Thesisrhlaw.docx

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CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

INTRODUCTION Reproductive Health Law today is popularly known as the RH LAW, a Philippine law that aims to guarantee methods and information for universal access on birth control and maternal care. It allows the usage of different contraception methods to prevent the multiplying population here in the country. One of the most controversial issues confronting the Philippines today is about reproductive health. Many written materials and publications are available asserting about elements of reproductive health with different perspectives. Their ultimate goal is to improve quality of life and provide for sustainable human development. The Philippines is a signatory country of the International Conference Plan of Action of Reproductive Health in Cairo in 1994. The primary goal is achieving “Better Quality of Life Among Filipinos”. Reproductive health ensures a more efficient and effective referral system from primary to tertiary, public and private facilities. The elements that are crucial to reproductive health are as follows: (1) family planning, (2) maternal and child health and nutrition, (3) prevention and management of reproductive tract infections including

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sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS, (4) adolescent reproductive health, (5) prevention and management of abortion and its complications, (6) prevention and management of breast and reproductive tract cancers and other gynecological conditions,

(7) education and counseling on

sexuality and sexual health men’s reproductive health involvement, (8) adolescent reproductive health Some causes of overpopulation in Philippines include the lack of information about contraception especially among the poor, the illegality of abortion and the unavailability of modern contraception. Jackson (2011) notes in his article that the RH Law promotes awareness and education, which are the initial steps to creating a wellfounded society. One of the key components of the law is the advocacy of family-planning for couples. This way, they can decide on the proper timing, spacing and number of their children, according to what their family can support. Included in this clause is the recommendation of the ideal family size to have two children only, but it is still for the family to decide for their own welfare. This will inhibit the rapid growth of our population, and all the negative implications of this on our society as a whole. Aside from this, campaigns and counseling will be funded in order to provide parents with appropriate methodologies and information regarding sexuality and sexual health. Men and women alike will be more aware of their rights and responsibilities, and will therefore become equal

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contributors to their families and communities. Even the youth at their curious, growing years will benefit, as sex education will be incorporated in their school curriculum. This will ensure that their questions will be properly addressed, their changing bodies will be better understood and take care of, and their future decisions will be based on the rational teachings inculcated onto them early on. In effect, this can also prevent cases of unplanned pregnancies, sexual abuse and bodily disorders, all because the citizens are fully equipped with the right information.

Another objective this law before its implementation is to ensure public health and disease prevention. Researches show that only As of 2015, the MMR was at 204 mothers dying per 100,000 live births – a far cry from the MDG-MMR target of 52 per 100,000 by 2015 and even more than the MMR of 192/100,000 live births recorded at baseline in 1990. Through this law, proper funding will be allotted to ensure the accessibility of vaccinations, consultations and safer deliveries from professional midwives, especially in rural areas. This will decrease infant mortality rates and other deaths caused by complications during pregnancy. After the passage of this bill, gynecological and reproductive tract diseases has been given attention and treatment. Citizens will be assisted with proper diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Some Filipinos do not even know that they are already sick, or are usually afraid to ask.

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Through mobile health centers and campaigns, they will be properly educated by health experts. Another controversial clause is about the prevention and management of abortion and its complications. Abortion is undeniably present in the black market, but with proper treatment and information against it, it will less likely prevail. The issue of reproductive health in Philippines was controversial as seen in many articles and publications. The curiosity about the controversy motivated the researcher to seek what is the effort of the government to deal with growing number of population in the country. Furthermore, many young adolescents were increasingly vulnerable to teenage pregnancies, thus the researchers also intended to identify and discover the assessment and implementation of the law in the municipality of Sta. Rosa, Nueva Ecija by means of in depth survey assessment and personally asking the residents in the area to fully determine if they really are experiencing the extension of health care by the government in even in the wider area or in the whole town of Sta Rosa , Nueva Ecija. Review of related literature In this section, the researchers, explored and compiled different articles, journals and study. Through different studies, the researchers were able to use the gathered data as their primary resources.

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Family Planning According to Cabral (2013) the reproductive health (RH) bill promotes information on and access to both natural and modern family planning methods, which are medically safe and legally permissible. It assures an enabling environment where women and couples have the freedom of informed choice on the mode of family planning they want to adopt based on their needs, personal convictions and religious beliefs. Alonzo (2004) notes that economist agree that while “poverty is a complex phenomenon”, “rapid population growth and high fertility rates, especially among the poor, do exacerbate poverty and make it harder for the government to address it.” In 2012, 30 economists from the University of the Philippines affirmed the role of the RH bill in population growth and consequently in poverty reduction. In addition, there is an alarming increase in HIV infection rates that makes the Philippines one of the few countries to actually register growing prevalence. HIV prevention is actually the health ministry’s main rationale for condom distribution and promotion. But that too is unacceptable to anti-RH advocates who argue that it would breed immorality. Ledesma (2018) observes that without a clear reproductive health care policy, we are at the mercy of national and local government officials who may choose to promote the natural family planning method (NFP) and deny access to the full range of contraceptive methods. For many poor

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families, a large family size results in further poverty and lack of access to education and health services, among others. There are also studies showing that the eldest or second eldest from poor, large families end up in prostitution to meet their families’ needs and many women from large families also end up being trafficked. Relevance of Contraceptives Doronilas (2010) Stated by President Aquino “We are all guided by our consciences; the state’s duty is to educate our families as to their responsibilities and to respect their decisions if they are in conformity with our laws.” Fundamental differences hold the intervention of contraceptives takes place before the conception of human life that is before a human fetus is formed. Therefore, according to this view, there is no human life aborted by contraceptives. Najafi-Sharjabad, (2013) recognized that low levels of access to contraception and lack of control over reproductive choices and health decision-making often mean that Indian women give birth too early in life and too frequently. The author also identified four reproductive rights namely: (1) reproductive health as a part of overall health, throughout the life cycle, for both men and women, (2) reproductive executive counting voluntary choice in marriage, family formation and determination of the number, timing and spacing of one's children and the right to have access to the in sequence and means desirable to exercise voluntary choice (3)

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equality and evenhandedness for men and women, to allow individuals to make free and informed choice in all sphere of life, free from bias based on gender, and sexual and reproductive refuge, including freedom from sexual violence and coercion and the correct to privacy. Padilla (2012) indicates that increased access to information and services on modern contraceptive methods will reduce the number of unwanted pregnancies, eliminate the need for abortion, and prevent maternal deaths. It is unfortunate though that the proposed law that could reduce the number of abortions is being opposed by fundamentalist groups. Cabral (2013) observes that contraceptive use remained disturbingly low among poor couples because they lacked information and access. For instance, among the poorest 20 percent of women, over half did not use any method of family planning whatsoever, while less than a third used modern methods. Lack of access to contraception had important health implications. The maternal mortality rate (MMR), already high at 162 per 100,000 live births in 2006, 6 rose further to 2213 making it highly unlikely that the Philippines would meet Millennium Development Goal No. 5 by 2015. From 11 women daily dying due to pregnancy and childbirth-related causes based on the 2006 MMR, this number had risen to at least 15 maternal deaths daily as of 2011.

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Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 (2012) notes that another reason why implementing the RH bill is a pro to our society is that the use of contraceptives can not only be of assistance in birth control but can also serve as protection. By the use of condoms it can help prevent sexually transmitted diseases. By using birth control pills not only can it lower the risk of unwanted pregnancy and can even improve specific types of hormones. With birth control, mothers actually help sustain their healthy disposition. It is medically said that the most healthy age gap kids should have is with the minimum of 3 years. Lower than 3 years slowly degrades and exhaust a woman’s’ body that has a small probability to lead to many complications and illnesses. The best way to prevent such happening is contraceptives, well abstinence is another method but an undeniable fact is that in the generation today abstinence is seldom practiced. The CEDAW Committee( 2006) recommended to the Philippines to “to

strengthen

pregnancies,

measures

including

aimed

by

at

making

the a

prevention

of

comprehensive

unwanted range

of

contraceptives more widely available and without any restriction and by increasing knowledge and awareness about family planning while the Committee

on

Economic,

Social,

and

Cultural

Rights

(CESCR

Committee,2008) expressed concern on the inadequate reproductive health services and information, the low rates of contraceptive use and the

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difficulties in obtaining access to artificial methods of contraception, which contribute to the high rates of teenage pregnancies and maternal deaths” in the country. The CESCR Committee urged it to “adopt all appropriate measures to protect the sexual and reproductive rights of women and girls, inter alia, through measures to reduce maternal and infant mortality and to facilitate access to sexual and reproductive health services, including access to family planning, and information. In its 2009 Concluding Observations on the Philippines, the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC Committee) expressed serious concern on “the inadequate reproductive health services and information, the low rates of contraceptive use (36 per cent of women relied on modern family planning methods in 2006) and the difficulties in obtaining access to artificial methods of contraception, which contribute to the high rates of teenage pregnancies and maternal deaths. Adolescent and Youth Guidance Doronila (2010) has bearing on the present study because the cause of the problem may be due to low level of awareness or being unaware about reproductive health. Such attitudes make the high school students vulnerable to teenage pregnancies and other reproductive health problems. These problems may be resolved by giving information, education, and proper communication or counseling.

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In a study by Baldwin et al. (2008) throughout 2001, nearly all 1418- year-olds and a majority of 12-year-olds were aware of emergency contraceptives (EC). Among 12-14- year-olds, a slight increase in awareness between 1999 and 2003 was observed but this was not related to non-prescription status. Health-compromising behavior (alcohol use, smoking), dating and having better school achievement were related to higher awareness of emergency contraceptives. 9 % of 14-18-year-olds had used emergency contraceptives once and 1% with three times or more. No statistically significant change in emergency contraceptive use was found after non -prescription status. EC uses increased with increasing alcohol consumption, particularly at age 14. Smoking, dating, and poor school achievement was related to increased use as well as not living in a nuclear family. A lower use was observed if living in rural area or father's education was high. Mother's education was not related to use. Padilla (2012) wrote in her article that the Comprehensive Reproductive Health Care Bill (RH bill) recommends that the government provide mandatory reproductive health education starting at Grade 5. According to our obligations under CEDAW, “teenage pregnancies present a significant obstacle to girls’ educational opportunities and economic empowerment.” It is the government’s duty to “give priority attention to the situation of adolescents and that it provide sex education, targeted at girls

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and boys, with special attention to the prevention of early pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. Gupta (2012) states that Reproductive Health Law will raise the level of awareness to the youth’s perception of gender roles and will influence the choices they’ll make about their own sexual behavior. Maternal and Child Healthcare (Zhou, Ye, GU, Zeng, and Wang 2012) Many Filipino women have faced difficulties and sometimes death because of the absence of a comprehensive and consistent reproductive health policy. This law can change that, said Carlos Conde, Asia researcher at New York-based Human Rights Watch 2012. Studies reported that most college students of the year 2003 lacked basic knowledge on reproductive health. Almost half of the students don’t have any idea about the right time for abortions while one sixth had the knowledge. One third had incorrect knowledge; this was an indication of high rates for unwanted pregnancy. Gupta (2012) recognized that the bill aims to provide sufficient services such as emergency obstetrics and basic care. In addition, skilled medical personnel will be provided even in remote areas to decrease maternal death which is mostly caused by unattended childbirth. Carson (2016) indicates that the RH bill seeks to provide funding for policy measures because various laws that tackle reproductive health needs have gone unfunded. Compared to other laws on reproductive

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health, the RH bill provides specific requirements which ensure that national programs would be linked to the local government such as the provision for all hospitals to offer reproductive health services. She further discusses that the RH bill provides emergency obstetric and new born care, the hiring of skilled personnel, and the inclusion of family planning programs. It also provides access to family planning supports, including essential medicines which are provided in Section 9. The measure included the provision on essential medicines to ensure that they are made available especially to women whose dilemma is how to support a family without compromising a baby. Padilla (2012) notes that the poor women, adolescent women, rural and indigenous women are the ones most affected by the lack of a reproductive health care policy. They are the ones who have the most unintended pregnancies and closely-spaced pregnancies. Their births are commonly unattended by trained health professionals. Padilla (2012) argues that adequate birth spacing is important for the health of the woman and the children. Birth spacing of four or more years can increase the survival rate of children less than five years of age. The under-five mortality rate11 for children born less than two years after a previous birth is 54 deaths per 1,000 live births, compared with 25 deaths per 1,000 for children born after an interval of four or more years. Statement of the Problem

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The

study

entitled

“Reproductive

Health

Programs

in

the

Municipality of Sta. Rosa, Nueva Ecija: An Assessment” specifically sought to answer the following: 1. How may the profile of the respondents be describe in terms of their : 1.1

age

1.2

gender

1.3

occupation

1.4

number of children

1.5

monthly income

2. How may the knowledge of the married couple as a recipient of reproductive health programs be described in terms of: a. family planning b. prevention

and

management

of

reproductive

tract

infections including sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS, c. adolescent reproductive health d. prevention

and

management

of

abortion

and

its

complications

3. Is there a significant relationship between the profiles of the respondents to their knowledge in the reproductive health program?

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Hypothesis 1. There is no significant relationship between the profiles of the respondents to their knowledge in the reproductive health program? THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK This study provides a framework that could serve as a guide for individuals in order to promote wellness in certain stage of life. It comprises of broad topics namely: family planning, safe motherhood, male and female reproductive health, prevention of Sexually Transmitted Disease, and other areas. The main purpose of this study is to facilitate a process by which certain age groups are empowered to increase awareness and to take their action to better meet their own reproductive health needs and for attaining a better quality of life. Based on Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) by Peter Sandman, The PAPM attempts to explain how a person comes to decisions to take action and how he or she translates that decision into action. Adoption of a new precaution or cessation of a risky behavior requires deliberate steps unlikely to occur outside of conscious awareness. (D. Glik, 2014) Pay man and Oakley (2009) observes that unintended pregnancy is an important public health concern because of its association with adverse social and health outcomes for mothers, children and society as a whole.

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These include the higher likelihood of unsafe abortion, late initiation and underutilization of prenatal care and low birth weight. To deal with the problem, contraception is used to avoid unintended pregnancy, with oral contraceptives (OCs) among the most popular method in many countries. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), an extension of the Theory of Reasoned Action is a theory whereby behavior is explained by behavioral intention, which is influenced by attitudes toward a specific behavior, subjective norms. Perceived social pressure to perform the behavior and perceived behavioral control (PBC). That is, both internal and external factors can facilitate or hinder behavior. In other words, if a woman has a positive attitude toward using OCs and believes that the consequences of use are important to her, perceives social pressure to use OCs and feels control over OCs use, she will be more likely to intend to use OCs and then be effective in her actual OC use. Research paradigm

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Figure A. Precaution Adoption Process Model

Married Couples

Awareness

(Recipients)

- Family Planning - Prevention of Reproductive Tract Infections - Adolescent Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

- Prevention of Abortion - Fertility Awareness - Implementation

Knowledge

Significance of the Study This study aims to assess the Reproductive Health Programs in the Municipality of Sta. Rosa, Nueva Ecija. The finding of this study will be beneficial to the following: Adolescents. To enlighten them about the importance of awareness in sex education and reproductive health. Children. Children in the families will benefit in this study because the implementation is to protect and support the reproductive health of all women, particularly mothers in the society.

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Future researchers, the ideas presented may be used as reference data in conducting new researches or in testing the validity of other related findings. This study will also serve as their cross reference that will give them a background or an overview about reproductive health law. Parents. To help the parents of families about family planning which is about controlling the number of children they would like to have. Researchers. To increase their awareness about the RH Law and the reason why they need knowledge regarding it on their profession as future nurses. Society. To help the society develop awareness and deep understanding as to how the RH Law will affect and benefit them.

Definition of terms The following terms are defined for better understanding among readers of the study. Abortion - the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy. Awareness. It refers to the level of understanding of the married couple regarding their rights and privileges in the program of the government regarding basic functions of RH law to their married life.

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Contraception - he deliberate use of artificial methods or other techniques to prevent pregnancy as a consequence of sexual intercourse. The major forms of artificial contraception are barrier methods, of which the most common is the condom; the contraceptive pill, which contains synthetic sex hormones that prevent ovulation in the female; intrauterine devices, such as the coil, which prevent the fertilized ovum from implanting in the uterus; and male or female sterilization. HIV/AIDS - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, potentially

life-threatening

condition

caused

by

the

human

immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By damaging your immune system, HIV interferes with your body's ability to fight the organisms that cause disease. HIV is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Infertility - inability to conceive children or young. Knowledge. It refers to the understanding of the married couple and the health workers about the RH Law Oral contraceptives - A birth control pill taken by mouth. Most oral contraceptives include both estrogen and progesterone. When given in certain amounts and at certain times in the menstrual cycle, these hormones prevent the ovary from releasing an egg for fertilization. Perceived Behavioral Control - Refers to people's perceptions of their ability to perform a given behavior. Drawing an analogy to the expectancyvalue model of attitude

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Pre-Malthusian - doctrines of population; a study in the history of economic theory. Reproductive

Health

Law

-

The

Responsible

Parenthood

and

Reproductive Health Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10354), informally known as the Reproductive Health Law or RH Law, is a law in the Philippines,

which

guarantees

universal

access

to

methods

on

contraception, fertility control, sexual education, and maternal care. Theory of Planned Behavior - a theory that is intended to explain all behaviors over which people have the ability to exert self-control. CHAPTER II RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter shows and explains the research method will be used, research

locale,

respondents

of

the

study,

the

data

gathering

instruments; its administration, and the statistical treatment of data. Research Design The study will utilize the descriptive method of research. Descriptive research, according to Burns and Grove (2003) is a method that provides an accurate portrayal or account of characteristics of a particular individual, event, or group in real life situations. This type of research is conducted to discover new meaning, describe what exists, determine the frequency with which something occurs, and categorize information. In the words of Shields (2012), she stated further:

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“Descriptive research is also called Statistical Research. The main goal of this type of research is to describe the data and characteristics about what is being studied. The idea behind this type of research is to study frequencies, averages, and other statistical calculations. Although this research is highly accurate, it does not gather the causes behind a situation. Descriptive research is mainly done when a researcher wants to gain a better understanding of a topic”.

Setting The study will be conducted at selected barangay of Sta. Rosa, Nueva Ecija where increased population has been recorded for the past 5 years. The researchers will seek the assistance from the local government of Sta. Rosa to release the data needed for proper selection of the locale. The study started in January, 2019 and is expected to be done in May, 2019. Research Locale Santa Rosa, officially the Municipality of Santa Rosa, is a 1st class municipality in the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 69,467 people Pursuant to the Local government in the Philippines, the political seat of the municipal government is located at the Municipal Town Hall. In the History of the Philippines (1521–1898), the Gobernadorcillo was the

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Chief Executive who holds office in the Presidencies. In 1895, the Spaniards changed the position of Gobernadorcillo to Capitan Municipal. (Local Government in the Philippines, Jose P. Laurel) During the American rule (1898–1946) (History of the Philippines (1898–1946)), the elected Mayor and local officials, including the appointed ones, held office at the Municipal Town Hall. Under the Local Government Code of 1991 or Republic Act No. 7160, the Mayor acts as the Local Chief Executive and the different departments (Budget,

Engineering,

Treasury,

Accounting,

etc.)

are

under

the

supervision of the Mayor. The Vice Mayor, on the other hand, is the Presiding Officer of the Sangguniang Bayan/Sangguniang Panlungsod which enacts ordinances or issues Resolutions. The LGC of 1991, primarily authored by former Senator Aquilino "Nene" Pimentel Jr. gave local autonomy to local government units (LGUs) at the provincial, city/municipal and barangay level. The LGUs were provided with Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) that gave them a substantial amount of public funds aside from the locally-generated funds (real property tax, fees, and charges). Functions/services formerly provided by national government agencies such as the Dept. of Agriculture, Dept. of Health, Dept. of Social Welfare

and

Development

city/municipal LGUs.

were

devolved

to

the

provincial

and

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The incumbent Mayor of Santa Rosa is Marita C. Angeles while the current Vice Mayor is Eliseo Angeles (2016 - 2019). The incumbent Municipal Councilors are Romeo Angeles, Irene Bernardo, Rosignoli Cruz, Dennis Dimacali, Marie Evangelista, Armando Manuel, Peter Marcus Matias and Julian Mendoza. ABC President Rommel Marcelo is also a member of the Sanggunang Bayan.

Map of Sta. Rosa, Nueva Ecija The respondents of the study were the one hundred forty 140 married couple in selected Barangay of Sta Rosa Nueva Ecija and the study was conducted during the School Year 2017-2018.

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Sampling Procedure The researchers used purposive sampling procedure in the selection of the respondents of the study. The pilot study of this research was conducted at the selected barangay of Cabanatuan city to determine the quality and validity of the questionnaire. The number of respondents was obtained through the use of slovins formula to obtain the total number of respondents in this study. Results of the pilot study shows an overall mean of 3.10 which means most of the times for knowledge about the Reproductive Health Program. Respondents of the Study The respondents of the study are the married couples from the selected barangay in Sta. Rosa. The researchers wish to obtain approximately 50 respondents and refereed from the municipality of Sta. Rosa to obtain the total population of the barangay and will then use Slovin’s formula with 5% level of margin error. The total number of the respondents was obtained once the researchers started gathering information from the municipality. Research Instrument The instrument that to be utilized by the researchers is questionnaire.

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The survey questionnaire as the primary instrument for data gathering. The questionnaire used the standard questionnaire and sought their thesis adviser for review and for approval for the validity and reliability of the test. The researcher took into consideration the data or information required to satisfy the query raise in the statement of the problem. The survey questionnaire comprised of two major parts. Part is designed to determine the demographic Profile of the respondents. In part II is regarding the assessment and implementation question items. Data Gathering Procedure With the sampling procedure and instrument to be used in the study. The researchers will schedule the time of distribution of questionnaire. Retrieval will be done after the questionnaire is properly answered collecting the data. The researchers will then tally the results of survey questionnaire as preparation for analysis and interpretation of the gathered. For reliability and informative presentation of the data analysis, the researchers will use the statistical data when for computations of answers in order to complete the findings. Inclusion and Exclusion of Criteria To properly obtain a valid study, the researcher creates some inclusion-exclusion criteria for the respondents. 1. Married couples who have experienced different methods about reproductive health 2.Married couples who are not using reproductive health methods or programs

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Chapter III Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data This chapter presents analyzes and interprets the data gathered through the textual and tabular forms to answer the questions posed in chapter 1.: Table 1. Profile of the respondents Table shows the profile of the respondents a s to their age, gender , occupation, number of children and monthly income. Age 18-30 30-60 60-above Total Sex Male Female Total Occupation Driver Housewife Construction worker Vendor Farmer Business Man/Woman Total Number of Children (1-3)

f

%

Rank 1 2 3

88 50 2 140

63.01% 36.58% 0.41% 100%

70 70 140

50% 50% 100%

1.5 1.5

12 39 19 41 27 2 140

8.57% 27.85% 13.57% 29.30% 19.28% 1.43% 100%

5 2 4 1 3 6

95

67.85%

1

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(4-7) Total Monthly Income P 15,000- above P 10, 001- P 15, 000 P 6, 001- P 10,000 P 5,001- 6,000 P 3,000- P 5,000 Total

45 140

32.15% 100%

2

5 68 32 23 12 140

1.35 49.32 23.33 16.43 9.57 100%

5 1 2 3 4

Age Majority of the respondents belongs to the age group ranges from 18-30 years old with 88 respondents or 63.01 % ,while the age group of 30-60 years old got 50 respondents or 36.58% , the age group of 60 years old and above got 2 respondents or 0.41% It shows that respondents are matured enough and considered person with knowledge abut what is happening to their environment especially to their needs in their family as well as the welfare of their children Gender Both Females and Males got the 70 respondents or 50% As the results of the findings signifies that the respondents comes from couple which comprise equal distribution of respondents which is both male and female. Occupation

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Among the 6 occupation listed vendors got the highest respondents with 41 respondents or 29.30%, while the housewives got 39 respondents or 27.85%, the farmers got 27 respondents or 19.28%, the construction workers got 19 respondents or 13.57%, the driver got 12 respondents or 8.57%, the businessmen got 2 respondents or 1.43% Findings revealed that majority of the respondents have occupation to support their family. Number of Children Majority of the respondents have 1-3 children with 95 respondents or 67.85%, and the respondents that have 4-7 children got 45 respondents or 32.15% Findings revealed that respondents have large number of children which comprise a large proportion of population in Sta. Rosa , therefore it is necessary to obtain their knowledge regarding the reproductive health law. Monthly Income Majority of the respondents have P 10,001- P 15,000 a month income with 49.32% , and the respondents that have P 6,001- P 10, 000 a month with 23.33% , respondents have P 5,001 –P 6,000 a month with 16.43%, respondents have P 3,001- P 5,000 a month with 9.57% and 5 or 1.35% of the respondents have income of P 15,000- above

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Findings revealed that majority of the respondents falls under the average income family, this reflects that majority of them are vendors, construction workers and drivers which has an average income P 300 a day.

1. Knowledge about the Reproductive Health Program The following table presents the knowledge of the couples about the reproductive health program in the municipality of Sta Rosa in terms of family planning; prevention and management of reproductive tract infections’ adolescent reproductive health ‘ prevention and management of abortion and its complication and prevention and management of fertility and dysfunction. Table 2. Family Planning 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

FAMILY PLANNING I wish to stop having children (gusto ko ng maiwasan mag anak) I want clinics to provide advice on contraception(nais kong ang mga klinika ang magbigay ng kaalaman tungkol sa contraceptive) My husband and I jointly made decisions regarding family planning(kami ng asawa ko ay nag desisyon tungkol sa pag paplano na mag karoon ng pamilya My husband and I making decisions having children(kami ng asawa ko ay nag desisyon tungkol sa pag kakaroon ng anak) I understand that the clinics have contraceptive program that we are freely to use when needed(alam ko na ang klinika sa amin ay nagkakaroon programa patungkol sa contraceptive na libre ito kapag kailangan)

WM

VI

2.91 SA 2.93 SA 3.62 HA 3.24 SA 3.36 HA

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6. I believe that the municipal government are offering contraceptive options to all married couple no matter what their religious belief is (naniniwala ako na sa aming munisipyo ay nag bibigay ng iba’t ibang uri ng contraceptive sa lahat ng kasal kahit na ano pang relihiyon) 7. I believe that the RHU are conducting seminars about family planning (naniniwala ako na ang RHU ay nag nagbibigay ng seminar patungkol sa family planning) 8. I believe that the municipal government are offering free services about delivery (naniniwala ako na ang aming munisipyo ay nag bibigay ng libreng serbisyo tungkol sa panganganak) 9. I know that there are free medications in the clinic regarding pregnancy problems(alam ko na mayroong libreng gamot sa klinika para sa problema sa pag bubuntis) 10. My husband and I jointly agree on what to type of contraceptive to use (kami ng asawa ko ay parehong nag desisyon tungkol sa pag gamit ng contraceptive) OWM Legend: 3.25 2.50 1.75 1.00

– – – –

4.00 3.24 2.49 1.74

3.45 HA

3.08 SA 3.57 HA

3.46 HA

3.49 HA 3.31 HA

Highly Aware Slightly Aware Aware Not Aware

The knowledge of couple in the municipality of Sta Rosa in the reproductive health program is given in the table with the highest mean assessment was on My husband and I jointly made decisions regarding family planning(Kami ng asawa ko ay nag desisyon tungkol sa pag paplano na mag karoon ng pamilya) with 3.62 and interpreted as highly aware and the lowest mean assessment was on I wish to stop having children (Gusto

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ko ng maiwasan mag anak) with 2.91 in weighted mean and interpreted as slightly aware. It implies that the couples in the three Barangay with highest HIV cases are knowledgeable enough in family planning through the effort of the municipal government of Sta Rosa , they are disseminated with proper information regarding their free choices on how many children they should have , and they also know that the municipal government offer different services for them like free delivery and medications they need in regards to their family welfare as well as in reproductive health welfare. Padilla (2010) observes that without a clear reproductive health care policy, we are at the mercy of national and local government officials who may choose to promote the natural family planning method (NFP) and deny access to the full range of contraceptive methods. For many poor families, a large family size results in further poverty and lack of access to education and health services, among others. There are also studies showing that the eldest or second eldest from poor, large families end up in prostitution to meet their families’ needs and many women from large families also end up being trafficked. Stated by President Aquino (2010) “We are all guided by our consciences; the state’s duty is to educate our families as to their responsibilities and to respect their decisions if they are in conformity with

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our laws.” Fundamental differences hold the intervention of contraceptives takes place before the conception of human life that is before a human fetus is formed. Therefore, according to this view, there is no human life aborted by contraceptives . Najafi-Sharjabad, (2013) recognised that low levels of access to contraception and lack of control over reproductive choices and health decision-making often mean that Indian women give birth too early in life and too frequently. The author also identified four reproductive rights namely: (1) reproductive health as a part of overall health, throughout the life cycle, for both men and women, (2) reproductive executive counting voluntary choice in marriage, family formation and determination of the number, timing and spacing of one's children and the right to have access to the in sequence and means desirable to exercise voluntary choice (3) equality and evenhandedness for men and women, to allow individuals to make free and informed choice in all sphere of life, free from bias based on gender, and sexual and reproductive refuge, including freedom from sexual violence and coercion and the correct to privacy.

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Table 3. Prevention Infections

1.

2.

3. 4.

5. 6. 7.

and

Management

of

Reproductive

PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS INCLUDING SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS AND HIV/AIDS I know that local government provide sex education campaign that focus on early pregnancy and possible sexually transmitted diseases( alam ko na ang lokal na gobyerno ay nagbigay ng sex education campaign na nakafocus sa maagang pag bubuntis at posibilidad na pagkakaroon ng sexually transmitted diseases) RHU educated us about the problems and risk of unsafe sex practice( binigyan kami ng RHU ng kaalaman tungkol sa problema at panganib ng hindi tamang pag gamit ng contraceptive ) I am knowledgeable about condoms can prevent HIV transmission (ang pag gamit contraceptive na condoms ay nakakaiwas sa HIV transmission) I am knowledgeable that there are free medications for reproductive tract infections in the clinic(ang pag gamit contraceptive na condoms ay nakakaiwas sa HIV transmission)

WM

Tract

VI

2.89 SA

2.67 SA

3.24 SA 3.2

SA

I believe that STD and HIV are transferable if the person infected does not report his status to the RHU(ako ay naniniwala na ang STD at HIV ay maaaring mailipat ng taong mayroong ganitong karamdaman kapag hindi ito 3.3 HA naireport agad sa RHU) I am knowledgeable that HIV can be developed into higher stages like AIDS(alam ko na ang HIV ay maaaring 3.31 SA lumala kapag hindi ito nalunasan) The RHU in our municipality are continuos in disseminating information about leaflets about the risk 2.96 SA of HIV(ang RHU sa aming munisipyo ay patuloy na nag bibigay ng impormasyon tungkol sa panganib ng pagkakaroon ng HIV)

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I am aware that there are several agencies to seek when 8. your are infected with HIV(alam ko na mayroong 3.36 HA ahensya ng gobyerno na puwedeng hingan ng tulong kung ikaw ay nahawaan ng HIV) 9. I know that HIV prevention can be attained with a 3.26 practice of having single partner( alam ko na ang HIV ay HA maiiwasan kung mananatili lang sa isang asawa) 10. I am aware that strong family relationship can avoid 3.09 possible HIV or STD(alam ko na makakatulong din ang SA matibay na pag sasama ng isang mag asawa upang maiwasan ang HIV o STD) 3.13 SA Legend: 3.25 2.50 1.75 1.00

– – – –

4.00 3.24 2.49 1.74

Highly Aware Slightly Aware Aware Not Aware

Table shows the knowledge of the couples about the reproductive health program in the municipality of Sta Rosa in terms of prevention and management

of

reproductive

tract

infections

including

sexually

transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS with the highest mean assessment was on “I am aware that there are several agencies to seek when your are infected with HIV(Alam ko na mayroong ahensya ng gobyerno na puwedeng hingan ng tulong kung ikaw ay nahawaan ng HIV)” with 3.36 and interprted as highly aware while the lowest mean assessment was on RHU educated us about the problems and risk of unsafe sex practice(Binigyan kami ng RHU ng kaalaman tungkol sa problema at panganib ng hindi tamang pag gamit ng contraceptive) with 2.67 in interpreted as slightly aware.

weighted mean and

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Findings revealed that they are knowledgeable about possible infections in the reproductive tract as well as in HIV/AIDS in which they can seek help from the clinic of the municipality and there are agencies that link together to assist any person infected with HIV , through this the municipal government are exerting all effort to let them educated in the practice of safe sex and in abstinence. Padilla (2012) notes that the poor women, adolescent women, rural and indigenous women are the ones most affected by the lack of a reproductive health care policy. They are the ones who have the most unintended pregnancies and closely-spaced pregnancies. Their births are commonly unattended by trained health professionals. Padilla (2012) argues that adequate birth spacing is important for the health of the woman and the children. Birth spacing of four or more years can increase the survival rate of children less than five years of age. The under-five mortality rate11 for children born less than two years after a previous birth is 54 deaths per 1,000 live births, compared with 25 deaths per 1,000 for children born after an interval of four or more years.

Table 4. Adolescent Reproductive Health 1.

ADOLESCENT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH WM VI I attended information about puberty(lagi akong nakikinig sa mga impormasyon tungkol sa pagdadalaga) 2.86 SA

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2.

I have knowledge about body changes which normally happen during adolescent period(alam ko ang tungkol sa pagbabago ng aking katawan habang nagdadalaga ang tao) 3. I am aware about early relationship can cause teenage pregnancy(alam ko na ang maagang pakikipag relasyon ay maaring magbunga ng maagang pagbubuntis) 4. RHU are disseminating information about safe practice during menstruations(ang klinkang rural ay nagpapalaganap ng impomasyon ukol sa buwanang dalaw ng kababaihan) 5. There are RHU personnel that disseminates information about puberty(ang klinkang rural o mga tao dito ay nagpapaliwang kaalaman ukol sa pagdadalaga) 6. Municipal government are conducting seminars in the school to orient teenagers about their puberty(ang munisipyo ay nagsasagawa ng pag uusap para mabigyang kaalaman ang mga kabataan) 7. I believe that proper information on the teenagers avoids them about early marriage(naniniwala ako na kapag nabigyang impormasyon ang kabataan ay maaring makaiwas sila sa maagang pag aasawa) 8. I believe that RHU are conducting counselling on the parents on how to safeguard their children during puberty periods (ang klinikang rural, ay nagpapayo sa magulang panu maproteksyunan ang kanilang mga anak) 9. I have knowledge about the disadvantages of having early relationship(alam ko ang samang maidudulot ng maagang pakikipagrelasyon) 10. I am aware that I should be careful about my genitals during my puberty period(alam ko paano ingatan ang aking sarili sa panahon ng aking pagdadalaga)

2.7

SA

3.1

SA

3.18 SA

3.18 SA 3.34 HA

2.81 SA

3.3

SA

3.37 HA 2.98 SA 3.08 SA

Legend: 3.25 – 4.00 Highly Aware 2.50 – 3.24 Slightly Aware 1.75 – 2.49 Aware

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1.00 – 1.74 Not Aware Table shows the knowledge of the couples in reproductive health program of the municipal government of Sta Rosa in terms of adolescent reproductive health with the highest mean assessment was on I have knowledge about the disadvantages of having early relationship(Alam ko ang samang maidudulot ng maagang pakikipagrelasyon) with 3.37 and interpreted as highly aware and the lowest mean assessment was on I have knowledge about body changes which normally happen during adolescent period(Alam ko ang tungkol sa pagbabago ng aking katawan habang nagdadalaga ang tao) with 2.70 in weighted emana nd interpreted as slightly aware. Findings revealed that couples are knowldegable about the effects of early realationship and they have teach their children about the possible effects of early pregnancy and teach about the stages that are happening to their selves in terms of their puberty. Doronilas (2010) has bearing on the present study because the cause of the problem may be due to low level of awareness or being unaware about reproductive health. Such attitudes make the high school students vulnerable to teenage pregnancies and other reproductive health problems. These problems may be resolved by giving information, education, and proper communication or counseling.

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In a study by Baldwin et al. (2008) throughout 2001, nearly all 1418- year-olds and a majority of 12-year-olds were aware of emergency contraceptives (EC). Among 12-14- year-olds, a slight increase in awareness between 1999 and 2003 was observed but this was not related to non-prescription status. Health-compromising behavior (alcohol use, smoking), dating and having better school achievement were related to higher awareness of emergency contraceptives. 9 % of 14-18-year-olds had used emergency contraceptives once and 1% with three times or more. No statistically significant change in emergency contraceptive use was found after non -prescription status. EC uses increased with increasing alcohol consumption, particularly at age 14. Smoking, dating, and poor school achievement was related to increased use as well as not living in a nuclear family. A lower use was observed if living in rural area or father's education was high. Mother's education was not related to use.

Table 5. Prevention Complications

and

Management

of

Abortion

and

its

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1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6.

7.

8.

9.

PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF ABORTION AND ITS COMPLICATIONS I know about benefits and risk of using contraceptives( alam ko ang sama at buting naidudulot ng contraceptives) I know the appropriate safeguards for efficacy and safety of using any contraceptive pills, IUD.( alam ko kung ano ang gagawin ko sa paggamit ng pildoras na contraceptive) I know that the government are exerting all effort to apprehend abortionist(alam ko na ginagawa ng gobyerno ang lahat para mahuli ang mga abortionist) I believe that RHU ban the home delivery(alam ko na ipinagbbawal ng klinikang rural ang pagpapaanak sa bahay) I am knowledgeable about the risk of too much eating during pregnancy(nalalaman ko na delikado ang sobrang pagkain sa aking pagbubuntis) I am aware about the risk of taking medications without consulting Ob-gyne of the RHU (alam ko na delikado ang pag inum ng gamot habang ako ay nagbubuntis ng walang pagkunsulta sa klinikang pang rural) I am visiting RHU ob-gyne as scheduled to avoid pregnancy complications and abortions(lagi akong dumadalaw sa doktora upang maiwasan ang delikadong pagbubuntis) I am knowledgeable about the RHU program about prevention of abortions(alam ko na mayroong program ang klinikang pang rural tungkol sa sa pag iwas sa aborsyon) I am aware that RHU are doing their best to have pregnant woman the medication they need and to avoid possible abortion(nalalaman ko na ginagawa ng klinikang pangrural ang lahat upang maiwasan ang aborsyon at ang mga pangangailangan ng buntis)

WM

VI

2.86 SA 2.89 SA

3.47 HA 3.22 SA 3.37 HA 3.38 HA

2.96 SA

3.48 HA

3.46 HA

I believe that if there are accidental miscarriage , there are available ambulance in the RHU to bring patients to the sophisticated facilities(alam ko na mayroong 10. nakahandang ambulansya ang klinika upang madala 3.36 HA ang mga pasyente sa mas sopistikadong ospital)

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3.24 SA Legend: 3.25 2.50 1.75 1.00

– – – –

4.00 3.24 2.49 1.74

Highly Aware Slightly Aware Aware Not Aware

In their knowledge about prevention and management of abortion and its complications , the couple gave their the highest mean assessment was on I am knowledgeable about the RHU program about prevention of abortions(Alam ko na mayroong program ang klinikang pang rural tungkol sa sa pag iwas sa aborsyon) with 3.48 in mean and interpreted as highly aware while the lowest mean assessment was on I know about benefits and risk of using contraceptives(Alam ko ang sama at buting naidudulot ng contraceptives) with 2.86 and interpreted as slightly aware. Findings revealed that the couples are aware that their municipal government are doing all their effort to designate information about the effect of abortion and its complications and the does and don’ts on what to do during pregnancy and know what medication they should take to avoid abortion (Zhou, Ye, Gu, Zeng, and Wang 2012) Many Filipino women have faced difficulties and sometimes death because of the absence of a comprehensive and consistent reproductive health policy. This law can change that, said Carlos Conde, Asia researcher at New York-based

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Human Rights Watch 2012. Studies reported that most college students of the year 2003 lacked basic knowledge on reproductive health. Almost half of the students don’t have any idea about the right time for abortions while one sixth had the knowledge. One third had incorrect knowledge; this was an indication of high rates for unwanted pregnancy. Dabon (2012) recognized that the bill aims to provide sufficient services such as emergency obstetrics and basic care. In addition, skilled medical personnel will be provided even in remote areas to decrease maternal death which is mostly caused by unattended childbirth. Manlangit (2012) indicates that the RH bill seeks to provide funding for policy measures because various laws that tackle reproductive health needs have gone unfunded. Compared to other laws on reproductive health, the RH bill provides specific requirements which ensure that national programs would be linked to the local government such as the provision for all hospitals to offer reproductive health services. She further discusses that the RH bill provides emergency obstetric and new born care, the hiring of skilled personnel, and the inclusion of family planning programs. It also provides access to family planning supports, including essential medicines which are provided in Section 9. The measure included the provision on essential medicines to ensure that they are made available especially to women whose dilemma is how to support a family without compromising a baby.

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Table 6 Significant Relationship between the Socio-demographic Profile of the Respondents and the Knowledge in the Reproductive Health Program Knowledge Correlation Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed) N Correlation occupation Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed) N Number of Correlation children Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed) N Monthly Correlation Income Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed) N **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2tailed). Spearman's rho

Age

-0.018 0.810 140 -0.146 0.06 140 0.061 0.423 140 0.059 0.421 140

In the significant relationship between the socio-demographic profile of the respondents and the Knowledge in the Reproductive Health Program, findings revealed that there is no significant relationship among the profile of the respondents to the Knowledge in the Reproductive Health Program, thus the null hypothesis is accepted.

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CHAPTER IV SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter presents the summary of findings, its conclusion and recommendations offered by the researchers. Summary The study is all about Reproductive Health Programs in the Municipality of Sta. Rosa, Nueva Ecija: An Assessment. The study used the descriptive type of research and utilized questionnaires as a main tool in data gathering.

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Findings 1. Profile of the respondents Age Majority of the respondents are 18-30 years with total of 88 respondents or 63.01 %, 30-60 years old got 50 respondents or 36.58% and 60 years and above got 2 or 0.41%. Gender There are 70 females with 50 % and 70 or 50 % males. Occupation Majority of the respondents are vendor with total of 41 or 29.30%, housewife got 39 or 27.85% , farmer got 27 or 19.28%, construction worker got 19 or 13.57%, driver got 8.57% and businessman got 2 or 1.43% businessman. Number of Children Majority of the respondents have 1-3 children with total of 95 or 67.85% , 4-7 children got 45 or 32.15%. Monthly income Majority of the respondents have P 10,001- P 15,000 with total of 68 respondents or 49.32%, P 6001- P 10,000 got 32 or 23.33%, P 5001- P 6000 got 23 or 16.43%. P 3000- P 5000 got 12 or 9.57%. P 15,000 and above got 5 or 1.35%.

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2. Knowledge about the Reproductive Health Program 1. 1 Family Planning The knowledge of couple in the municipality of Sta. Rosa in the reproductive health program is given in the table with the highest mean assessment was on My husband and I jointly made decisions regarding family planning ( magdedesisyon kami ng asawa ko sa pagpaplano ng pamilya) with 3.62 and interpreted as at all times and the lowest mean assessment was on I wish to stop having children ( Nangangarap ako na hindi na masundan pa ang mga anak ko) with 2.91 in weighted mean and interpreted as most of the times. 1. 2 Prevention and Management of Reproductive Tract Infections The knowledge of the couples about the reproductive

health

program in the municipality of Sta Rosa in terms of prevention and management

of

reproductive

tract

infections

including

sexually

transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS with the highest mean assessment was on “I am aware that there are several agencies to seek when you are infected with HIV( alam ko na mayroong ahensya ng gobyerno na puwedeng hingan ng tulong kung ikaw ay nahawaan ng HIV)” with 3.36 and interprted as at all times while the lowest mean assessment was on RHU educated us about the problems and risk of unsafe sex practice( ang klinikang pang rural ay nagpapalaganap ng kaalaman ukol sa hindi

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protektadong pakikipagtalik) with 2.67 in weighted mean and interpreted as most of the times 1. 3 Adolescent Reproductive Health the knowledge of the couples in reproductive health program of the municipal government of Sta Rosa in terms of adolescent reproductive health with the highest mean assessment was on I have knowledge about the disadvantages of having early relationship( alam ko ang samang maidudulot ng maagang pakikipagrelasyon) with 3.37 and interpreted as at all times and the lowest mean assessment was on I have knowledge about body changes which normally happen during adolescent period( alam ko ang tungkol sa pagbabago ng aking katawan habang nagdadalga ang tao ) with 2.70 in weighted emana nd interpreted as most of the times.

1.4 Prevention and Management of Abortion and its Complications

In their knowledge about prevention and management of abortion and its complications , the couple gave their , the highest mean assessment was on I am knowledgeable about the RHU program about prevention of abortions( alam ko na mayroong program ang klinikang pang rural tungkol sa sa pag iwas sa aborsyon) with 3.48 in mean and interpreted as at all times while the lowest mean assessment was on I

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know about benefits and risk of using contraceptives( Alam ko ang sama at buting naidudulot ng kontrasiptibs) with 2.86 and interpreted as most of the times.

Conclusions Researchers concluded that: 1. It shows that couples are matured enough, with jobs and with 3-4 children and with an average income of P 10,001 – P15, 000 month. 2. It implies that the couples in the three Barangay with highest HIV cases are knowledgeable enough in family planning through the effort of the municipal government of Sta Rosa , they are disseminated with proper information regarding their free choices on how many children they should have , and they also know that the municipal government offer different services for them like free delivery and medications they need in regards to their family welfare as well as in reproductive health welfare as well as in HIV/AIDS , effects of early relationship , effect of abortion and infertility will come to their wellbeing if they are aged. 3. In the significant relationship between the socio-demographic profile of the respondents and the Knowledge in the Reproductive Health Program, findings revealed that there is no significant relationship among the profile

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of the respondents to the Knowledge in the Reproductive Health Program, thus the null hypothesis is accepted

Recommendations The following are recommended: 1. The local government should extensively disseminate information not only in selected barangay but in the different Barangay in Sta. Rosa so that a wider coverage of information about reproductive health law is achieved. 2. That RHU in the municipality of Sta. Rosa should double their effort in giving knowledge through series of seminars and meeting in the Barangay about the importance of reproductive health in their life 3. That residents of selected barangay should be aware on the disadvantages of not having knowledge about the reproductive health program of the government, doing this may cause them health problems and possible financial distress. 4. That Barangay officials should create program to properly monitor the reproductive health of the residents since the study found out that a large number of residents are not aware on the program of the government

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5. Another study should be conducted in order to further determine the extent of the reproductive health program of the government in other location

References Alonzo Ruperto P. (2004)Population and Poverty: The Real Score, School of Economics, University of the Philippines Alonzo (2004) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/inside-thephilippines-long-journey-towardsreproductive_us_5911d7d9e4b07e366cebb5f3 Baldwin, S.B., et al. (2008). Who is using Emergency Contraception? Awareness and use of Emergency contraception among California women and teens. Women’s Health Issues, 18:360–368. Hon. Esperanza I. Cabral,2013 MD Former Secretary of Health, Republic of the PhilippinesRoom 423 Medical Arts BuildingPhilippine Heart Center, East Avenue, Quezon City

Cabral (2013) http://www.aseanendocrinejournal.org/index.php/JAFES/article/view/48/471

Cabral, E. (2013) Reproductive Health Law in the Philippines. Retrieved from www.aseanendocrinejournal.org/index.php/JAFES/article/view/48/471.

CEDAW Committee( 2006Philippines CO-5-6 http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw25years/cont ent/english/CONCLUDING_COMMENTS/Philippines/PhilippinesCO-5-6.pdf

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Carson V, Hunter S, Kuzik N, Gray CE, Poitras VE, Chaput JP, Saunders TJ, Katzmarzyk PT, Okely AD, Gorber C, Kho ME, Sampson M, Lee H, Tremblay MS. Systematic review of sedentary behavior and health indicators in school-aged children and youth: An update. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 2016;41(6 Suppl. 3):S240– S265. [PubMed] (CESCR Committee,2008) https://www.refworld.org/publisher,CESCR,,PHL,,,0.html

Doronilas (2010) Doronila, A. (2010). Two foul blows.The Philippine STAR.

Gupta (2012) Reproductive health awareness of school-going, unmarried, rural adolescents.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15448386

Jackson C, et al. Randomised cluster trial to support informed parental decision-making for the MMR vaccine. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):475. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

https://www.pcp.org.ph/.../The_Philippine_Health_Agenda_2016 2022)

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Ledesma A, (2018) Reviewing the Standard Days Method: Eight Perspectives https://www.lst.edu/community/articlearchives/383-reviewing-the-standard-days-method-archbishop-aledesma-sj Najafi-Sharjabad, (2013) Barriers of Modern Contraceptive Practices among Asian Women: A Mini Literature Review, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4776867/

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Padilla, C.R. (2012, August 16). Reasons Why We Need the RH Law. Retrieved from http://news.abscbn.com/insights/08/16/10/reasons-why-we-need-rh-law. Padilla (2012) Reasons Why We Need the RH Law. Retrieved from http://news.abs-cbn.com/insights/08/16/10/reasons-why-weneed-rh-law. Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 http://www.aseanendocrinejournal.org/index.php/JAFES/article/view/48/471 Zhou, Ye, Gu, Zeng, and Wang 2012 Contraceptive knowledge, attitudes and behavior about sexuality among college students in Beijing, China. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22613546