Topicality 2 Week 21

WNDI 2008

1 Topicality

Topicality Topicality.....................................................................................................................................................................1

Topicality.........................................................................................................................................1 A2: ASPEC.................................................................................................................................................................3

A2: ASPEC.....................................................................................................................................3 T – USFG (Not performance).....................................................................................................................................4

T – USFG (Not performance).......................................................................................................4 T – Substantially (Not Minor).....................................................................................................................................5

T – Substantially (Not Minor).......................................................................................................5 T – Alternative Energy (Renewable)...........................................................................................................................6

T – Alternative Energy (Renewable)............................................................................................6 T – Alternative Energy (Not Nuclear).........................................................................................................................7

T – Alternative Energy (Not Nuclear)..........................................................................................7 T – Alternative Energy (Not Conservation)................................................................................................................8

T – Alternative Energy (Not Conservation).................................................................................8 T – Incentive (Positive)...............................................................................................................................................9

T – Incentive (Positive)..................................................................................................................9 Alternative Energy Incentive (Not Regulation)........................................................................................................10

Alternative Energy Incentive (Not Regulation)........................................................................10 Alternative Energy Incentives (Funding for Development)......................................................................................11

Alternative Energy Incentives (Funding for Development).....................................................11 Alternative Energy (Not Fossil Fuels)......................................................................................................................12

Alternative Energy (Not Fossil Fuels)........................................................................................12 Alternative Energy (Not Fossil Fuels, Gas, Coal, Nuclear Power)...........................................................................13

Alternative Energy (Not Fossil Fuels, Gas, Coal, Nuclear Power)..........................................13 Alternative Energy (Natural Gas).............................................................................................................................14

Alternative Energy (Natural Gas)..............................................................................................14 Alternative Energy (Not Natural Gas)......................................................................................................................15

Alternative Energy (Not Natural Gas).......................................................................................15 Alternative Energy (Not Nuclear Power)..................................................................................................................16

Alternative Energy (Not Nuclear Power)..................................................................................16 Alternative Energy (Renewables).............................................................................................................................17

Alternative Energy (Renewables)...............................................................................................17 Alternative Energy (Fluid Meaning).........................................................................................................................18

Alternative Energy (Fluid Meaning)..........................................................................................18

WNDI 2008

2 Topicality

Incentive (Motivator)................................................................................................................................................19

Incentive (Motivator)...................................................................................................................19 Incentive (Not Regulation)........................................................................................................................................20

Incentive (Not Regulation)..........................................................................................................20 Incentive (Positive)...................................................................................................................................................21

Incentive (Positive).......................................................................................................................21 Incentive (Negative or Positive)...............................................................................................................................22

Incentive (Negative or Positive)..................................................................................................22

WNDI 2008

3 Topicality

A2: ASPEC We meet – the USFG is our actor. They lose zero ground. Counter-definition - ‘the’ means all parts Merriam-Webster's Online, no date, http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary accessed March 23, 2002 4 -- used as a function word before a noun or a substantivized adjective to indicate reference to a group as a whole

The US is three branches Princeton University WordNet 1997, http://www.dictionary.com/cgi-bin/dict.pl?term=united%20states, accessed May 25, 2001 united states: 2: the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the US

Counter-interpretation: A discussion of normal means should determine implementation. That leads to educational research and debate, is just as predictable. [It also gives them their counterplan ground: a standard of functional competition should determine exclusivity]

Counter-interpretation – A discussion of normal means is best A. Specification is extra-topical – unrelated advantages hose neg ground B. Provides better real world education C. Ensures neg ground – lit is the only way to determine what will happen, otherwise there are an infinite number of ways we can fiat implementation 3. No ground loss. We don’t weasel out of links. Don’t vote on potential abuse. 4. No brightline and infinitely regressive – specification forces 9 minute plan texts 5. CX checks – aff’s have the right to clarify, it’s their burden to get clarifications 6. Process counterplans aren’t negative ground. They beg the question of the resolution, focus debate on minutia instead of substance, decrease education, force vague plan writing and steal aff ground 8. No resolutional basis. Competitive skew is inevitable. Specificity is extra-topical.

WNDI 2008

4 Topicality

T – USFG (Not performance) A – Definition – The US is three branches Princeton University WordNet 1997, http://www.dictionary.com/cgi-bin/dict.pl?term=united%20states, accessed May 25, 2001 united states: 2: the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the US

B – Violation – The affirmative does not defend Federal Government action – only personal discourse C – Standards – 1 – Limits and predictability– there are an infinite number of personal advocacies that we could never prepare for. 2 – Ground – we can’t read attacks on individual advocacies because no one writes about college debaters and what they think we should do. Additionally, they can shift out of all of our core negative strategies, which all assume governmental action. 3 – Education – Plan-focused education is key to good decision making – personal discourse encourages negative teams to run theory, hindering education. D – Topicality is a voter for reasons of fairness, ground, education, and jurisdiction

WNDI 2008

5 Topicality

T – Substantially (Not Minor) A - Interpretation - Substantially means Ato a great extent or degree@ Princeton University, (WordNet) 1997 To a great extent or degree; AI=m afraid the film was well over budget@; Apainting the room white made it seem considerably (or substantially) larger@; Athe house has fallen considerably in value@; Athe price went up substantially@ [syn: well, considerably] 2: in a strong substantial way; Athe house was substantially built@

B - Violation - the affirmative only decreases total consumption a minor amount. It is the aff’s duty to show their overall significance to energy policy as a whole. C - Standards 1 - Limits - there are infinite numbers of small decreases in consumption and only a limited number of great ones. The negative interpretation is most predictable. The aff justifies cases that only deal with a small subset of consumption like the manufacture of cosmetics 2 - Ground - Our definition prevents the aff from spiking out of our politics or spending links, claiming that the plan won’t be perceived or cost much. 3 - Stock Issues - our definition forces the affirmative to meet the burdens of stock issues. 4 – Framer’s Intent - Remember, the word “substantially” is in the resolution for a reason. It shouldn=t be cast aside like a random adverb. D - Voters Fairness Education Ground Jurisdiction Resolutional Question

WNDI 2008

6 Topicality

T – Alternative Energy (Renewable) A – Definition – Alternative Energy means renewables MSN Encarta Online Dictionary, 2008 naturally generated energy source: any form of energy obtained from the Sun, wind, waves, or another natural renewable source, in contrast to energy generated from fossil fuels

B – Violation – Plan incentivizes an energy source that relies on finite and non-renewable natural resources C – Standards Limits – Our definition excludes cases like oil drilling and Nuclear Power, but still allows good aff cases like RPS or Solar Power. Limits are key to in depth education and clash Ground – we can’t read evidence about renewables, which destroys predictable pre-round preparation D – Voters – Topicality is a voter for fairness and ground and because the aff must unconditionally prove the resolution is true

WNDI 2008

7 Topicality

T – Alternative Energy (Not Nuclear) A – Definition – Nuclear energy is not alternative energy Christopher Simon, (Prof., Political Science, U. Nevada, Reno), ALTERNATIVE ENERGY: POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL FEASIBILITY, 07, 39-40. The federal definition of alternative energy is best summarized by Title 26, chapter 79, §7701 of the revised U.S. Code: "the term 'alternative energy facility' means a facility for producing electrical or thermal energy if the primary energy source for the facility is not oil, natural gas, coal, or nuclear power."

B – Violation – the plan provides an incentive for nuclear power, which is not alternative energy because it relies on the mining of uranium, which is a finite resource C – Standards Limits – Our definition excludes cases like Natural Gas and Nuclear Power, but still allows good aff cases like RPS or Solar Power. Limits are key to in depth education and clash Ground – we can’t read evidence about renewables, which destroys predictable pre-round preparation D – Voters – Topicality is a voter for fairness and ground and because the aff must unconditionally prove the resolution is true

WNDI 2008

8 Topicality

T – Alternative Energy (Not Conservation) A – Definition – Alternative Energy excludes conservation Hermann Scheer, (Member of the German Bundestag), ENERGY AUTONOMY: THE ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL CASE FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY, 2007, 197. The oft-cited statement, 'the greatest energy source is energy conservation', is wrong on two counts: first, energy conservation is not an energy source but instead simply reduces the demand for energy; and second, with nonrenewable energy the potential for energy conservation is always smaller than the amount of non-renewable energy's total consumption, since there is no such thing as a perpetual motion machine.

B – Violation – Plan doesn’t increase alternative energy. It only decreases and conserves traditional energy C – Standards Limits – Their definition allows any affs concerned with energy efficiency like CAFÉ. We allow affs that encourage the development of new technology like OTEC and Solar Panels Education – The core topic question is about conservation vs. innovation – this is the only way to access topic-specific education concerning ecological sustainability Ground – the conservation counterplan should be a core negative cp to test the alternative energy warrant in the 1AC D – Voters – Topicality is a voter for fairness and ground and because the aff must unconditionally prove the resolution is true

WNDI 2008

9 Topicality

T – Incentive (Positive) A – Definition – Incentives are positive inducements that reward desired behavior Princeton Wordnet 3.0, Online, 2008 # S: (n) incentive, inducement, motivator (a positive motivational influence)

B – Violation – The plan is not an incentive – it merely discourages traditional energy use Carbon Tax only makes it harder to use carbon rather than easier to use renewables Legalizing Hemp only removes a legal barrier to alternative energy Removing Ethanol tariffs only removes a legal barrier to alternative energy CAFÉ standards only punish high emission standards rather than incentivizing new technology

C – Standards Limits – We exclude cases like Carbon Tax and CAFE while still allowing simple funding affs and tax breaks Ground – We can’t read spending or politics because the aff will claim that they only remove a barrier to alternative energy development Education – The discussion of incentives vs. regulations is key to the central topic question, which is the role of the government in market manipulation D – Voters – Topicality is a voter for fairness and ground and because the aff must unconditionally prove the resolution is true

WNDI 2008

10 Topicality

Alternative Energy Incentive (Not Regulation) Incentives are distinct from regulations, which punish traditional consumption rather than encourage innovation. Scholars agree David M. Driesen, Associate Professor, Syracuse College of Law, 1/7/2006, “Economic Instruments for SustainableDevelopment”, http://www.pdfdownload.org/pdf2html/pdf2html.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.syr.edu%2FPdfs%2F0osgood ehallboo.pdf&images=yes Scholars usually use the term `economic incentive programmes' or the synonym, `market-based instruments', to refer to a wide variety of alternatives to tradition- al regulation. 36 This usage reflects convention, rather than a clear analysis of the differences between traditional regulation and the alternatives. For traditional regulatory programmes provide an economic incentive to clean up; they threaten polluters with fines for failing to comply with standards, as noted previously. Traditional regulation also creates a market for pollution control ideas and equip- ment, since it requires polluters to clean up. Regulations can raise the price of goods associated with large amounts of pollution, and therefore encourage con- sumers to substitute less polluting goods or reduce consumption, thereby further reducing emissions. Even though all forms of regulation provide economic incentives to reduce pol- lution, scholars generally agree about what instruments the term `economic incentive programmes refers to, even if the term has no rigorous definition. And they use the term to refer to alternatives to traditional regulation. Scholars have also employed varying typologies to classify the many economic instruments used around the world. It might prove useful to distinguish between price-based instruments, quantity-based instruments and informationalbased instruments.

Alternative Energy Incentives are distinct from market regulations Glenn C. Ralph, Investors Group Financial Services, Inc., November 2007, Can 'green' investments power your investment growth?, http://www.mcimortgageconsultants.ca/hollycollin/articles/2007-11/green-investment.html * Potential market share. Will a company's products be sold and distributed in North America, or around the world? What is the intensity of the competition? How well-funded are competitors? * Manufacturing scale. Can a company design and manufacture its product in a cost-effective manner that allows for healthy profit margins? * Government regulation. Regulations increasingly favour alternative energy sources. But they vary according to jurisdiction, and are constantly evolving. How will they affect a particular business? * Incentives. Alternative energy incentives are becoming more common, with government tax breaks and subsidies for producers and consumers. How might these benefit an alternative energy investment?

WNDI 2008

11 Topicality

Alternative Energy Incentives (Funding for Development) Alternative Energy Incentives are governmental funding and economic support for development of alternative energy producers Alan Kotok, July 14, 2006, American Computer Scientist, Fincancing Your Research in Alternative Energy. Science Careers, Journal of Science. As in most other fields, researchers needing funds for their alternative-energy investigations often look to government and private sources. Since the 1970's at least, the U.S. federal government has had an interest in alternative sources of energy, although funding for those efforts has risen and fallen with economic conditions, fuel prices, and political administrations, among other factors. Recently, high oil prices have renewed interest in alternative energy research. One consequence of the recent surge in oil prices is the Energy Policy Act of 2005, which offers a series of grants and tax incentives to encourage development and investment in alternative energy sources: biofuels, forest biomass, wind, solar, and geothermal.

WNDI 2008

12 Topicality

Alternative Energy (Not Fossil Fuels) Alternative Energy means non-fossil fuels IPCC, The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, jointly established by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme. “Climate Change 2001: Working Group III: Mitigation,” 2001 http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg3/454.htm Alternative energy: Energy derived from non-fossil fuel sources.

Alternative energy means not fossil fuels Natural Resources Defense Council, NRDC: Glossary of Environmental Terms, http://www.nrdc.org/reference/glossary/a.asp, 2008 alternative energy - energy that is not popularly used and is usually environmentally sound, such as solar or wind energy (as opposed to fossil fuels).

Alternative energy means not fossil fuels or natural gas Information Architects, Green Glossary, 2008, http://www.iagreen.com/glossary.htm Energy from a source other than the conventional fossil-fuel sources of oil, natural gas and coal (i.e., wind, running water, the sun). Also referred to as "alternative fuel."

WNDI 2008

13 Topicality

Alternative Energy (Not Fossil Fuels, Gas, Coal, Nuclear Power) Non-fossil fuels, oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear power Christopher Simon, (Prof., Political Science, U. Nevada, Reno), ALTERNATIVE ENERGY: POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL FEASIBILITY, 07, 39-40. The federal definition of alternative energy is best summarized by Title 26, chapter 79, §7701 of the revised U.S. Code: "the term 'alternative energy facility' means a facility for producing electrical or thermal energy if the primary energy source for the facility is not oil, natural gas, coal, or nuclear power."

US tax code excludes nuclear power Title 26 of Internal Revenue Code, Chapter 79 § 7701 “Definitions,” http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/uscode26/usc_sec_26_00007701----000-.html (D) Alternative energy facility For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term “alternative energy facility” means a facility for producing electrical or thermal energy if the primary energy source for the facility is not oil, natural gas, coal, or nuclear power.

WNDI 2008

14 Topicality

Alternative Energy (Natural Gas) Alternative Energy includes natural gas The EPA, Glossary of Climate Change Terms, 2008, http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html Energy derived from nontraditional sources (e.g., compressed natural gas, solar, hydroelectric, wind).5

WNDI 2008

15 Topicality

Alternative Energy (Not Natural Gas) Alternative energy excludes fossil fuels and natural gas Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1), 2008 energy, as solar, wind, or nuclear energy, that can replace or supplement traditional fossil-fuel sources, as coal, oil, and natural gas.

WNDI 2008

16 Topicality

Alternative Energy (Not Nuclear Power) Nuclear Power is not alternative energy – it belongs in the same category as fossil fuels Wikipedia (online encyclopedia) http://www.fact-index.com/f/fo/fossil_fuel.html Accessed 2004 Fossil fuels are hydrocarbon fuels or hydrocarbon containing fuels such as petroleum (including natural gas) and coal. The utilization of fossil fuels has fueled industrial development and largely supplanted water driven mills and wood or peat burning for heat. With nuclear power, it makes up the category of nuclear-fossil energy.

Nuclear energy is not renewable Department of Energy http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/nonrenewable/nonrenewable.html Accessed 2004 Nonrenewable energy sources come out of the ground as liquids, gases and solids. Right now, crude oil (petroleum) is the only naturally liquid commercial fossil fuel. Natural gas and propane are normally gases, and coal is a solid. Coal, petroleum, natural gas, and propane are all considered fossil fuels because they formed from the buried remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. Uranium ore, a solid, is mined and converted to a fuel. Uranium is not a fossil fuel. These energy sources are considered nonrenewable because they can not be replenished (made again) in a short period of time. Renewable energy sources can be replenished naturally in a short period of time.

More evidence Cygnus Renewable http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:mRiBxTOQ1TEJ:www.cygnusrenewable.com/page2.html+%22is+not+a+fos sil+fuel%22,+uranium&hl=en Accessed 2004 Fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas come from biomass which was produced in the distant past and has been transformed by geological activity. World reserves of fossil fuels are finite and are being depleted. They are therefore referred to as non-renewable energy resources. Uranium for the generation of nuclear energy is not a fossil fuel, but still requires the depletion of finite physical reserves so it is included as a non-renewable energy source.

WNDI 2008

17 Topicality

Alternative Energy (Renewables) Alternative energy means renewables Minerals Management Service, government agency in charge of regulating domestic energy production, 716-2008, http://www.mms.gov/offshore/AlternativeEnergy/Definitions.htm Fuel sources that are other than those derived from fossil fuels. Typically used interchangeably for renewable energy. Examples include: wind, solar, biomass, wave and tidal energy.

More MSN Encarta Online Dictionary, 2008 naturally generated energy source: any form of energy obtained from the Sun, wind, waves, or another natural renewable source, in contrast to energy generated from fossil fuels

Alternative energy means environmentally friendly renewables Compact Oxford English Dictionary Online, 2008 energy fuelled in ways that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment.

Alternative energy means renewables Nelson Education, Canada’s leading educational publisher providing innovative products and solutions for learners of all ages, Our Environment: A Canadian Perspective, 2nd edition., http://environment.nelson.com/0176169040/glossary.html 2008 Alternative Energy - Renewable energy sources, such as wind, flowing water, solar energy and biomass, which create less environmental damage and pollution than fossil fuels, and offer an alternative to nonrenewable resources.

WNDI 2008

18 Topicality

Alternative Energy (Fluid Meaning) There’s no agreed upon definition of “alternative energy” – hundreds of scientists recently held a conference explicitly to define the term and FAILED TO AGREE on a definition. Christopher A. Simon, poli sci prof at University of Nevada, Reno. Alternative energy: political, economic, and social feasibility, 2007 pp. 39-41 Previous chapters outlined the trends that have led the United States in the direction of alternative energy. Social and political events of the 1960s and 1970s were responsible for the initial shifts in the energy paradigm. The book has also introduced the reader to ways of thinking about public policy, particularly in relation to alternative energy. In this chapter, the book focuses on the scope of alternative energy, a concept that is often discussed but rarely defined. It is difficult to define because the term is value laden. The term “alternative energy” was the subject of a recent gathering of scientists in Canada, but by

the end of the conference, the definition remained a work in progress: no definitive meaning was assigned (see CEA-NRCan 2002). By defining the term, it is not my purpose to intentionally exclude or include any particular form of energy. An understanding of the concept is necessary to better understand the energy future in relation to technological, economic, and policy feasibility of energy sources. Understanding the difference between alternative energy and alternative fuels is an important distinction that must be made at this point. WHAT IS ALTERNATIVE ENERGY? The federal definition of alternative energy is best summarized by Title 26. chapter 79. §7701 of the revised U.S. Code: “the term ‘alternative energy facility’ means a facility for producing electrical or thermal energy if the primary energy source for the facility is not oil, natural gas. coal, or nuclear power.” The primary purpose of this definition relates to the issuance of tax credits to ‘alternative energy facility[ies],” which meet certain standards as defined in Title 26, chapter I, §48 ‘Energy Credit.” Tax credits are one method by which the federal government encourages the private sector to make certain economic choices: in the case of energy policy, this definition of alternative energy will have a definitive impact on how alternative energy will be defined by those individuals and corporate bodies seeking federal recognition (and benefit) by adopting a particular definition of alternative energy. Many state definitions of alternative energy closely follow federal definitions. Case law confirms that federal guidelines supercede state-level guidelines. Federal standards also impact the state and local receipt of alternative energy grants, subsidies, and tax exemptions. It is reasonable, therefore, that state and local definitions would be consistent with federal energy policy. Consistency between federal and state definitions does not mean that there are not a few variations. In many ways, variation at the state level illustrates the dynamic and evolving alternative energy paradigm, which is by no means unique to the U.S. policy process. Energy Versus Power These terms are often used interchangeably and are thought to be the same concept. Energy is defined as “the capacity to do work.” Forms of energy include thermal, mechanical, electrical, and chemical. Energy may be transformed from one form into another (EERe 2005a). Energy can be measured in a variety always, such as joules and British thermal units BTUs. Power is “the rate of expenditure of energy,” (Physics Forum 2005) or the rate at which energy is used. Power is simply expenditure of energy per unit of time (eg. BTU/hr or BTU/sec). In everyday life, one comes across measurements of power in the form of watts or horsepower. Fuel is potential energy that can be burned to produce power. State-level variation illustrates the role politics plays in shaping the alternative energy paradigm. State-energy economic interests often impact the choices related to the adoption of alternative energy policies. For example, in states with coal production. it is likely that interest groups representing fossil fuel industries and environmental interests will square off, seeking to shape the regulation of energy uses and production as well as the nature of redistributive policies intended to provide cleaner energy, the latter effectively benefiting individuals and groups who may bear environmental and health costs associated with fossil fuel use. In some cases, there are even different tiers or categories of ‘alternative energy,” depending on the source’s level or shades of “greenness” (Mandelbaum and Brown 2004: 1). Perhaps the most well-known recent example of very broadly defined and apparently “relaxed” standards for the concept “alternative energy” comes from the state of Pennsylvania. which has effectively moved away from more narrowly defined federal definitions. Adopted into law in November 2004. Pennsylvania Senate Bill 1030 identifies energy sources and relates these sources to relative ‘greenness.’ which is by implication measured by the level of environmental emissions or potential for environmental harm. The alternative energy greenness divides types into Tier I and Tier II alternative energy sources. Tier I alternative energy sources are: (I) solar PV energy; (2) wind power: (3) low-impact hydropower;’ (4) geothermal energy;2 (5) biologically derived methane gas;1 (6) fuel cells:4 (7) biomass energy; and (8) coal mine methane. In scrutinizing these Tier I sources and the related definitions in the footnotes, the reader might dispute their categorization as relatively low impact forms of energy, Coal mine methane and biomass derived energy. for instance, produce greenhouse gases. Pennsylvania’s Tier II alternative energy resources provide an even broader view when it comes to common associations with “green” energy. The second-tier sources are as follows: (1) waste coal: (2) distributed generation systems; (3) demand-side management; (4) large-scale hydropower; (5) municipal solid waste; (6) generation of electricity utilizing byproducts of the pulping process and wood-manufacturing process, including bark, wood chips, sawdust, and lignin in spent pulping liquors; and (7) integrated combined coal gasification technology. The Pennsylvania statute illustrates the capacity of government

to narrowly or broadly define alternative energy. Alternative energy cannot be assumed to have certain properties, such as zero greenhouse gas emissions or complete disassociation from hydrocarbon energy sources. At the federal level, the expansion of nuclear energy has been proposed as a form of alternative energy, replacing the use of hydrocarbons to produce electrical or thermal energy. What is alternative energy? Simply put, it is not a unified concept. The lack of clarity and consistency in definition, however, provides an opportunity for individuals and groups considering alternative energy sources for their communities, states, or nation. The lack of rigidity in definition reflects the likelihood that perspectives on alternative energy will be more likely related to a search process focusing on energy alternatives.

WNDI 2008

19 Topicality

Incentive (Motivator) An incentive is a motivator MSN Encarta Online, 2008 something that encourages somebody to action: something that encourages or motivates somebody to do something

More Compact Oxford English Dictionary 2008 • noun a thing that motivates or encourages someone to action or increased effort.

More Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary, 10th edition 2008 something that incites or has a tendency to incite to determination or action

More Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Online, 2008 something which encourages a person to do something: Tax incentives have been very effective in encouraging people to save and invest more of their income. [+ to infinitive] There is little incentive for people to leave their cars at home when public transport remains so expensive. Bonus payments provide an incentive to work harder.

WNDI 2008

20 Topicality

Incentive (Not Regulation) Incentives are distinct from regulations Regulation: Winston Harrington, (Prof., Georgetown U. Public Policy Institute), THE RFF READER IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND RESOURCE POLICY: SECOND EDITION, 06, 66. Environmental policies can rely more on direct regulation (the command-and-control or CAC approach) or, alternatively, on economic incentives for environmental protection.

WNDI 2008

21 Topicality

Incentive (Positive) Incentives are positive rewards for behavior Electric Power Research Institute, 2005 , “A coalfleet working paper,” http://www.cis.state.mi.us/mpsc/electric/capacity/cnf/central/igcc_incentives.pdf This paper presents EPRI’s analysis of the effectiveness of eight alternative Federal financial incentives that have been proposed to mitigate IGCC’s higher costs and risks. The intent of these incentives is to lessen the cost differential between IGCC and conventional coal technologies so that an initial set of IGCC plants will be deployed, allowing future experience based reductions in cost and improvements in performance that could make IGCC commercially viable. The incentives analyzed include: loan guarantees, direct Federal loans, Federal cost sharing grants, investment tax credits, production tax credits, tax-exempt financing, accelerated depreciation, and Federal availability insurance. The analysis looks at the usefulness of each incentive for three types of project owners: regulated investor-owned utilities (IOUs), independent power producers with a power purchase agreement (IPPs), and public power (including cooperative, Federal, municipal, and state entities

Incentives most be positive Princeton Wordnet 3.0, Online, 2008 # S: (n) incentive, inducement, motivator (a positive motivational influence)

WNDI 2008

22 Topicality

Incentive (Negative or Positive) Incentives can be rewards or punishments The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. Something, such as the fear of punishment or the expectation of reward, that induces action or motivates effort.