the spider? Cobweb was spun out from the Anglo-Saxon word, attercoppes, which means, “poison head.” By the Middle Ages they were abbreviating that to “cop” and calling its product a copweb. Finally it became easier to pronounce as cobweb. Source: Who Put Butter in Butterfly... and Other Fearless Investigations into Our Illogial Language by David Feldman 3. Why don’t figure skaters get nauseous when spinning? The great figure skaters can make as many as six revolutions per second. Since that would make most of us decorate the ice with our dinner, these folks must know something that we don’t. Indeed, they do. Skating instructors can teach even amateurs not to get dizzy in a spin, but they must have apt pupils. Actually it’s the pupils who must have apt pupils because the trick is in the eyes. Dizziness results from rapid eye movement as skaters focus on objects flying by. The trick is to keep the eyes still by imagining a fixed blurred line and focusing on it. I tried that once and imagined a buffet table. It didn’t work. Source: Do Penguins Have Knees? By David Feldman
13
4. How do alcohol breath tests work? There’s no way around it: drinking and driving don’t mix. But there has to be a way to determine one’s level of sobriety, often fixed by law at a certain amount of alcohol in the blood. That’s why anyone so childish as to ignore common sense will be pulled over by the police and asked to play blow up the balloon. The first breath tests, introduced in the late 1930s and in common use by the 60s, actually used balloon-like bags containing chemicals that were turned into vinegar by breath alcohol. If what was left in the bag after you breathed into it could go on a salad, you were in trouble. More recently they have you breathe into an electronic device in which alcohol on your breath fuels an electric current. If you are sufficiently lit up, the machine will be, too. Source: How in the World? A Fascinating Journey through the World of Human Ingenuity by Reader’s Digest 5. Why do we say that provoking someone is “getting a rise” out of them? Sometimes there’s nothing quite so satisfying as provoking someone to get so angry, upset, and beside themselves that they are all but sputtering. If you’re a control freak, it’s passiveaggressive heaven. You are totally innocent and in command while they have gone for the bait you casually tossed out and have gotten so furious they can’t think straight. In fact, going for the bait is what getting a rise out of someone is all about. The expression describes what happens when you go fishing and your baited hook hits the water. If you’re lucky, a fish will spot it and come up from the depths to impale itself on your hook. You’ve gotten a rise out of it. But poor fishy: he’s sunk. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 6. Exactly who was Nostradamus and is there anything to his predictions? As the Millennium approached, almost everyone making predictions about the future invoked the name of Nostradamus. Who was this guy? A 16th century French doctor, Michel de Nostredame was also an astrologer. Some of his predictions, written in a cryptic form, seemed to foretell the future. In that golden age of astrology, Nostradamus (his Latin name) became a celebrity and was appointed a Court physician and asked to cast the horoscopes of the King’s children. The Church condemned his writings, but they have remained popular.
14
Nostradamus’ non-specific, poetic language probably accounts for his staying power. “The young lion shall overcome the old,” for example, like a wild card, can mean whatever you want it to mean. If you like Tarot cards, you’ll love Nostradamus. And who can resist anyone whose name sounds like the first word of a medieval chant? Source: Return of the Straight Dope by Cecil Adams 7. Why do we call a drunk a lush? Ordinarily we apply this word to rich vegetation that luxuriously covers an area. What could that possibly have in common with someone who never thinks of water when thirsty? Not much, other than that plants and people who are potted may both sway in the breeze. Lush in the alcoholic sense -- in Britain it means the drinks themselves -- most likely comes from an English brewer whose name was Lushington. In the 19th century a number of actors who frequented a particular London tavern even referred to themselves as “The City of Lushington.” Lush may also have some connection to the Old French expression, vin lousch, meaning thick wine. Drunks sound like they have a mouthful of it when they speak. Source: Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 16e (Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable) edited by Adriam Room 8. Why do matadors wave a red cape at the bull? Maybe it’s because they’re nuts. Isn’t life hard enough? Why go looking for trouble? The conventional explanation, of course, is that they are trying to provoke the bull to charge, to literally make him see red, the color that drives bulls bonkers. Then the matador can do his thing, showing the bull who’s boss. The only trouble with this is that bulls don’t know red from your Uncle Herman. Toro is colorblind. It’s the movement of the cape that gets his attention. The color red is really meant to provoke the audience -- a hot, blood-like color to work them into frenzy. It’s show biz and it helps fill the arena seats. If the matador can’t do that, he’s really caught on the horns of a dilemma, and that’s no bull. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith
15
9. What is a pixel and what can it do for you? Pixels should not be confused with the imaginary, elf- or fairy-like creature in children’s stories, such as Peter Pan. Pixies can only get you into trouble. On the other hand, to paraphrase an old song, pixels can light up your life -- and in fact they already do if you use a computer. The word is a combination of “picture” and “element.” Pixels are the smallest picture elements on your computer screen. They are the thousands of dots that, combined, bring you the image of a spreadsheet, the text of your report, or the message that you have caused the machine to make a fatal error. On laptop screens a defective pixel may cause a permanently off-color spot. If you experience this, either return the computer or make that misbehaving pixel stand in the corner. Dot’s all I have to say about dot. Source: The Handy Science Answer Book by Science and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library 10. Why do we say that someone who is sincere and trustworthy is on the level? Many words we use to describe character are related to our sense of direction and position. He’s a “straight-nosed, upright, stand-up kind of guy,” for example. Or, “she won’t mislead you; she’s a straight talker and knows which end is up.” Clearly in this right-angle universe, curves lead you astray and it’s not good to get bent out of shape. Maybe that’s why they talk about people having a moral compass. On the level derives from another instrument used to determine direction and position. It comes from the Masons, the secretive fraternal order. They hold that the level, the tool that masons (the building crafts people) use to make sure their work is level, represents integrity. So if you’re on the level, we can trust you because your bricks are stacked straight. That’s my slant on the matter. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris 11. In the expression “kith and kin,” what’s a kith? From the context, which is relatedness, it obviously means something less than or at least other than kin. So it’s certainly not about kithin’ cousins. That’s no great loss, since it’s not terribly exciting to kith your cousin. Actually, kith originated in Anglo-Saxon times, about 900 AD, as cyth, meaning knowledge or information, as well as the place you came from or were most familiar with.
16
Just a century later, it began to take on a meaning similar to today. It was used to describe those people most familiar to you. By the 14th century it had been yoked to kin in the expression, kith and kin, which came to mean “friends and relatives.” Kith, by the way, is related to the “couth” in uncouth, which means lacking knowledge, crude, not kith, which I guess makes them kin - in my family, at least. Sources: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris and Oxford English Dictionary: Including Additions Series Volumes 1-3 12. What are “The 12 Days of Christmas,” and what about that song? “Two turtle doves, three French hens,” what is this, some kind of exotic birdhouse? And when the heck are they going to get that damned partridge out of that pear tree? Well, “lords-a-leaping,” we sure do like to sing this nonsense. Some people even think that it’s a secret code devised to teach English Catholic kids about their religion when Catholics were persecuted there centuries ago. No external evidence has ever surfaced to prove this, nor do the lyrics support the claim. We do know that the song first surfaced in an English children’s book in the 18th century and may have originated in France. As for the “12 Days” themselves, in the 6th Century A. D. The Second Council of Tours proclaimed the sanctity of the period from Christmas to the Epiphany, the January 6th feast day celebrating the visit of the Magi. That’s 12 days -- count ‘em. Source: The Catholic Encyclopedia: Revised and Updated by Robert Broderick 13. How do they stage movie animal fights? First, what you see is not what you get. Movie animal fights are to fighting what “professional wrestling” is to wrestling: the fix is always in. The closest you might see to an actual fight is when two animals that have gotten to know each other are allowed to mix it up for a couple of seconds, not long enough to cause damage. Several cameras shoot the scene from varying angles and the “fight” is produced in the post-production editing room. The fight may also be simply the product of trick photography. For example, the two animals fight with their trainers in separate scenes and the trainers are later edited out when the scenes are combined. Or one real animal might fight with a dummy. Come to think of it, I suppose they could have an animal and a “professional” wrestler fight: the ultimate in fix’n and fake’n. Source: Return of the Straight Dope by Cecil Adams
17
14. Was there really a King Canute who tried to hold back the tides? Don’t you just love this guy’s name? An advertising copywriter couldn’t have come up with a better one. And trying to hold back the tides -- hey, what a stunt. It would have made the evening news, for sure… King Canute, who was real enough, ruled in England at the beginning of the last millennium. The story about him and the tides is usually misinterpreted. He wasn’t trying to defy nature. His underlings buttered him up to the point where they claimed he could hold back the tides. He took them to the seashore to show them up. The story was recorded a century after Canute lived by one Henry of Huntington, who either made it up or heard it from others. So, rooty toot, toot, there was a Canute; canow you know. Source: Dictionary of Misinformation by Tom Burnam 15. When did anesthetics begin to be used in surgery? Can you imagine what it might have been like to have surgery before anesthetics? “This is going to hurt me more than it will hurt you,” the doc tells you. “Don’t put me on, doc,” you plead, “put me out!” The first anesthetic was whiskey, but I can’t imagine that dealing with more than, oh, maybe a fifth of the pain. Modern surgery begins with a Connecticut dentist, Horace Wells, who in 1844 used -- don’t laugh -- nitrous oxide to dull the pain of a tooth extraction. Two years later, after progress in developing a mechanism to deliver this painkiller evenly, surgeons used it in removing a tumor from a patient at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. Within a year, this anesthetic technique became standard throughout the world. Source: Facts at Your Fingertips by Reader’s Digest 16. Is there any kind of “lucre” besides “filthy lucre?” What kind of a detergent do you suppose they use in money laundering? We can certainly hope that it does not harm the environment, but one thing is for sure: it doesn’t work. It never seems to get the stains out of filthy lucre. Lucre evolved from the Latin word, lucrum. It just means money or profit. So why is it always described as unclean? How else should we collect our pay -- in ears of corn? That’s just the point. Filthy lucre dates back to an agricultural society when land, livestock and crops were the measure of wealth. Money as a means of exchange was abstract, unnatural
18
and evil. Maybe deep down we still believe that because the expression has stuck. Lucre is never clean. It’s a good thing I’m the down and dirty type. When payday comes, slip me the dough, Joe; pay me with that bill, Phil! Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 17. Just how drastically can the weather change in half a day? They say that everybody talks about the weather but nobody does anything about it. I do something. On a bitter cold day I call in sick, pull the covers back over my head, and make the world go away. But even I might have been caught flat-footed in Fairfield, Montana on Christmas Eve, 1924. At noon it was 63 degrees Fahrenheit, a balmy afternoon to get in that last minute shopping. Well, I hope any shopper who was going to be out that evening spreading good cheer picked up a pair of yak fur-lined mittens for themselves because by midnight the mercury had plummeted to 21 degrees below zero. That’s a drop of 84 degrees in 12 hours! Santa Claus didn’t check the forecast that Christmas, reindeered into town at night wearing Bermuda shorts, and had to be treated for frostbite at the local hospital. Source: Book of Answers: The New York Public Library Telephone Reference Service’s most Unusual and Enter by Barbara Berliner 18. Who invented the modern lottery? There are lots of references to lottery-like activities in the Bible, and the Romans used them to sell property. In the United States today, lotteries finance education. I got an education from my state’s lottery. Many losing tickets have taught me that I have a better chance of winning at the track. The people of Renaissance Florence are credited with developing the modern public lottery, run by the state to finance its operations without raising taxes, and paying off the winners in cash. With the formation of a united Italy in the mid-19th century, that new nation-state also became the first country to run a national lottery. My local diner holds a lottery with the prize of a free turkey dinner. In truth, you take a chance whenever you eat there. Source: The Browser’s Books of Beginnings: Origins of Everything Under and Including, the Sun by Charles Panati
19
19. Just what kind of a cat was the Cheshire cat in Alice in Wonderland? Never trust a grinning cat like the one Alice encountered. He’s probably just trying to distract you while he picks your pocket. And if he disappears, leaving only the grin, as he did when Alice met him, he’s probably picking both pockets. In reality -- a condition quite scarce in Alice in Wonderland -- there is no such feline as the “Cheshire.” It has been suggested that Lewis Carroll, Alice’s creator, got the idea from Cheshire cheese, once sold in England in the form of a cat that seemed to be grinning. Another theory holds that the grin without the cat represents mathematics, Carroll’s profession - abstract and otherworldly, at best a wispy outline of things corporeal. I dunno. My cat not only grins, but also laughs hysterically, but only at his own jokes. Source: Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology edited by C. T. Onions 20. Have brothers ever opposed each other for the nomination for President of the United States? Well, two pairs of brothers, both active in politics, with one brother in each holding the office of President, come to mind: George and Jeb Bush and John and Robert Kennedy. Fugedaboutit. It ain’t them. While one could hardly call it active opposition, there were two brothers who each received votes for the office at the Republican nominating convention in Boston in 1884. Senator John Sherman, whose name later appeared on a famous anti- trust act, received 30 ballots and his brother, Northern Civil War General William T. Sherman, garnered two votes. The winner, though, was James G. Blaine. But he lost the election to Grover Cleveland and hasn’t been heard from since. General Sherman, by the way, was an experienced campaigner. In the 1860s he blazed quite a trail in Georgia from Atlanta to the sea, kissing no babies but burning many barns and bridges along the way. Source: Political Parties edited by Gene Brown 21. What’s the difference between pathos and bathos? It’s a trick question, right? I’m really trying to see if you know the name of the third of the Three Musketeers. O. K., you didn’t fall for it. Clearly the first word is about how to get somewhere and the second, how to be clean when you arrive.
20
All right lexicographers, if you insist. Pathos was an ancient Greek word. It’s the arousal of pity or sadness, typically in tragic drama. Bathos also comes from the Greek and literally means “deep.” But it’s not deep as in “deep thinker,” but rather deep as in the sub-basement of emotions. It’s the emotion a soap opera might evoke. Aiming for pathos, it’s only pathetic, trite, insincere and overly sentimental. What? Yeah, that’s it. Stop whining, you’re giving me a headache. Source: Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology edited by C. T. Onions 22. Was Bill Clinton the only U. S. president to be involved in a sex scandal while in office? What do you mean by ‘in’? Or ‘was’? How about ‘a’? John F. Kennedy’s presidential hanky panky was not public knowledge till 12 years after he died. Other presidents, such as Jefferson and Cleveland, went awry before they went to Washington. So, the closest match would be Warren G. Harding, who played poker and apparently, played around. At least that’s what many historians believe. Only three years after he died in 1923, a woman named Nan Britton created quite a stink with a kiss and tell tome, ‘The President’s Daughter.’ According to her, she and the married Harding weren’t hanging clothes when they dallied in a White House closet. But her claims have never been corroborated… Harding also had a pre-presidential ‘friend’ named Carrie Phillips, whose letters to Warren are sealed until 2014, at the behest of his heirs. Obviously, they suspect that the contents go beyond gardening and stamp collecting. Source: www.straightdope.com 23. Why do we call extortion “blackmail?” Do you tip your mailman at Christmas? You don’t have to. But would you want your neighbor to “mistakenly” receive your Frederick’s of Hollywood catalog? Accidents happen. How about those “toys” you ordered from that torrid website? Actually, blackmail has nothing to do with the Post Office, which screws up as a matter of principle. It comes from “mal,” Old English for tribute or rent. Warlords in ancient Scotland used to force farmers to pay mal as protection. Pay it and you plant your crops in peace; don’t pay it and we plant you and you rest in peace. Blackmail took on its modern meaning of general extortion for money in the 19th century.
21
Why black? The color was often used to suggest evil, but it may also have been to distinguish the payment, made in crops or livestock, from what was called “white” money -coins and currency. Source: www.wordorigins.org 24. Who was the original Grateful Dead? No, not them. I don’t care if your hippie parents took you to their concerts when you were a baby. Put away that long strange trip tee shirt and the Cherry Garcia ice cream. This is about folklore, not free music. Now don’t laugh, but the folktale goes that there was a corpse that needed burying. (You can leave the room any time you wish.) But it was prohibited to put him under. One guy, though, braved the ban and dug the grave to give him a decent burial. The dead person, out of gratitude, secured a bride for his benefactor. Isn’t that romantic? I think I’ll take my chances with the personals ads. Source: Book of Answers: The New York Public Library Telephone Reference Service’s most Unusual and Enter by Barbara Berliner 25. Why do we have earlobes? Do yours hang low? Do they wobble to and fro? Can you tie them in a knot; can you tie them in a bow? Can you wiggle them, jiggle them and make people giggle with ‘em? Or do you just hang earrings from them, as one dangles a hanger from the rod in a closet? Earlobes are pieces of fatty tissue, hanging like pendants from the outer ear. It’s hard to imagine any function for them other than as an aid to accessorizing your head. But scientists keep trying to come up with what might have been the original purpose for this now vestigial structure. Maybe when we walked on all fours our earlobes were larger and kept dust and dirt from our ear canals. One anthropologist even theorizes that they were used for sexual attraction. Hey, baby, how about a little lobe? That’s so earotic. Source: Do Penguins Have Knees? By David Feldman 26. Just what is a krill? Sounds like something from a science-fiction film, doesn’t it? In fact, one could imagine some good movie titles using the word, such as The Krill of It All and A View to a Krill. The reality is more prosaic. This is a shrimp-like marine animal, a planktonic crustacean, of which there are 85 species. Some are as small as one-quarter inch, although they often
22
swarm near the ocean surface in huge numbers. They tend to be bright red and when they appear in bunches, sailors call the waters around them tomato soup. Ironically, this itty-bitty thing constitutes the main part of the diet of the world’s biggest animal, the blue whale. As much as four tons of these little critters have been found in the stomach of one of the behemoths - but without the toast that the whale must have smeared them on. Source: The Handy Science Answer Book by Science and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library 27. Exactly what do we mean by “the exception that proves the rule”? We’ve all heard and probably repeated this expression many times. But can you explain it? When I say it slowly, paying attention to what I’m saying, it sounds like nonsense. An exception undercuts, it doesn’t prove a rule. So why have we been duped into repeating this gibberish? Because it made sense at one time when the word “proves” meant something other than what it usually means today. It used to mean, “test,” from the Latin, probare, “prove.” The same root gives us the word “probe,” also a test. And an exception does test a rule. If the exception is valid, the rule ain’t. So why do we go on repeating an expression which at its heart is truly archaic? Because we heard it from others when we were young and we imitate them, like monkeys. Here, have a piece of my banana. Source: Dictionary of Misinformation by Tom Burnam 28. Why do they put that ring of salt around the top of a Margarita? I can’t confirm the rumor that this wonderful drink contains all the vitamins, minerals and other essential nutrients a human being needs to stay healthy. But darn it, it certainly satisfies on a warm and sunny -- or any other -- day. As for the salt around the top of the Margarita, if you think it’s pretty, I don’t want to spoil your aesthetic experience. If you like the way it tastes, salud! But in truth it’s there first of all to keep you from disowning your tongue after you’ve downed your last chili pepper or dipped the last chip into the salsa de muerta. Salt helps to dampen the fire of food that’s hot, hot, hot. Even if you think you are a muchacho macho, Mexican food does push the envelope when it comes to spices. The salt insures that your sense of taste survives the experience. Source: Return of the Straight Dope by Cecil Adams
23
29. When things go awry, why will there “be the devil to pay?” I always thought this was a damned rip off. Here you are having a hard time to begin with, and then old horny-head butts in demanding some kind of compensation. What’s his fee? They never tell you. Is it tax deductible? Ask your accountant. Now here’s a surprise. The expression has nothing to do with Lucifer! Once again we return to the days of sailing ships. The seams on these old wooden vessels were called devils. Caulking or sealing the seams was known as “paying” them. The only way you could get at the devil to pay it was to bring the ship in at high tide so that the bottom rested on the sand. But if you didn’t work fast enough and the tide went out, you still had the devil to pay but no way of doing it. Hell of a spot! Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 30. Who invented Groundhog Day, and when? So this is what three millennia of philosophical, religious and scientific thought have brought us to in the progression of Western Civilization. With super-computers running complex weather-forecasting models in real time, we ask a two-foot-long member of the squirrel family to consult its shadow on the length of winter. In truth, the groundhog, or woodchuck, is a stand-in for the badger, which German farmers in the 16th century first relied on for long-term forecasting. (The farmers had too much gassy red cabbage for dinner on those long, cold winter nights, no doubt!). The custom may have even more ancient origins in a similar pagan ritual called Imbolc that occurred in the dead of winter. But the ancient pagans were decent enough not to bother any hibernating animals in the process. Maybe they just relied on their super-computers. Source: The World Book Encyclopedia by World Book Inc. and Just Curious About History, Jeeves by Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 31. What does your dentist do when he or she does a root canal? You mean aside from inflicting mental and physical anguish? Do you really think there’s a purpose beyond the good doctor’s expression of deep, dark sadistic impulses? Sorry, I had a root canal recently. I’ll calm down and tell you what I know. Root canals differ from filled cavities in how far down they go. If your tooth is infected right through to its insides, or if it’s damaged, the only way to save it is to “fill” it down to the
24
bottom. The dentist has to drill through the enamel, and through the dentin - living tissue below it, into the crown’s pulp chamber where the nerve is located. He then removes the nerve and completely fills the chamber or “canal,” to the root. Heck, I lose my nerve EVERY time I go to the dentist! Source: How Do They Do That? By Caroline Sutton 32. Why are social outcasts sometimes called pariahs? Remember the kid in high school who thought his plaid pants and Hawaiian sports shirt combination looked snazzy? Or the diligent kid in chemistry class who reported to the teacher everyone he noticed sharing homework? Remember how they couldn’t find a table that would take them in the lunchroom? I know you had more colorful names for them, but in polite society they are pariahs, social outcasts. We should probably spell outcastes, with an “e,” because it’s the caste system of India that gives us the word. “Pariah” literally means a drummer, a lower caste man who kept the beat during festivals -- someone with whom one didn’t socialize. Why do you suppose rhythm was so low in the pecking order? It’s a pretty downbeat way of looking at life. Source: Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology edited by C. T. Onions 33. Why do we sometimes call chopped meat Salisbury Steak? Since a hamburger contains no ham -- and hopefully, no horse -- I suppose we could label any other version of chopped meat in any way we wish. This particular nom de hash, however, has a specific historical origin. Hamburgers were named for the Germany city of Hamburg, where they supposedly originated. Salisbury Steak also has a German connection. But it was named not after anything German but rather to make it sound as un-German as possible. Feelings against Germany ran so high during and after World War I that efforts were made to rid English of German names. Sauerkraut, for example, became “victory cabbage.” And hamburger steak was renamed Salisbury Steak, after Dr. James Salisbury, who had extolled the health benefits from eating chopped meat. When feelings cooled off, victory cabbage went kaput. But Salisbury Steak is still on the menu. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith
25
34. What is there about light beer that makes it “light?” Often on a Sunday, when I was young, after a big noontime meal, my father would get moderately hungry in the early evening and would ask my mother to make him “something light.” “How about feathers?” she would respond. I wouldn’t want to bench-press a couple of cases of light, any more than regular, beer. The only beer-hoisting I like is accomplished with the bent elbow, a glass or bottle at a time. But the content, not the weight, is the issue. Simply put: Light - or “lite” -- beer has fewer calories and is less filling than the straight kind because it has less alcohol. Problem: If you need a little light-headedness after a heavy day, one light beer won’t do. You need at least two. In fact it’s so easy to drink light beer -- you need more to lighten up -that you may unwittingly turn out your lights. Source: Return of the Straight Dope by Cecil Adams 35. If yellow is the easiest color to see, why are stop signs red? Well there’s a possible psychological explanation. Car-bound cowboys might see a yellow stop sign as a challenge to their manhood. If you give in to the traffic rules you don’t have the guts to risk instant death. Stop and you’re as yellow as the sign. Actually that’s not too far off. Psychology is what the color of the sign is all about. Red causes excitement, heightened awareness, and possibly even suggests sex to some people. In other words, drivers are likely to notice it and pay attention. Then there’s the aversion factor: red also conjures up blood. Do you really want your face and body rearranged to resemble an abstract expressionist painting? You can apply the brakes, or suffer the breaks. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 36. Why do we say that a team that loses big got a real “drubbing”? Sportswriters seem to be prone to oral sadism. For example, when a strong team plays a weak one the dominant club may eat the lesser team alive, chew them up and spit out the leftovers. Drubbing is a word that also echoes the spirit of the Marquis de Sade. But its origins are Arabic. And anatomically it is as far from oral sadism as you can get, unless you tend to put your foot in your mouth.
26
It originates with Sir Thomas Herbert, who in the 17th century coined it from “dararaba” while traveling in Arabia. This charming custom, like that of the Spanish bastinado, involved torture by beating a person on the soles of their feet until they confessed: if you ever again want to walk the walk, you had to talk the talk. Source: The Secret Lives of Words by Paul West 37. Have any presidents kept unusual pets while residing in the White House? Bill Clinton and George W. Bush are middle-of-the-roaders when it comes to pets. Each has had the conventional dogs and cats. But has anything ever slithered or waddled through the Oval Office? (I heard that! Keep politics out of this.) Let’s see, how about silkworms? Louisa Adams, wife of John Quincy Adams, raised them. While some presidents have kept mistresses, in the early 20th century President William Howard Taft kept a cow. Years ago there were even turkeys at the White House. (There you go again! I didn’t say IN the White House.) Teddy Roosevelt, who loved to look at animals when he wasn’t shooting them in large numbers, had a guinea pig named Father O’ Grady and a snake named Emily Spinach. And you thought the zoo was at the other end of Pennsylvania Avenue! Source: Just Curious About History, Jeeves by Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 38. How did “beating around the bush” get to mean evasiveness? First let there be no misunderstanding. This phrase has nothing to do with the way some critics of the recent U. S. presidential election have greeted the man who was judged to be the winner. The expression goes back hundreds of years. When was the last time you went boar hunting? I thought so. You should know, therefore, that while shooting boars could be terribly satisfying to the noblemen who hunted them, getting too close to these sharp-toothed pigs in their own habitat was not. So the bores, uh, noblemen had young men beat the bushes to flush the boars into the open. These young guys weren’t stupid. They often evaded danger by beating near or around the bushes instead of in them, where they were supposed to be. Hence the phrase. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison
27
39. How did the bulldog get its name? Did you know that Great Britain has a national dog, and that this one is it? It’s also the Royal Navy’s official mascot. You can’t get much more British than that. Fortunately the British game these days is cricket, and not the sport from which this dog derives its name. In the Middle Ages this breed was used for bull baiting, a rather simple activity: Tie up a bull, let a bunch of dogs loose on it, and watch the bull get ripped to shreds. Not very cricket, at all, I’d say. (I, for one, don’t even like fish baiting.) The bulldog, pretty tenacious to begin with, was bred for viciousness to make it excel at bull baiting and at bearbaiting, which I suppose they held in reserve for times when they ran out of bulls. Today the breed is gentler, although it retains its fierce appearance. About the only thing it will rip to shreds now is a doggie biscuit. Source: The World Book Encyclopedia by World Book Inc. 40. How can we tell what a dinosaur looked like from a few bones? Maybe paleontologists are just making it up. Why do we believe their stories of huge prehistoric reptiles? What’s the latest? Humongosaurus? The whole thing might be a fraternity prank, and Jurassic Park, a good place for a Sunday picnic. We believe them -- some of us do, at least -- because their reasoning is perfectly plausible. Bones are like machine parts -- their shape, size and structure tells us what part of a body they come from, and the kind of work that part could have accomplished. We know this from studying the skeletons of creatures for which we do have living examples. By analogy, the big bones that have been unearthed from creatures no longer with us suggest the size, shape and strength of the critters from which they came. Think big! Say, imagine that we had no living chickens and someone found a wishbone. What would they surmise, that it came from a Wishosaurus? Source: How Do They Do That? By Caroline Sutton 41. Why do we pull the wool over someone’s eyes when we fool them? Because we want them to feel sheepish about being fooled? Because it will make their eyes itch and they won’t see us fooling them? Because if one minute they have no wool over their eyes and the next minute they do, it will get them all wigged out? The answer is “C,” sort of. The wool in question was originally part of the wigs worn by judges to enhance their dignity. Unfortunately for the judges, the wigs often slipped around
28
and sometimes slid down over their faces. How dignified could you be, even in black robes, if your face suddenly looked like a sheep’s… hindquarters? The expression was generated by - who else? - lawyers, who used the image of wool over the eyes to signal that they had outwitted the judge. Justice is blind, indeed! Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 42. Why are auctioneers sometimes hard to understand at live auctions? Auctioneers often sound like they’ve been smoking wacky weed. Every once in a while a word or number comes through, but the rest sounds like a chant by the high priest of some very weird cult. There are several reasons for the strange patter. If the auction is confined to a single type of merchandise, such as tobacco, there may be references that only people in the business would understand. In general, auctioneers also speak quickly because often there’s lots of stuff to sell in a limited amount of time - it’s not a store where people shop at leisure over an extended period. But how about what sounds like gibberish? Those are the “filler” words, just a little excess verbiage to give people time to decide if they want to raise their bid, while the rhythm of the chant is psychologically designed to encourage them to do just that. Source: How Do Astronauts Scratch an Itch? : An Imponderables Book (An Imponderables Book) by David Feldman 43. Why would we say that someone is “happy as a clam?” Do you ever get the feeling that whoever invented this expression was playing a little shell game with us? How can you tell when a clam is happy? Can you see it smiling? Do you hear, perhaps, a few giggles, a chortle or two, a sigh of satisfaction? The key to understanding what’s going on here is that invariably you are hearing only half the expression. The whole thing is, “Happy as a clam at high tide.” That’s when the mollusks are safe from clam diggers, who at low tide can walk out into the clam’s habitat and volunteer the little fellows for someone’s chowder. In other words, if you’re a clam and the tide is out, you could end up in hot water. When the tide is in, the world is your oyster. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris
29
44. Why does anxiety make our palms sweat? If your palms weren’t so exposed to the surrounding air you would probably have to rub them with deodorant every morning. That’s because you have more sweat glands there than anywhere else. (And a phrase such as “I’ve got to hand it to you” would take on a new and less friendly meaning.) Why did sweat glands proliferate on our palms? We can probably blame evolution. There was a time, say tens of thousands of years ago, when our ancestors didn’t react to anxiety by reaching for a pill. Instead, they grabbed the limb of the nearest tree and started climbing for their lives. In those days stress meant a big, hungry animal, not car payments, corporate mergers, or choosing between a Merlot or Cabernet to accompany a meat dish. Tree climbing was a life-preserving skill enhanced by moist palms that helped one get a grip on things. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 45. Why do we describe money obtained corruptly, such as from bribes, as graft? Now pretty Standard English, “graft” evolved as an American slang word late in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Urban politicians discovered that licenses, easements, contracts and the like were worth money to those seeking them. In the tradition of the free market, buyer and seller came together in an informal economy, the politician profiting in the form of the big boodle (a slang term I like even more than graft). Strangely enough graft, an unsavory, underhanded, under-the- table activity, appears to have had a peculiarly positive, organic, life-affirming etymology. The comparison that produced it involves the practice of taking part of one plant and adding it to, or grafting it onto another. Similarly, politicians added extra, dishonest perks onto the privileges already inherent in their position, producing graft. The more appropriate comparison, of course, would have been to the manure that fertilizes a plant. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris 46. How does one shoe size differ from the next bigger or smaller size? Admit it: They never tell us what the difference is and we never ask, right? We’re just like cattle. Well, OK, I suppose we’re really more like horses, which also wear shoes, but then the expression doesn’t deliver the idea of being passively led.
30
Originally measurements of all kinds were based on body parts. A foot, for example, was the length of a person’s foot. But whose foot? Now you’ve stepped in it. For centuries such measurements, including shoe sizes, were not standardized. The Romans took the first step in setting things right. They discovered that barleycorns tended to be of uniform length and decided that three of them in a row equaled an inch. Early shoemakers used one barleycorn, or a third of an inch, for size increments. And that’s where it still stands today. Now you want to know about widths? Give ‘em an inch and they take . . . . Source: A World of Imponderables: The Answers to Life's Most Mystifying Questions (Imponderables Series) By David Feldman 47. Do any species other than human beings go through a period of adolescence? First let’s acknowledge that the application of such expressions as slothful and piggish to teenagers in no way implies that these metaphorically abused animals have themselves nothing better to do on a Saturday night than drive around aimlessly, dripping pizza sauce on their jeans. That doesn’t mean, though, that we are necessarily the only species designated by nature to suffer adolescent antics. While we have no record of rhesus monkeys asking for the car keys or maxing out their parents’ plastic at the mall, they do seem to experience a teenager-like period. At least the males do. Upon attaining puberty, they leave their troop to hang with other young males and, oh, do they party! Then, after sowing their wild oats, they rejoin a troop and settle down, ready to engage in adult monkey business. Sound familiar? Source: Why Things Are & Why They Aren’t by Joel Achenbach 48. Why do we say that the person receiving the largest share of something has gotten the lion’s share? Do you think it’s always desirable to get the lion’s share? Suppose you are the one who receives the lion’s share. How do you think the lion feels about it? Would you want him to share his feelings with you? Most people probably assume that the expression stems from the idea of the lion being king of the beasts, the most ferocious and powerful individual in the jungle. Like the 800-pound gorilla, he always sits where he wants and takes as much as he chooses. That’s the right spirit, but the phrase’s origin is more specific. In an Aesop fable a lion, a cow, a sheep and a goat form a hunting party. They kill a deer and the lion divides it into
31
four equal parts. He takes three of the parts - the lion’s share -- and lets the others divide one. Would YOU question his arithmetic? Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 49. Why do sailors wear bell-bottomed trousers? We know that the reason is not, “Because they’re caught up in 60s nostalgia.” Sailors got there first, and with them it was never merely a matter of style. It figures that any prominent feature of a military uniform is there for its usefulness, and that’s the case here. For one thing, bell-bottoms make it easier to roll up one’s pants when swabbing the deck is the order of the day. Sailors have been doing that since the beginning of history. This style of pants-leg also facilitates getting the pants off quickly. Wipe that grin off your face, we’re talking here about what happens if a sailor suddenly finds himself overboard and needs to swim, free of encumbrances. We’ll discuss how sailors behave on shore leave some other time. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 50. Is there really such a thing as being tone deaf? It’s real. The aural equivalent of being color blind, tone deafness means that everything sounds as if it’s in a monotone. You can’t tell one note from another. You can’t appreciate your spouse singing in the shower, listen to Wayne Newton, or tell the difference between TV commercial jingles. Well at least it has SOME compensations. In fact, although people use this expression with some frequency, the condition is relatively rare. Those who do have it have trouble not only distinguishing one note from another but also even the inflection in someone’s voice. It makes communication difficult. By the way, don’t confuse it with being phone deaf. That can result from having a cell phone pressed to one ear all day while absorbing traffic sounds with the other ear. Finally you can’t hear a beepin’ thing. Source: Just Curious About Science, Jeeves (Ask Jeeves) By Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett
32
51. How does a thermos bottle work? When I was a kid my mother warned about dropping the thermos bottle she packed in my lunch box. She feared broken glass, a nuclear chain reaction, who knows? One day I smashed open my thermos to find out - in the interest of science, of course. I lived to tell the tale: There is a double glass bottle inside the container. Glass conducts heat poorly, as does the cork that seals the thermos. These materials help to keep what’s inside at a constant temperature. There is a near vacuum between the inner and outer bottles because heat can be transferred through the movement of air molecules -- convection. With little or no air, there is little or no change of temperature. Heat also radiates between surfaces, even in a vacuum. That’s why the bottles are given a silvery coat, to reflect, not absorb heat. Break open yours and see for yourself. Source: How Do They Do That? By Caroline Sutton 52. Why do they call that thing we hang onto while walking on stairs a banister? Did you ever slide down a banister when you were a kid (I trust you haven’t done it lately)? If you think you did, think again. A banister is only one of the vertical posts that hold the rail that we hold onto, not the rail itself. The word is a corruption of “baluster,” which in turn was derived from the Italian word “balaustra.” And that is Italian for a wild pomegranate blossom. I’m sure it’s obvious where we’re going, but I’ll fill in the blank for those of you who are slow. Banisters carved in the Italian Renaissance resembled that plant part. So what WAS it you slid down as a kid, almost giving your mother a heart attack? Posts and rail together is technically a balustrade. And I hope you didn’t rip your pants. Source: Fabulous Fallacies: More Than 300 Popular Beliefs That Are Not True by Tad Tuleja 53. Why are natives of Indiana called Hoosiers? If this word had come from a local dialect in which some words are blended into others to shorten them, then it would be the perfect word to describe natives of Brooklyn, New York. That’s where school kids ask each other, “hoosier teacher?”
33
Actually, the best theory of the origin of Hoosier is that it IS dialect - Cumberland dialect. In the early 19th century “hoozer” meant “big” to the people who came over the Cumberland Mountains and settled in Indiana. And why big? Beats me. Indiana is not an especially big state, and the usage predates the invention of basketball, the state passion, in which very big people run around in their underwear. Maybe the whole thing was a mistake. Perhaps somebody just misheard something someone said. Anyone knows the Cumberland dialect for “flat?” Source: Americanisms: A Dictionary of Selected Americanisms on Historical Principles edited by Mitford M. Mathews 54. Why do we call advertising and political hype, ballyhoo? Ballyhoo is such a marvelous word and it sounds so appropriate that one might guess it was made up because it sounds just like what it is. But that guess would be entirely wrong, which is the sort of thing that makes word origins so intriguing. Imagine that you are off in the village of Ballyhooly in County Cork, Ireland. Now cover your ears. You see, the village was famous for its argumentative residents, who would debate loud and long and with great passion about almost anything. So famous were they for this cacophony - not to mention, hot air - that loud arguments and speeches anywhere were compared to the goings on at Ballyhooly. In time, the last two letters were dropped, making it a noun. Eventually it was applied to the high-decibel, low-content communication style frequently found on Capitol Hill and Madison Avenue. At its worst, of course, that’s really ballyhooey. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 55. Is carob better for you than chocolate, for which it’s often substituted? Please note: this is not about chocolate’s power to restore the soul, cleanse the spirit, bring enlightenment and turn you on. Nothing else on this planet can do that. No, this is more mundane - you know calories, sugar content, nutrition, etc. And on that count the answer is clear: no, it isn’t inherently better for you than the original. BUT, although carob, prepared from the ground and roasted pods of the carob tree, does not differ enough in sugar and other content to make a difference, it does taste sweeter than chocolate before both are processed. So you need to add less sugar to a recipe in which you substitute carob for chocolate. Hence it’s presence in “health” food.
34
Final thought: What, then, are you going to do to add life to the years you think you’ve added to your life by eating carob? Source: Return of the Straight Dope by Cecil Adams 56. Why are there no seat belts in buses? These days there are seat belts on school buses in many areas of the United States, mandated by law. But the vehicles used by the general public are still beltless. Given the way many urban bus drivers maneuver in heavy traffic, you might think this is a subtle attempt to winnow out the population, lowering its average age. But the reasons are much more ordinary. The main one is that adults can’t be coerced into using belts in the way that kids can. You can’t keep an adult after school or threaten to call the parents in for a little talk. Some localities have tried to get adults to use belts on buses, but they just won’t buckle up. Another reason you hear is that installing belts would add to the cost of building a bus. But you don’t think that lower profits or higher cost would be a factor, do you? Source: A World of Imponderables: The Answers to Life's Most Mystifying Questions (Imponderables Series) By David Feldman 57. How could a starfish possibly eat a clam? Yes, “If it’s hungry, it could,” is an acceptable answer. But not with great ease, one would conjecture, given what both sea creatures look like. So how do those spiny, five- armed thingies do it? The answer is that while starfish are very decorative when viewed from the top, they are all business when seen from the bottom. There are tiny suction tubes on each arm. Clam up as it may, the star-crossed mollusk doesn’t have a chance. The starfish latches on to both halves of the clam’s shell and pulls each in the opposite direction. “Open wide, little clam,” says the starfish, and open it does. Then slurp, slurp, and there’s one less clam on the seabed. Shucks, isn’t nature wonderful? Source: How a Fly Walks Upside Down... and other curious facts by Martin M. Goldwyn
35
58. Why do we say that something open to discussion is a “moot” point? This is the kind of thing they deal with often in law school where, being apprentice lawyers, they discuss and argue about everything, preparatory to billing clients $500 an hour. In law school they even use moot as a verb, as in “to moot.” You know, I moot, you moot, she moots. Whole lotta’ mootin’ goin’ on. So why do they meet to moot? Because in the Middle Ages, when points were often made with battle axes rather than briefs, the word “mod,” pronounced like moot, meant a meeting. It came from a still older word, “metan,” meaning the same thing. Moot is really just a modernizing of “mod.” At a meeting, of course, one discusses things, so points raised there are moot. And you probably thought that someone using this word was just being a snoot. Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 59. Why do we call unrealistic ideas pipe dreams? Because only drips and plumbers have them? Hardly. To understand the origins of the expression, imagine that in the 1960s a similar phrase likened unrealistic ideas to the kind of distorted thinking engendered by using LSD. The drug was often supplied on a sugar cube, so unrealistic ideas could have been called “sugar cube fantasies.” The 19th century equivalent of LSD was the hallucinogenic drug opium, imported into Europe from Asia. It was widely used in certain literary circles in Britain. Opium was smoked in a pipe and once under the influence, people had strange visions. But they were only pipe dreams. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 60. Why does it mean “yes” when we nod our head up and down, and “no” if we shake it from side to side? Imagine how many misunderstandings there have been throughout history because someone happened to be trying to flex a stiff neck or perhaps shake a fly off his or her ear. How many wars and multimillion-dollar contracts owe their genesis to some sleep-deprived negotiator nodding off for a second?
36
Nevertheless, a nod or a shake is the body language signal we use and they seem to be universal. How can that be? What is there in our biology that would make this body language “natural” for everyone? As best we can tell, it comes from breast-feeding. Babies seeking a breast on which to suck make a nodding motion, which mother and child both understand as a positive gesture. Infants shake their head away from the breast when they’ve had enough or aren’t hungry. I wonder if my behavior when I don’t get my way, throwing a tantrum, is also universal. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 61. Why is a leading indicator of a trend called a bellwether, as in a bellwether stock? Do you remember that investment newsletter that only cost you $500 a week? The one once told you that investing in Internet stocks would let you retire at age 28? You know, the one that touted a security called No-profits- now-but-wait-for-the-next-life.com as an Internet bellwether stock? Feeling a little sheepish now that its former CEO is shining shoes for a living? How would you feel if I told you that the “wether” in bellwether is a castrated sheep, the one the rest of the pack follows? It’s a fact. The bell around it’s neck tells the shepherd where all the sheep are headed. Hence our use of “bellwether” as a leading indicator. By the way, please don’t fall prey to the common misspelling of this word, “bellweather,” which could only mean “it’s a fine day for ding-dongs.” Source: Fabulous Fallacies: More Than 300 Popular Beliefs That Are Not True by Tad Tuleja 62. Did barbershop quartets ever have anything to do with barbershops? You’ve surely seen barbershop quartets on TV or in the movies. You know, four guys wearing straw hats, harmonizing on such Stone Age favorites as “Sweet Adeline,” “Down by the Old Mill Stream,” or “Sweet Genevieve.” American as apple pie, right? Well, as British as shepherd’s pie is more like it. In Shakespeare’s time a barbershop was a male hangout as well as a place to get one’s haircut. Guys being guys, they indulged in a little Elizabethan doo-wop while awaiting the snip-snip, with someone strumin’ and pluckin’ on a lute. That’s where it all started. Flash forward to barbershops in the American West in the late 19th century. Substitute a banjo for the lute. Add a little man-talk one wouldn’t use at home, a copy of “The Police
37
Gazette” (Playboy with long underwear), and some good harmonizing. The haircut was almost incidental. Next best thing to a bar, hummmmmm. Source: The Oxford Companion to Popular Music by Peter Gammond 63. When did rap music begin? Begin? Where you been? The latest, the greatest. Magnifyin.’ Non-stop signifyin.’ Truth from art, playing its part. Now you want the start? The roots of rap are in African-American culture’s powerful oral tradition. That means the blues and gospel music, the black church and its minister’s cadenced sermon. It draws from the “dozens,” the ghetto verbal duel of insults and retorts. You can even hear it in the civil rights movement. (Danny Simmons, father of Russell Simmons of Run-DMC, motivated a busload of demonstrators in the 1963 March on Washington with witty, biting, sometimes rhyming patter -- I have it from a firsthand source.) Disco DJ’s brought it into the commercial realm, rapping over recorded music. The Sugar Hill Gang’s “Rapper’s Delight” (1979) is said to be the first rap recording. Source: Just Curious About History, Jeeves by Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 64. What do those weird movie credits, “gaffer” and “best boy” mean? At the movies I sit through the credits right through to the copyright notice, just before the house lights go on. You, too? But until now all I knew about a gaffer was that the word means an old man. Why, then, does every film employ one? To remind the rest of the cast that they won’t be young forever? Actually, the gaffer is the head electrician, who lights the sets for the director of photography. Why do they call him a gaffer? Beats me, but I suppose its better than “wirehead,” “bulbbunny,” or “filamentphil.” As for the best boy, he hasn’t won any popularity contest. Far from it. He’s the gaffer’s helper, a mere assistant, which makes him a not-quite-gaffer-grade kind of guy. If he’s a she, she’s called - I dunno, “Ms. best boy?” Source: Return of the Straight Dope by Cecil Adams
38
65. What’s a papal bull? Holy cow, you don’t suppose that the Pope raises livestock as a hobby! After all, with all his heavy responsibilities, he has to relax somehow. Then again, if he did keep a bull, all those cardinals walking around wearing red could create some problems. In fact, that kind of bull has nothing to do with it. A papal bull is a document in which the Pope presents his views on a significant subject. Catholics are supposed to give it serious thought. Traditionally, this document became official once it received the papal seal -which in Latin was called the “bulla.” Over time . . . you guessed it. To repeat, the Pope keeps a seal, not a bull. And after all, is this not fitting for the man who follows in the footsteps of St. Peter, “the fisherman?” Source: Fabulous Fallacies: More Than 300 Popular Beliefs That Are Not True by Tad Tuleja 66. Why don’t cats like to get wet? Not only do cats not like to get wet, they don’t like being asked about it either. Nor do they invite your attention to any of their habits. They are totally independent creatures and will pay you no heed whatsoever - except, of course, at mealtime. But they do want you to know that rumors to the contrary, they are not afraid of water. In fact, bigger cats, such as tigers, actually enjoy swimming. So why do Sylvester, Fluffy, [your cat’s name here] and other house cats never go for a dip? Simply because its inconvenient. Did you ever notice how obsessive cats are about cleaning themselves in general, and cleaning off anything that gets on them in particular? If they go for a swim, they would have to lick all that water off their fur. With their busy schedules, they just can’t be bothered: So many mice, so little time! Source: A World of Imponderables: The Answers to Life's Most Mystifying Questions (Imponderables Series) By David Feldman 67. Why are those strange subatomic particles called quarks? Envy your grandparents. All they had to cope with were neutrons, protons and electrons the big, uh, tiny three. Now we’ve got bosons, gluons, mesons… Atomic particles are beginning to sound like National Hockey League expansion franchises. But when it comes to names, quarks, the building blocks of subatomic particles, really take the cake (or would if they could find one small enough). A physicist, Dr. Murray Gell- Mann,
39
who got the word from a passage in James Joyce’s Finnegan’s Wake, named them in the mid-1960s. If you’re British, you may recognize Quark as a brand of cream cheese. Cream cheese! Say, if we ever discover that quarks collide with another, unknown particle, let’s call the new quark- smeared particle a “bagel.” Back to basics! Source: The Secret Lives of Words by Paul West 68. Why do we call trying to persuade someone with a pile of blarney a snow job? Because if they’re smart they’ll recognize that it came from a flake? It will leave them cold? They’ll white it out? Lest you think this meteorological meandering is drifting off-topic, I assure you that the expression really is based on winter weather. The key concept is to overwhelm someone. A heavy snowstorm does that by dumping enough snow around you so that you can’t shovel your way out. It just keeps mounting up. When you do a figurative snow job on someone, you’re dumping enough superfluous facts, adjectives, nonsense and sheer verbiage on them that they can’t dig their way through it. An effective snow job doesn’t give a person time to think, so busy are they trying to shovel out from under the deluge. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 69. Are there any Christians who do not celebrate Christmas? Retailers who depend on Christmas gift sales for a major part of their annual profits probably consider this a rather un- Christian way to behave. And indeed there is a group that falls into this category, if one classifies Jehovah’s Witnesses as Christians. The Witnesses do not believe in the divinity of Jesus. But they rank Him just under God and do believe in the teachings of the Old and New Testaments. Founded in the United States in the 1870s, they base their creed on a passage from Isaiah (43:12): “Ye are my witnesses, saith Jehovah, and I am God.” They observe holidays only when the Bible literally says to do it and it says nothing about celebrating Christmas. So, it’s safe to say that Jehovah’s Witnesses may never help to jump-start the economy, at least not where holiday shopping is concerned.
40
Source: Just Curious About History, Jeeves by Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett, Encyclopedia Britannica and The World Book Encyclopedia by World Book Inc. 70. Why do people in the military always salute each other when they meet? They can’t be shielding their eyes from the sun, the better to see each other, because they salute indoors and after dark, as well. Nor can it be some form of elbow aerobics, because a mere one repetition would have little value. In fact, it’s based on tradition. The handshake upon meeting came from the custom of showing the other person that you carried no concealed weapon. The salute originated with the medieval knight, who pulled up his visor to reveal his face and show he was a friend. It evolved into a widespread custom of nodding or tipping one’s hat as a greeting, and in the military became the more formal salute. Servicemen and women learn to put snap into their salute. But don’t overdo it if you join up. You lose face if you knock yourself unconscious in front of an officer. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 71. How does a bill-changing machine determine that your bill isn’t counterfeit? Do you, like me, take it personally when one of your bills is rejected? Only my therapist knows just how badly this electro-magnetic authority figure makes me feel. In passing judgment, the machine checks for several characteristics. For instance, by passing a light through it, the changer examines your bill’s gross density (my Junior High School gym teacher would have scored high). It also uses light rays to check the alignment of thin lines embedded in your bill. A magnet generates a signal from the ink in your bill and it had better match the one characteristic of the ink used in printing real bills. The machine also measures the exact length of your bill. It’s a good thing the bill changer doesn’t also measure the sweat on my palms while I await it’s verdict. After 30 seconds I’ll sign any confession it prints out. Source: How Do They Do That? By Caroline Sutton 72. Why is a biting satire called a lampoon? This is such a peculiar word. Had I not known its meaning and come upon it, I would guess from its sound that it came from some slang expression, originating in New Orleans and having a sexual connotation that would put it in very questionable taste.
41
Placing it in the French Quarter wouldn’t be too far off because the source of the word is French. It originates with the Old French, lampons, “let us drink,” from the verb lamper, to guzzle. What’s the connection between tossing off a few pints and a parody? Simply that a popular method of satirizing something or someone used to be to do it in a drinking song. Such songs often began with the expression, “let us drink,” or in French, “lampons.” Do you suppose we can call a lampoon containing word play a lampun? Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 73. Just what is “method” acting? Acting is about the only activity where you don’t get locked up for pretending that you are someone else. (In politics they do put you away if your illusion doesn’t account for what you did with large sums of money.) Onstage there is more than one way to play “let’s pretend.” You can work from the outside, consciously modifying your speech, body language and mannerisms to turn yourself into someone else. Or you can find something within yourself -- a memory of something in your childhood, say -- that enables you to sympathize with your character’s motives, almost becoming that character. The latter approach, developed early in the 20th Century by Konstantin Stanislavsky of the Moscow Art Theater, is called method acting and is today identified with the Actor’s Studio. Marlon Brando is its most famous proponent. Source: The Facts on File Dictionary of Film and Broadcast Terms by Edmund F. Penney 74. Why do we say that coming upon something by accident is “serendipitous?” I love the sound of this word -- especially the “dip” part, which seems to launch it from one’s mouth. Where could it have come from? Latin? Medieval German? Old French? AngloSaxon? Groucho Marx? Actually the last is the closest, since someone did make it up. Eighteenth century English author Horace Walpole, most famous for the engaging letters he wrote to his fortunate friends, coined the word serendipity. He got the idea from a book of fiction called The Three Princes of Serendip, in which the protagonists were constantly discovering things by tripping over them while looking for something else. Serendip came from “Serendib,” once the name of Ceylon, which was once the name of the country we now call Sri Lanka. And so, serendipitously, you’ve learned a little place-name history in the bargain.
42
Source: The Secret Lives of Words by Paul West 75. What’s the longest place-name in America? Oh boy! Put on your reading glasses, take a deep breath, and feed the cat because you may be out of commission for a while. We are about to journey to Worcester County in the state of Massachusetts, where there’s a lake that can literally take your breath away. It’s Lake Chargoggagoggmanchauggauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg. The name, which has 17 g’s, is pronounced, naturally, as it’s spelled. There are two variant spellings, but I don’t have the heart to subject you or my proofreader to them. According to author Bill McLain, this Nipmuck Indian word (did you really think it was Portuguese?) means, “You fish on your side, I fish on my side, nobody fishes in the middle.” By the way, it’s also known as Lake Webster. Source: Do Fish Drink Water? Puzzling and Improbable Questions and Answers by Bill McLain 76. Did the ancient Egyptians speak hieroglyphics? If not, what did they speak? In the museum’s Egyptian collection I marveled at the ancient stone carving showing a group of men and women watching slaves roll several big rocks. A guy next to me nudged his girlfriend and offered to translate. He said it means, “Ladies and gentlemen, The Rolling Stones.” Seriously, there is a popular notion that hieroglyphics, the famous picture writing of ancient Egypt, was simply a written language. But -- surprise! -- it did phonetically “spell out” their spoken language, combining alphabet-like symbols with the pictures. Unfortunately, the symbols appear to have represented only consonants, not vowels - nbdy knws hw th lngge snded. The language itself was a mixture of Cushitic and Berber languages from northern Africa and words taken from the Semitic tongues spoken in nearby Asia. But you can just call it Ancient Egyptian. Source: The World Book Encyclopedia by World Book Inc. 77. Why is an easy mark a “sucker?” Do you like fish tails… uh, tales? Bear with me. It begins with the bottom-scavenging fish known as the sucker, from the way it purses its “lips” to draw in the garbage it eats (how low
43
can you sink?). The early settlers of America saw lots of these fish and soon they were indiscriminately using the name as well for other fish that made the same motion with their mouths. Eventually so many kinds of fish bore this name that if you baited a hook you were likely to haul in a sucker. Suckers, being so easy to catch, became synonymous with an easy mark. Any person who would figuratively go for the bait was also labeled a sucker. By the way, while I’ve had your attention, did you notice what happened to your wallet . . .? Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 78. What’s the difference between an opera and an operetta? In the typical opera, the heroine, whose lover has just been executed, her father run over by a wagon, and her brother killed by mistake, sings a long and beautiful aria as she swallows poison. What’s not to like? As for operettas, they always seem to be singing with a stein of beer in one hand and a glass of wine in the other. Operas are usually sung through, having little or no spoken dialogue. Operettas are less serious, with frothy, sentimental plots that have happy endings. They have spoken dialogue and simpler, easier to whistle music. They also tend to have more dancing than do operas. It’s from operettas that the modern musical evolved. You say you can only compare them by rating each on a scale from one yawn to ten? Well at least cover your mouth, the curtain’s going up....” Source: Harvard Brief Dictionary of Music Dictionary by Willi Appel and Ralph T. Daniel 79. Why do we call uproar “pandemonium?” Some years ago, when China made a gift to the Washington D.C. zoo of a pair of pandas, newspaper headline writers had a field day playing off this word to describe the hullabaloo caused by the creatures. The sound of the word, for me, conjures up an image of people banging on pots and other hard surfaces to make a racket. Maybe that occurred as well to the 17th century poet John Milton when he invented the word. Speaking of Washington, Milton needed a name for the devil’s capitol city in his epic poem, Paradise Lost. So he played around with Latin and Greek and came up with “pandemonium.” If you look at the middle of the word, beginning with the 4th letter, you’ll see an appropriate word within the word.
44
Hell of an idea, huh? Source: Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology edited by C. T. Onions 80. Can choreographers “write” down dance routines the way composers write music? Yes. There are two dance notation systems. Labanotation, the more famous, was invented in 1928 by Rudolph Von Laban and uses abstract symbols based on the rectangle, inscribed on a vertical staff read from bottom to top. The symbols represent how and where the body moves and how long it should take to get where it’s going. Choreology, devised in 1956 by Rudolf and Joan Benesh, is just slightly more representational. The lines on its five- line staff read from left to right and correspond to the height of the human body, head to toe. Lines and dots are placed on the staff to show which part is to be moved, when, and in what way. Folks, I’ve made a good faith effort in the privacy of my own home to follow some of these diagrams. All I could produce was a death spiral. Source: How Do They Do That? By Caroline Sutton 81. Why is caviar so expensive? What makes a tin of this stuff possibly the most expensive six-letter answer in a crossword puzzle (“champagne and _ _ _ _ _ _”)? It has to do with simple old economics. Caviar is relatively scarce and difficult to process. The sturgeon, from which true caviar comes, takes from 8 to 15 years to mature. This ain’t no chicken that keeps on giving. Maturity is the only point at which the eggs can be harvested. You catch the fish, cut it open and take the eggs. At every step, the eggs must be slowly hand-processed by an expert, who can tell just how much salt to add. Bad eggs, with an off-smell or color, must be thrown out, sometimes significantly diminishing the total harvest. So what will it be, Beluga on toast points or the down payment on a Lexus? Source: How Do They Do That? By Caroline Sutton 82. How did that silent “b” get into the word “debt?” I always had my doubts about silent letters, especially when a teacher offered to help me remember them with a mnemonic. Trying to get the spelling of “debt” right made me feel
45
particularly dumb. In that I may have had something in common with the people of thirteenth century England, who couldn’t leave well enough alone. You see the word, which came into English with the Norman Conquest two centuries earlier, was originally spelled “det.” It came from the French word, “dette,” meaning, well, you know. In jolly Olde England they just loped off the last “e” and totaled one of the “t’s.” So far, I like it. But then the pedants got at it. They did a little research, discovered that the French word came from the Latin, “debita,” and in the thirteenth century upgraded the English version. For kids learning spelling, it’s been tough going ever since. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris 83. Why do tennis balls feel fuzzy? Did it ever occur to you that tennis balls might be perfectly smooth and it’s your fingertips that are fuzzy? Just a thought. Tennis balls aren’t completely bald for two reasons. The fuzz is there, for one thing, to slow it down. You might find that hard to believe had you ever had to receive a cannonball serve from John McEnroe, but there you are. It facilitates rallies by increasing wind resistance and preventing the ball from leaving the stadium on one bounce. The fuzz also increases racket control by holding the ball against the strings for just a fraction of a second longer than would happen with a smooth ball. As for me, I visit the bar in the clubhouse before the match. After that it’s not just the balls that are fuzzy. Source: Just Curious About Science, Jeeves (Ask Jeeves) By Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 84. If you’re mistaken about something, why would you be barking up the wrong tree? Maybe that mistake put you in the doghouse. More likely it’s because you or one of your ancestors hunted raccoons. Hunters usually take along a dog while hunting one of these clever little masked bandits. Raccoons will run through the bush and dash through the bramble, but when cornered they will climb the nearest tree. The dog’s function is to park under that tree and make doggy-like sounds to keep your prey up there and show you where it is.
46
Remember, I said the little fella was clever. Raccoons can sometimes fool the dog by crossing the branches into adjoining trees, making their getaway while the dog mistakenly continues to bark up the wrong tree. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 85. Why is it easier to tear an article from a newspaper from top to bottom than from side to side (try it!)? Isn’t it better that your newspaper doesn’t give in so easily to the right or the left? There are, naturally, reasons other than politics that make top-down newspaper clipping easier. In order to print the news, you need newsprint, the wood pulp paper product on which the opin… uh facts go. That pulp is broken down into many small fibers that tumble onto a conveyor belt. This process naturally aligns them in the direction the belt is moving, a direction they retain when formed into sheets and then large rolls of newsprint: straight up and down. Thus when you clip an article from top to bottom you go with the grain and achieve a smooth cut; tear it out from the side and you are ripping against the grain and risk losing part of the article. Of course, if that’s a quote from a politician, the loss is negligible. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 86. Why do we say that if you’re annoying someone you’re “pestering” him or her? We’ve all experienced pests at one time or another. They can get pretty onerous. I worked with a pest for years and at one time I thought he would be the death of me. In fact, the word “pest” comes from the Latin “pestis,” or plague. All of this is interesting but beside the point because pester doesn’t come from pest. Instead it derives from another Latin word, “pastern,” which was a device meant to hobble, or impede movement. The pastern was commonly placed on a horse’s foot, allowing him to graze but also not get very far in the process. The pastern was an annoyance for the animal, but it served its purpose. Someone who pesters another person, in the modern sense, also annoys. But the only purpose I can see to it is neurotic. Pester ME on the wrong day and it could get you worse than hobbled! Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison
47
87. Why is there no channel one on broadcast TV? In “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland,” Lewis Carroll has a character say, “Begin at the beginning… ” That’s the only way that American broadcast TV does not resemble Alice in Wonderland. You can count on broadcast TV to have little relationship to reality, but you can’t count on it to count. It starts with the number two. That’s because there is only a limited amount of broadcast bandwidth to go around. The part that would be used by channel one was long ago allocated to mobile radios, as in Citizen’s Band, or CB. And who can say that it isn’t more useful to have that part of the band used by truckers to warn colleagues of a speed trap (“Smokey up ahead!”) than have it used to promote lemon mousse-flavored dog biscuits? Source: Return of the Straight Dope by Cecil Adams 88. What was so terrible about Ivan the Terrible? They don’t make historical names like they used to. “Charles the Fat,” “Good Queen Bess,” “Jack the Ripper” -- ah, those were the good old days. The closest we get to such colorful names today would be in professional wrestling - you know, where a guy whose real name is Stanley Smith becomes something like “Slimeball Harry.” Ivan the Terrible, who lived from 1530 to 1584 and was Russia’s first czar, earned his adjective. He was truly gosh awful. How about killing your own son during an argument hands on? I mean what did the kid do, bring the car back late on a Saturday night date? Ivan was also paranoid. He suspected the nobility of plotting against him, so he had 1,000 of them killed. Too bad he didn’t survive into modern times. Had Ivan lived long enough he probably could have become Ivan the Misunderstood. Source: Big Book of Knowledge by Sarah Phillips 89. What was the first “panic button?” That depends on how broadly we consider this query. For example, some early ancestor of modern man might have had an excruciating stomach ache and discovered by accident that if he pushed hard enough on his belly button, the discomfort at that spot would distract him from the tummy ache.
48
Less imaginative scholars trace the panic button’s origin to the considerably more recent World War II. The pilot of a bomber flying a mission could push a button to set off an alarm, alerting men in other sections of his aircraft that the plane had been damaged, was in danger of crashing and that they might have to bail out. The sense of pushing the panic button as an over- or premature reaction to a crisis came from worrywart pilots who caused their men to parachute when it wasn’t necessary. You might say they jumped too quickly to conclusions. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris 90. Is badminton played anywhere besides backyards? First things first. If you’ve always assumed that it was named after a glove with a hole in it, shame on you. There really are two “n’s,” and it was named for the Duke Of Beaufort’s summerhouse in Gloucestershire. The Duke, as you well know, invented the game in the mid nineteenth century. Believe it or not, badminton is the national spot of Malaysia. I guess they don’t have much wind down there. Furthermore, in the 1990s it became an Olympic sport. I kid you not. Can you imagine walking into a waterfront bar and bragging that you had won the Olympic gold medal in badminton? I play badminton with my parakeet, by the way. He bats the shuttlecock back with his beak. He scored a point on me the other day by confusing me. He hit it back and squawked, “watch the birdie!” Source: Just Curious About History, Jeeves by Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 91. What’s the point of daylight saving time? Everything I learned in school I owe to nursery rhymes and stupid word tricks. How many days in a month? “Thirty days hath September, …” Which way to move the clock when daylight saving time starts? “Spring forward, fall back.” But why “spring forward” and lose an hour of sleep when you would rather fall back and pull the cover over your head? To make the days longer when the evenings are warmer? But the days are naturally longer in summer without this time- tampering maneuver. The point is to MOVE the extra daylight from the early morning, when it would only benefit dairy farmers, to the evening, allowing all of us to clog our arteries with backyard barbecuing. By the way, notice that there’s no “s” at the end of “saving.” You can bank on it. (Another stupid word trick, courtesy of yours truly.)
49
Source: Why Things Are & Why They Aren’t by Joel Achenbach 92. We have New York State and California “champagne,” so why isn’t there any from Italy? Do you like to play “let’s pretend?” Surely winegrowers in those two states revel in it. Champagne is an area of France, not too far from Paris. It’s where the authentic bubbly comes from. Labeling a beverage California or New York State Champagne is like selling Mississippi Nova Scotia Salmon. It doesn’t make geographical sense. So why doesn’t Italy and, for that matter Germany, to name another prominent wineproducing nation, market their own Champagne-style sparkling wines (for that’s what the New York and California products are) as if they were the same as the original? Because they have signed a treaty that says they can’t use the “C” word. The U. S. never signed it. The federal government does regulate the content of any wine called “Champagne,” but doesn’t care if it was produced in Bordeaux, Brooklyn or on Mars. You don’t like it? Go pop your cork. Source: A World of Imponderables: The Answers to Life's Most Mystifying Questions (Imponderables Series) By David Feldman 93. Why do we joke about fools believing the moon is made from green cheese? Well it would be interplanetary imperialism to say it was composed of American cheese, and the holes on the moon’s surface don’t go all the way through, so it can’t be made of Swiss cheese. Even a fool wouldn’t believe Brie unless there’s wine on the moon to go with it (a very dry Chardonnay would do). But it’s not just green cheese by default. Did you ever stop to think, just what “green cheese,” is after all? There’s no such thing, right? Literally, that’s true. The “green” in this old proverb refers to the quality of “newness.” Specifically it described a hunk of cheese that had not yet aged, the appearance of which reminded people of what the moon looked like from afar. But only a fool thought it was really made from it. Hey, I’m no fool. It’s made of pizza, with extra green cheese. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris 94. Why do they call that radioactive stuff “uranium?” Uranium was all the thing in the 1950s. What with atom bombs tested in the atmosphere, uranium mines promising untold riches and science-fiction pictures about giant spiders and
50
ants accidentally created by radioactivity, uranium was really in its element. Contemplating it now can give one a nostalgic, uh, glow. The surprising thing is that even way back then uranium was nothing new. It was discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth, a German chemist, who named it after the planet Uranus (how do YOU pronounce that word?). Sir William Herschel discovered and named Uranus a few years previously. In fact, 150 years ago people were already practicing radioactive medicine, treating everything from birthmarks to ringworm with uranium. No wonder they’re all dead! Source: The Secret Lives of Words by Paul West 95. Where in the world does it rain the most? Anywhere I plan to have a picnic. Ok, rather than precipitate a crisis with my colleagues, I’ll give you the conventional answer. It’s on the island of Kauai in sunny (?) Hawaii. There, on the slippery slopes of Mt. Waialeale, you never have to get a forecast to know if you should take an umbrella. You should wear one all the time on your head because Waialeale gets an average 472 inches of rain a year. While we’re into liquid data, note that the most rainfall in a 24-hour period anywhere was the 46 inches that fell on Bauio in the Philippines in 1911. The most in any place in a given year was the 905 inches that went drippy-poo on Cherrapunki, India in 1861. In other words, if it’s hard to spell or pronounce, plan to stay indoors. Source: Do Fish Drink Water? Puzzling and Improbable Questions and Answers by Bill McLain 96. Do bananas grow on trees? Sure, like money. Did you ever see a money tree? Well you have as much chance of seeing a banana tree, or a monkey reading the Wall Street Journal. (Scratch that: I actually did see a simian speculating in Internet stocks two days ago.) Bananas grow out of a trunkless plant - an herb, to be exact. The fruit comes out of the stem of the plant, appearing first as flowers. They grow in bunches on the plant and are picked when green so that they will be ripe by the time they reach your cereal bowl.
51
Banana plants are transplanted by taking a piece of the plant’s underground stem and replanting it. These pieces are called “suckers.” Which brings us back to those monkeys on Wall Street… Source: The World Book Encyclopedia by World Book Inc. 97. Why do light bulbs come in odd-sized wattages, such as 40 and 60 watts? “How many psychiatrists does it take to change a light bulb?” I yelled to my friend at the other end of the bar. He didn’t have the faintest idea. “Just one,” I chortled, “but it has to REALLY want to change.” Well the bulbs may have changed, but those odd wattage numbers have remained pretty steady since the commercial development of the tungsten filament in 1907. That’s when the 40-, 60- and 100-watt models came on the market. The best explanation for these seemingly random numbers is that the light they emitted roughly corresponded to that produced by the standard-sized gas lamps then in use. A little familiarity helped people accept the new technology. It’s like when PC’s were introduced. The keyboard suggested the typewriter, and Windows crashing reminded users of how they would have to crumble up and discard the paper if they made too many errors. Source: A World of Imponderables: The Answers to Life's Most Mystifying Questions (Imponderables Series) By David Feldman 98. Why do we call a violent robbery a “mugging?” The slang generated by the real world of cops and robbers is often colorful, but sometimes misleading. A cat burglar, for example, deftly and daringly climbs great heights to get his booty. He’s not a felon who filches felines. But a mugger is not only linguistically related to mug, the slang word for one’s visage, he’s also very much physically in your face. A mugging is a street crime in which the perpetrator forcefully removes your valuables. He often grabs his victim from behind, putting his hand over the mouth to prevent an outcry, which is how the act got to be a “mugging.” Mug as a slang word for face originated with old drinking mugs, which were often decorated with distorted caricatures of faces. You might even end up looking that way if you drank too much of what was in the mug. Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi
52
99. Why do we call a test for authenticity or usefulness the “acid test?” Because if the thing being tested fails it must be a lemon? Not really, although this does remind me of my 10th grade geometry teacher. We called any test she gave the acid test because she was a real pickle-puss. But enough of my adolescent bitterness. The origins of this phrase were quite literal. More than a century ago, when much of the population lived in rural areas, the itinerant peddler was an important person. Not only did he sell all sorts of manufactured goods otherwise unavailable, he also bought old objects made of gold. For this purpose he needed an easy way to estimate the gold content of, say, an old spoon. He did it by nicking it slightly and pouring nitric acid on the indentation. The color the liquid turned revealed the percentage of gold present. This acid test was as good as gold, to coin a phrase. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 100. When do bears emerge from hibernation? Some trivia books still try to pose this as a trick question, stating that bears don’t emerge because they never hibernated in the first place. The bear’s body temperature doesn’t fall as much as that of other hibernating animals, and this was once thought to disqualify them as true hibernators. But now we know that their higher body temperature is simply a function of their larger size. Like other hibernators, bears don’t sleep through the winter, but rather wake up periodically and eat what they’ve stored in their cave. They emerge for good when average temperatures are above freezing. How does the bear determine the average temperature? Damned if I know. I’m more interested in how we knew about the bear’s hibernating temperature in the first place. Would you enter the cave of a sleeping bear and stick a thermometer… well, wherever? Source: The World Book Encyclopedia by World Book Inc. 101. Why do so many major train stations have high, often vaulted ceilings? You’ll encounter a lot of hot air if you research this question. And well you should, because the custom of building the stations this way arose in the nineteenth century, when trains produced a good deal of steam and smoke. Hot air rises, and the high ceilings allowed this potentially noxious stuff to drift safely away from the passengers.
53
When many of those stations were built - Grand Central, in New York, to name a famous one - they also had a symbolic as well as practical value. The automobile symbolizes our age, in which individuals are empowered with mobility previously unknown in world history. Trains 150 years ago symbolized the age of power produced by machines driven by steam. The cathedral-like ceilings in those stations express the faith that such power would elevate life in general. With the hindsight available to us, of course, we know that they were a bit off-track on that one. Source: What Are Hyenas Laughing At, Anyway? An Imponderables Book by David Feldman 102. Whatever happened to phone booths? Phone booths once played an important cultural role in Western Civilization. Gang rubouts in the movies were more dramatic when the victim was neatly enclosed in a glass booth that shattered to hell when riddled with bullets. And college fraternities might have totally disappeared in the 1950s without phone booths into which to squeeze the “brothers” in an attempt to set a new campus record. But now steel-plated, wall- or pole-mounted phones have replaced booths. One reason for this is that people were starting to use the phone booths to answer the call of nature. Imagine: They couldn’t tell a toilet from a telephone! Phone booths also occupied valuable space. In our spreadsheet world, everything has to justify its existence in the bottom line. By the way, rumor has it that the old booths are now renting as studio apartments in New York City and San Francisco. Source: Why Things Are & Why They Aren’t by Joel Achenbach 103. Why is the female side of something referred to as the “distaff side?” They’ve been sticking it to women since the Garden of Eden, and this expression is just another verbal confirmation that women get the short end. The “staff” in distaff is the stick on which women wound the material used to make yarn on the spinning wheel. The expression, which arose in the 16th century, thus equates women with an implement they used to use in a domestic chore. Now you might say, “What’s the equivalent expression for a man?” I don’t know of any exact, mirror-opposite. But going back to the same period, one would think it would have
54
something to do with a spear. It would perhaps be an expression indicating that back then giving people the shaft was a guy kind of thing. Source: Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology edited by C. T. Onions 104. Why do we say that someone who is really wrong or out of line is “off base?” I bet I know what you’re thinking. This comes from baseball, and it describes a runner who is on base, has taken too big a lead away from the base, and is about to be picked off because he’s too far off base. Guess what? You’re out. The “base” in this sense is your foundation, mooring, and anchor. You need it to function. It could be your common sense, sense of values, family, or just familiar surroundings. If you’re detached from it you go wrong, drift, and lose you’re bearings -- are off base. If you still don’t get it, imagine a head that’s grown tired of being attached to it’s neck and has decided to go off on its own (imagine also that it’s not dripping blood all over the carpet!). It’s likely to be wrong about most things (go ahead, ask it a question). And it’s certainly out of line. Source: Heavens to Betsy! & Other Curious Sayings by Charles E. Funk 105. What’s the purpose of that snap-box contraption they clack in front of a movie camera just before filming a take? I don’t know how many times I’ve seen one of these things in some TV documentary about the movies and never asked myself why the heck they needed it. But sure as shootin,’ just before the camera roles, some fool sticks this box that has the title and take number printed on it in front of the camera and clacks it. The key, it turns out, is in the clack. The purpose of this mysterious ritual is to synchronize the soundtrack with the picture. In the editing room during post-production, the editor can align the soundtrack for the entire scene by synchronizing the clack sound with the frame in which the box -- it’s called a clapboard -- is snapped closed. Then again, sometimes it’s more fun if King Kong opens his mouth to roar and you hear instead someone ordering a coffee with milk and a piece of Danish. Source: Return of the Straight Dope by Cecil Adams
55
106. Why is that square space in which boxers fight called a “ring?” I can understand why boxers might be a little punchy and not always know a square from a circle, but how about the rest of us? What’s our excuse? You flunked plane geometry, too? Let’s go back in time. There’s no HBO, no million-dollar purses, and no promoters like Don King with French-fried hair. A fighter comes to town and challenges anyone to knock him out. A couple of guys form the fighting area by standing in a circle, holding a rope. All the action will be confined to this “ring.” That was OK for a small town, but not so good when several thousand people came to see the fighters. Then they squared the circle, attaching ropes to four poles. But they still called it a ring. And the boxers still tried to beat each other to a bloody pulp and the spectators still called it a sport. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 107. Why do we say that someone who is kept in isolation is in “quarantine?” Short of making someone wear a dunce cap and stand in the corner, there are few things more isolating than being placed in quarantine. Even your breathing is a threat to everyone. The word quarantine originated in the Middle Ages with the most famous epidemic in Western history, the black plague. Forty days appeared to be the incubation period for this dread disease and in Italy; they simply called this period, in which you were kept away from everyone, the “quarantina,” Italian for the number forty. By the way, I’m for extending the reasons for which people are quarantined. For example, the king of early television, comedian Milton Berle, resorted to some of the worst jokes ever to get a laugh. Perhaps his worst was when he opened his show with the greeting, “Good evening ladies and germs.” What could be sicker than that? Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 108. Is there any animal that has four horns? A few weeks ago there was a truck driver just behind me on the New Jersey Turnpike who might have qualified. But other than that nerve-jangling encounter I don’t believe I have ever come across such a beast until now. Yes, there is such an animal, an antelope, in India. Whoever named the four-horned antelope was not terribly imaginative, but the creature itself seems to have been put
56
together with a good deal of inventiveness. He has the usual two horns between his ears and a smaller pair just over his eyes. Notice I wrote “he.” It’s the male who has the four horns, while the female is hornless. Now I ask you, with the male extraordinarily horny but the female not horny at all, isn’t it amazing that they ever bring forth new little four horns? Source: The Handy Science Answer Book by Science and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library 109. How do antihistamines stop sneezing and a runny nose? Spring really turns me on -- like a faucet. I tear and sneeze. To heck with balmy days: I wish it would freeze. Pollen and other irritants in the spring air set off this debilitating cycle of activity in the eyes, nose and breathing passage of millions. The invaders provoke a counteraction by the body’s “mast” cells, which fight back with various substances, one of which are histamines. Unfortunately, these hista-meanies, while defending us, also run amok, irritating nerve cells and blood vessels, attaching to them and causing the collateral damage of sneezing and tearing. Antihistamines prevent this attachment by blocking the “receptors” on the nerve and blood vessel cells. The histamines can no longer connect to them. Imagine histamines in a singles bar trying all of their pick- up lines on these sensitive cells. No dice. Antihistamines have protected them with blindfolds, earplugs and bags over their heads. Source: The New York Times – National Ed 110. Why do we call a computer problem a glitch? My favorite reference book on such matters, “Small Bytes: An Irreverent Computer Dictionary,” succinctly describes a glitch as “a hitch in the glutch between input and output.” I couldn’t have put it better myself. Every other word I’ve heard in conjunction with this unfortunate occurrence has four letters. But they can’t match this one’s ability to sound just like what it is: a mishap that may well ruin your day but won’t spoil your life. The word glitch is relatively new, a product of the space age and the era of advanced electronics. It comes from the German “glitschen,” and via the Yiddish, “glitshen.” Both
57
mean, “to slip.” We have ingeniously miniaturized electronic circuits, but it looks like the old banana peel has shrunk in proportion to them. No matter how carefully we design electronic products, such as computers, we never get out all the weirdness. They still trip us up. Source: The Secret Lives of Words by Paul West 111. Is there any difference between a porpoise and a dolphin? With the international economy fragile, global hotspots threatening to explode and global warming heating up, you’re concerned with the difference between a porpoise and a dolphin? Well I must admit this has been on my mind, too. Now maybe we can all achieve some closure on it. Both are actually small whales. You have met a porpoise if he or she has a round snout and flat teeth. When it comes to associating with people, this mammal is something of a cold fish. You are dealing with a dolphin if you see more of a beak, nose-wise, and cone-shaped teeth. Dolphins tend to be longer than their more aloof porpoise kin. They are more playful as well as more social than the porpoise, which given its druthers would rather go off by itself and read a good book. Source: The Handy Science Answer Book by Science and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library 112. What happens if you go several nights without sleep? You would be tired, short-tempered and dead if you kept it up long enough. You would also yawn a lot. Sleep is just about as basic as food to human beings. Your brain needs it to function. People who haven’t slept for several days cannot reason very well or concentrate. They may even hallucinate, become schizophrenic and lose touch with reality. (Drinking a pitcher of Margaritas is a quicker and far more pleasant way to accomplish the same thing.) Sleep deprivation also impairs the brain’s ability to connect to the nervous system. Without sleep, you can’t walk, see or hear very well. Dream deprivation, scientists conjecture, may also impair our ability to think straight. Fish, spiders and snakes do not dream. Did you ever meet one with a Ph.D.? Source: The World Book Encyclopedia by World Book Inc.
58
113. Why do we call that stand that holds an artist’s canvass an easel? What could be more basic to civilization than the beast of burden? (Trust me, I do not digress!) The ox, the donkey and the packhorse expanded our ancestors’ ability to do all kinds of work. So basic were these animals that their service was embodied in words and expressions. The French, for example, called a clothing rack a “chevalet,” likening it to a small horse. Similarly, what we call an easel, they call a “chevalet de peintre,” or a rack to hold a painting. The Dutch actually gave us the word “easel.” In Holland in the 16th century, when painting hit a peak, they likened the stand that held the canvass to an ass, using their word for that animal, “ezel,” to describe it. Think of it: Rembrandt painted his Self Portrait while supporting it on his ezel. Now that’s talent! Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 114. Why do we call something that’s sloppy or muddled a “mess?” The word “mess” reminds me of the word “doctor.” I thought Ph.D.s had borrowed that title from medical practitioners. But I had it backwards: “doctor” comes from a Latin word for teacher. It’s like that with mess. My mother used to say, “Your room’s a mess. Straighten it up or you don’t go out to play!” When I discovered “mess” in the food sense, as in the Army mess hall, I figured it had migrated over from my mother’s usage. Whaddayaknow, food came first! Mess is from the Latin, “missus.” That’s not a married woman, but rather means part of a meal. Shades of my high school cafeteria, the meaning of mess evolved from a bunch of food tossed together, to just a plane mess: from slop to sloppy. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris
59
115. What’s the difference between an ophthalmologist, an optometrist and an optician? First, I’ll give you two quick tests to winnow out the ophthalmologist. Cover one eye. Which is the only one with an “l” in his title? You got it. Now compare bills from each (uncover that eye). The biggest one also comes from the ophthalmologist, who is an M.D., an eye doctor. Now let’s shop for glasses and we’ll separate optometrist from optician. The optometrist is one step down in the medical pecking order from the ophthalmologist. She can also examine your eyes, and in addition make glasses for you if you need them or give you an eyeglass or contact lens prescription that someone else can fill. But she’s not an M.D. and can’t operate or prescribe medicine. An optician can make and fit your glasses, but that’s all. He’s a technician, and can look down only on the receptionist. Source: The Handy Science Answer Book by Science and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library 116. Why do we call that suite of playing cards with the cloverleaf symbol, “clubs?” Ok, here’s the real deal: The English adopted the symbol for this suite from French playing cards. On French cards, the symbol was clearly a cloverleaf, the French word for which was “trefles,” meaning “cloverleaf.” So, what did the English call it? “Clubs,” naturally. In the great tradition of English eccentricity, the people of that green and pleasant land took the translation of the Spanish word for the same suite, “basto,” which in English is “clubs,” and applied it to the cards that clearly depicted a cloverleaf. Don’t blame the Spanish, whose cards of that suite DID use a drawing of clubs to represent it. Why combine a symbol from one country’s cards and the word from another language that describes a different symbol? Need I remind you which country gave us “Alice in Wonderland?” Maybe the Queen of Hearts simply decreed that cloverleaves be clubs. Source: Why Things Are & Why They Aren’t by Joel Achenbach 117. Why is there “snow” on the TV screen when a station goes off the air? Because a station leaving the air lowers the temperature of the picture tube - Just kidding I’m not that flaky. Ordinarily a circuit in your TV’s amplifier either boosts or diminishes broadcast signals, depending on the strength of the signal. But if there’s no signal -- as when a station goes off
60
the air -- this amplifier circuit, called an automatic gain control, boosts to the maximum whatever it picks up. In the absence of a broadcast signal, it’s picking up and amplifying random static emissions that could come from your pc, vacuum cleaner or other circuits in the TV itself -- maybe even from a belch, or the dirty joke your Uncle Harry told at dinner. Without any signal at all you would see a white screen. The electronic static shows up as moving dark dots which, blended with the white, appear to be snow. Source: How Do Astronauts Scratch an Itch? : An Imponderables Book (An Imponderables Book) by David Feldman 118. Why do people who lose their temper “fly off the handle?” Right off the bat I should identify the geographical origin of this phrase: 19th century rural America, where the handle in question was likely to be attached to a hammer, hatchet, ax or similarly sharp or heavy-headed instrument. Tool handles were made from wood, which shrinks over long periods. The shrinking wood loosened the head of the instrument. The first good swing could send that head flying, with serious consequences for anyone standing nearby. Similarly, someone metaphorically flying off the handle is momentarily irrational and perhaps even dangerous to those near them. It is also said that such people “lose their head,” which is the same thing as saying that they fly off the handle. Of course, when that used to happen literally, anyone standing close enough could lose his head, too. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 119. Why do we call those grotesque figures on medieval buildings gargoyles? Please don’t misunderstand: At one time in the movies, on Broadway and in the stories of Damon Runyon, it was thought that all average Joe’s pronounced girls, “goyles.” But there’s no gender reference here - the word applies to garboys as well as gargoyles. Gargoyles served a mundane purpose. Water ran off buildings into a gutter and from there flowed out through the gargoyles mouth, which was actually a spout. In Latin, “gutter” is a word for throat. “Garg” is a Latin prefix that also means throat (think of the word “gargle”). Old French for throat was “gargouille,” from which we get gargoyle. So, the most grotesque thing about gargoyles is that they expectorate in public all day. Just like my old Uncle Harry, who was the spitting image of a gargoyle.
61
Source: Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology edited by C. T. Onions 120. Why don’t we use Roman rather than Arabic numerals? Who said we use “Arabic” numerals? (I know, I just did, but bear with me while I make a point.) Our numbering system is actually Hindu. It passed down to us through the great Arab culture of the Middle Ages. We use the Hindu-Arabic numbers because they’re easier to manipulate. Roman numerals are cumbersome. (Try multiplying XCLXVI by VXLI.). BUT - Sorry, But believe it or not, adding and subtracting can sometimes be easier the Roman way. Say you want to subtract 16 from 77. LXXVII is 77 and XVI, 16. Just erase a X, a V, and an I (16) from the bigger number, leaving LXI, or 61, the correct answer. The real genius of the Hindu-Arabic number system is the concept of zero. If you look at Western achievements in science and technology over the past century alone, we have really made something out of that nothing. Source: Why Things Are & Why They Aren’t by Joel Achenbach 121. How can you tell a mushroom from a toadstool? If you eat it and don’t have to go to the hospital afterward, it was a mushroom. Toadstools, as I’m sure you know, are quite poisonous. Toadstools have been so demonized that you might be surprised to learn that they are not some separate kind of plant. If either a toadstool or mushroom is present, there is a fungus among us. They’re both wild fungi; mushrooms are simply the edible kind. But this was supposed to be “how to ...,” wasn’t it? Well in fact, no matter what your counselor told you in camp, you almost surely can’t tell them apart -- and shouldn’t try -unless you are an expert on the 38,000 species of mushrooms. You know what? Go pick blueberries. Source: Fabulous Fallacies: More Than 300 Popular Beliefs That Are Not True by Tad Tuleja 122. What is the continental shelf? As big as it sounds, I doubt it would hold the spillover from what used to be my walk-in closet. Maybe I need the continental shelves. In the geographical sense, the continental shelf is the underwater ledge that juts out from land at the ocean’s edge. Don’t confuse this ledge with the shallow end of a swimming pool.
62
It goes down as much as 600 feet. But it goes no deeper than that for quite a distance out from shore, where the real slope starts and the bottom quickly drops to a depth of several miles. The width of this shelf varies from next to nothing to hundreds of miles and represents about 7 percent of all the world’s oceans. Fisheries and underwater oil deposits are located on this shelf. Source: How a Fly Walks Upside Down... and other curious facts by Martin M. Goldwyn 123. Why do we say that people who get hung up on minor arguments are “quibbling?” You’ll never guess what profession is the source of this word. Let’s see, its members certainly quibble over minor arguments. They often scribble on large leg… uh, yellow pads. And they positively dribble at the mouth over the potential for many billable hours. Yes, it’s our friends the lawyers. So, how do we get from them to the word “quibble?” It’s from the Latin, “quibis,” a form of the word “qui,” or “who.” Quibis is the equivalent of “party of the first part.” So to quibble, in other words, is to talk like, and therefore to act like he or she whom you should usually try to avoid at all costs. And “all” is what it will probably cost you if you don’t. Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 124. How much of a tree that’s been cut for timber actually ends up as usable wood? The timber industry goes against the grain of cost efficiency. Between the tree and your dining table, most of what was originally standing ends up as waste. Picture yourself dismembering a carrot for a salad. You begin by lopping off the top, right? Lumberjacks do the same to a tree, removing its top and its branches before they even yell…… you know what. By the time what’s left is on its way to a mill, as much as half of its original volume is gone. Another twenty-five percent is left in sawmill, much of it as sawdust. Hey, they have to have something to put on the barroom floor, don’t they? Another eighth is wasted in machining the lumber for the final product. That leaves as little as an eighth of the original tree, a mere chip off the old block. Source: The Handy Science Answer Book by Science and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library
63
125. What are the northern lights? “Aurora Borealis.” Roll that around your mouth a few times. That’s another name for this phenomenon, the faint glow in the sky seen in the far north and south of our planet. (To be fair about it, they are called “Aurora Australis” Down Under but, mates; there are more of us up here than there are of you down there.) These lights, which at their most dramatic can cover the whole sky, usually vary in intensity and location. They are probably the result of electronic particles thrown off by the sun that bang into our atmosphere. This phenomenon generally coincides with periods of sunspot activity. Now tell the truth: Did you really think northern lights were a brand of low-tar cigarettes made in one of the Scandinavian countries? Source: How a Fly Walks Upside Down... and other curious facts by Martin M. Goldwyn 126. Why do they turn off the cabin lights on planes before takeoff? I could understand it if they did that whenever they served food, airline cuisine being what it is. Or if this was just another way they were cutting service, saving a few pennies on electric power. It would even make sense to dim the lights when someone is airsick. Who wants to look at THAT? But for takeoffs? Why? All the better for you to see the sights outside, folks. There’s nothing technical about it, and it’s that simple. At night, especially, the lights are quite pretty, particularly once you’re airborne and you can see them sparkle all over the city. You say you’re sitting in an aisle seat? Crane your neck. So why don’t they do blackouts for landings? Because people then are more concerned with getting their stuff together for departure. And how else would you see the attendants’ insincere smiles when they thank you for flying with them? Source: What Are Hyenas Laughing At, Anyway? An Imponderables Book by David Feldman 127. Why do we call that children’s game hopscotch? Well if the kids played it on a tartan-design playing area, the name might be self -evident. But not only is that not the etymology, the origin of the name has nothing to do with any part of the British Isles. The game - called scotch hoppers in the seventeenth century - - is played on squares cut into the ground or marked on pavement. The name was derived from the Old French word
64
“escocher,” which meant to cut or mark. It was anglicized to “scotch.” From the same source, we get the expression, to “scotch a rumor.” And butterscotch - didn’t you ever wonder about that? - is simply butter-colored candy cut into squares. Adults sometimes hop after drinking enough Scotch. They also giggle, guffaw, spin around and fall down. Great game! Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 128. Why do we call a cheapskate a ‘piker?’ Because such a person would rather go out of their way and, figuratively, climb Pikes Peak rather than pay their fair share of anything. How does that sound? I made it up, but the real origin of the word is somewhat similar. ‘Piker’ comes not from climbing but from walking. In the early nineteenth century, especially in the United States, turnpikes were being built everywhere as part of a revolution in transportation. Since it was not yet common for government to build such improvements, private companies often constructed them. Naturally, they did it for a profit, which they got by charging tolls on vehicles using their road. But if you were on foot, you didn’t have to pay. People who walked from town to town to save the toll money were called ‘pikers,’ from the word “turnpike.” A pedestrian explanation, to be sure, but it’s the truth. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 129. Why do we associate Dalmatians with firemen? I could imagine 101 different reasons. But lest anyone accuse me of dogging it, I’ve pawed through some reference sources to bring you a credible answer. The answer is simple. The key facts are that there is a natural affinity between Dalmatians and horses, and Dalmatians make good watchdogs. People who owned valuable horses often kept Dalmatians around to guard them against horse thieves. Fire engines used to be drawn by fast and powerful horses, a tempting target for thieves. So, Dalmatians were kept in the firehouse as deterrence to theft. The horses have long since gone, but the Dalmatians, by tradition, have stayed. Would you like an even simpler explanation? Firemen are often on the spot, while the spots are always on the Dalmatians.
65
Source: The Handy Science Answer Book by Science and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library 130. How does one become a circus clown? The easiest way to become a clown is to come from a family of them. (Never mind the smartass remarks; you know I’m referring to professionals.) Barring that, you have to go to school to learn the basics. The Ringling Brothers Circus, biggest of the “big tops,” runs a clown college, where you learn everything from juggling to how to paint your face to how to stand on your head. After graduating, you start at the bottom, with low pay. Are you ready to do it? Not so fast. Competition to get in is fierce, and only 10 percent of the graduates are offered jobs. You have to have many kinds of physical skills and have a real knack for entertaining. It’s not enough just to score high on the S. A. T. (Silly Attitude Test). Source: Just Curious About Animals and Nature, Jeeves (Ask Jeeves) By Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 131. How did ‘Mister’ get to be a title of address? Well let’s see, Mister is shorter than “hey, you,” and Mr. is shorter still. And I don’t know about you, but there are very few guys I feel like addressing as “your lordship.” While Mr. is common these days, it began as a term of respect, coming to us from two sources. “Master” as a title evolved into mister to match the female title, “Mistress.” Mister also developed as a title to set apart skilled workers, or artisans, from the peasantry and common laborers. Here it descends from the Latin, “ministerium,” which meant craft or trade. Over the centuries, as it passed through the lips of enough mumblers and fast talkers, ministerium became mister. By the way, the French Revolution sought to eliminate all special terms of address, replacing them with “Citizen.” That really went too far. No sense losing your head over it. Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 132. Why don’t our palms get sunburned at the beach? Well I know why bellhops, cab drivers and other workers who depend on tips are protected: their palms are always being greased. But how about the rest of us? Think about how you hold your palms. When you walk down the street on a sunny day your arms are usually at your side, palms facing your body. The sun can’t get at them. Even if you’re lying on the beach unprotected, daring skin cancers to take its best shot, your palms
66
are safe. If you’re on your back, your arms are at your side, palms face down. Lying on your stomach, you probably keep your arms folded in front of you, palms down. For double protection, the skin on your palms is thicker than everywhere else but on the soles of your feet, with more dead cells at the surface to keep out ultraviolet rays. Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 133. Why do we sometimes call someone with below average intelligence a moron? As a kid, I thought it was because morons, too, had foolishly eaten my Aunt Emily’s vegetable soup. The soup was so bland that I had to pour salt into it. She would just shake her head and mutter repeatedly, “pouring more on, more on?” Then I discovered that moron was a word coined in 1910, before Emily was born. It seems that psychologists, never happy unless they can stick a label on someone, felt they needed a new word to describe people who were quite slow on the uptake. So, in that year, at the convention of The American Association for the Study of the Feeble Minded (“moron” did symbolize progress), the delegates went to work. Someone remembered that the French dramatist, Moliere, had written a play in which a stupid character was named Moron (ancient Greek for stupid was “moros”). Voila! Everyone went home happy. (Just remember what some folks say about ignorance being bliss…) Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 134. Why can’t you buy cashew nuts in the shell? Whatsamatter? Are you unhappy that someone has already done the work for you, shelling the little things and sparing your fingers? If you really need to burn excess energy, c’mon over to my house, where there are weeds that need pulling. Ok, ok: here’s the truth in a nutshell. Cashews have no shells. What’s more, they’re not nuts. The cashew is a seed, just like sunflower and pumpkin seeds. They grow on shrubs and hang from cashew apples, which also taste pretty good. Anyone who tells you otherwise IS a nut. By the way, don’t believe the story about the elephant and the origins of the word, “cashew.” You know, the elephant sneezed, “cashew,” blowing the shells off the nuts. It’s apocryphal. Source: A World of Imponderables: The Answers to Life's Most Mystifying Questions (Imponderables Series) By David Feldman
67
135. Why does the president of the United States work in an oval office? Given the odd behavior of some presidents, maybe it’s to keep from being cornered. But I have another angle on the matter. When the White House was built, in the late 1790s, it contained several oval rooms, one of which, on the second floor, was used by early presidents as an office. But before there could be a TV program called “The West Wing,” the executive mansion had to have same. Teddy Roosevelt added it in 1902, and the proponent of the “Square Deal’ went to work in a similarly shaped office in the new wing. It was the next president, William Howard Taft, who turned it into an oval when he renovated, because people had come to associate oval rooms with the White House. (For the rotund Taft, the oval shape may also have been a matter of self-expression.) Source: Why Things Are & Why They Aren’t by Joel Achenbach 136. Why do graduates wear those strange square caps with their gowns? Those mortarboards are modeled after the biretta, a similar cap worn by church officials in the Middle Ages to symbolize their knowledge, experience and high place. With an optimism that borders on religious faith, the mortarboard states that the graduate has reached a similar point in life. The square cardboard was added to the top to keep the biretta’s high crown from flopping on the grad’s face (and extinguishing the joint he’s smoking to get through the day). Now here’s what I really think: Like the beanies sported by fraternity pledges, those sillylooking mortarboards are worn by people pledging adulthood. Of course, once you get in, the parties aren’t as good, eventually you’re supposed to be monogamous, you can only watch your kids have food fights and work is worse than cramming for finals. Go out into the world? Not me! Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 137. Why do we say that something obscene appeals to prurient interests? “Obscene,” like “lascivious,” has a certain amount of animal energy in it, while the sound of “prurient,” for me, invokes “prune.” The etymology of prurient takes us back to Latin, to the word “prurire,” which has several modern translations. It means to be wonton (which, of course, has nothing to do with any ethnic cuisine you may know of). But it also means to itch. Now there’s an interesting idea. Something obscene that appeals to prurient interests, like a mosquito’s bite, makes us itch. And you know what THAT makes you want to do. As your mother worried about your mosquito bites, so the community is concerned that you may be incited to “scratch.”
68
President Teddy Roosevelt’s daughter, Alice Longworth Roosevelt, had a refreshing antidote to this attitude: “I have a simple philosophy. Fill what’s empty. Empty what’s full. Scratch where it itches.” Source: Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology edited by C. T. Onions 138. Why might we say that someone who acts crazy has gone ‘berserk?’ Obviously, because they remind us of Norway and its history, of Old Norse warriors, and especially of Old Norse itself, the ancient language of Norway. In Old Norse, “berserk” meant “bear shirt” - a shirt made from bear skin, not a shirt typically worn by bears. It’s what Norse warriors wore when they went into battle, earning them the name, “berserkers.” These guys really went nuts when they took up the sword -hence our modern meaning of berserk -- in no small measure because they first got stoned out of their minds by munching on hallucinogenic mushrooms. Why, you ask, did they wear those bear shirts in the first place? Because their fathers did before them, and everyone knows you can’t teach an Old Norse new tricks. Source: Who Put Butter in Butterfly... and Other Fearless Investigations into Our Illogial Language by David Feldman 139. In testing new medicines, what’s the difference between a blind and a double-blind test? What both have in common is a group of patients, some of whom get the new medication while others receive a placebo. The question is who knows what was given to whom? (For purposes of this explanation, we ignore drug companies that stand to profit from these medicines, which approach the tests with eyes wide open and focused on their spreadsheets.) In a blind test, the patients do not know if they got the placebo or the real thing. But the doctor administering the medication does know which went to whom. This keeps the patients from having a subjective reaction and skewing the results. But it’s always possible the doctor could unconsciously signal to patients what they were getting. In a double-blind test, patient and doctor are each in the dark. The doctor doesn’t know to whom she gave the experimental whosamajiggie, and who swallowed peppermint candy. Source: Book of Answers: The New York Public Library Telephone Reference Service’s most Unusual and Enter by Barbara Berliner
69
140. What’s the difference between an atoll and an island? With summer coming on, many Americans probably think atoll is simply what they pay to cross the bridge to their favorite island. But it’s worth knowing the difference between these two geological formations. An island is a chunk of land surrounded by water. Think of it as resembling the piece of Danish you might drink with your coffee. An atoll is more like a bagel. It began as a volcano in mid-ocean. But then the volcano sinks below sea level, leaving just the coral that forms on the rim of the crater. Soil forms on top of the coral, producing an island- like circular formation with a lagoon in the middle. The formation, or atoll, found most often in the Pacific, is also referred to as a coral reef. As I said, the distinction is worth knowing - unless you’re a fish, to whom, I imagine, it doesn’t matter atoll. Source: Big Book of Knowledge by Sarah Phillips 141. Why are those Congressional pleasure trips called “junkets?” Some Americans object to their representatives using their tax dollars to go abroad, spending $250 on dinner with a companion hired from an escort service. Hey, spoilsports, how else do you think members of Congress can come up with ideas for new legislation? Such Puritans could care less why these investigative forays are called junkets. But for the rest of us: The etymology begins with the Latin word for baskets woven from rushes: “juncus.” Junket, the custard-like desert older readers may recall from their childhood, got its name because containers of it were transported in such baskets. Picnics, as well, come in these baskets. Do you see where this is going? Eating sweet deserts, feasting and having a good time - everything that’s not work. Well, maybe we should bring these guys home where the worst they can do is feed from the pork barrel. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris 142. Just how does a Venus flytrap eat dinner? Here is the vegetarian’s nightmare: a carnivorous plant. That is not to say that you will ever see one of these cuties devouring a cheeseburger. As their name implies, they would rather feast on what your sandwich attracts if you eat it outside in warm weather.
70
A native of the Carolinas, the Venus flytrap grows in soil that lacks the nitrogen it needs. Enter the nitrogen-rich fly. And enter he does at the top of the foot-high plant where there are leaves that resemble two hinged lobes, usually open in a mouth-like array. On their surface are sensitive hairs. The fly lands on a hair, triggering the leaves to close, holding him prisoner. The plant digests the fly with fluids it secretes through the leaves. Yechhh! And what if no fly comes along? Oh, I dunno, maybe the plant takes out a personals ad. Source: The World Book Encyclopedia by World Book Inc. 143. Why are certain four-letter words obscene while other words that mean the same thing are not? Gosh darn it; people do talk dirty these days. But what makes for a “dirty” word in the first place, when synonyms for the same thing are respectable? Well, they say that it’s the victors in battle who write the history of the war, and it seems that they write the dictionaries and etiquette books, as well. Those four letter words for body parts and functions are Old English, Germanic in origin and were spoken by the AngloSaxons. But after the Norman Conquest - 1066 and all that - the invaders from France made it clear that French, Latin-derived words for these things were refined, while the native Saxons spoke a gutter language. And in the gutter, it’s stayed. I can’t, of course, cite examples. But some sports terms are four-letter words with only a single letter changed -- shot, puck, punt, pass, dart, pick and bunt, for example. Shoot, ain’t that somethin’? Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 144. Do identical twins have identical fingerprints? Identical twins must be sick of questions and jokes about their resemblance. After a while it just isn’t cute to be referred to as “your doubleship,” or to be asked if you and your sibling still play with “two-two-twains.” But at the risk of a four-fisted knuckle sandwich from some pissed-off pair, I’ll take this one on. Identical twins are born virtually indistinguishable, mirror images from the same egg. But that’s only the half of it. As they age, life leaves separate tracks on each in the forms of scars and more subtle markings. It’s the same with their fingerprints, which are very similar but also different on close examination. In addition to the influence of their environment after birth, they are even
71
born with very slightly different prints due to chance occurrences in the womb, such as position, etc. - what scientists cryptically call “random events.” Source: National Science & Technology Week 145. Who is buried on the moon? What little bit of cleverness is this going to involve, you might be thinking. What have they been smoking? Well, there’s actually a straightforward answer. People have played golf on the moon, haven’t they? If you can bury a putt on earth’s satellite, why not a person? It’s been done. His name was Dr. Eugene Shoemaker, an astro-geologist who, with his astronomer wife, discovered Shoemaker-Levy 9 Comet in 1994. In 1999, NASA sent up a spacecraft to map the moon. It also carried Shoemaker’s ashes (he had died, naturally). After the craft had plotted its last lunar coordinates, it was sent crashing into the moon. In death as in life, Dr. Shoemaker had made an impact. Source: Just Curious About Science, Jeeves (Ask Jeeves) By Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 146. Why do we chill white wine but serve red wine at room temperature? One of the most gut-wrenching sights I have ever seen is a person I love dearly dropping several ice cubes into a stein of beer. Appalling! But then part of being an adult is coming to terms with the fact that those you love are not perfect. There are also people who get a little cold-crazy with wine, making a slurpy-slush ice drink out of the best vino. Cease and desist, please! Allowing for a little variation in taste careful, we’re watching you - the whites go in the fridge and the reds are served at room temperature, or slightly below. Here’s why: Reds are fermented with the grape skin. This leaves them with tannins and other acidic components, the bitter taste of which is magnified by chilling, overwhelming the grape flavor. The skinless, tannin-less whites simply taste better cold. But remember, you’re not going to skate on it. Source: Why Do Dogs Have Wet Noses? And Other Imponderables of Everyday Life By David Feldman
72
147. Exactly what is a calliope? You probably know it when you hear it, but could you describe a calliope to someone and explain how it works? Of course, it’s the watcha-ma-call-it that goes clackety-clack, toottoot, boombah, gong-plunk at circuses and in the middle of merry-go-rounds. The calliope, a mid-nineteenth century American invention, resembles a phantasmagoric organ, adorned by wooden figurines and caricatures of musical instruments. It makes its sound through pipes. But compressed steam, not air, blows through those pipes. The calliope was often pulled on a wagon at the end of a circus parade for safety’s sake, in case the final sound was the KABOOM of an exploding boiler. Named for a Greek goddess of poetry, the calliope used to be played from a keyboard. But today an automatic rotating cylinder is more likely to open and close the valves that govern the flow of steam. Source: The World Book Encyclopedia by World Book Inc. 148. Are there any animals that never sleep? My cat, who may or may not honestly mistake my prone figure for a trampoline during the night, will never let me see him with his eyes closed. He thinks it’s a sign of weakness that might allow me to permanently assert MY dominance in the house I paid for. But cats aside, it’s the dolphin that comes to mind. Dolphins can’t go to sleep. They are mammals, need to surface to breathe and will drown if they doze off. And underwater is the only place you won’t find a Starbucks. Not to worry. For eight hours a day dolphins are fully awake, but the rest of the time they’re on cruise control. In those 16 hours, half of their brain is asleep for one eight-hour stretch, while the other half snoozes during the next eight-hour shift. Moral: to beat a dolphin at chess, first check his schedule. Source: Do Fish Drink Water? Puzzling and Improbable Questions and Answers by Bill McLain 149. Where did people first eat chocolate, and when? Notwithstanding what you read in the supermarket tabloids while waiting to pay for the groceries, there is no proof that chocolate was brought to earth by aliens. However, it IS plausible that the smell of chocolate attracted them TO our galaxy.
73
Sticking to established fact, civilization as we know it began about the year 1000 AD in South America when several cultures started to use a bitter concoction made from the cocoa bean in important rituals. Columbus, who also discovered America, made a significant contribution to European culture when he brought this liquid back from the New World. Sweetened, it became “cocoa.” By the 17th century, cocoa was the cat’s meow among the nobility and was spreading to the lower classes. Chocolate remained a drink exclusively until the middle of the 19th century, when chocolate candy was developed in Europe. Now if we can just figure out how to smoke it. Source: The Browser’s Books of Beginnings: Origins of Everything Under and Including, the Sun by Charles Panati 150. What do hospitals mean when they say that someone’s condition is “stable,” “serious,” “critical” or some other melodramatic adjective? I’ve often suspected that HMO’s reimburse the hospitals on a schedule that takes into account the weight of these adjectives. But conjecture aside, there are general, although not rigidly explicit rules for the use of these words to frighten patients’ friends and relatives. On the low end of the scare scale are “good,” “fair,” “stable” and “satisfactory” (to whom, their creditors?). Put away the Valium, the greatest threat to these patients is hospital food. “Serious” is a question mark. It means pretty darn sick, possibly not stable, but in no immediate threat of falling into a coma or dying. “Critical” is the flashing red light. This patient is unstable, may not even be conscious, and his or her life is in danger. But at least they don’t have to eat the Jell-O. Source: Why Do Dogs Have Wet Noses? And Other Imponderables of Everyday Life By David Feldman 151. Why do many newspapers have the word “gazette” in their name? Well, the German word for “shrill” is Gezeter, and if you saw the headlines in one of the tabloids in my town, you would know why it comes to mind. But that ain’t it. Nor does gazette have any relationship to gesundheit, although the power of the press is nothing to sneeze at. Gazette comes from 16th century Venice, where reading was not a common skill. Upon payment of a gazeta, the penny of its day, you could have the newspaper read to you. (How do you say “Tom Brokaw” in Italian?) As “gazette,” the word soon spread to English as a synonym for the newspaper itself.
74
Journalists were even called gazetteers. Then, as now, many of them didn’t know where it was at, so a reference book of geographical information, The Gazetteer’s Interpreter, was compiled for them. That’s the source of the modern word, gazetteer. Source: Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology edited by C. T. Onions 152. Why do they play “Taps” at military funerals? Well, it’s a lot more appropriate than reveille. Taps was originally used in the military only to end the day. If you’ve ever been to summer camp you may recall singing to it’s melody, “Day is done, gone the sun… yada, yada, yada.” It took on its additional, more solemn function during the American Civil War. Traditionally, a soldier’s funeral included the firing of a three-shot salute. The Civil War produced fatalities wholesale, and the military usually lacked the means to ship the bodies home. This led to funerals on or near the battlefield after the shooting stopped. Firing a salute might have been misinterpreted by the foe as a resumption of hostilities, so Taps, with its evocation of day’s end, was substituted. The custom has survived along with the rifle salute. Source: Just Curious About History, Jeeves by Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 153. Who built the first bathrooms, and where? Between the discovery of sex and the invention of television, you won’t find anything more important on the timeline of indoor human history. So who, and where? No, it wasn’t King John. And they didn’t originate in Flushing, New York. Bathrooms actually come from a place famous for its pipes, but of another kind: Scotland, known more for bagpipes than plumbing. The place was the Orkney Islands, off the Scottish coast, ten millennia ago, where some nameless individuals finally took a stand for comfort. (Actually, I assume they took a seat.) They left their mark in the annals of latrinery by throwing together a primitive drain system that carried wastes directly from their huts to the local stream - the first in- house outhouse. It would take another 10,000 years for folks to notice that this created as many problems as it solved, waste-wise. Source: Extraordinary Origins of Everyday Things by Charles Panati
75
154. Where was the U. S. state of Franklin, and whatever happened to it? Throughout history, many important things have been lost, including the Ark of the Covenant and my Christmas bonus one year in Las Vegas. But it takes a peculiar level of historical absent-mindedness to misplace an entire state. However, that’s if you think Franklin was a state, as most trivia books are only too glad to do. In 1784, this territory, controlled by North Carolina, was left unprotected when a series of complicated real estate negotiations between that state and the federal government went awry. The territory’s settlers, in limbo, declared themselves the state of Franklin and elected a governor. But no one recognized them and four years later North Carolina reestablished control. Territory shifted a great deal in the early Republic, and in 1796, the former “state” of Franklin ended up in Tennessee. Conclusion: people who take the “statehood” of Franklin seriously are living in a state of confusion. Source: The World Book Encyclopedia by World Book Inc. 155. Why do we say that someone held up from doing something is “marking time?” I suppose the ultimate in marking time is the guy in the dungeon who only knows how many days have passed by the mark he makes on the wall with each sunrise. That’s even more frustrating than sitting through a high school English class, discussing “Return of the Native” while glancing at your watch every 45 seconds. In fact, the phrase “marking time” has nothing to do with clocks, watches or sundials, although impatiently tapping your foot to the tick-tock of a mechanical clock comes close. This “marking” is done by marching - in place. It’s the drill sergeant’s command to his soldiers, MARK TIME, to keep their feet going up and down without moving forward. And it nicely captures the idea of exerting energy with nothing to show for it. “Spinning your wheels,” and “placed in a holding pattern” are later incarnations of the same thing. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 156. Why do we describe as round robin a tournament in which everyone plays everyone else? When Soviet Communist Party leader Nikita Khrushchev spoke to the Party elite about the terrible crimes of his predecessor, Joseph Stalin, someone called out: “Where were you?”
76
Khrushchev looked up from his speech, demanding, “Who said that?” There was silence. “That’s where I was,” said Khrushchev. Similarly, on British warships centuries ago, complaining to the captain might get you hanged as mutineer if your name was at the top of a petition. The solution: arrange the signatures in a circle so nobody could be singled out. This was called “round robin,” for the circle and the ribbon (modified in the expression to robin) that tied the document. When diagrammed, a tournament with everyone playing everyone else, as opposed to an elimination tournament, looks like that circle of signatures. And you thought round robin was a portly bird that had overindulged on worms. Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 157. How big does a watch have to be before it becomes a clock? My great-grandfather carried a ponderous pocket watch in his pants pocket. No wonder he was always hitching up his trousers. Time weighed heavily on him. Could that timepiece have achieved clockhood? Not by growing larger. Mechanics, not size, was the determining factor. Most clocks in his day still ran on a system of weights. Watches used the coiled mainspring that you had to wind. But then the clock/watch gap narrowed as the mainspring spread to clocks, especially smaller ones such as alarm clocks. Later, until about 30 years ago, the difference was primarily that most clocks were driven by an electric motor, while watches still needed to be wound. Now that watches and clocks are both digital, based on crystals, the pendulum has finally swung toward size as the distinguishing factor. If you can wear it, it’s a watch. But did you really need to hear that from me, second-hand? Source: Why Do Dogs Have Wet Noses? And Other Imponderables of Everyday Life by David Feldman 158. Why does the shower curtain get sucked in toward you when you shower? If you’ve ever seen Alfred Hitchcock’s film Psycho, you know that a lot worse can happen to you in the shower. Still, the curtain getting clammy with your body is an unasked for intimacy. Who gave this inanimate object permission to get fresh? Until recently, we didn’t understand the process, but now we do. David Schmidt, professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Massachusetts, took a $28,000 computer software model of spraying liquids and applied it to his mother-in-law’s bathtub. Two weeks and 1.5 million calculations later, he discovered
77
that: The water from the shower spray slowed down as it fell, the result of hitting the air. This process caused the air to become turbulent, actually forming a miniature storm system with low pressure at its center. The air pressure outside the shower, now higher than inside it, pushed the curtain in. I knew the computer would come clean. Source: The New York Times – National Ed 159. Was there really an Orient Express? Agatha Christie didn’t invent this fabled train in Murder on the Orient Express. It was mysterious, colorful, exciting and real! Imagine traveling from Paris to Istanbul, 1,700 miles, in luxury, on one train. From 1889 to 1977, except during the two world wars, it was possible for those who could afford it. Never mind about all those borders. A multilingual concierge on board handled your passport. That fellow in the plush armchair in the smoking car might very well be the spy he appeared to be. And occasionally King Boris of Bulgaria actually came aboard to take the throttle for a spell. No wonder it was easy to imagine anything happening on the Orient Express. Any train that could pass through the Turkish Sultan’s Empire while skirting Count Dracula’s lair as well was the perfect setting for harum scarum adventure. Source: Just Curious About History, Jeeves by Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 160. Why do we say that we’re bluffing when we try to mislead someone? I’m putting on my best “poker face” as I tell you that there are two theories for the origin of bluffing. Do you believe me? One sees the word rooted in the blinder, or bluff that was developed for horses in the 16th century. Etymologically it gave birth to the present sense of the word via the notion of pulling the wool over someone’s eyes, of fooling him or her because they can’t see what you’re doing. The other explanation, which dispenses with metaphor, says that the source is the Dutch word, bluffen, which means to brag. In a card game, you would bet on your hand as if it were a full house, when in fact it’s not even an empty bungalow. So, did I steer you right? Never mind my poker face, look at my red-hot hand. That’s not a stalk of celery I’m holding, ducky, it’s four aces.
78
Source: Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology edited by C. T. Onions and Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 161. Why do we say that an annoying person who won’t let up is nagging? If you’re trying to figure out if there’s some connection between horses and being annoyed, or if you think you’re being set up for a pun involving some nag, fuhgedaboutit. I wouldn’t saddle you with such a thing. The only way a horse gets into this is if he or she has sharp teeth. Nag comes from a Scandinavian or Low German word, nagga or gnaggen, to gnaw or chew. You may pick up the connection if you think of a nag as someone characterized by oral aggression, someone who has his or her teeth sunk into you and won’t let go. Nag, nag, and nag. Or think of it this way. You answer, “He/she is nagging me” to the question, “What’s eating you?” Source: Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology edited by C. T. Onions 162. Why do angels have halos? To keep them from having a bad hair day? So they don’t need one of those small lamps for reading in bed late at night? The answer is actually odder. Becoming an angel would be quite a feather in anyone’s cap, wouldn’t it? Well, that’s something like what the artists who originally depicted angels had in mind. Many of the customs and much of the iconography of our great religions were adapted from paganism. In the case of angelic halos, the source was sun worship. People who worshipped the sun emulated its rays by wearing rings of feathers on their heads. That would be too tacky for angels, so they were painted with actual rays of light. Then, conversely, why not paint the devil with his head in a cloud? Because it’s more important to hold his feet to the fire. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 163. Why do we describe nonsense as claptrap? This is one of those words that just sound right for what it means, no matter what its source. That’s as long as you don’t confuse it with something designed to prevent a social disease.
79
The source of claptrap is the 19th century equivalent of television’s “canned applause.” Theater owners were always looking for ways to stir their audiences’ enthusiasm, and sometimes they resorted to hiring people to initiate the applause or laughter that, they hoped, would spread to the rest of the crowd. These facilitators of felicity were called claquers, from the French word for clapping. The practice generated the English word “claptrap,” which fastened on the phoniness of this practice of milking applause. Something is claptrap if it has no substance, if it’s being conjured up out of nothing, if it’s like the applause that people have been tricked or “trapped” into offering. Source: Who Put Butter in Butterfly... and Other Fearless Investigations into Our Illogial Language by David Feldman 164. When did we start using decongestants? More to the point, what in the world did people do for sinus headaches and nasal stuffiness before decongestants? Perhaps they ate really spicy Indian or Mexican food, which at its hottest can all but blow a hole through the back of your head and open breathing passages all over the place. But decongestants ARE more specifically targeted and we’ve had them in our medicinal arsenal since the early 1930s, when a product called Benzedrex came on the market. It contained Benzedrine, an amphetamine that dilated breathing passages. These days the active ingredient in a decongestant is likely to be pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, found in brands such as Sudafed. Opening breathing passages isn’t the only thing decongestants do. They’re uppers. Swallow too many and you could go bonkers, take an axe to your neighbor, whatever. Do you really want to chance it? Say, I know a good Indian restaurant . . . Source: The Browser’s Books of Beginnings: Origins of Everything Under and Including, the Sun by Charles Panati 165. Why do they refer to the hottest days of summer as the dog days? First, let’s express our appreciation to canines everywhere for being so good-natured about our negative characterization of these days in their name. Finicky felines would have long since filed a class action libel suit. Rover can blame the ancient Romans for the dog days. To turn a line from Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar on its head, the fault was in their stars. Specifically, it had to do with Sirius, the Dog Star, which during July and early August appeared to rise with the sun. The Romans may have been pretty good engineers and soldiers, but they hadn’t yet bothered to invent computers and the like, and so they just connected the dots. Sirius rose with the sun,
80
therefore it must have worked with it to make the weather icky - a pretty Sirius allegation, based on faulty science, doggone it. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris 166. Has the Medal of Honor ever been won by a woman? One woman, Mary Walker, has won the Congressional Medal of Honor. She earned it for her work as an assistant surgeon with the US army during the Civil War, when the medal was first awarded. The citation that came with the medal, in something of a backhanded compliment, declared that Walker was receiving it because “by reason of her not being a commissioned officer in the military service a brevet or honorary rank can not, under existing laws, be conferred upon her…” In 1917 the government rescinded Walker’s medal, along with medals awarded to several hundred others, because too many had been given out, reducing its value and prestige; henceforth it would be awarded only for valor under fire. Walker refused to return her medal and was vindicated in 1977 when President Carter restored it. Source: Book of Answers: The New York Public Library Telephone Reference Service’s most Unusual and Enter by Barbara Berliner 167. What road are middle-of-the-road moderates traveling? Middle-of-the-road could mean a place of political safety, where one can avoid the extremes. But as more than one political figure has observed, standing in the middle of any road can also get you run over. The expression originated in 19th century America, when roads were an adventure. They were unpaved, often paths that graduated to road hood simply from frequent use. The constant play of wagon wheels on them ground ruts into the sides, making the middle the highest point. After it rained, water collected in the ruts and walking in the middle was how you kept your feet dry. In the 1890s, by analogy, middle-of- the-road became a metaphor for avoiding the extremes. Say, if they ever have a political rodeo, how about an event in which contestants throw their hat in the ring from the middle-of-the-road while toeing the party line. That’s in addition to bull throwing, of course. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison
81
168. How do they decide what to name new objects found in outer space? Personally, I would prefer informal, comfortable names, such as Mabel’s Galaxy or Bob’s Big Nebula. These would be names suggesting that wherever you went in the universe, you might find a way to kick back in your seat and enjoy a cheeseburger and a brewski. But it’s formal as well as infinite out there, and they’ve got rules. “They” are the International Astronomical Union. The rules: Stars named by Greek, Roman and Arab astronomers in ancient times retain their names. Newly discovered stars receive not names but numbers, based on their coordinates. Theme names used for geographical features of various heavenly bodies are more imaginative. On Venus, for example, such features are appropriately named for women. If you discover a comet, it’s your baby and bears your name. Find a new asteroid and you can call it just about anything. Well I guess you could call it Al’s Old Asteroid. Source: The Handy Science Answer Book by Science and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library 169. Just what is the Golden Gate that the San Francisco bridge is named for? A year or two ago I would have suggested that “Digital Doorway” would be a more appropriate name. But then nearby Silicon Valley’s bytes bit the dust. So Golden Gate it is, but why? Any “obvious” answer is the wrong answer. It has nothing to do with the mid-19th century California gold rush, for example. The sun is definitely more golden in southern California. And when the fog lifts - you may have to wait until after lunch - it becomes clear that the name doesn’t come from the color of the famous bridge, which is red. Well now, the suspense is over: In 1846, three years before gold was discovered, explorer John C. Fremont named it for another narrow passage, the Golden Horn of the Bosphorus. The ancient Greeks named the Golden Horn because this passage at the end of the Mediterranean led to Byzantium’s gold. Source: Why Things Are & Why They Aren’t by Joel Achenbach 170. Why don’t fast food restaurants promote their desserts? Fast food restaurants chains are single-minded about their double whazits. The only things that tend to share the hamburger’s spotlight are the fries, which accessorize the burgers, and the chicken and fish concoctions eaten by the burger-impaired part of the population. Soft drinks, the most profitable item, round out the narrow spread of products.
82
The proof of the pudding for the success of this business model is that they usually don’t have to waste too much space or too many advertising dollars on desserts. Their thinking on the matter: As impulse purchases with small profit margins, desserts require too much expensive display space. The bulk of fast food business is at breakfast and lunch, when people are less likely to want dessert. Customers associate fast food places with their specialty, usually burgers, so they don’t go there for dessert. You don’t like it? Put some whipped cream on the onion rings. Source: A World of Imponderables: The Answers to Life's Most Mystifying Questions (Imponderables Series) By David Feldman 171. Why might we say that someone feeling out of sorts is cranky? Because they feel that the world is jerking them around? Well that’s not too far off. The word is related to that right-angled tool used to start an engine. In the positive sense, you might get cranked up for something. But you could also be cranked in the sense of spun around. It gets more interesting as we look at the origin of the word “crank.” In the Middle Ages, weavers used a bent tool called a crancstaef. It appears that the “cranc” part was related to the word “cringan,” which described the bent, contorted, curled and shrunk look of a person severely injured in battle. It may sound as if we’re getting further away from the modern sense of being cranky, but it’s just the opposite. What’s another way of saying a person is cranky? They’re bent out of shape. Source: Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology edited by C. T. Onions 172. Why does someone take the “minutes” at a meeting? The way most meetings drone on, the minutes seem more like hours. Calling the record of the proceedings “minutes” appears to be nothing more than putting a polite spin on the thing. At least that would be the case if the word in question really were the one we’re thinking of. But it’s minute, as in “minoot,” something very small. The idea is that the recording secretary summarizes in some kind of shorthand what’s happening as he or she hears it, and then writes up a larger, expanded account later. The original is comparatively small, or minute. So why don’t we say that someone is taking the “minoots?” What? Do YOU want to sound like a goofus? I wave the reading of the minoots. This meeting is adjourned.
83
Source: Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 16e (Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable) edited by Adriam Room 173. How come dinner knives have rounded edges? I don’t know about you, but I find this much more interesting than queries such as, “What is the sound of one hand clapping?” At least here there’s a point. Uh, actually, there isn’t, and that is the point. So, why round off an implement that’s made for cutting? To make sure that you cut with couth. Four hundred years ago, in the home of France’s Cardinal Richelieu, a dinner guest was uncouth. This guy mistook his dinner knife for a toothpick. The Cardinal was horrified! The fellow who did this dastardly deed might as well have been picking his toes in Poughkeepsie. In response, the Cardinal had all of his dinner knives rounded off, and the custom caught on. When he wasn’t obsessing about the silverware, by the way, Richelieu also helped to create the modern French state. Source: A World of Imponderables: The Answers to Life's Most Mystifying Questions (Imponderables Series) By David Feldman 174. Are there any dogs that don’t bark? That’s almost like asking if there are any dogs that think that a fire hydrant’s main purpose is to help put out fires. With most any pooch, barking is a basic civil liberty - unless the cat’s got its tongue. But there really is a canine that doesn’t carp, a pup that doesn’t prattle on for all the world to hear. Well, in truth, he’s not totally silent, but this small dog doesn’t bark. The basenji, a good, if silent hunter, originated in Central Africa, and was valued as a pet by the Egyptian Pharaoh’s. In a mellow mood, the basenji makes a sound that some have described as yodeling. Well that’s just ducky, a dog that yodels. Next thing you know they’ll say it can mimic Madonna or the drumbeat in Queen’s “We Will Rock You.” Source: The Handy Science Answer Book by Science and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library
84
175. What’s the safest form of transportation? Well let’s see, they say that great music can transport you, figuratively speaking. And even then, the roof of the concert hall might collapse, someone could yell “fire” and you’ll be trampled, or you’ll die of boredom. Getting from here to there isn’t much safer. There are daily derailments, near-collisions at 20,000 feet and SUV’s turning other vehicles into road kill. And you really think you’re safe on two wheels in the bicycle lane? Actually, there’s a little trickery afoot (walking is dangerous, too). We didn’t say which way we were traveling. How about up and down? The answer is: elevators -- only one death for every 100 million miles traveled. I suspect that the unlucky traveler at the 100 million mark tired of gazing at his shoes or staring straight ahead, and while tilting his head back to look up at the ceiling, broke his neck. Source: Just Curious About Science, Jeeves (Ask Jeeves) By Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 176. Is there any way to fend off a shark without a weapon? Radiate good will if you wish, speak out for fair play and appreciate the wonders of nature. But not around one of these killing machines, which could leave you tooth-totaled. Have no pity for the poor fishy, but never mind what you’ve heard about punching the shark in the nose. A sock in the snoot may give the shark a bloody nose, but it could be your blood. This nautical nightmare is most vulnerable around the eyes and gills. The advice they give to boxers holds here: jab, jab, jab -- short, hard punches. Sharks are bullies, and fighting back puts a damper on their aggressiveness. If this works, don’t go to a neutral corner expecting a referee to count to ten. Depart, with measured haste. Source: The Worst-Case Scenario Survival Handbook by Joshua Piven and David Borgenicht 177. Why do we say that someone “testifies” in court? Anyone who has ever placed their hand on a Bible and sworn that they were telling the whole truth may not believe what I’m about to tell you. But it’s true. I swear it. If we were holding to the history and spirit of this word, only males would be allowed to testify, which was the case in the ancient world. Instead of placing a hand on a book, the witness would be grabbing his crotch. “Testify” is rooted in the Latin, testiculus, or testicles. These orbs bore witness to a man’s virility -- the word for witness was testis -- and it is on
85
them that he would swear. The King James Bible even hints at this meaning, referring to oaths taken with a hand on the thigh. Under these circumstances, imagine what the penalty might have been for giving false testimony. Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 178. How come a hot, humid day is more uncomfortable than a foggy day? People are often in a fog about high humidity. On a hot, humid day, there’s actually more total water vapor in the air than on a cool, foggy day. The reason: hot air can hold more moisture than cold air. High humidity -- but less than 100 percent -- tells us that at a certain temperature the air can still take more water before it condenses, even though it already holds plenty. In a fog, the humidity is 100 percent because the cool air is saturated and the water vapor is already condensing. But the total amount of water in the air is less than on a sultry summer afternoon. If fog bothers you, you can put on a jacket. But if its hot and humid, even stripping naked may not help because you can’t sweat enough to cool your body. The only solution -- no pun intended -- is air conditioning Source: Why Things Are & Why They Aren’t by Joel Achenbach 179. Why do we say that we’re “parking” a car? George Carlin, existential philosopher, raconteur, and dean of dirty words, has remarked on how curious it is that we drive on a parkway and park in a driveway. If there were any logic to English, you might think that the only time you truly park a car is if you wrap it around a tree. Ok, let’s take an etymological trip. We start in Normandy in the early Middle Ages, where they’ve adapted a Germanic word close to “park” to describe an enclosure holding game animals. The Normans invade England and establish deer parks. Eventually, English soldiers, after a day’s march, circle their wagons and put their horses in the middle, calling that a park. Over time, any military vehicle moved to a set position is said to be parked. Then the act of doing this for any vehicle comes to be known as parking. Are we there yet? We’re there.
86
Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 180. Why do we say that de-emphasizing something is soft pedaling it? When I was a young child, I heard this as “soft-petaling,” and assumed it had something to do with flowers. In adolescence, I finally got the words right but still had the source wrong. It never had anything to do with bicycles. Finally, I reached adulthood and realized it must refer to the gas pedal on my car. All wrong. When you soft-pedal something, you’re making an analogy to playing a piano. When that instrument first came into wide use what distinguished it from other keyboard instruments, the harpsichord, for example, was its wider dynamics. The pedals enabled the musician to soften a note. Similarly, you soft-pedal something when you soften its intent or affect. Of course, if you soft pedal too often you lose credibility, strike the wrong chord, and may have to change your tune. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 181. Why is it a 10-foot pole with which we will not touch something? First, let’s clear up a common misunderstanding. This ubiquitous measure of avoidance has nothing whatsoever to do with especially tall citizens of a prominent Eastern European country. Now, what’s this 10-foot fetish all about? Why not seven feet? That would keep you far enough away and bring good luck, to boot. Simple: In early 19th century America, farm produce was often taken to market on flat bottom boats. Most rivers weren’t that deep, and a 10-foot pole was ideal for pushing away from shore and propelling the craft by pushing the pole against the river bottom. The 10-foot pole was so common that it became an informal, figurative standard of measurement, like going the whole 9 yards and not giving an inch. (Knew a guy once who went only 7 yards, gave 2 inches and wouldn’t touch anything with a 5-foot pole. Ended up 6 feet under.) Source: Who Put Butter in Butterfly... and Other Fearless Investigations into Our Illogial Language by David Feldman
87
182. Why are animals the featured characters in so many children’s stories? There’s just something about four-legged furries that grabs kids, right? Or is it paid propaganda from zoological societies to create adult animal lovers? Are children’s book authors so flaky that they actually think that animals can talk? Perhaps these books are really written by animals looking for a fair shake. None of the above. It’s all about emotional distance. Kid’s stories often deal with scary themes, such as separation, violence and the consequences of misbehaving. Animals can be portrayed as just human enough, and childlike, where appropriate, to make them surrogates for people. But in the end kids know that they are not people. So, the stories may make them a little uncomfortable, but will usually not terrify them. All except the guy in the next cubicle from me. He never got over Bambi. He hangs deer pinups on his corkboard and quotes Thumper at sales meetings. Obnoxious! Source: Why Things Are & Why They Aren’t by Joel Achenbach 183. Why does hair turn gray? Because people continue to insist on having and raising children? Because the hair coloring companies are putting something in our drinking water? It’s a publicity stunt somehow involving Madonna and Michael Jackson? All of these are plausible, but there’s an easier explanation. You get older. Your body produces less melanin, the substance that gives hair its color. Without that color, your hair becomes transparent. Each hair is hollow, a shaft enclosing a column of air. Without the protective coloring, light can penetrate your hair and be refracted by that air column, producing the white/gray color we associate with aging. Should you color it? What will you do when you lose that hue? Source: Just Curious About Animals and Nature, Jeeves (Ask Jeeves) By Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 184. Why does the devil have horns? You think, maybe, he should just wear earmuffs instead? Actually, a more interesting problem might be what kind of a hat can you wear if you have horns? The devil has to accessorize, too, after all. But we’re stuck with the current query. To get to the point, Christian iconography of the Middle Ages, which is our source for pictorial characterizations of Satan, was influenced by Roman and Greek mythology. When
88
artists had to depict the devil, they took as their model the satyrs (Mick Jagger wasn’t available), attendants of Bacchus, the Greek god of wine. The satyrs were soused and besotted, horned and hooved hellions of sloth, who could find nothing better to do than chase nymphs all day. They were just no damned good and thus perfect models for the ultimate horny fellow. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 185. Why do we call something that achieves its end by trickery a gimmick? Step right up and see the hootchie cootchie girl, take a walk down the midway, eat some cotton candy and take a spin at a game of chance. We’re going to an old-fashioned carnival. Virtually everything at the carnival was hyped beyond reason. And in games of chance, you usually didn’t have a chance. Typical was the spinning wheel at which you could win a cheap prize -- a “gimcrack” in carney talk -- if it stopped at the right spot. That spot, in reality, was wherever the wheel’s operator wanted it to stop. He used a hidden device called a gimmick to control the wheel’s spin. Eventually gimmick entered the language to describe any bit of trickery to achieve a goal. What? You say you didn’t see the hootchie cootchie girl? Just a gimmick to get you to read on. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 186. Why do we say that something boring, familiar or tiring has left us jaded? Well, I could understand it if “jaded” was shorthand for being green with envy. I could accept it easily, as well, if a gem of a person left me with a jaded feeling. How about if it meant the same thing as getting stoned? I would buy that. But jaded meaning tired? That appears to be a horse of a different color. Well never mind the color, let’s just focus on the nag. Jade is another word for a broken down old horse -- a tired horse. The word entered English in the 14th century. Where did it come from? We just don’t know. Ok, so it’s not crystal clear. Maybe the idea of jaded as tired comes from the notion that we’ve been down this trail once too often. Whatever. Anyway, I hope it spurs you to further thought.
89
Source: Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 16e (Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable) edited by Adriam Room 187. Just how heavy can a human being get? Well, Albert Einstein probably could have lightened up a bit. He couldn’t have been the life of any party, talking all the time about the speed of light and the nature of the universe. Hey Al, this Bud’s for you. Oh, I beg your pardon, you meant how much, literally, could a person weigh? Well we don’t know absolutely for sure, but how does just under 1,400 pounds sound to you? HEAVY! John B. Minnoch, who lived in the state of Washington, tipped the scales -- probably crushed them into submission -- at that figure in 1978, mainly because of fluid retention. Now that’s not quite fair, since he was admitted to the hospital when his weight shot up to that amount. Usually he weighed in at 976 pounds. He must have been turned away from more than one buffet restaurant. Source: The Handy Science Answer Book by Science and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library 188. What happens if a person dies after marking their absentee ballot? Well, unless the person lived in Chicago, where cemeteries are considered precincts and the dead vote is all but reported in the pre-election polls, it’s probably the last absentee ballot he or she will ever cast. Ah, but how about this particular ballot? Does it count? First, did the person mail it? If not, it’s not good for anything more than lining the pussycat’s litter box. If anyone else mails it in -- except possibly in America’s Windy City -it still won’t count. (And never mind the jokes about election post-mortems.) But if the voter did mail it before his or her demise, it’s a genuine, acceptable ballot; it’s “v” for vote as well as “d” for dead. Of course, in the year 2000 presidential election, “absentee ballot” could have described the contention of some commentators that one couldn’t find a live candidate from either party ON the ballot. Source: Just Curious About History, Jeeves by Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 189. Why do footballs look so weird? American footballs look like something designed by someone tackled too often after one drink too many. They were a long time coming to this shape. The first balls anyone kicked in
90
a game were human skulls. “Heads up” they could have yelled in the 11th century, if they had field goals then. Skulls eventually gave way to cow bladders and then to round balls, as the modern game of soccer evolved. With the development of Rugby in the 19th century, in which carrying the ball was as important as kicking it, an elongated ball, more spheroid than sphere and easier to grasp, was favored. In American football, the importance of handling the ball in the run, and even more, throwing it as a forward pass, led to an even more elongated ball. And that’s how footballs came to be shaped like something a nearsighted elephant might mistake for a suppository. Source: Why Do Dogs Have Wet Noses? And Other Imponderables of Everyday Life by David Feldman 190. Why do we refer to something lascivious as lewd? It’s only a coincidence that this word rhymes with nude. It’s also just a coincidence that it rhymes with crude. And it’s still a coincidence that it rhymes with scr? oops, can’t print that. One more coincidence and I’m going to assume that someone is toying with us. First used in the 13th century, lewd derived from the Old English word laewede, which is how I probably spelled lewd on my last spelling test in grade school. It meant laic, as in layperson, one who was not of the clergy. At the time, members of the clergy were just about the only people who could read. Everyone else was illiterate. In other words, lasciviousness was linked to ignorance or lack of an education. What a relief! I’d hate to think that college men and women might have dirty thoughts, use dirty words or (gasp!) do dirty things. Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 191. Why do we call a problem with a torn cuticle a “hangnail?” Well, “torn cuticle” sounds disgusting, so we’re already ahead if we call it just about anything else. How about a notsocuticle? Seriously, a hangnail has nothing to do with capital punishment for nails. The cuticle is the hardened skin at the base of a nail and it’s that, not the nail itself, that’s torn. In Anglo-Saxon England, a corn on the toe was called an “agnail.” They derived that word from “ang,” meaning “ouch, it hurts,” and naegl, the head of a nail, because a corn looked like the head of that which you drive into wood. The toe and finger problems seemed similar, and the two kinds of “nails” at least sounded identical. Shift the anatomy, make a pun and add an “h” and you have the hangnail. Ouch, it hurts.
91
Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris 192. Why is there more static electricity in winter than in summer? This has nothing to do with the economic law of supply and demand. Who needs this stuff, cold weather or hot? All it produces is more bad hair days and dogs and cats who suddenly find your proclivity to pet them, well, shocking. To get static electricity, you need two objects with a substantial difference in electrical charge between them. That difference in charge occurs when it’s difficult for the charge from one to be conducted to the other. That happens when the air between them is characterized by low conductivity. Dry air, found in a heated room on a cold day, has that low conductivity. Until the difference in charge builds up enough, the two objects might as well be, shall we say, poles apart. But when the difference is sufficiently large to overcome the low conductivity, the result can make your hair stand on end. Source: Why Do Dogs Have Wet Noses? And Other Imponderables of Everyday Life by David Feldman 193. Why is the White House white? You would have to have slept longer than Rip Van Winkle to think that it’s because the White House is associated with purity. And if we were looking just at the past decade, perhaps scarlet red would have been a more appropriate shade. In fact, contrary to what many people think the place where the President hangs his hat wasn’t always white and was not originally called the White House. The original building, put up at the end of the 18th century, was called the Presidential Palace and was made of brownstone. And it might still be somber looking had not the British set fire to it during the War of 1812. Restoring the place involved, among other things, covering the burn marks. White paint was just fine for this purpose, leading people to refer to it thereafter as the White House, a designation that became official under Teddy Roosevelt. Source: Just Curious About History, Jeeves by Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett
92
194. Why do we say that a well-intentioned person has his or her heart in the right place? Having your heart in the right place has its roots in genuine anatomical ignorance. In Europe’s “Dark Ages,” among the uneducated, which meant most people, the classical world’s knowledge of anatomy was largely lost. Oh, they knew where one’s heart should be. But they also thought the organ could wander around, a notion promoted by the behavior of various body parts when influenced by strong emotion. For example, if you were under stress and you swallowed hard, “your heart was in your mouth.” Therefore a heart in the right place meant there was no unusual body activity betraying wayward thoughts or nervousness. You were together, and your intentions could be trusted. Boy, were they ignorant. I would never be so silly. My head is screwed on right. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 195. What’s so deadly about the Seven Deadly Sins? Expressions involving sin often pose problems. Take, for example, “the wages of sin.” Do you need to join a union to earn them? Are they indexed to the cost of living? Are they taxable? Do you get credit for them in your Social Security account? Then there are the Seven Deadly Sins. (Why seven? Who knows? A roll of the dice?) While not grouped together in the Bible, these no-nos -- if you use an organizer, put them on your Not To Do list -- have been unofficially associated with each other since about the 6th century. They are pride, envy, anger, sloth, covetousness, gluttony, and lust. They are not deadly themselves -- as in get angry, drop dead -- but are mortally dangerous because they lead to other sins, greasing the slippery slope to damnation. For example, take lust… Ok, forget that, take gluttony. If you eat too much chocolate ice cream… Say, maybe I’m not the best person to advise you on matters spiritual. Source: Encyclopedia Britannica 196. Why do monkeys in the zoo spend so much time cleaning each other? They do pick at each other plenty, don’t they? Well, I would imagine there’s not a lot do in a zoo. You can’t eat and have sex all the time, even if you’re a monkey. You took a bath this morning? That was then, this is now. Gotta kill time; take another one.
93
Out in the wild -- “it’s a jungle out there,” as Indiana Jones would say -- monkeys pick with a purpose. They are trying to prevent an infestation of body parasites. Lice ain’t nice, sagacious simians realize, so they clean each other off constantly for the good of all. But most zoos are kept clean these days and lice are not a problem. Yet still it’s pick, pick, pick. Why? Because monkeys sweat, sort of, a process that leaves a salt residue on their skin. Wouldn’t pretzels be easier?... Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 197. What’s so “fulsome” about fulsome praise? You can fulsome of the people some of the time ... whoops, wrong question. Ok, I’m back. This is a sneaky word. It sounds like a word we might easily use to praise. And it also sounds like it goes well with praise. And one might guess that it means that the praise is, is, is -- full of it? In a word, “yes.” It IS full of it; that is the correct answer. Not only is fulsome sneaky, it’s also deceitful. People get tricked by its sound into misusing it in a positive sense, but it doesn’t have any. Fulsome comes from the Middle English word fulsum, which meant full of fat. Think of it as padded praise. Fulsome praise is stuffed, overdone, insincere, out of proportion to what it’s praising. If someone heaps it on you, heap it back. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris 198. Why do we say of something we don’t believe, “tell it to the Marines?” A tough leatherneck librarian smiles sweetly while cataloging a new cock and bull story before adding it to the archives. “Gosh darn it,” the Marine swears, dropping his pencil. Taken literally, this expression makes the Marines a tall- tale repository. I don’t think so. An often-cited origin has the original phrase as “tell it to the horse marines.” Since marines are usually soldiers that embark from a ship, they’re not likely to be “horse” marines and by extension, the story that should be told to them also does not jibe with the facts. It’s also thought that marines, who used ships but only to get to where they were going, were held in contempt by sailors, who lived on the vessels fulltime. They considered marines to be green and gullible, ready to believe any fanciful story. To have some fun, they would tell one to the marines. Source: Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 16e (Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable) edited by Adriam Room
94
199. What’s that lion doing roaring at the beginning of MGM films? Well, it’s certainly more impressive than a hyena laughing or a house cat coughing up a hairball. Hey, maybe the lion is hungry or just looking for a little kitty-catting from his lady lion. Ok, I’ll tell you the truth. MGM inherited the big pussycat when it acquired Goldwyn Pictures (which became the “G” in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer). Howard Dietz, an advertising executive, who had attended Columbia University, had created the trademarked feline, named Leo, for producer Samuel Goldwyn. Columbia’s mascot was a lion and their football fight song was “Roar, Lion, Roar.” Leo was thus an Ivy League lion, a gentleman and a scholar, and always roared properly. As far as I know, Leo never joined the Screen Actors Guild, owned a house in Malibu or broke up with Julia Roberts. Source: Book of Answers: The New York Public Library Telephone Reference Service’s most Unusual and Enter by Barbara Berliner 200. Why did children’s book author Theodor Geisel change his name to Dr. Seuss? Well he couldn’t call himself Dr. Spock, for obvious reasons. Nobody would believe he was Dr. Louis Pasteur. Nurse Seuss didn’t quite do it. And Dr. Zeus sounded a bit presumptuous. Believe it or not, the widely beloved children’s book author needed a quick name change because of some illicit booze he was caught with doing Prohibition. He was at Dartmouth and editor of the school’s humor magazine when a room check turned up a bottle of gin in his quarters. The Grinch in charge of the place decreed that he be booted from the magazine as punishment for imbibing. Outwitting the authorities, the young man took his middle name, Seuss, as his last name and stayed on the publication. In later life he promoted himself to “Dr.,” a title that Dartmouth confirmed on him officially with an honorary doctorate in 1957. I hope they returned his gin. Source: Just Curious About Animals and Nature, Jeeves (Ask Jeeves) By Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 201. Why is the pipe under your kitchen sink S-shaped? Didn’t know I had been looking under your kitchen sink, did you? I’ve also been going through your dresser draws and… Well, I won’t embarrass you.
95
While we commonly refer to that curve in the pipe as “S,’ the proper name for it is a “P” trap. You insist it looks like an “S,” not a “P?” Complain to City Hall. Anyway, this bend in the pipe, or P trap, is there to create a water seal. It insures that only water, not air fills the pipe below that point. The reason for the water seal is so that you don’t get a whiff of what’s further down the pipe -- get my drift? Somewhere at the end of all such pipes is a sewer, the odors from which would not boost your appetite one iota. Source: Why Do Dogs Have Wet Noses? And Other Imponderables of Everyday Life By David Feldman 202. Why do we say we’re “out of touch” with someone, even if they’re nowhere near enough to touch? Is English your native tongue? Be grateful. It’s logically contradictory phrases such as this that make English as a second language a first-rate pain in the derriere. The phrase “out of touch” originates with the military, a not exactly touchy-feely institution. Armies in the eighteenth century marched in increasingly tighter formations. I’m not saying it was a great idea -- the famed British Redcoats did it fighting the colonists in the American Revolution and look what it got them. But they did it. In order to stay in formation, soldiers made sure that they could touch the man nearest to them by swinging their elbows. If you couldn’t make contact, you were “out of touch.” Now call your aunt Mabel, who hasn’t heard from you in ages, before she brings up the heavy artillery. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 203. Who invented the refrigerator, and when did it first become available to consumers? You didn’t think it was the rap singer, Ice Cube, did you? It wasn’t Phoebe Snow, either. In fact, this marvelous invention, which believe it or not predates the six-pack of brewskies, began its life in Scotland. Scottish scientist William Cullen, in 1748, discovered that the liquid ethyl ether, allowed to evaporate in a partial vacuum, cooled its surroundings. Americans in the early 19th century substituted the rapid expansion of a gas for the evaporation of a liquid as the coolant. With the widespread availability of electricity at the beginning of the 20th century, the time was ripe for the debut of the household appliance that we know. It arrived in 1913.
96
Now grab me a cool one, will you, Bud? Source: The Browser’s Books of Beginnings: Origins of Everything Under and Including, the Sun by Charles Panati 204. When did terrorism first become a political weapon? The word terrorism dates from the French Revolution, when Robespierre used the guillotine in a calculated attempt -- called “The Terror” -- to demoralize his enemies, rendering them helpless. Anarchists in Russia in the 1880s tried to change the political world by assassinating political leaders. They, too, were called terrorists. But over the past 75 years terrorism has become more than political violence used outside of a formal military context. It is also killing or kidnapping innocent civilians to intimidate secure demands or make a point. Modern terrorists play to the media and leverage technology to make it possible for a few to hold sway over the many. Examples are as widely varied as the Ku Klux Klan, the Irish Republican Army, the police and rogue military units in some countries, the contending forces in the Middle East and the 19 men who took 6,000 lives on September 11. Source: Encyclopedia Britannica 205. Did Julius Caesar ever eat Caesar’s Salad? Not even at a toga party. We might as well ask if he ever ate Waldorf salad, Baked Alaska or Southern Fried Chicken. In the days of the Romaine, uh, Roman Empire, this dish was unknown. And contrary to what many people think, Caesar’s Salad was not invented in Prince Mike Romanoff’s Hollywood restaurant, either. But Romanoff, who by the way was also not a prince, is credited with popularizing it and adding the anchovies Caesar’s Salad was first tossed in Tijuana, where tourists wearing Roman sandals have passed through in legions, but never in Roman chariots, other than Alfa Romeos. Its creator was Caesar Gardini, the other Caesar, who put it together at his restaurant, Caesar’s Place, from romaine lettuce, egg and dressing. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris 206. Who invented the toothbrush? Surely a better person than he or she who invented the dentist. Those folks really give me a pain.
97
Now don’t bristle, but that “who” will have to be collective. The toothbrush is an anonymous, evolving cultural artifact, not an invention. We begin with a twig, frayed at one end, which was a kind of ancient brush used at least as far back as the Egypt of the Pharaohs. They are still used in some rural areas of the United States. The modern toothbrush originated in China about the time that Columbus discovered America. They used bristles taken from the back of a hog’s neck and attached them to bamboo or bone to brush their teeth. (I guess you could say it was a kind of piggyback contraption.) Europeans adopted the device, but used horsehair for bristles. Nylon toothbrushes, considerably more sanitary, finally appeared, in the U.S. in 1938. Source: Extraordinary Origins of Everyday Things by Charles Panati 207. Why do we call a man whose wife has committed adultery a “cuckold?” When I was a kid, this whole thing fascinated me. The word adultery was intriguing because clearly, whatever it really was, you had to be an adult to do it -- like smoking, for example. And the word “cuckold” was but one letter away from being an out-and-out obscenity and thus inherently interesting. Well it turns out that aside from being interesting; it’s also more than a bit cuckoo. In fact, that’s where cuckold comes from: the cuckoo bird. The cuckoo lays its eggs where they don’t belong, in other birds’ nests. What about the little birdies already there? They don’t become bothers and sisters with the newcomers. The filial phonies who have feathered the nest displace the original occupants. So a cuckold, the victim of adultery, has really been cuckooed. The word evolved from the Old French, cucualt. Source: A Second Browser’s Dictionary (Common Reader Editions) by John Ciardi 208. What’s the difference between a weasel and an ermine? You mean in current dollars and cents, or in status? Imagine showing up for that big deal society wedding in weasel! Or picture a playboy giving his playgirl a weasel stole for her birthday. Boy would the fur fly. Of course, nobody ever thinks of posing this question to a weasel and an ermine. And that’s a good thing, too, because an ermine is nothing more than a weasel in winter. Not all weasels, but those populating northern habitats are a mousy brown in summer. But in winter, ah, they turn a very lush white, except for the black tip of their tail. Their pelts are relatively rare and beginning with the Middle Ages in England, ermine was a sign of royalty.
98
The short-tailed weasel, from which royal robes were made, was eventually named the Bonaparte weasel, perhaps because they were worn while the wearer dined on Beef Wellington. Source: Encyclopedia Britannica 209. How does one become a saint? If you have to ask, it’s probably already too late for you. Nevertheless, the process of canonization is a basic part of one of the world’s great religions -- we’ll stick to Roman Catholicism here -- and everyone ought to know something about it. Sainthood was a local affair, strictly regulated by bishops, until a thousand years ago, when the Pope began to formalize the process and concentrate the power to create new saints in Rome. Eventually the Church settled on a two-step process. Beatification is the preliminary phase, involving limited veneration. To reach that point a candidate is proposed and then investigated, with a “postulator” assigned to making the case for sainthood and a “devil’s advocate” looking for any negative factors. Once beatified, there must be proof of two miracles associated with the candidate. The Pope makes the final decision. Still want to try for it? Be good, be very good. Source: Encyclopedia Britannica 210. What’s so “liberal” about the liberal arts? No, this doesn’t represent the Democratic Party’s program to promote culture in America. “Liberal” in this context means free as opposed to the servile, or practical arts. The latter are “servile” because they deal with necessity, work and the everyday, rather than the finer things. The concept of the seven liberal arts – maybe they rolled the dice to see how many there would be – goes back to ancient times. By the Middle Ages, they had become codified: arithmetic, astronomy, geometry, grammar, logic, music and rhetoric.(Who said “Driver’s Ed.?”) Although the early Church Fathers held them suspect because they could lead people to secular pursuits, they eventually became part of the curriculum in church schools. Their function was to develop a whole person, more “human” than just someone who works like a beast of burden. The liberal arts – they make weekends! Source: Do Penguins Have Knees? By David Feldman
99
211. When did they start making people who were getting married take blood tests? Getting married can be a draining experience. There’s the ring, the caterer, the guest list... and other tasks in that vein. You may even have to bleed for your nuptials. Why? First, you should know that if you would rather not bleed for the sake of the government – paying taxes is bleeding enough – you can move to another state. The tests are no longer required everywhere. They originated in the 1930s as an effort to discover cases of venereal disease, then widespread but curable, before infected marital partners could pass it on to their spouse and perhaps a child. Connecticut drew first blood, in 1935, and eventually many, although not all, states required the tests. Now that the VD crisis has receded, how about a screening to see if either prospective spouse squeezes the toothpaste from the top, followed by preventive counseling for those who test positive? Source: Triumph of the Straight Dope by Ed Zotti and Cecil Adams 212. Is there any connection between “dopes” (stupid people) and “dope” (drugs)? I guess this comes under the heading of dumbing down the language. Yes, there is a connection, but it does not originate in English. So let us head for the land of windmills and tulips – and the wide-open city of Amsterdam, where they used to say you could buy anything – to get the dope on it. The Dutch word “doop” meant a thick sauce. In underworld slang, it was also applied to the substance of similar consistency that resulted from heating opium. By extension, doop also came to mean narcotics in general and specifically the kind used to drug thoroughbreds to fix a race. Extended even further, doop was used to describe the dope that would bet on such a race. Are you following this? It leaves me feeling a little doopy. Let’s cut it short: then it got Anglicized. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris 213. Why is that stuff people smoke called “tobacco?” See that guy in the corner smoking that sweet-smelling stuff?
100
The guy with the silly grin. The one muttering, “oh, wow, far out!” That stuff is not called tobacco. We’re talking about the substance that American Indians originally inhaled through the nose. Yes, they whiffed it up the old proboscis. There are two theories how the word was engendered, and the first is directly connected to this Indian habit. The two-stemmed pipe they used was called the tubac, from which we get . . . you got it. The other theory is that in the Caribbean, the rolled up leaves, smoked cigar-wise, was called a tabac. My theory is that some etiquette book of the time cautioned that if you were at a party and wanted to light up, you should step out in tabac to do it. Source: Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology edited by C. T. Onions 214. Do cats always land on their feet if they fall from a high place? If they can bring it off, they would rather land on you. It’s a heck of a wake-up call if you’re not paying attention to them. Barring that, cats do seem to land paws down most of the time and can survive falls from considerable heights. One study, published in a respectable veterinary publication about 15 years ago, showed that 90 percent of cats that fell out of apartment house windows an average of 5.5 stories up survived, although not unscathed. Tabby accomplishes this by righting herself during the fall and spreading out to turn into her own parachute. Yes, this sample excludes cats killed on contact. So, the percentage may be a tad high. And if truth be told, we have heard from more than one cat hater that felines survive such falls on just pure spite. Source: Triumph of the Straight Dope by Ed Zotti and Cecil Adams 215. Why does yeast make dough rise? Not so long ago, it was a good bet that the stock market would make your dough rise. But the air has gone out of that bubble. Speaking of bubbles, would you like to make some real bread? Without yeast, you will end up with matzo, the “unleavened” bread of the Jewish holiday of Passover. Yeast consists of one-celled plants that constantly split to form other plants. During this process they make two enzymes that, when mixed into flour and water, cause the resulting dough to ferment, or leaven. During fermentation, the starch in the dough is changed into sugar and then alcohol and carbon dioxide. The latter, a gas, forms bubbles throughout the dough, puffing it up. The alcohol and yeast disappear during baking, leaving you with bread.
101
Next time your stockbroker advises putting your dough to work in the market, tell him you would rather let it loaf. Source: How a Fly Walks Upside Down... and other curious facts by Martin M. Goldwyn 216. Why do we say that a crazy person is “loco?” First, let’s clear up some confusion. This is not related to the old railroad slang word, which was simply short for locomotive. If you think they’re the same, you don’t know one end from another. Crazy railroad people aren’t loco, they have a loose caboose. But I digress. The word “loco” comes from a weed found in the Southwest. No, not THAT weed – and stop grinning. This plant, a narcotic, is actually called the locoweed and it drove cattle nuts when they ate it. It became a synonym for craziness in the West in the 1840s and came into widespread use about four decades later. Did you ever see a bull run amok? Crazy, man. Source: I Hear America Talking: An Illustrated History of American Words and Phrases (A Touchstone book) By Stuart Berg Flexner 217. Where do mosquitoes hang out and what do they do when they’re not biting you? They’re on my arm, biting me. Sorry, just indulging in a little self-pity. Who knows where the bloody things hang out? Maybe at the Type O Bar, where old proofreaders also go to drink. Ok, I did the research. Typically, mosquitoes put the bite on you at night or, if they’re crepuscular (sounds like someone who doesn’t blow his nose, doesn’t it?), at twilight. They hate sunlight, but you probably already guessed that. During the day, they’re likely to be in the grass, on a tree, under a bridge or in a house on a wall away from light. And what are they doing when not drinking your blood or mating? Not much of anything. Well are they just hanging out or asleep? We’re not sure. If you have an itch to know, put your ear next to one and tell me if it’s snoring. Source: Do Penguins Have Knees? By David Feldman
102
218. How do seedless grapes reproduce? I can’t exactly draw you a picture, if you get my drift. But if you’ll usher any minors in the house out of the room in which you keep your computer, I’ll do my best to inform, with discretion. And I promise there will be no childish jokes about how before there were seedless grapes, it was the pits. Actually, I was overreacting because seedless grapes reproduce without sex. (Borrring!) Did someone ever give you a cutting from a plant so that you could start your own? The process involved is regeneration, in which you can grow the whole plant by transplanting only a part of it. The original seedless grapes were mutations that were perpetuated via cuttings. It’s still done that way. But now that the kids are gone, have you heard the one about... Source: Why Things Are & Why They Aren’t by Joel Achenbach 219. Is there any difference between a lawyer and an attorney? Sure, one sends you an invoice, while the other bills you; one talks a lot, but the other’s trademark is lots of talk. Six of one and half a dozen of the other – and the meter is always running. We tend to use the words interchangeably, but technically, there is a difference. Did you or anyone you know ever have the power of attorney for someone, without being a lawyer? An attorney is anyone – not necessarily a lawyer -- who represents someone else. Such a person is known as an attorney in fact. An attorney at law is what we commonly know as a lawyer, one who has studied the law and has passed a bar examination in order to obtain a license to practice before the courts. Say, if lay people are attorneys in fact, what do lawyers use instead of facts? Hmmm. Source: Law Dictionary (Barron’s Legal Guides) By Steven H. Gifis 220. Why might we describe a burden as an albatross around the neck? Disturbed by body piercing? What if a young person expressed him or herself by wearing a dead bird as a necklace? Could be the next thing -- complemented by live spider bracelets.
103
In the expression, the bird is more noose than necklace. It comes from “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,” the poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Sailors considered the albatross a lucky omen, probably a sign that they were approaching land. In the poem, when a sailor kills an albatross, his shipmates punish him by making him wear it around his neck. Bad decision. Nothing but ill fortune befalls the ship and eventually all die except the guy wearing the bird. He prays for deliverance and is saved, but has to tell his story for the rest of his life. I’d call that a birden... uh, a burden. Moral: if somebody gives you the bird, politely decline it. Source: Just Curious About Animals and Nature, Jeeves (Ask Jeeves) By Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett 221. What’s the difference between softwood and hardwood, as in a “hardwood floor?” Is softwood what they use to make discount furniture – where you get a full living room’s worth for $5 down and $10 a week and it turns to sawdust the day after you make the last payment? And hardwoods are the kind in which you can get easily lost? Of course not. But the real difference is tricky because, common sense notwithstanding, it does not relate to their relative densities: one is not “harder” than the other. The distinction is based on whether or not the seeds from which new trees grow are covered. Hardwood seeds have a covering, such as a husk. An example would be the walnut tree. Softwood seeds are uncovered and the trees that bear them are, like the pine, evergreens. That just shows you: Every time etymology starts to seem logical, you get words that go against the grain. Source: Do Penguins Have Knees? By David Feldman 222. What’s the doctor looking for when she taps your knee with a rubber hammer? Not a “thank you,” I hope. There are other things I would rather have people do to me -scratch my back, for example. Ok, the doctor wants a knee-jerk reaction. You knew that was coming, right? That reaction tells her a lot more than whether or not you’re alive or, if she taps hard enough, your threshold of pain. Believe it or not, there are a number of diseases and conditions for which your response to this seemingly hostile behavior is an indicator. For example, if your knee
104
jerks too much it suggests that further tests are indicated for a possible brain tumor, tetanus, or several other charming possibilities. If your knee is too blasé, it could be that you have -- are you ready? -- Botulism. At least this test hasn’t gone high-tech. Next thing you know they’ll be administering an MRI to test your gut instincts. Source: Triumph of the Straight Dope by Ed Zotti and Cecil Adams 223. Why do we call someone who provocatively criticizes, a “gadfly?” Well, they can criticize indoors or out, so they can’t be houseflies. Except for Mr. Ed., horses don’t speak, so they can’t be horseflies. But, by gad, there’s nothing to stop us from calling this person a. . . The Old English word, gadde, meant to sting or goad. The flies that hung around livestock, annoying and biting them, were called gadflies. Eventually the word stuck to individuals whose constant criticism, well meant though it might be, was equally appreciated. Do you suppose this implies that the objects of a gadfly’s criticism should be considered cattle? That’s a moot point. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris 224. Who invented the microwave oven? Someone who didn’t have the patience to wait three minutes while water boiled on the stovetop? Someone who loved gray hamburgers? Actually, none of the above. In 1946 Dr. Percy Spencer, an engineer with the Raytheon Corporation, was working with a magnetron tube, the emitter of microwave energy invented six years earlier in Britain by Sir John Randall and Dr. A. H. Boot. Spencer got too close to the tube and a chocolate bar in his pocket melted. This chocolate-loving -- and therefore, right-thinking -- engineer drew the proper conclusion: microwaves could cook food. Raytheon used his discovery to produce a “Radar Range” for restaurants, which by 1952 became available as a home microwave oven. Consumers were finally able to melt chocolate in their own pockets. Source: Extraordinary Origins of Everyday Things by Charles Panati
105
225. Which is more potent, a mixed drink or drinking liquor straight? There’s something really neat-looking about a sassy little shot glass filled with liquid dynamite. It’s a mighty powerful thing in a small but potent package. Here’s lookin’ at you! Bottoms up! Bombs away! Well relax your longshoreman’s grip on that thumbful of instant oblivion long enough to hear this. Those effete, goat-cheese chomping mixed drink aficionados are going to disappear a little further into alcoholic lal-la land than you will. Drink for drink, mixed drinks can get you closer, quicker to the big drunk than imbibing straight up – unless, of course, you’re a chain drinker and are chugalugging those shots. The sugar in the mixer speeds absorption of alcohol. Simultaneously, that sugar, combined with the alcohol, interacts with the pancreas to make one’s blood sugar level drop. The result: the room spins, your inhibitions disappear, you’re flying! Whoops. Didn’t you see the coffee table in front of you? Source: Facts at Your Fingertips by Reader’s Digest 226. What kind of a spider is a “daddy longlegs?” With a name like that, it’s obviously a cute one, not ugly and disgusting like other spiders. Had it been this creature who sat down besides Little Miss Muffet, she would have let him buy her a drink and then who knows where it might have led. In truth, the daddy longlegs is no kind of spider. Like spiders, it’s an arachnid, an eightlegged invertebrate. But scorpions and ticks also come under this heading without being spiders, creepy though they may be. The big difference between the daddy longlegs and the spider is the latter’s segmented body. I guess you could say that the daddy longlegs is a more together kind of creature. Unlike spiders, daddy longlegs do not spin webs. However, their exceptionally long legs do enable them to double park over other insects. Source: The Handy Science Answer Book by Science and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library 227. Why do birds sing? Why is the sky blue? Why does the sun rise? Why do fools fall in love? We’re really getting down to bedrock with this question, which is only two degrees of separation from, “What is life?”
106
Have you noticed that there are few sopranos among the birdies? Singing is generally a guy thing in the feathered set. One reason for it is to stake out territory, which is lot neater than how many other animals accomplish the same thing – peeing all over the place instead of putting up a fence. And, hey, you can’t nest alone. Mr. Bird breaks into song when he’s on the make. Birds who sing the most usually have marked out territory rich in food. That’s what the female birds are looking for: a guy with the goods. They don’t care if he can’t carry a tune, as long as he can put worms on the table. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 228. Why do we say that someone who has revealed secret information has “spilled the beans?” This expression would be obvious if it referred to giving away the location of a great little Mexican restaurant, ruining it with overcrowding. But that’s not it, and I have to admit that before I looked it up, it was Greek to me. In fact, the ancient Greeks were some of history’s first bean counters, especially when it came to selecting members for their many secret societies. They voted on new candidates by putting a bean in a jar. A white bean meant “yes,” and a black one meant you were, well, black-balling (black-beaning?) the unlucky aspirant. Occasionally, some klutz reached over to drop his bean but managed to knock over the jar instead, spilling the beans and exposing how the secret vote was going. But how did the expression get into English? We don’t know: that’s still Greek to us. Source: Why You Say It: The Fascinating Stories behind Over 600 Everyday Words and Phrases by Webb Garrison 229. Why are people in conflict said to be at “loggerheads”? Do not confuse these people with the thick-muscled, ax- wielding men of the North Woods who get paid to yell “timber” all day. Nor should we mistake the disputants for ventriloquist’s dummies – well, that depends on the disputants. Loggerheads were weapons on medieval ships. They were sticks with iron at the end that was heated and then dipped in tar. The stick became a hand-held catapult with which one launched the molten tar at an enemy ship at close quarters. If you ran out of tar, you still had a long stick with a weighted end.
107
When applied to an enemy’s head with sufficient force, you were at loggerheads with a vengeance. We had a variant in college. After enough beer, a few of the guys in the frat house would start butting skulls. We used to say they were at lagerheads. Source: Who Put Butter in Butterfly... and Other Fearless Investigations into Our Illogial Language by David Feldman 230. What’s the difference between a homeopath and an osteopath? College students with a yen to heal the sick used to come to a fork in the road when choosing a career path. They could choose traditional medicine or alternative medicine, such as homeopathy and osteopathic medicine. But if they choose the latter path they got forked: insurance companies wouldn’t pay for it. Things are changing. Now you can often co-payment your way to a homeopath, who seeks to cure by inducing in patients via some natural substance the same symptoms – on a much smaller scale – that brought them to the doctor in the first place. The theory is that “like cures like.” HMOs also pay for osteopaths, who base their cures, at least in part, on the manipulation of the musculoskeleton system. Personally, I prefer to see a primrose-path. He’s the doc that knows that prescribing two weeks in Cancun or Aruba will cure most anything. Source: The Handy Science Answer Book by Science and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library 231. Why do we have wisdom teeth? Because the American Dental Association lobbied for them, I concluded after reviewing the bill from my latest brush with dentistry. There are so many dentists with the skills of a coal miner and the heart of an accountant, and so few wisdom teeth. Before microwaves and frozen dinners, people had to really chomp their uncooked food with what are also called “third molars.” But today wisdom teeth are vestigial. You don’t need them for a guacamole burger. And they get infected and have to come out. Which is where your dentist and credit card come in. They’re called wisdom teeth because they’re the last teeth you get. You’re older and smarter than you were when you got your first teeth. So why not call gray hair, wisdom hair; middle
108
age paunch, wisdom fat; and the forgetfulness that begins in your 40s, wisdom whiteout? Chew on that for a while. Source: Why Things Are & Why They Aren’t by Joel Achenbach 232. How did we come up with “$” as a dollar sign? First notice that computer programmers, looking to save bits and bytes, represent the dollar sign by an “S” over one, rather than the standard two vertical lines: $ (Saves money, too: if a quarter is two bits, that would make the eight-bit byte worth a dollar.) Now, where it came from: Thomas Jefferson, who stole it from Spain. After the American Revolution, the new nation wanted to free itself from British influence and was not about to adopt the pound and its sign as its currency. Instead, the United States, at the behest of Jefferson, turned to the Spanish dollar. On the back of that large coin was the Two Pillars of Hercules at Gibraltar. An “S” was imposed on them simply to show they were plural. “I’ll buy that,” said the US Congress. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 233. Why do say that a politician talking a bill to death is ‘filibustering?’ Filibustering’s etymology is rooted in the nature of politicians: it has to do with piracy. Pirates were also called freebooters, from the Dutch “vrij,” or free, and “buit,” or boot. “Filibuster” derived from that word, came into English via French (filibustier) and then Spanish (filibustero). In the 19th century, Americans applied the word to the extralegal behavior of their countrymen who incited revolutions in Latin America. This filibustering by private citizens independent of the U. S. government was accomplished by stirring up trouble through incendiary speeches. Since Congress does many things backwards, it shouldn’t surprise us that the word came to mean almost the opposite in legislative terms. It described the process of preventing action on a bill – pouring cold water on it -- through endless talk that couldn’t be stopped as long as the talker kept talking. It was legislative death by lethal interjection. Source: Who Put Butter in Butterfly... and Other Fearless Investigations into Our Illogial Language by David Feldman 234. Is the real roadrunner anything like the creature in the cartoon? The roadrunner’s real-life behavior is every bit as eccentric as its animated counterpart in reel life. No wonder that the roadrunner also goes by the name of the “ground cuckoo.”
109
The roadrunner builds its nest in a cactus and will dine on a snake by first banging it against a rock and then wolfing it down whole. The two foot-long roadrunner, half of which is tail, actually plays chicken on the roads of its southwestern habitat, running ahead of speeding cars and then veering off at the last minute. It flies when it has to, but much prefers to run at up to 15 miles an hour, usually without Nikes. But don’t expect to hear it go “meep, meep,” as the celluloid version does. More appropriate for a member of the cuckoo family, it goes, “coo, coo.” Source: The World Book Encyclopedia by World Book Inc. 235. Why do soldiers wear their hair so short? It’s bad enough to get shot at without having a bad hair day on top of everything else. But mostly soldiers wear their hair short because they’re ordered to. Ok, there’s a historic reason. Look at pictures of U. S. soldiers in the Civil War. They look like hippies. Now look at our men in uniform after the Spanish-American War at the beginning of the 20th century. Crew cuts! What happened? Fighting in the tropics, that’s what. It went beyond comfort. Dare I be blunt? Cooties. It’s easier to avoid such distractions with short hair, which facilitates keeping the scalp clean. It also turned out to be easier to treat scalp wounds without long hair to complicate matters. Why not, then, specify complete baldness? Bald soldiers could send signals by reflecting sunlight off their skulls. They would certainly be using their heads. Source: Ever Wonder Why? By Douglas B. Smith 236. How come your heart muscle doesn’t get charley-horsed from all that exertion? If you’re pumping iron, your heart is pumping blood, big time. Even walking fast stresses the old ticker. Likewise a little romantic activity. So why don’t you wake up the next morning with aches and pains where it would really scare you? For one thing, your heart muscle is not like your other muscles. The part that turns food into energy is a greater percentage of cardiac muscle than of the rest of your muscles. Your
110
heart also contracts more slowly than other muscles, with a smoother, less taxing motion. Each of these factors decreases the amount of stress on heart muscle, lessening fatigue. Nevertheless, our hearts ache, break, burn, get stolen, are given away, end up in our mouths and often skip a beat. But just try to get your HMO to approve a referral to a specialist for any of these conditions. Source: Why Things Are & Why They Aren’t by Joel Achenbach 237. Why do we say that you’re encroaching when you trespass on someone’s space? “Posted: No hunting or fishing.” On privately owned country property, this is a common sign. Likewise, we all have our own private space, with psychic as well as physical boundaries. We warn off encroachers, if not with a sign then with body language, or a look. Why “encroachers?” Because they want to get their hooks in us. What? Croc or croche was French for “hook.” Beginning that word with “en” gave it the meaning of taking or hooking something not belonging to you. Over time the meaning shaded to that of trespassing. The same root gives us crochet, meaning a small hook. But if anyone tells you that the word “hooker” also comes from this root, tell ‘em that’s a big croc. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris 238. What English word do most people probably use more often than any other, aside from “the,” “I,” etc.? No, not THAT word. We’re in the parlor, not out on the street. I mean nice, refined, genteel English-speaking people. You can’t guess? Helllllo! That’s it – unless you’re one of those people who picks up the phone and says “yeah,” or greets others merely with a nod. Hello is ubiquitous. It started in Chaucer’s time as “hallow,” also a word for saint so perhaps it had some religious connotation, as in “bless you.” It eventually evolved into “hallo.” Nineteenth century Americans were saying “hullo” until it all fell into place as “hello” about the time that the telephone came into use. But when the first telephone exchange was set up in 1878 in New Haven, Connecticut, people actually answered the phone with, “ahoy.” While that happens to be the eccentric way that Alexander Graham Bell greeted people, I think the new invention simply left those folks feeling at sea. Source: Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William Morris
111
239. Have any married couples been launched into space? On the 1950s TV show, “The Honeymooners,” bus driver Ralph Kramden often promised his wife, “Alice, you’re gonna go to the moon!” Neal Armstrong beat her to it. In 1992, a real married couple did go into space -- together. Astronauts Jan Davis and Mark Lee were preparing for an 8-day mission aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavor. During their training they secretly married and by the time they revealed it the flight was drawing near. They were permitted to go but NASA scheduled them on opposite 12-hour shifts. Since astronauts are above it all, so to speak, it’s hard to say who worked days and who, nights. By the way, if you and your sweetie are thinking you, too, would like to really get away from it all, fuhgedaboutit. NASA now nixes space spouses. Source: The Handy Science Answer Book by Science and Technology Department of the Carnegie Library 240. Do turkeys really drown by looking up when it rains? A species synonymous with stupidity, that communicate by going “gobble, gobble,” certainly has a problem with public perception. Typical is the barnyard canard that when it rains, turkeys look upward, open their mouths to gape and drown. What do you think they are, a, uh, bunch of turkeys? They don’t do it. The probable source for this legend is the few young turkeys that sometimes do die in a heavy downpour. They’re covered with down but are not yet protected by the adult turkey’s protective outer feathers. Their down gets wet, becomes ineffective and they die from the cold. Criticizing this bird is like engaging in a, uh, turkey shoot. For instance, the birds today are bred to have plump breasts, which have been likened to footballs. It keeps them from “mounting,” and they can’t reproduce. See, first we call them stupid, now we complain that they can’t score. Source: Just Curious About Animals and Nature, Jeeves (Ask Jeeves) By Jack Mingo and Erin Barrett, and The New York Times – National Ed
112
Related Documents
Tricky Trivia
November 2019 7
Trivia
June 2020 10
Tricky C
July 2019 18
Tricky Word Worksheets.docx
May 2020 1
Mathematics Trivia
October 2019 25