Tiwari

HERBALREMEDI ES ON MALARIA

The competitive advantage of herbal antimalarials   

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Available Sustainable Reach the parts that modern drugs don’t reach… Affordable

Malaria as Disease 

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Malaria is transmitted by the infected female anopheles mosquito. The specific protozoan organism causing malaria is from the genus plasmodium Antimalarial are the drug used for prophylaxis treatment prevention relapses of malaria

Caused Organisms    

A. B. C. D

PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. PLASMODIUM VIVAX. PLASMODIUM OVALE. PLASMODIUM MALARIA.

Life cycle of Malaria

Herbs mainly used for the treatment of malaria 

ARTEMISININ

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CINCHONA

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NEEM

ARTEMISININ 

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It was isolated by chinese scientist in 1971 Obtained from chinese herb QINGHAO

Biological source -Obtained from Chinese herb ARTEMISIA ANNUA (Compositae)  Geographical sources - Presently cultivated in Kashmir Valley  Cultivation & Collection - It gives about 29 Quintals/Hectare of dry leaf matter contiaiing 0.11% 

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Arthemether : The methyl ether of dihydroatemisinin is widely used arthemether injection each 1-ml ampules contain 80 mg of arthemether in peanut oil Arthether : It is a Ethylether of dihydroartemisinin and appear to be similar in most respect to arthemether Derivative of dihydroartemisin, recommended dose 150 mg / day daily by i.m for 3 days.

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Artesunate : Is a water soluble hemisuccinate derivative it is available as 50mg tablet and as artesunic acid for injection its tablet and capsule forms are available. Rectal suppository and capsules can be used in emergency Artilinate : Is a water soluble Derivative it is effective as artesunate and is most stable in solutions.

Mechanism of Action 

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It is a sesquiterpine Lactone active against P. falciparum resistant to all other antimalarial drug as well as sensitive strains. Potent & Rapid Blood schizontocide action is exerted eliciting quicker defervescence and parasitemia clearance (less than 2 days) then chloroquine. The endoperoxide bridge in its molecule appears to interact with heme in the parasite. Iron mediated cleavage of bridge releases a high reactive free radicals species that binds to the membrane protein that damages the endoplasmic reticulum inhibits the protein synthesis and ultimately lysis of parasite.

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Pharmacokinetics : They are rapidly absorbed and converted into active metabolites dihydroartemisinin the reported t1/2 is less than 1 hr of artesunate while that of arthemether is 3 to 11 hr Adverse effects : Nausea, Omiting, Itching and drug fever. Abnormal bleeding, dark Urine, S-T segment changes Q-T prolongation

Cinchona as antimalarial Family; Rubiaceae Genus; chincona Species; officinalis, ledgeriana, succirubra, calisaya Synonyms; peruvian bark Part used; bark. Wood

Geographical sources; India, Bolivia,columbia, peru, Tanzania, Indonesia and Srilanka,in India it is cultivated in annamalai hills{coimbatore district}and Nilgiri in Tamilnadu and Darjeeling area of westbengal Cultivation and collection;  Germination  seeddling 

Extaction of quinine; the bark is powdered and extacted with benzene or toluene in presence of alkali. Further,the alkaloids are extracted with dil. Sulphuric acid. By bringing the acid extract to neutrality quinine sulphate separates , as it is sparingly soluble.

Mechanism of action 

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Blood schizonticides; agent such mas asquine, quinacrine,amodiaquine and chloroquine supreses the symptoms by destroing the scizonts and merozoites in the erythrocyte Gametocides. Agent such as primaquine, by destroying thegametocytein the blood,prevent infection caused by thebites of the mosquitoes Sporonticides, Agents such as chlorguanide and pyrimethamine help to eradicate the disease by preventing sporogony and multiplication of the parasites Secondary tissue schizonticides,agent such as prime quine destroy axoerythrocyte tissue schizonts such as those developing in the liver.

Traditional preparation One to two gram daily of powdered bark in tablets or capsules drug  Drug interaction Warfarin Typical dosage 1-3grams daily 5%liquid extract. 0.6-3 grams daily 20% extract 

Neem as antimalarial Biological sources; commonly known as,Azadiracta indica,belongs to family , MELIACEAE 

Geographical souces; It is obtained in east india and Burma,it grows in much of southeast asia and west africa Part used; neem seed

Active constituents of neem 

Azadirachtin

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Nimbin

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Nimbidin

Mechanismm of action 

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They are effective against synchronised stages of parasite All the maturation stages of gametocytes are also killed It is also effective against parasite previously shown to be resistant to other antimalarial drugs like chloroquine &pyrimethamine

Ayush 64      

It is a combination of 4 plant Alstonia scholaris{saptaparna} Picrorhiza kurroa{katuki} Swertia Chirata{kirata tikta} Caesalpinia crista Linn{kuberaksa} It is widely affective against P.vivax

Ayush-64   

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Composition : Each tablet contains. Saptaparna, Bark Aqueous extract 100mg Katuki, Root 100 mg Kirata tikta whole plant 100mg Kuberaksa Seed powder 200mg

Comparative efficacy of ayush -64 vs chloroquine in vivax malaria  The result of the study showed that at day 28,only 23 of the47 patients in the ayushgroup and all the 41 in the chloroquine group were cured  Even in this 23 patient in the ayush group parasite clearance time was longer than chloroquine.  iIn conclusion, Ayush-64 in a dose of 1 gm three times a day for5-7days is not as effective for treatment of vivax malaria,as standard chloroquine therapy.

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Doses: Adult : 4 tablet(500mg.), thrice daily for 7 days Children (5-12) : 2 tablets (500 mg, each) thrice daily for 5-7 days. Infants(below 5 yrs) : Powder of 1 tablet(500 mg) with honey, three times a day.

The limitations of traditional medicine 

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There is little clinical data on safety and efficacy Content of active compounds in plants is variable There is no consensus on what plants, preparations and dosages to use