The Pumba Gazette (august Edition)

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THE EDITORIAL Address, He who has health has hope and he who has hope has everything. The primary concern in this hectic life today is health and more people are becoming health conscious. With increasing level of awareness in this regard the masses do not have much time to visit a physician. This leads to more and more people catering in to the OTC drugs which contribute a lot to the pharmaceutical sector. There are more than 100,000 drugs that fall in this category. Owing to this we have decided to dedicate the August issue of our monthly newsletter to Over the Counter medicines. An extensive study has been carried out by the students to analyze the reasons for side effects of pain killers and suggesting ways to combat the same.

CONTENTS • Cover Story

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--“Cide” ing Side Effects • Articles/Analysis

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--Pack in your senses • Back to Society

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--“SPARSH” Initiative by Torrent Group • BT News

We also bring to you an exclusive interview with Mr. Madhukar Kurtkoti an eminent person from the Pharmaceutical industry with over 35 years of experience throwing light related to marketing of OTC.

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--Going Green—The Patent Way • Candid Talk

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--An Interview with Mr. Madhukar Kurtkoti An article related to Packaging with respect to these drugs is also included.

• PUMBA News

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--Dr. (Prof.) Sangvikar’s Selection for University Exchange

In the BT news section we take upon the various aspects of the Mashelkar’s report with respect to ever greening of patents.

Program -- Dr.(Capt) C.M. Chitale appointment to “YASHADA”

We also present before you one of the 12 part series of notable CSR initiatives. The article titled ‘Back to Society’ this time covers the SPARSH initiative by Torrent Group. Along with this section on PUMBA and its latest happenings has been included.

--Dr. S.V. Kapre’s Lecture

Your feedback and Suggestions are welcome at [email protected] “Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man” - Francis Bacon

Sincerely Yours, Chief Editor: Queeny Bubna, MBA-BT (Sem III) (The PUMBA Gazette Team) (The detailed project report shall be provided on enquiry. Kindly send in your enquiries at [email protected])

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“Cide”ing side effects… The over- the-counter and prescription painkillers also known as the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs are one of the most widespread used drugs. The number of over-the-counter (OTC) medications is increasing as more prescription medications are being designated the OTC status and there are over 100,000 such drugs. Despite their extensive use it is observed that it is often used inappropriately and an alarming number of people are ignorant of the potential side effects that result thereafter. So a survey was carried out by the students of PUMBA to gauge the awareness of side effects of painkillers among the consumers. For this around 400 consumers as well as 100 chemists were surveyed in Pune. The key findings of the survey were astonishing as majority of middle age people use these drugs irrespective of its side effects and many of them consider it an easy way out to deal with pain and avoid visiting a physician. Patients may also inadvertently take multiple OTC drugs containing the same active ingredient, which could lead to an overdose or increased side-effects. In other cases, patients may take more than the recommended dose of a drug, as they do not read or understand the directions or they sometimes choose to ignore them, believing that a higher dose should be more effective. The anomaly lies in the fact that it is the educated and working class group of middle age taking these steps. A majority of them are unacquainted with the names and side effects of these drugs when not taken in a right fashion. They tend to overlook the fact that the same drugs when used in the correct manner would be much more beneficial.

SUGGESTIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS Long term use of NSAIDs in high doses may cause an increased risk of gastrointestinal complications ranging from stomach pain to ulcers, hemorrhage etc. Thus an awareness regarding this has to be created amongst the population as well as the physicians to encourage the correct dosage and usage of the painkillers. For this the followings steps can be taken: 1. Problems resulting from such inapt usage of OTCs should be constantly highlighted in CMEs, journals, etc, so that the physicians convey the same to those who do consult them before using a NSAID. This population was found to be 23% of the sample covered. 2. Since most of the NSAIDs are OTC drugs, it should be noted that most chemists are ignorant about this and hence an attempt should be made to educate the chemists regarding the adverse effects of the same. 3. Education programs as well as workshops should be carried out for the patients using painkillers to make them aware of the risks associated with it. 4. In USA a campaign was carried out in 2003 known as R.E.D.U.C.E (Risk Education to Decrease Ulcer Complications and Their Effects from NSAIDs) by AGA (American Gastroenterological Association), funded by Pfizer. Similar campaign should also be initiated in India in cooperation with the major Pharmaceutical companies. 5. Boards and Hoardings, highlighting serious complications arising from unrestrained usage of NSAIDs, sponsored by pharmaceutical organizations should be displayed in hospitals, government dispensaries, and clinics of private practitioners. 6. Companies can also publish literature to inform laymen of the right way to take these drugs in order to increase efficacy. As most OTCs are mouth to mouth marketed, an initiative like this would increase trust and loyalty in consumers and thereby increase market potential.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The average usage of painkillers age-wise was found to be as represented in the chart below. Maximum consumption was found to be amid the age group of 25 to 40 years. As revealed by the survey this category resorts to self medication nearly 12 times in a month. The most widely used painkillers were established as paracetamol, nimusulide, diclofenac and ibuprofen. Around 50% of the consumers surveyed did not consult any doctor before using a painkiller. According to the chemists surveyed, 43% of the consumers asked for painkillers without any prescription. Also approximately 63% did not enquire about the side effects of the medicine in question. When enquired about the understanding of side-effects due to painkillers, 36% were not aware of any while 46% of those interviewed had heard of them but were not fully informed. Hardly any consumers were disinclined to use painkillers due to their side-effects.

Compiled by: Dipali Bobade, Nidhi Nirmal Rutuja Patil, Smita Rathod, Soumya Gupta & Sourabh Dhopade (MBA-BT, Sem III ) Mentor: Pratiksha Singhal (alumnus MBA BT-2009 currently working in WNS Global Services as Junior Analyst)

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Pack in your senses There are different consumer conditions, different age groups or lifestyle requirements that need different packaging solutions and if these solutions are met effectively then it establish a sense of commitment between the product and its consumer group. To exemplify, arthritic patients have a set of requirements specific to them which can be taken care of via some simple modifications in packaging. Tylenol in USA launched a special yet simple pack for arthritis patients. The toughest task for an arthritic is to open a lid of the bottle containing medicine as they do not get enough grip to turn open the lid. Tylenol launched a pack with a hole in cap. A patient was expected to push a pencil in it and push it open. Such endeavor not only makes things easy functionally for the patient but also add to the goodwill of the company. We can also observe utility of packaging of MWV Healthcare’s ‘Cerepak’. Its smart package is mainly used in clinical trials. It records the date, time, and location of each tablet or pill as it is removed from the package. This data can be quickly downloaded into a computer for analysis by the patient or healthcare provider. The system also enables interaction with the patient—it can record side effects or symptoms, as well as discreetly prompt the patient to take the medication using light, sound, or vibration.

Packaging undoubtedly plays a critical role in any pharmaceutical product, be it capsules, tablets, syrups or medical devices. Products are packaged considering numerous factors such as transit, weather, time and cost for maintaining their safety, stability and integrity; long after they leave the manufacturing unit. It provides companies one of the most important instruments for their brand protection. In view of the fact that competition is increasing day by day, companies constantly aim towards differentiating their products to ensure consistency of growth. Though highly significant pharmaceutical packaging in India remained invariable but of late smart packaging and its direct correlation with the product’s marketing is gaining importance in this sector. A lot can be done in packaging in terms of the positioning of a product, as it is the face of the brand. There are also pass-offs which affect a brand. If there is a reputed brand marketed in a particular category, then there are a host of brands available which just mimic the packaging format or maybe the color of the blister of that principle brand. One cannot identify these from the original ones as they are genuine products coming from companies with a proper manufacturing license. What these companies try to do is ride on the brand image of the leader brand that has been created over a number of years. This ends up affecting the sales of the main brand tremendously. To avoid this, companies can make provision for distinctive packaging in order to gain an upper hand in the market.

In today’s era understanding the latent need of the consumer and designing a product accordingly is what will help companies to go the extra mile. For example, Diabetes sufferers who are on insulin therapy at times need to carry the medication along with them wherever they go. Thus Novo Nordisk's drug ‘Novopen’, when launched, fulfilled this need perfectly as the pack looks just like a pen and can be carried anywhere. Such packaging has the additional potential to take away the stigma of a disease like diabetes.

Earlier the only function of packaging was to carry the product and keep it safe until consumption. However of late it has been observed by manufacturers that they can build credibility and the user-product bond if consumers could 'SEE' the product. The visual stimulus can never be ruled out, not at least for something we ourselves consume. For instance transparent capsules with colorful beads inside are not only attractive and appealing but also more reliable. A syrup in a transparent glass bottle is preferred a lot more than the amber color bottle. Transparent blister packs are preferred more than the aluminum strips. As companies are becoming more aware of this imperative fact, they are also responding to the need and are no longer hiding medicines behind opaque covers.

The other important factor which packaging deals with is counterfeit drugs. Though pharmaceutical companies extensively use holograms for this purpose but it has certain limitations. Firstly, most of the patients lack the understanding or awareness to look for a hologram and also it is practically impossible to create awareness to see hologram of each drug before purchasing it. Secondly, in some cases even holograms are copied. Thus in such cases, color of the packaging also plays vital role in limiting counterfeiting. If there is a product which has a unique color that can't be copied it gets registered in the mind of the patient, then it becomes a very strong feature with which a person can associate and recognize the product when he goes to buy it. In addition to this, pharmaceutical packaging must adhere to stringent regulations that require material traceability, good manufacturing practices (GMPs), consistent quality, product protection, and often child-resistance. Pharmaceutical companies must therefore consider their product on all such parameters and come up with an “Optimal packaging complex” to utilize all advantages of effective packaging.

Another important aspect again revolving around visualization is the color of the product. Color branding is very important, more so for OTCs in India and across the globe. It is far more essential in the developing and underdeveloped countries as people connect to a product with its color and design in absence of formal education. In fact OTCs and prescribed products should be differentiated on grounds of packaging also and there should be a clear demarcation among the two. In OTC marketing, it is very vital that the patient gets the desired effect the company is talking about. The information related should be clearly written in the absence of a physician to provide the guidelines. The enclosure should also contain a note explaining the harmful effects of over-dosing and improper intake. For OTC drugs, the packaging should establish a connection with the consumer as in case of FMCG products. Any product intended for child consumption will instantly reflect packaging content featuring vibrant colors that appeal to the youngster’s mind. In International market this scenario can be ordinarily experienced. For example, an anti-AIDS pack was accompanied by a toothbrush to remind the patient that the medicine had to be taken twice a day, like brushing teeth.

Compiled by: Ashish Mishra (MBA- BT, Sem III)

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Back to society- CSR initiative by Torrent Group Torrent promoted safe and efficient usage of electricity by organizing exhibitions on electrical safety and general safety, presenting the knowledge and requirements on effective and safe usage of electricity at 3 schools in Sabarmati for local residents and school students. It also established and promoted institutions like U.N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Centre at Ahmedabad.

Community welfare initiatives by any organization bring about remarkable changes in the society and in the long term prove to be a significant investment for the company itself. One such initiative is undertaken by the Torrent Group of companies, a multifaceted & dynamic group of companies. The organization, one of its kind, strongly believes that every bit of success should be shared with the society that it exists in. To make a difference in the quality of life at Ahmedabad & Surat in the areas of Health, Education, Public Amenities and Community Development, Torrent Group came out with a unique CSR initiative ‘SPARSH’.

The health check-up programmes organized in Schools of torrent power AEC ltd aimed at strengthening the employee employer relationship and promoted welfare of employee.

“Sparsh” is making a difference in improving quality of life in slum areas by increasing the percentage of school going children and spreading awareness about diseases and education among them. This is very essential in a company like India where a huge population resides in the slums and most of children miss the basic amenities of life. Upgrading of Municipal schools, Government hospitals and public parks/gardens, beautification of the surroundings by planting trees are among some of their CSR initiatives. Health & Education: In 2005, 140 employees were involved in an awareness program about education, health, and hygiene though door to door canvassing; film shows, putting up of posters and distribution of handbills, health booklets in 3 major slums. Also Torrent provided teaching aids in Urja Vidyalaya (school of Torrent Power AEC Ltd.) like creation of computer laboratory, assembly hall & classroom.

The tours organized for senior citizens to Torrent Power AEC Generation Plant at Sabarmati, built goodwill among senior citizens and made an impact about the company as well.

Training programs for municipal school teachers were organized with an objective to enhance the Primary School Teachers teaching skills.

CSR initiatives are a very small step towards the strategic development of a company but a giant leap in improving the life of people.

A health check-up camp was arranged for 641 students of Urja Vidyalaya and 38 children residing in township were examined by the Group doctors.

Special Thanks to: Mr. Sandeep Yeshi & Mr. Gautam Bhatt (Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd.)

In 2006, torrent initiated the up gradation of general medical facilities in ESIS hospital and also renovated 5 municipal schools. Under "Jeevan No Ujaas" Program, slums in Sabarmati area were 100% electrified. This was a real achievement as there are still many slums in other parts of the nation who have not received a streak of electricity in their entire existence.

Compiled by: Nivedita Singh & Snigdha Sinha (MBA-BT, Sem III)

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT & PUBLIC AMENITIES Another aspect which the organization keeps in mind is regarding A Swachchta Abhiyaan was undertaken to clean, improve, and beautify roads and streets of Sabarmati. Also it undertook an extensive task of cleaning of public water storage tanks including 5 underground tanks. In 2005 Torrent group also organized tours for members of Senior Citizens Club to Torrent Power AEC Generation Plant at Sabarmati, Torrent Power AEC Fly Ash Treatment Pond, it also worked to enhance facilities for over 150 members of Senior Citizen's club including by providing books to improve the quality of library.

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“Word-of-Mouth plays a vital role….” competitive challenge. For example in India more than 30 % of consumers use a home remedies. This would also be true for other countries with a well developed system of indigenous medicine e.g. China, Indonesia, Sri Lanka etc.

Mr. Madhukar Kurkoti has over 35 years of experience in the Pharmaceutical Industry at senior levels in diverse areas like strategic planning, marketing, new product development, company turnaround, and merger& integration management. Some of the companies he worked with are Torrent

Q4.What role does the pricing play with respect to OTC products? Do companies prefer to adopt a competitive pricing strategy? All OTC products have to deliver on the value proposition first. Like prescription products even for OTC products the truism “A product that a cost more per unit is also the one that sells more units” will hold. Pricing would be important in the context of the alternatives available and the value being offered. In several cases need drives value. For a person with a pounding headache, immediate relief is vital not the price. Price in strategy terms has to be viewed as an integral part of the total offering and brand experience rather than as a stand-alone strategy. The true differentiator for OTC products is the branding capability.

Pharmaceuticals Limited, Reckitt Piramal Limited, Nicholas Piramal India Limited (NPIL), Redikure Medrox Nigeria Limited, & Abbott Laboratories. Sir is associated as visiting faculty with

PUMBA for the MBA- BT program. The PUMBA GAZETTE team managed to get an insight into the OTC scenario in an exclusive interview with Sir. Q1.What according to you is the drive for selecting an OTC product? Consumers are guided by various factors however the type of consumer accounts for the major drive. Why people choose an OTC product is different for the urban and for the rural areas. In rural areas the issue is lack of access to a doctor and health services in immediate vicinity. Besides most people do not pay attention to minor ailments that may keep them away from farming or any other money earning activity as there exists immediate need to get back to work. In the urban areas it is due to the busy lifestyle, which prevents people from spending endless hours in a doctor’s clinic. In most cases the initial demand is triggered by a doctor’s prescription. And then the approach is generally ‘I have used this earlier for similar symptoms. I’d therefore try it myself’. For minor ailments a friend’s advice is also considered vary valuable. Word-of-Mouth plays a vital role.

Q5.With increasing number of companies going global how do they handle packaging related concerns? Is there any color coding or font size guide followed? Companies that operate globally ensure that they comply with the regulatory and legal framework of every single country where they operate. Labelling and packaging requirements are clearly stated for most countries. For example all francophone countries mandate companies to have a red box for prescription only schedule drug. In India a product that has ingredients of animal origin need a brown box with a brown dot. In several countries a bi-lingual or a multi lingual packaging becomes an imperative. One has also to keep the social meaning of color for packaging design. The graphics used also have to be tested for any adverse connotations. In terms of bar coding the universal packaging code has to be followed.

Q2.What are the main promotional strategies adopted for OTC products? In addition to usual media like TV, Newspapers, Health Magazine advertising companies use merchandising and trade promotion to enhance revenues. Some companies use the packaging itself as the silent seller. Special in-store displays by the distributor’s salesmen are also adopted by some companies. The real key however is positioning. The same product can be positioned as the first line of treatment, or the first line of defence or the first step in prevention. Or, you could have a more serious positioning ‘when every other remedy has failed’ Product differentiation is critical. The product has to work along all the dimensions functionality, emotions and the social dimension.

Q6.China’s demand and the production for OTC has grown at a fast pace in the last decade. Should India perceive China as a potential threat to OTC market? OTC business depends entirely on brand building capabilities. A strong brand in China means nothing in the context of India. Brand strengths are not transferable across borders. For example the brand LIPOVITAN (A product containing Taurine, some B-Complex factors and positioned as an energy drink) is a very powerful brand in Hong Kong. In India it is REDBULL that has made an impact. In addition the brand building capabilities of Indian companies are truly world-class. The Chinese business model is based on economies of scale, heavy subsidies, currency shoring efforts and not so much on true entrepreneurial grit. Dr.MOM of Unique is one of the most recognized brands in Russia.

Q3. Do companies opt for difference in marketing strategies of OTC in developed developing and underdeveloped countries? What are the major challenges faced? The evolutionary stage of a market forces companies to adopt varying strategies. It is also a function of the marketing environment, regulatory challenges, sophistication and maturity levels of markets and consumers. All these factors are further complicated by social attitudes, work ethic and concept of urgency and time. Then there are issues of logistics and economies of distribution penetration. Packaging, unit-of –use, Cost per dose, money needed to be put down also pose challenges. In the advanced markets the battle is for shelf-space. In the developed world there is the OTC expense being borne out-of-pocket and Health insurance does not pick up the tab. In the developing world the challenges is of spurious and ‘pass-off ‘products. In several developing markets home-remedies pose a

Q7.It has been observed that there has been a serious misuse of OTC products across India, Bangladesh, and Nepal in the past few years. Is there a regulatory body to regulate such matters? I remember there was an issue of misuse of a cough syrup brand few years back. These things are generally triggered by an overzealous sales person out for his performance bonus or an end user who has found off-label use for a product. The body to regulate these issues is the drug control authorities in each country or in a given state. The issue revolves around an inadequate administrative apparatus than an issue of political will.

Compiled by: The PUMBA GAZETTE Interview Team

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Going Green-The Patent Way Contrary to the claims by many drug companies increased intellectual property protections have not fostered more innovation for better treatment. Despite increased spending on R & D over the past decade, the number of new drug applications has not significantly increased. Further, 2/3rd of the new drug applications are mere modifications to the existing drugs. This process of making slight changes to drugs is often used to prolong the life of patents in order to sustain monopolies. With revenues exceeding $1 bn annually for many drugs most pharmaceutical companies have been more inclined to pour funds back into “blockbuster” drugs that can yield further profits rather than more innovative treatments. So having failed in the original attempt to prevent flexibilities being incorporated in the TRIPS agreement, now the developed countries under pressure from their pharmaceutical industry lobby have turned their eye on World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) to modify the original provision of TRIPS. Ever greening, if permitted under Section 3(d) of the Indian Patent Act then it would encourage renewal of patents and block entry of low-priced generic drugs into the market. This may prove to be a major setback to the Indian pharmaceutical companies as a majority of their revenues come from generic versions of patented drugs. It would also lead to a precipitous rise in the prices of life-saving drugs and render them inaccessible to the poor. To cite one instance, Leukaemia patients could see the cost of their medication increase around 12 times.

The pharmaceutical industry channels an important proportion of total research in most developed countries. Organizations are driven to this field as medicines and their method of production are commonly protected by patents. The huge funds thus invested are only compensated for in the duration of possession of patent. These patents remunerate a researcher’s innovation stimulating further research and development of medicines from which we all benefit. However in recent years, pharmaceutical companies have been accused of devoting their resources mainly to minor improvements over existing medications. Globally, most MNCs try to continuously extend their product patents by instituting small chemistry-related changes. In trade circles this is known as ‘Evergreening’. Evergreening is usually done to extend the intellectual monopoly privileges, particularly over highly profitable (either in total sales volume or price per unit) “blockbuster” drugs. In developing nations like India, such concepts would draw multi facet reactions. It can lead to higher prices as companies can charge whatever they wish due to their evergreen monopoly over a patent. There are a large number of people afflicted with cancer and HIV who need inexpensive medicines to stay alive. Consequently in order to protect the interests of the masses the Indian Patent Act does not allow Evergreening. Section 3(d) of Indian Patent Act states that “The mere discovery of a new form of a known substance which does not result in the enhancement of the known efficacy of that substance or the mere discovery of any new property or new use for a known substance or of the mere use of a known process, machine or apparatus unless such known process results in a new product cannot be patented” It stipulated that if a pharmaceutical company wanted a patent for an improvement on an already existing drug, it must show that the improvement actually made the drug more effective. However logical it may seem, it is clearly not in the interests of the multinational corporate lobby.

On having a glimpse further the concept is not necessarily a disadvantage to India. For example, if Evergreening is permitted, Indian companies may be able to develop and patent incremental advances on patented drugs and many new drugs might enter the Indian markets. This could be aided by the fact that working on already existent molecules is not as difficult as stating a new molecule all together as it requires less investment. Also there is immense scope in this field to use Bioinformatics as companies can use molecular modelling and drug designing principles to obtain better results. A de novo drug would be difficult as compared to the betterment of an existent molecule. At the same time the MNC’s would retain the patent for the original drugs and earn huge profits which in turn would be invested in the discovery of new molecules. This would again open up scope for the generic companies down the line and give them more business for the future. So in order to ensure that people have access to medicines at affordable prices what India needs to do is have laws that will increase the benchmarks or threshold limits while granting patents which is the ultimate purpose of Section 3(d) of Indian Patent Act.

In the recent times, there is a section of the industry trying to persuade the government to allow Evergreening. The issue is whether it would be compatible with the World Trade Organization’s Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement to limit the grant of patents for pharmaceutical substances to new chemical entities or new medical entities involving one or more inventive steps only The argument is that molecules are patented very early during the process of drug discovery, but unique clinical characteristics or benefits are not discovered until much later, when clinical trials are conducted, if at all. Therefore, it is unreasonable to ask that unique characteristics of a slightly altered molecule be described at the time of the application for the patent, itself. A government-appointed committee on patent laws, headed Dr. R.A.Mashelkar, former chief of CSIR, favoured the grant of patents to all incremental innovations made to a drug, but not to light hearted Evergreening, in order to make the Indian Patents Act TRIP’s compliant. Although the report ultimately permitted most forms of Evergreening still the question remains unanswered regarding the take on it.

Compiled by: Nikhil Goyal, Vandita Javali.(MBA-BT, Sem III)

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PUMBA NEWS

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t is with immense pleasure and pride that we inform Dr. B.V. Sangvikar , Head , DMS( PUMBA) has been selected under the exchange program “ Academic Mobility Program” at Polytechno di Milano University, Italy . This program is undertaken by the European Commission “Erasmus Mundus” which is a research collaboration involving ten Universities each from Europe and India. Dr. Sangvikar’s area of expertise is Retail Management, and he is among the chosen few to be selected for this particular venture owing to his vast knowledge and huge experience in the line. His forte would be on latest trends in this field and he would be working with the Department of Management & Industrial Economics of the University, Milan.

nother feather in the cap of Pumba’s achievement is that our Dean Dr.(Captain) C.M.Chitale has been appointed on the executive body of “YASHADA” (Yashwantrao Chavan Academy of Development Administration) for 3 years. Some of the objectives of the academy as listed in the MoA are to serve as an apex institute for the collection and dissemination of information regarding development administration and to provide consultancy services in development and public administration. There are 8 members in the Committee who would together be looking after the working of this body and Sir represents the Pune region.

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n July 18 PUMBA campus was graced by one of the most eminent leaders of the Biotechnology Industry, Dr.S.V.Kapre, Executive Director, Serum Institute of India. He introduced the newly inducted students to the highly potential Vaccine Industry. Dr. Kapre talked on the transition of the Biotechnology Industry throughout the years. He emphasized on the role played by Indian companies in the global Vaccine industry and gave a brief introduction to the general process and financials of a Vaccine launch. Last but not the least, Dr. Kapre enlightened the fresh minds of 2009-11 Batch and encouraged them to excel in their future. An interactive session followed in which Dr. Kapre answered the queries by students.

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