The World War.docx

THE WORLD WAR II The World War II also known as the second war after the recent Great War was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, through related conflict that began earlier. The causes of World War II were the rise of Italian fascism in the 1920s, Japanese militarism and invasions of China in the 1930s, and especially the takeover in 1933 of Germany by the Nazi Party. It involved a vast majority of the world’s nations; eventually it formed two opposing military alliances. It was the most widespread war in the whole of the history and directly involved more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries. The major participants threw their entire economic, industrial and scientific capabilities behind the war effort. During this approximately 11 million people died and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centers (during which approximately one million people were killed, including the use of two nuclear weapons in combat), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities. This made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history. The Empire of Japan aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific and was already at war with the Republic of China in 1937, but the world war is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom. At the end of the war, millions of refugees were homeless, the European economy had collapsed, and most of the European industrial infrastructure was destroyed. As a result of it, World War II signaled the end of European imperialism.

German battleship Schleswig-Holstein attacks Polish Harbor, December 7, 1941.

Destroyer USS Shaw exploding during the Attack on Pearl Forts at start of war, September 1, 1939.

The Biography of Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 in the small Austrian town of Braunau to Alois Hitler who later became a senior customs official and his wife Klara, was from a poor peasant family. In primary school, he showed intellectual potential and was popular with his fellow classmates, as he was admired for his leadership skills. In secondary school, the competition was tough and he became less popular. At the age of 15, he failed his exams and was told to repeat the year but he left without a formal education instead. At the age of 18, he moved to Vienna with money inherited after his father's death in 1903, in order to pursue a career in art, as it was his best subject at school. However his applications for both the Vienna Academy of Art and the School of Architecture were rejected. At that time he became interested in politics. He was particularly impressed with the anti-Semitic, nationalist Christian-Socialist party. During the 1st world war he volunteered to fight and gained the role as corporal. He won several awards for bravery, including the Iron Cross First Class. In 1919 he became part of the German Workers party, Hitler invaded Poland and the Second World War began as a result of Italian fascism. In April 1940, Denmark and Norway were also taken. France quickly followed. Hitler had conquered much of Western Europe, now he turned his sights east. In 1941, despite the alliance with Russia and Italy. In 1944, there was an unsuccessful assassination attempt and, in response, Hitler stepped up the atmosphere of suspicion and terror. Hitler committed suicide on 30 April 1945, with his long term girlfriend Eva Braun, Germany's surrender followed soon after. Fast Fact: Adolf Hitler was fascinated by hands. His library contained pictures and drawings of hands belonging to famous people throughout history.

The 1990 Attempted Coup In 1988, police raided the commune of Jamaat al Muslimeen, a Muslim organization led by Yasin Abu Bakr, seizing weapons and ammunition and arresting 34 members. The members were charged with larceny, robbery, illegal possession of weapons, rape and murder. This event led members of Jamaat al Muslimeen to believe that the government was being oppressive and had illegally occupied their landOn Friday 27 July 1990, 114 members of the Jamaat al Muslimeen attempted to stage a coup against the government of Trinidad and Tobago. Forty-two insurgents stormed The Red House, the seat of Parliament, and took Robinson and most of his cabinet hostage, while seventy-two of their accomplices attacked the offices of Trinidad and Tobago Television (TTT), the only television station in the country at that time, and the Trinidad Broadcasting Company, then one of only two radio stations in the country. At 6:00 pm, Yasin Abu Bakr appeared on television and announced that the government had been overthrown and that he was negotiating with the army. He called for calm. Several weeks before July 27 a container of arms and ammunition had landed in Trinidad and had been allowed to be unstuffed several miles from the port of entry. Robinson was beaten and shot when he tried to order the army to attack the militants. Widespread looting and arson took place in Port of Spain and other parts of the East-West Corridor and all incoming flights to the capital were cancelled. A state of emergency was declared by acting president Emmanuel Carter. After six days of negotiation, the Muslimeen surrendered on 1 August and were taken into custody. They were tried for treason, but the Court of Appeal upheld the amnesty offered to secure their surrender, and they were released. The Privy Council later invalidated the amnesty, but the Muslimeen members were not re-arrested.

The Biography of Yasin Abu Bakr Yasin Abu Bakr became leader of the Jamaat Al Muslimeen in the early 1980s. Abu Bakr, a former policeman, converted to Islam while a student in Canada. He later returned to Trinidad and founded the Jamaat al Muslimeen. Bakr, 62, has four wives and 14 children. In his Eid ulFitr message delivered on November 3, 2005 Abu Bakr threatened “war” against Muslims who did not pay zakat (the taxation of income and wealth of a Muslim to the poor Muslims) next year. His biggest moment came on July 27, 1990, when he led more than 100 Muslimeen members to stage a coup in Trinidad. Before the coup, Abu Bakr was arrested several times on charges of contempt of court and illegal demonstrations. Jamaat al Muslimeen is widely believed by many to be involved in criminal activities such as kidnapping and the drug trade. After seven days of their hole up, the Diego Martin Central MP was killed and about 24 others and approximately more than $150 million looted and burned in Port-of-Spain and other areas. Bakr and 114 Muslimeen members were charged with murder, treason and other offences. In November 1995, Bakr and his group campaigned for the UNC in the general elections, taking credit for the UNC gaining control in marginal seats. In 2001 and 2002 elections, Bakr campaigned for the PNM, again taking credit for the party’s success in marginal seats.

Black Power Revolution The Black Power Revolution, also known as the "Black Power Movement", 1970 Revolution, Black Power Uprising and February Revolution, was an attempt by a number of social elements, people and interest groups in Trinidad and Tobago to force socio-political change. Between 1968 and 1970 the movement gained strength in Trinidad and Tobago and was greatly influenced by the Civil Rights Movement in the United States during the 1960s. Under the leadership of Geddes Granger (now Makandal Daaga) and Khafra Khambon, NJAC (National Joint Action Committee) and the Black Power movement appeared as a serious challenge to Prime Minister Eric Williams' authority. The Black Power Revolution began with a 1970 Carnival band named Pinetoppers whose presentation entitled The Truth about Africa included portrayals of "revolutionary heroes". This was followed by a series of marches and protests. On April 6, 1970 a protester was killed by police. This was followed by the resignation of A.N.R Robinson the Member of Parliament for Tobago East. His death of this protester led to the Movement to pick up momentum. On April 18 sugar workers went on strike, and there was talk of a general strike. In response to this, Williams proclaimed a State of Emergency on April 21 and arrested 15 Black Power leaders. Responding in turn, a portion of the Trinidad Defense Force, led by Raffique Shah and Rex Lassalle, took hostages at the army barracks at Teteron.

The Biography of Makandal Daaga Makandal Daaga, born Geddes Granger in Laventile, is a Trinidad and Tobago political activist and former revolutionary. He was the leader of the 1970 Black Power Revolution. He rallied against inequalities towards black citizens in Trinidad. Both his parents made memorable contributions to national life. His mother, a simple housewife, nurtured in her home, several persons who were not members of her family but she encouraged them to become some of the more prominent persons in national life. Both his parents made memorable contributions to national life. His mother, a simple housewife, nurtured in her home, several persons who were not members of her family but she encouraged them to become some of the more prominent persons in national life. His father, Phillip Granger, a former World War I soldier and a barber, with a shop on Charlotte Street was the mentor of many of the Spiritual Baptist and Orisha leaders of the mid twentieth century. He baptized, advised and guided nearly all of them. Daaga’s schoolmates at Belmont Intermediate (now Belmont Secondary) and at St Mary’s College recognized in him extraordinary leadership, both in the classroom and on the sports field. He has always been a man of ideas, with a keen sense of organisation, an enterprising spirit and very people oriented. This was reflected in a major development in Daaga’s and the nation’s life when around Independence 1962, he formed an organization called PEGASUS (an inspiration, a movement a spirit from which great things would have been expected from Trinidad and Tobago). This organization which is still spoken of in the most glowing terms, attracted some of the most prominent and influential persons of the day.

The Evolution of the International Tribunals The law of the international tribunals is a compound of specific and unexpressed principles. To understand international criminal law it is necessary to dig into the history which accounts for its substance. What is it and where is it found? Who are its subjects? How is it made? Where does it derive legitimacy? Reflect on three characteristics of which each of us is most proud: our identity as an individual person; citizenship of our state; and our membership of an ever-increasingly international community. The first raises questions of human rights; the second the role of the state; and the third the significance of a world which, by instant cheap communication and rapid and economical travel, permits antisocial conduct to operate across state borders. The burgeoning of international criminal tribunals started in the late fifteenth century. In today’s globalized world its reach is extending ever further, because each of us is, as well as an individual, and a citizen of our state, a world citizen.