Trabocco - March 24th, 2009 - Chapter Xix And Xx Notes

U.S. HISTORY CHAPTERS XIX-XX

CHAPTER XIX

Part I UNITED STATES IMPERIALISM

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KEY TERMS Domestic Policy – How a government treats its citizens. Foreign Policy – How a government treats other countries. Politics – Conflict resolution WAR is the ultimate form of conflict resolution. Protectorate – A colony Annex – To absorb or overtake a colony Tariff – Tax on imported goods; it is imposed by the government. Imperialism – To control or influence another country or colony. POLITICAL IMPERIALISM – The spreading of government ideologies. SOCIAL IMPERIALISM – The spreading of culture ECONOMIC IMPERIALISM – International trading MILITAIRY IMPERIALISM – The use of brute force, often involving the military.

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“A NEW ATTITUDE” MANIFEST DESTINY – The god-given right to be imperialistic. This was often preached by white Christians, believing themselves superior to other races and religions. SUPERFICIAL REASONING FOR IMPERIALISM: Spread of religion • In this case, that was mostly Christianity. Coal Competition Market/Money Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America were all fair game for the imperialists. ALTERIOR REASONING FOR IMPERIALISM: SOCIAL DARWINISM – Believing oneself superior based on one's own race over another. • Basically, it was RACISM. • It was created by English sociologist HERBERT SPENCER. It was created in order to explain how and why the Western Hemisphere was superior. In 1844, PRESIDENT JOHN TYLER began trading with China out of friendship. In 1853, PRESIDENT FRANKLIN PIERCE sent Comm. MATTHEW PERRY to Japan in order to force Japan to begin trading with the United States. This is the where American imperialism has its roots. In 1867, the United States acquired Alaska from Russia for approximately $7.6 million USD by Secretary of State WILLIAM H. SEWARD. It was a move that would become known as SEWARD'S FOLLY; he was jeered and ridiculed for such a seemingly unintelligent purchase. We signed the TREATY OF WASHINGTON, which smoothed things over with the British in forgiveness of their helping the South during the American Civil War.

CHAPTER XIX

Part II PROBLEMS WITH SPAIN

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THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR Spain originally owned Cuba as a colony. In 1895, Cuba began an uprising. It was led by JOSÉ MARTI, who would later be executed by the Spanish for his actions. PRESIDENT GROVER CLEVELAND wanted nothing to do with the whole affair. However, VICE PRESIDENT WILLIAM McKINLEY wanted involvement. YELLOW JOURNALISM was the sensationalizing of the news in order to gain a greater emotional response from the readers. Pulitzer and Hearst were two notable “Yellow Journalists.” On February 9, 1898, the DUPUY DE LOME LETTER was discovered. Its sender, ENRIQUE DUPUY DE LOME, was a Spanish ambassador to the United States. It tore into current president WILLIAM McKINLEY, berating him for the United States' siding with Cuba rather than Spain. • It basically called him an “idiot”. The American public was not happy about the words said about its president; people were riled up. Six days later, on February 15th, 1898, the battleship MAINE blew up and was destroyed. Initially, the Spanish were blamed for the whole incident. The cause was officially undetermined. People were even more unhappy at this, and they wanted the United States to go to war against Spain. But the gates were not yet opened for this action, and the United States stayed out. In 1976, it was determined that it was a coal fire, not the Spaniards, which caused the explosion. Finally, on April 11th, 1898, the United States declares war on Spain. During this time, THE TELLER AMENDMENT came about. • It promised Cuba full independence after the war was over. The Americans supported this war. • It was once called a “splendid little war”. • Indeed, it only lasted about four months and the United States came out on top. THEODORE ROOSEVELT was, at the time, the assistant secretary of the United States Navy, and he ordered admiral DEWEY to sail from Hong Kong to Manila Bay in the Philippines to attack the Spanish colonies established there. The first shots of the war were fired in the Philippines. EMILIO AGUINALDO rallied the Philippines against the Spaniards. On July 7th, 1898, the United States annexed the Philippines and Hawaii. On August 13th, 1898, Spain officially surrendered in the Philippines. GENERAL WILLIAM SHAFTER proceeded to sail from Tampa, Florida to Cuba. Along with him came Theodore Roosevelt and Leonard Wood, leading the ROUGH RIDERS. The Rough Riders were volunteers who fought alongside the American military.

CHAPTER XIX

Part III THE AFTERMATH AND OUR RISE TO POWER

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THE PHILIPPINES The Philippines assumed that the United States would just hand them over their freedom and independence. However, we ended up treating them like Spain. Emilio Aguinaldo led another revolution, this time against the United States. He was arrested, however, and 200,000 were killed during the revolt. From this point onwards, the United States and the Philippines shared a “big brother/little brother” relationship, and were much friendlier towards each other. In 1934, United States Congress promised the Philippines independence by 1946. This was because they were becoming too much of a burden. The United States was afraid that Japan would invade the Philippines and, ergo, drag the United States into a war. Besides, 1934 was a year in which the United States was facing a depression.

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CHINA China was carved up and distributed to Europe and other major powers. The United States, however, did not receive anything. • But, the United States wanted SPHERES OF INFLUENCE, or an open door policy and access to all Chinese trade privileges and cities. In a response to being so roughed up without any say in the matter, the Chinese began a revolt known as the RIGHTEOUS HARMONIOUS FISTS or BOX OF REBELLION. This was an anti-imperialist movement. However, because of the influx of opium in the country, many of the fighters were lethargic and unable to hold up. They were addicted to the drug. Thus, the revolt was quickly shut down. Chinese men started to come over to the United States. Since the United States could no longer use black slave labor, they turned to Chinese labor. The men brought over facets of Chinese culture. But... • The United States wouldn't allow this. • The Chinese were not allowed to bring their culture into the United States.

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CLOSER TO HOME In 1900, President McKinley was reelected with Theodore Roosevelt as his vice president. Teddy Roosevelt was already famous as a Rough Rider and prestigious navy man. He was also governor of New York in 1898. In July of that year, President McKinley attended the WORLD'S FAIR in Buffalo, NY. He went into the exhibition hall to shake hands with a long line of people passing by him for ten minutes. As he shook the hand of one man, the man produced a pistol and shot McKinley from point blank range. • The man was an Anarchist, or, in other words, he despised any form of government.

McKinley takes a turn for the worst after a fairly promising prognosis and dies, not of blood loss or blood poisoning, but of dehydration. • Doctors probably would have been able to save him had he been shot today. Theodore Roosevelt is out hiking in the mountains when he is approached by a messenger boy and presented with a telegraph informing him of the news. He becomes president upon McKinley's death.

CHAPTER XIX

Part IV REAPING THE REWARDS

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REAPING THE REWARDS In 1900, with the passing of the FORAKER ACT, PUERTO RICO became a United States colony with limited rights. In 1917, Puerto Rican citizens became United States citizens. In 1992, Puerto Rico declined induction as the fifty first state. In 1901, the United States passed the INSULAR CASES. The rights stipulated in the constitution only applied to the continental United States and NOT to any of the colonies outside of the boundaries. In 1902, the PLATT AMENDMENT granted Cuba its independence. But the United States reminded Cuba: “Don't piss us off or we will come after you.” In 1898, the United States annexed the sugar-rich Hawaii. The island was full of sugar, coal, and the infamously doomed Pearl Harbor. Finally, Samoa, an island nation in the South Pacific, was annexed and shared by the Germans and the Americans until 1918, when it would become the sole property of the United States.

CHAPTER XX

Part I THE DAWN OF THE PROGRESSIVE ERA

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CHANGE, REFORM, RESPONSIBILITY In this era, the Republicans and the Democrats begin to work together for the people. Common during this time period were MUCKRAKERS, self-invested journalists who reported on such things as poor work conditions, the impoverished, and other social issues. Some notable muckrakers and their works included: LINCOLN STEPHENS – SHAME OF THE CITY • Stephens took aim at the corruption in office of the city of Philadelphia. DAVID GRAHAM PHILLIPS – TREASON OF THE SENATE • Phillips also took aim at corruption, this time in the United States Senate. JOHN SPARGO – THE BITTER CRY OF CHILDREN • Spargo used this work to push for child labor laws. The muckrakers had a favorite target: JOHN ROCKEFELLER, owner of the Standard Oil Company. Rockefeller owned a monopoly, or, in other words, had total control over the business. He was exceedingly wealthy, and, by the time of his death in the 1930's, was worth an estimated $900,000,000. In fact, he was the wealthiest man in American history. In 1906, UPTON SINCLAIR wrote “THE JUNGLE” which outlined the squalid working conditions Lithuanian immigrants had to work in within a slaughterhouse in Chicago, IL. When Theodore Roosevelt read Sinclair's work, he was appalled. He even invited Sinclair to the White House. Several rights and acts came about which gave power to the people. RIGHT OF INITIATIVE – The right to propose laws. REFERENDUM – The right to vote on laws. RIGHT OF RECALL – The right to remove the President from office. THE PRIMARY SYSTEM – Voters from each of the political parties nominate candidates rather than having the Senate or Congress do it. This, however, does not include women, yet. Also created: CITY COUNCIL – These were created to balance off the power in big cities. They were elected by residents of the city and reduced the risk of corruption. PUBLIC UTILITY COMMISSION – This organization protected the consumer from being scammed. LICENCES and INSPECTION – Inspects places and also hands out health/safety certified licenses accordingly. Some notable Progressive Era figures included: ROBERT LAFOLLETTE – This former Wisconsin politician proposed the “WISCONSIN IDEA”, which introduced WORKER'S COMPENSATION. • If someone is injured and cannot work, he or she may be eligible for worker's compensation. H. JOHNSON – He agreed with the worker's comp idea, but also introduced child labor laws, as well as putting a restriction on the number of hours a woman can work in one

day. It was eight hours at the time. SETH LOW – Tried, but failed. SAMUEL JONES – Introduced the idea of MINIMUM WAGE. Four amendments were introduced during the Progressive Era. 16th AMENDMENT – Introduced an income tax 17th AMENDMENT – Allowed direct election of Senators by the voters. 18th AMENDMENT – The only amendment in United States constitutional history to later be repealed (by the 21st Amendment), this amendment banned the sale and consumption of alcohol in a movement known as PROHIBITION. 19th AMENDMENT – Passed after World War I in 1920, this amendment gave women the right to vote. It was a “thank-you” for the efforts of women in World War I.

CHAPTER XX

Part II THE PROGRESSIVE ERA CONTINUES

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THE SQUARE DEAL Theodore Roosevelt came up with a plan known as THE SQUARE DEAL. The purpose of the plan included: Control trusts Help public health Protect the environment Settle labor disputes In 1890, the SHERMAN TRUST ACT was passed. This was designed to control monopolies. In 1902, there was a COAL STRIKE by the United Mine Workers of America in eastern Pennsylvania. The army was called in to rattle their sabres. They basically scared the strikers straight and the whole affair ended peacefully. In 1903, the ELKINS ACT was passed. This prohibited businesses from giving exclusive rebates or discounts to frequent customers. • This affected, in particular, the railway business. Similarly, the 1906 HEPBURN ACT prohibited free handouts to familiar customers. In 1904, the giant monopoly of NORTH SECURITIES was broken up. The INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION had the job of regulating railroads and goods transported across state lines. In 1906, the MEAT INSPECTION ACT was passed. This act was directly related to Upton Sinclair's work, THE JUNGLE, and made it so that the Feds regularly inspected meat processing plants. Also, the PURE DRUG AND FOOD ACT was passed. This act prohibited making outlandish claims about food or drugs. • A notable example is “Snake Oil.” It was designed to protect consumers from being ripped off. The United States passed the NEWLANDS RECLAMATION ACT. The government sold land for cheap, but only if the buyer agreed to put irrigation and, thus, water, on the land. In addition, the government passed the ANTIQUITIES ACT. This established the National Park system. In 1907, an event took place known as the ROOSEVELT PANIC. Economics: The study on how to meet unlimited societal demands with limited supplies of land, labor, capital (money), and entrepreneurship (desire to own a business). Essentially, it took place during a recession in the economy, and many businesses filed for bankruptcy. People panicked, but few scars were left on the steel-hulled economy. In 1908, the government passed the ALDRICH-VREELAND ACT. This added a great deal of money to the economy in order to stimulate it. The economy needs money in order to run, and, on top of that, it needs a perfect balance between the money and the spending. But that would not become a huge issue until one

fateful Tuesday in 1929... In 1908, Theodore Roosevelt declines the opportunity to run for a second term. Instead, the avid outdoorsman goes hunting in Africa, and leaves his seat to WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT, the heaviest president in American history. He thinks Taft will continue his policies....but....

CHAPTER XX

Part III TAFT TAKES OVER

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PRESIDENT TAFT WILLIAM H. TAFT became president in 1908 when Theodore Roosevelt decided not to run again. Unlike Roosevelt, he was not very well known coming into office, and was a moderate, not radical, progressive.

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TAFT'S ADMINISTRATION PITTSBURGH STEEL was notably difficult to produce at the time; it was like the Titanic waiting to happen. It was not uncommon for there to be injuries or even deaths while working around it and producing it. It was a monopoly. Taft attempted to break it up, but failed. The PAYNE-ALDRICH TARIFF very slightly reduced tariffs. RICHARD BALLINGER sold off federal land, especially around Alaska, which was supposedly never to be touched, in order to mine for coal. Ballinger had a particularly nasty rivalry with U.S Forest Service Chief GIFFORD PINCHOT. They would often butt heads over conservation of lands and the usage of that land. The INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION was created in order to regulate communications across state lines. This mainly involved morse code transmissions, as voice radio was in its infancy. Taft's administration ended in 1912. That year, an election year, a man named THOMAS WOODROW WILSON, a cocky, arrogant, know-it-all college professor, ran for the Democratic party. Our good friend, William Howard Taft, ran for the Republicans. Seeing that Taft was not going to play nice with the policies that he had put in place, Theodore Roosevelt also ran as a third party known as the BULL MOOSE PARTY. • He had no intentions of winning, but he wasn't going to sit back and watch Taft take office for another four years. He actually came in second place, in front of Taft. Woodrow Wilson won with a 42% vote. • This was a very rare case in American history where a presidential election was won by plurality and not majority. • As of 2009, three elections including the 1912 election have been skewed by a third party: 1912 Election – Winner: Woodrow Wilson 1992 Election – Winner: Bill Clinton 2000 Election – Winner: George W. Bush

CHAPTER XX

Part IV MR. WILSON

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WOODROW WILSON Wilson had previously been a governor in 1912 and a professor at Princeton. His first wife would die in 1914; he remarried. He enacted new policies of DOMESTIC FREEDOM. These included the WALLS OF PRIVILEGE. • A tariff was enacted; the sixteenth amendment allowed it. • Banking. • A TRUST was pretty much a monopoly. As a result, the CLAYTON ANTITRUST ACT restricted monopolies even further. • The FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION regulated company mergers. • In 1915, SEAMAN'S ACTS improved the lives of cargo ship workers. • In 1916, the FEDERAL FARM LOAN ACT was passed. It helped out farmers financially through loans and such. • Also, the WORKERS COMPENSATION ACT put every federal worker in the United States under the coverage of workers compensation. • The ADAMSON ACT limited the hours one could work on a railroad to eight hours a day. • The FEDERAL RESERVE ACT created the FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM, a system dealing with all things money. It regulates the monetary policy. It also decides how much money is minted and other similar decisions.

CHAPTER XX

Part V MR. ROOSEVELT'S FOREIGN POLICY

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In 1905, the United States became the police the Western Hemisphere via the ROOSEVELT COROLLARY. Basically, it warned other countries to behave or face our wrath. Roosevelt also spoke of a BIG STICK. The “big stick” was actually the military. “Speak softly, and carry a big stick.” Roosevelt also was involved in the dealings of the PANAMA CANAL. Originally, it took 68 days to sail around South America in order to get from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. It was originally a French product; they had built the Suez Canal in 1868 which connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. However, they failed at building this canal, and gave up in 1890. The United States picked up the project. They originally wanted to build it through Nicaragua, but that plan fell through. The United States bought the unfinished canal from the French, the Columbians, and the British. Well, at least the French and the British cooperated... The Columbians raised hell at the idea, and Roosevelt said: “I will make the dirt fly”. He began a revolution in Columbia, which gave birth to a new country: PANAMA. In 1903, the HAY-BUNAU VARILLA TREATY was signed. Banau Varilla was a Frenchman who signed the treaty and gave the United States the “okay” to complete and own the canal. We owned it until 1999. Despite this, no Panamanian officially “okay'd” the project, but it continued anyway. In 1977, talks began of a transition began, and on December 31st, 1999, Panama becomes the owner of the canal. In 1921, we kissed and made up with Columbia. They asked for $25 million USD in reparations. In 1905, Teddy Roosevelt negotiated a peace treaty between Russia and Japan. He received the Nobel Peace Prize for his actions. He was a diplomat and statesman, among other things. In 1906, the United States was invited to the ALGECIRAS CONFERENCE. This signified that we were now equal with mighty Europe. From 1906-07, sixteen battleships of the United States sailed around the world. They were known as the GREAT WHITE FLEET. They were painted white, supposedly signifying peace. WAIT, WHAT? Killing machines signifying peace = Impossible. The real motive was to show off the power of the United States. The fleet was to send a message to other countries to not mess with the States. In 1907, the Japanese were involved in one of many problem periods during the 20th century in a bitter rivalry with the United States.

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The Japanese were coming to the United States via San Francisco. The Japanese wanted to send their kids to American schools. The United States says: “No.” So, the Japanese begin beating up on Americans in Japan. The Japanese agree to stop immediately if Japanese children are allowed to attend American schools. In 1908, the United States and Japan signed the ROOT-TAKAHIRA AGREEMENT. In this treaty, both sides recognized the spheres of influence. It was created in order to prevent a war between Japan and the United States. MR. TAFT'S FOREIGN POLICY Taft had very little to do with foreign policy. He did, however, send the United States to Nicaragua from 1909-1913. MR. WILSON'S FOREIGN POLICY

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Woodrow Wilson enacted a MORAL FOREIGN POLICY. He also encouraged carrying a big stick, except he wanted a really big stick. He had the United States invade the Caribbean. The Caribbean owed Britain money. The United States had nothing to do with the affair, but, then again, they were WORLD POLICE. In 1913, there was a MEXICAN REVOLUTION. The president of Mexico was murdered and replaced by VICTORIANO HUERTA, a dictator. Wilson didn't like the man at all. He sends a warship to sit off the coast of Mexico. Wilson then invaded VERACRUZ, MEXICO in order to raid it for the weapons. He wanted to keep weapons out of Huerta's hands. Before any of this can erupt into full-on war, A.B.C stepped in. A.B.C was Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. They prevented a war from breaking out. Huerta stepped down and VENUSTIANO CARRANZA took over. Wilson was cool with that, and all is well....except for.... PONCHO VILLA, a terrorist who absolutely HATED Woodrow Wilson. He started attacking Americans all along the Tex-Mex border. The United States gets pissed and decides enough is enough. • They strongarm into Mexico in 1916. The troops totalled 15,000 men strong and 150,000 guards oversaw the American border. • They never got him, for in 1917, the Americans suddenly pull out of Mexico. They have better things to do.... • At the same time, the United States Congress is preparing to open the gates to let America into World War I. Everybody all but forgets Poncho Villa.