The Skeletal System

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

SKELETAL SYSTEM SKELETON

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v comes from the Greek word meaning “dried up body” v v Contributes to body shape and form v v an adult human has 206 bones

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON

1. SUPPORT- (ex.)the bones of the legs act as pillars to support the body trunk when we stand. 2. PROTECTION- (ex.) the fused bones of the skull provide a snug enclosure for the brain. 3. MOVEMENT- skeletal muscles, attached to bones by tendons, use the bones as levers to move the body and its parts. 4. STORAGE- bone itself serves as storehouse for minerals, fat, and small amount of calcium in its ion form. 5. BLOOD CELL FORMATION- blood cell formation or hematopoiesis occurs within the bone marrow cavities of certain bones

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES ACCORDING TO TYPES

ØSPONGY DENSE AND LOOKS SMOOTH AND HOMOGENEOUS BONE- IS COMPOSED OF SMALL NEEDLELIKE PIEC

LO N G BO NE S 

Acc S ordi H OR ng T to BO sha NE pe S

vTYPICALLY LONGER THAN THEY ARE WIDE v vMOSTLY COMPACT BONES v vALL THE BONES OF THE LIMBS, EXCEPT THE WRIST A

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vGENERALLY CUBE-SHAPED AND CONTAIN MOSTLY O v vBONES OF THE WRIST AND ANKLE

F LA T B O N ES 

ACC IR RE ORD GU ING LA R TO BO SHA NE PE S 

vARE THIN, FLATTENED, AND USUALLY CURVED v vMOST BONES OF THE SKULL, THE RIBS, AND THE STERNU

vbones which, from their peculiar form, cannot be grouped as l vThe vertebrae, which make up the spinal column, and the hip

DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETON 

AXIAL SKELETON

the bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body

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APPENDICULAR SKELETON the

bones of the limbs and girdles

AX IAL SKELETO N

Th e sk u ll Th e Bon y Th or a x

Th e Ve r t e b r a l Colu m n

I. The SKULL

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v is the bony framework of the head. v It is comprised of the eight cranial and fourteen facial bones. v The shapes and features of the human skull determine much of the static appearances of the face and provide the basis for the features of physiognomy. 

A.CRANIUM BONE

LOCATION

DESCRIPTION

FRONTAL BONE

t op of face (forehead) and front t op of head

Forms the forehead, the bony projections under the eyebrows, and the superior part of each eye’s orbit

PARIETAL BONES

t op and side of head

a major cranial bone that forms part of the top, back, and side of the head and roughly covers the parietal lobe of the brain

TEMPORAL BONES

side of the head, above the a cranial bone on the side of the head that roughly covers the temporal lobe of the brain; it extends down ear behind the ear towards the jaw

OCCIPITAL BONE

the lower rear of the head

a major cranial bone at the lower back of the head; covers occipital lobe of the brain

SPHENOID BONE

temple and eye orbit area

a cranial bone that forms part of the eye cavity

ETHMOID BONE

eye cavity

a cranial bone forming part of the eye cavity

B. FACIAL BONES

BONES LOCATION DESCRIPTION MAXILLAE

upper part of jaw

the two maxillae form the center of the face with many attaching muscles; carry the upper teeth; form part of the eye orbit; act like keystones into which the other facial bones fit

PALATINE BONES

Posterior part of the hard palate

The paired palatine bones lie posterior palatine processes of the maxillae. Failure of these or the palatine processes to fuse medially results in cleft palate.

ZYGOMATIC BONES

cheek

the principal cheek bone; origin of zygomatic and other facial muscles

LACRIMAL BONES

inner corner of eye a small bone forming a cavity for the tear gland, each lacrimal bone has a groove that serves as a passageway for tears (lacrima=tear) socket

NASAL BONES

nose

The small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose

VOMER BONE

nasal cavity

a facial bone on the centerline of the nose that forms part of the nasal cavity

INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE

Lateral walls of the nasal cavity

Are thin, curved bones projecting from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

MANDIBLE

lower part of jaw

The lower jaw bone is the only skull bone that moves, i.e., during mastication, speech, and expression; carries the lower teeth

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RED ARE CRANIAL BONES BLACK ARE FACIAL BONE BLUE ARE FEATURES OF THE BONES

e bony thorax.

ones around the organs of the thoracic cavity (heart, lungs, and major blood vesse

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A. STERNUM-

A TYPICAL FLAT BONE AND A RESULT OF THE FUSION OF THREE BONES: MANUBRIUM, BODY, XIPHOID PROCESS

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MANUBRIUM- also called the "handle“, It is connected to the first two ribs.

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BODY- also called the "blade" or the "gladiolus“, connects the third to seventh ribs directly and the eighth through tenth ribs indirectly.

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XIPHOID PROCESS-also called the "tip“, It is often cartilaginous (cartilage), but does become bony in later

B. THE RIBS-

are thin, flat, curved bones that form a protective cage around the organs in the upper body. They are comprised 24 bones arranged in 12 pairs.

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TRUE RIBS-The first seven bones, connected directly to the breastbone or sternum by a strips of cartilage called the costal cartilage.

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FALSE RIBS-

The next three pairs of bones, instead of being attached directly to the sternum in front, the false ribs are attached to the lowest true rib.

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FLOATING RIBS-The last

two sets of rib bone, They are attached to the spine at the back, but are not connected to anything in

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III. THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN v (also called the backbone, spine, or spinal column) consists of a series of 33 irregularly shaped bones, called vertebrae. v v These 33 bones are divided into five categories depending on where they are located in the backbone. v v CERVICAL VERTEBRAE, THORACIC VERTEBRAE, LUMBAR

BONE CERVICAL

DESCRIPTION The first seven vertebrae

VERTEBRAE

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THORACIC VERTEBRAE LUMBAR VERTEBRAE

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Located at the top of the spinal column, these bones form a flexible framework for the neck and support the head. The next twelve vertebrae These bones move with the ribs to form the rear anchor of the rib cage.  

These five bones are the largest vertebrae in the spinal column. These vertebrae support most of the body's weight and are attached to many of the back muscles. 

is a triangular bone located just below the lumbar vertebrae. It consists of four or five sacral vertebrae in a child, which become fused into a single bone after age 26. forms the back wall of the pelvic girdle and moves with it.

SACRUM

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COCCYX

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The bottom of the spinal column It consists of 3-5 bones that are fused together in an adult. Also called the tailbone

TERVERTEBRAL DISC- made of fibrous cartilage that act as shock absorbers and allow the b

TYPES OF ABNORMAL SPINAL CURVATURE

1 . SCOLIOSIS 

is a medical condition in which a person's spine is curved from side to side, shaped like an "s", and may also be rotated.

 CAUSES

SYMPTOMS .

1 . Un e v e n m u scu la t u r e on on e sid e of t h e sp in e 2 . Un e v e n h ip , r ib ca g e , a n d sh ou ld e r le ve ls 3 . Asym m e t r ic size or loca t ion of b r e a st in fe m a le s 4 . D iff e r e n t h e ig h t s of t h e sh ou ld e r s

1. congenital (caused by vertebral anomalies present at birth), 2. idiopathic (sub-classified as infantile, juvenile, TREATMENT adolescent, or adult 1 . BODY BRACIN G-is n or m a lly d on e w h e n according to when t h e p a t ie n t h a s b on e g r ow t h onset occurred), r e m a in in g , a n d is g e n e r a lly 3. having developed as a im ple m e n t e d in or d e r t o h old t h e secondary symptom of cu r ve a n d p r e ve n t it f r om p r og r e ssin g another condition, such as spina bifida, cerebral t o t h e p oin t w h e r e su r g e r y is palsy, spinal muscular in d ica t e d. atrophy or due 2 . SURGERY- is u su a lly in d ica t e d f or to physical trauma. curves that have a high likelihood of progression, curves that cause a significant

2 . KYPHOSIS §also called "hunchback", in a general term, is a common condition of a curvature of the upper (thoracic) spine.

§CAUSES 1.degenerative diseases (such as arthritis) 2.developmental problems, osteoporosis with compression fractures of the vertebrae 3.trauma

SYMPTOMS 1.

2.bowing of the back 3. 4.slouching back and breathing difficulties

TREATMENTS 1.BODY BRACES (ORTHOSIS) 2.SPECIALIZED PHYSICAL THERAPY 3.SURGERY

3 . LORDOSIS (commonly referred to as swayback, saddle back, or hyper-lordosis) is a medical term used to describe an inward curvature of a portion of the vertebral column  CAUSES 1.difference of thickness between the anterior and posterior part of the intervertebral disc 2.Imbalances in muscle strength and length 3.excessive visceral fat 4.pregnancy

SYMPTOMS 1. 2.overly-concave shape of the back 3. 4.lower back pain

TREATMENTS 1.strengthening the abdominal muscles and hamstrings 2.Back hyper-extensions on a Roman chair or inflatable ball will strengthen the back muscles. 3.Physical therapy

Gender-based differences FEMALE

vThe shape of a female pelvis is flatter, more rounded and proportionally l v women tendand to have rib cages, smaller teeth, less angular mand hicker and v longer limbs digit narrower bones (phalanges)

eatures are more pronounced

Ice breaker

AP PE ND IC UL AR SK EL ET ON

v v Composed of 126 bones of the limbs (appendages)and the pectoral and pelvic girdle. v v Anchors the appendages to the axial skeleton v v The word appendicular is the adjective of the noun appendage which itself means a part that is joined to something larger.  v

Upper Extremities 1.SHOULDER GIRDLE 2. 3.ARM 4. 5.FOREARM 6. 7.HANDS

L A R O T C E P r o e l d r i G r e d l u o h 1. S GIRDLE qset of bones which connect the upper limb to the axial skeleton on each side. qConsists of two bones, THE SCAPULA AND THE CLAVICLE q qExceptionally flexible that allows the upper limb to have free movement q qIs very easily dislocated

S C A P U LA 

vshoulder blade v vis the bone that connects the humerus (arm bone) w v vforms the posterior (back) located part of the should

PECT vcolla r b on e C ORAL vPARTS- conoid t u b e r cle – t r a p e zoid lin e – cost a l tu v GIRDL LA vis a doubly curved short bone that connects the arm (upper limb) to the body E/SHO VI ULDE CL R GIRDL E E

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ARM

or brachium, is technically only the region between the shoulder and elbow. It consists of a single long bone called the humerus.

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HUMERUS v the longest bone in the upper extremity v The top, or head, is large, smooth, and rounded and fits into the scapula in the shoulder v On the bottom of the humerus, are two depressions where the humerus connects to the ulna and radius of the forearm

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v  The bottom of the humerus

protects the ulnar nerve and is commonly known as the "funny bone" because striking the elbow on a hard surface stimulates the

3. forearm is the structure and distal region of the upper limb, between the elbow and the wrist  Consists of two bones, THE RADIUS AND THE ULNA 

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THE RADIUS v extends from the lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist. v

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THE ULNA v In anatomical position the ulna is placed at the medial side of

v consists of three parts (the wrist, palm, and five fingers) and 27 bones.

D N A H E 4.T .TH

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THE WRIST v Or carpus, consists of 8 small bones called the carpal bones that are tightly bound by ligaments. v

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THE PALM v or metacarpus consists of five metacarpal bones, one aligned with each of the fingers. v The metacarpal bones are not named but are numbered I to V starting with the thumb v

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THE FINGERS v are made up of 14 bones called phalanges. v A single finger bone is called a phalanx

LOWER EXTREMITIES 1.PELVIC GIRDLE 2. 3.THIGH 4. 5.LEG 6. 7.FOOT

1 . PELVIC GIRDLE  

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also called the hip girdle The bones of the pelvic girdle are large and heavy, and they are attached securely at the axial skeleton Bearing weight is the most important function of this girdle The reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and part of the large intestine lie within and are protected by the bony pelvis Each hip bone is formed by the fusion of three

M AL E 

Gen derbas  F ed E diff M ere AL nce E s

1. Th e fe m a le in le t is la r g e r a n d m ore cir cu la r 2. Th e fe m a le p e lvis a s a w h ole is sh a llow e r, a n d b on e s a r e lig h t e r a n d t h in n e r 3. Th e fe m a le ilia fla re m or e la t e r a lly 4. Th e fe m a le sa cr u m is sh or t e r a n d m or e cu r ve d 5. Th e fe m a le isch ia l sp in e s a r e sh or t e r a n d fa r t h e r a p a r t , t h u s t h e ou t le t is la r g e r 6. Th e fe m a le p u b ic a rch is m or e r ou n d e d b e ca u se t h e a n g le of t h e p u b ic a r ch is

2. THIGH 

The thigh is the region between the hip and the knee and is composed of a single bone called the femur or thighbone

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FEMUR

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The heaviest, longest, largest and the strongest bone in the body It forms part of the hip and part of the knee There are four eminences, or protuberances, in the human femur: the head, the greater trochanter, the lesser trochanter, and the lower extremity Neck of the femur is common fracture site, especially

patella 

The patella or kneecap is a large, triangular sesamoid bone between the femur and the tibia

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It is formed in response to the strain in the tendon that forms the knee

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protects the knee joint and strengthens the tendon that forms the knee

G E L . 3

qCon sist s of t w o b on e s t h e t ib ia a n d t h e f ib u la

TIBIA vAlso called shinbone v vis the larger and stronger of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates and connects the knee with the ankle bones

FIBULA vAlso called the calf bone vIts upper extremity is small, placed toward the back of the head of the tibia, below the level of the knee-joint, and excluded from the formation of this joint v vThe lateral malleolus forms the outer part of the ankle

4. foot Composed of tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges  Has two important functions: 1. It supports our body weight 2. Serves as a lever that allows us to propel our bodies forward when we walk and run  Calcaneus and talus carried most of the body weight 

JOINTS q Also called articulations q Holds bones together securely q Give the rigid skeleton mobility q Joints are classified in two ways~functionally and structionally

FUN CTION ALLY 1. SYN ARTH ROSES- im m ovable joint s (sut ures of t he skull) 2. AM PH IARTH ROSES- slight ly m ovable joint s (ribs connect ed t o t he st ernum ) 3. D IARTH ROSES- freely m ovable joint s (joint s of t he lim bs)

STRUCTION ALLY 1. FI BROUS JOI N TS-bones are unit ed by fibrous t issue (sut ures of t he skull) 2. CARTI LAGIN OUS JOIN TS- t he bone ends are connect ed by cart ilage (int ervert ebral joint s) 3. SYN OV IAL JOI N TS- bone ends are separat ed by a joint cavit y cont aining synovial fluid (all t he joint s of t he lim bs)

Types of synovial joints based on shape

1.PLANE JOINT-Flat or

slightly flat surfaces move against each other allowing sliding or twisting without any circular movement

2.HINGE JOINT- A convex projection on one bone fits into a concave depression in another permitting only flexion and extension as in the elbow joints.

3.PIVOT JOINTRounded or conical surfaces of one bone fit into a ring of one or tendon allowing rotation

5.SADDLE JOINT- This type 4.CONDYLOID JOINT-

Oval shaped condyle fits into elliptical cavity of another allowing angular motion but not rotation

of joint occurs when the touching surfaces of two bones have both concave and convex regions with the shapes of the two bones complementing one other and allowing a wide range of movement

6.BALL AND SOCKET JOINT- The ballshaped end of one bone fits into a cup shaped socket on the other bone allowing the widest range of motion including rotation

PROBLEMS OF THE JOINT 

ARTHRITIS- (from

Greek arthro-, joint + -itis, inflammation; plural: arthritides) is a group of conditions involving damage to the joints of the body TYPES OF ARTH RITIS

1. OSTEOARTH RITIS ( OA) vmost common form of arthritis vAlso called “wear-and-tear arthritis” vOver the years, there is softening, fraying, and eventual breakdown of the cartilage vMost common affected are those joints of the fingers, the cervical and lumbar joints of the spine, and joints of the limbs (knees and hips) vSYMPTOMS: the exposed bones thickens; stiffness and lessening with the activity of the affected joint; crunching sound when moved vTREATMENT: symptoms are controllable with mild analgesic; moderate activity; capsaicin; glucosamine sulfate

2.RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) vIs chronic inflammatory disorder vAffects 3x as many women as men vMany joints particularly those of the fingers, wrists, ankle, and feet are affected at the same time usually in a symmetrical manner(ex. If the right elbow is affected, most likely the left elbow will be affected too.) vTREATMENT : methotrexate and cyclosporin; aspirin; exercise; cold packs; replacement joints or bone removal.

3.GOUTY ARTHRITIS (GOUT) vIs a disease in which uric acid (a normal waste product of nucleic acid metabolism) accumulates in the blood and maybe deposited as needle-shaped crystals in the soft tissues of the bones. vOften affects the great toe vIf left untreated it would lead to bone ends fuse and joint become immobilized vMost common in males vTREATMENT: colchicine; ibuprofen; patients are advised to lose weight if obese; avoid food such as livers, kidneys, and sardines which are high in nucleic acid; avoid alcohol, which inhibits excretion of nucleic acid by kidney

BONE FRACTURES 1 . CLOSED OR SIMPLE FRACTURE- a fracture in which bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin 2. 3 . OPEN OR COMPOUND FRACTURE- when the broken bone ends penetrate through the skin

TREATMENT qREDUCTION- the realignment of the broken bone ends  In closed reduction, the bone ends are coaxed back into their normal position by the physician’s hands  In open reduction, surgery is performed and the bone ends are secured together with pins or wires. After the broken bone is reduced, it is immobilized by a cast or traction to allow the healing process to begin.

CO FRACTURE DESCRIPTION COMMENT M Common in children whose bones are TYPE GREENSTIC Bone breaks incompletely more flexible than adults M Ragged break occurs when excessive Common sport fracture K SPIRAL twisting forces are applied to a bone O common in the aged, whose COMMINUT Bones break into many fragments Particularly bones are more brittle N fracture in which the break is Hard to notice ED TRANSVER Aacross the bone, at a right angle TY Broken bone endsof arethe forced into Commonly occurs when one attempts to to the long axis bone. SE IMPACTED each other break a fall with outstretched arms PE Bone is crushed Common in porous bones (i.e., COMPRESSI osteoporotic bones) S ON OF FR AC TU RE

osteoporosis

CAUSES v Estrogen Levels:

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Estrogen protects bones, so if you have low estrogen levels, you're more at risk for developing osteoporosis

q is a bone thinning disease that affect half of women over 65 and 20% of men over the age of 70. v Low Body Weight: Petite and small q boned women (under 130 pounds) q a disease of bone that leads to an have less bone mass to begin with, so they need to be particularly increased risk of fracture

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vigilant about their bone health.

v Diet: Every day, you should be getting the proper amounts of various minerals and vitamins that promote bone growth (CALCIUM,VIT. D, Phosphorous, magnesium, vitamin K, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12)

v Exercise: A good workout routine will strengthen your bones, and you should have a mix of weightbearing exercise (e.g., walking) and strengthening exercises (e.g., weight lifting)

v Smoking: Smoking can increase your chances for getting osteoporosis in a few ways—the chemicals make it harder for your body to use calcium, plus they make it harder for estrogen to do one of its jobs and

osteoporosi s 

SYMPTOMS

ü Joint pains ü Difficulty standing ü Difficulty sitting up straight. The stooping position often seen among elderly people is a visible sign of possible osteoporosis.

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TREATMENT

v HRT (Hormone replacement therapy) - for women going

through the menopause HRT helps prevent bone density loss, thus reducing the risk of fractures during treatment.

v Bisphosphonates - these help prevent bone density loss and are non-hormonal drugs.

v Calcitonin - this inhibits the cells that break down bone

v Calcium and vitamin D supplements - these may help older patients lower their risk of hip fractures

v SERMs (Selective estrogen receptor modulators) - these drugs help prevent bone density loss

v Stem cell therapy - scientists

report that stem cells could halt osteoporosis, promote bone growth - and new pathways that controls bone remodeling.

TAKE CARE OF YOUR BONES 

Set a Benchmark- Check out your bones with one or more simple tests

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Calcium + Vitamin D + Weight-Bearing Exercise = Good Bone Health- Calcium and Vitamin D are essential to maintaining your bone heath

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Diet, Sun, and Supplements-

Ordinarily, we can manage our recommended calcium needs with calcium-rich foods and by getting at least 10 to 15 minutes of sun exposure twice a week. 

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Exercise for Good Bones- There are so

many health reasons to make exercise part of your life, but one of the most

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PRACTICE A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE

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