The Life And Times Of Jesus The Messiah

The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah Alfred Edersheim 1883 This is an updated and corrected edition which includes all Hebrew and Greek references. Most browsers come with the capability to view Greek fonts but for you to be able to read Hebrew, you will need to upload and install an appropriate font. We recommend "sptiberian" which can be downloaded on the net free of charge. Within the text in brackets are many references to different sources. An explanation of the abbreviations used regarding material in the Talmud can be found in the file entitled "List of Abbreviations Used in Reference to Rabbinic Writings." References mainly starting with the abbreviation "Jos." (Ant.=Antiquities, Ag. Apion=Against Apion, etc.) refer to the "Works of Flavius Josephus" and his complete works are online at http://ccel.wheaton.edu/j/josephus/JOSEPHUS.HTM. The books of the Apocrypha (1&2 Maccabees, etc.) can be found at The Bible, KJV.

Table of Contents List of Abbreviations Used in Reference to Rabbinic Writings BOOK I THE PREPARATION FOR THE GOSPEL: THE JEWISH WORLD IN THE DAYS OF CHRIST

Book I, Chapter 1 The Jewish World in the Days of Christ The Jewish Dispersion in the East Book I, Chapter 2 The Jewish Dispersion in the West The Hellenists Origin of Hellenist Literature in the Greek Translation of the Bible Character of the Septuagint Book I, Chapter 3 The Old Faith Preparing for the New Development of Hellenist Theology: The Apocrypha, Aristeas, Aristobulus, and the Pseud-Epigraphic Writings

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Book I, Chapter 4 Philo of Alexandria, The Rabbis, and the Gospels The Final Development of Hellenism in its Relation to Rabbinism and the Gospel According to St. John Book I, Chapter 5 Alexandria and Rome The Jewish Communities in the Capitals of Western Civilisation Book I, Chapter 6 Political and Religious Life of the Jewish Dispersion in the West Their Union in the Great Hope of the Coming Deliverer Book I, Chapter 7 In Palestine Jews and Gentiles in 'The Land' Their Mutual Relations and Feelings 'The Wall of Separation' Book I, Chapter 8 Traditionalism, Its Origin, Character, and Literature The Mishnah and Talmud The Gospel of Christ The Dawn of a New Day

Book II FROM THE MANGER IN BETHLEHEM TO THE BAPTISM IN JORDAN Book II, Chapter 1 In Jerusalem When Herod Reigned Book II, Chapter 2 The Personal History of Herod The Two Worlds in Jerusalem Book II, Chapter 3 The Annunciation of St. John the Baptist (St. Luke 1:5-25) Book II, Chapter 4 The Annunciation of Jesus the Messiah, and The Birth of His Forerunner (St. Matthew 1; St. Luke 1:26-80) Book II, Chapter 5 What Messiah Did the Jews Expect?

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Book II, Chapter 6 The Nativity of Jesus the Messiah (St. Matthew 1:25; St. Luke 2:1-20) Book II, Chapter 7 The Purification of the Virgin and The Presentation in the Temple (St. Luke 2:21-38) Book II, Chapter 8 The Visit and Homage of the Magi, and The Flight into Egypt (St. Matthew 2:1-18) Book II, Chapter 9 The Child-Life in Nazareth (St. Matthew 2:19-23; St. Luke 2:39,40) Book II, Chapter 10 In the House of His Heavenly, and In the Home of His Earthly Father The Temple of Jerusalem The Retirement at Nazareth (St. Luke 2:41-52) Book II, Chapter 11 In the Fifteenth Year of Tiberius Caesar and Under the Pontificate of Annas and Caiaphas A Voice in the Wilderness (St. Matthew 3:1-12; St. Mark 1:2-8; St. Luke 3:1-18) Book II, Chapter 12 The Baptism of Jesus: Its Higher Meaning (St. Matthew 3:13-17; St. Mark 1:7-11; St. Luke 3:21-23; St. John 1:32-34)

Book III THE ASCENT: FROM THE RIVER JORDAN TO THE MOUNT OF TRANSFIGURATION Book III, Chapter 1 The Temptation of Jesus (St. Matthew 4:1-11; St. Mark 1:12,13; St. Luke 4:1-13) Book III, Chapter 2 The Deputation from Jerusalem The Three Sects of the Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes Examination of Their Distinctive Doctrines* (St. John 1:19-24) * This chapter contains, among other matter, a detailed and critical examination of the great Jewish Sects, such as was necessary in a work on 'The Times,' as well as 'The Life,' of Christ.

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Book III, Chapter 3 The Twofold Testimony of John The First Sabbath of Jesus' Ministry The First Sunday The First Disciples (St. John 1:15-51) Book III, Chapter 4 The Marriage Feast in Cana of Galilee, The Miracle that is 'A Sign' (St. John 2:1-12) Book III, Chapter 5 The Cleansing of the Temple 'The Sign' Which Is Not a Sign (St. John 2:13-25) Book III, Chapter 6 The Teacher Come from God and the Teacher from Jerusalem Jesus and Nicodemus (St. John 3:1-21) Book III, Chapter 7 In Judea and Through Samaria A Sketch of Samaritan History and Theology Jews and Samaritans (St. John 4:1-4) Book III, Chapter 8 Jesus at the Well of Sychar (St. John 4:1-42) Book III, Chapter 9 The Second Visit to Cana Cure of the 'Nobleman's' Son at Capernaum (St. Matthew 4:12; St. Mark 1:14; St. Luke 4:14,15; St. John 4:43-54) Book III, Chapter 10 The Synagogue at Nazareth Synagogue, Worship and Arrangements (St. Luke 4:16) Book III, Chapter 11 The First Galilean Ministry (St. Matthew 4:13-17; St. Mark 1:14,15; St. Luke 4:15-32) Book III, Chapter 12 At the 'Unknown' Feast in Jerusalem, and by the Pool of Bethesda (St. John 5)

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Book III, Chapter 13 By the Sea of Galilee The Final Call of the First Disciples, and the Miraculous Draught of Fishes (St. Matthew 4:18-22; St. Mark 1:16-20; St. Luke 5:1-11) Book III, Chapter 14 A Sabbath in Capernaum (St. Matthew 8:14-17; St. Mark 1:21-34; St. Luke 4:33-41) Book III, Chapter 15 Second Journey Through Galilee The Healing of the Leper (St. Matthew 4:23, 8:2-4; St. Mark 1:35-45; St. Luke 4:42-44, 5:12-16) Book III, Chapter 16 The Return to Capernaum Concerning the Forgiveness of Sins The Healing of the Paralysed (St. Matthew 9:1-8; St. Mark 2:1-12; St. Luke 5:17-26) Book III, Chapter 17 The Call of Matthew The Saviour's Welcome to Sinners Rabbinic Theology as Regards the Doctrine of Forgiveness in Contrast to the Gospel of Christ The Call of the Twelve Apostles (St. Matthew 9:9-13; St. Mark 2:13-17; St. Luke 5:27-32; St. Matthew 10:2-4; St. Mark 3:13-19; St. Luke 6:12-19) Book III, Chapter 18 The Sermon on the Mount The Kingdom of Christ and Rabbinic Teaching (St. Matthew 5-7) Book III, Chapter 19 The Return to Capernaum The Healing of the Centurion's Servant (St. Matthew 8:1,5-15; St. Mark 3:20,21; St. Luke 7:1-10) Book III, Chapter 20 The Raising of the Young Man of Nain The Meeting of Life and Death (St. Luke 7:11-17) Book III, Chapter 21 The Woman Which Was a Sinner (St. Luke 7:36-50) Book III, Chapter 22 The Ministry of Love, the Blasphemy of Hatred, and the Mistakes of Earthly Affection

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The Return to Capernaum Healing of the Demonised Dumb Pharisaic Charge Against Christ The Visit of Christ's Mother and Brethren (St. Luke 8:1-3; St. Matthew 9:32-35; St. Mark 3:22, &c.; St. Matthew 12:46-50 and parallels) Book III, Chapter 23 New Teaching 'In Parables' The Parables to the People by the Lake of Galilee, and Those to the Disciples in Capernaum (St. Matthew 13:1-52; St. Mark 4:1-34; St. Luke 8:4-18) Book III, Chapter 24 Christ Stills the Storm on the Lake of Galilee (St. Matthew 8:18,23-27; St. Mark 4:35-41; St. Luke 8:22-25) Book III, Chapter 25 At Gerasa The Healing of the Demonised (St. Matthew 8:28-34; St. Mark 5:1-20; St. Luke 8:26-39) Book III, Chapter 26 The Healing of the Woman Christ's Personal Appearance The Raising of Jairus' Daughter (St. Matthew 9:18-26; St. Mark 5:21-43; St. Luke 8:40-56) Book III, Chapter 27 Second Visit to Nazareth The Mission of the Twelve (St. Matthew 13:54-58, 10:1,5-42, 11:1; St. Mark 6:1-13; St. Luke 9:1-6) Book III, Chapter 28 The Story of the Baptist, From His Last Testimony to Jesus to His Beheading in Prison (1. St. John 3:25-30. 2. St. Matthew 9:14-17; St. Mark 2:18-22; St. Luke 5:33-39. 3. St. Matthew 11:2-14; St. Luke 7:18-35. 4. St. Matthew 14:1-12; St. Mark 6:14-29; St. Luke 9:7-9) Book III, Chapter 29 The Miraculous Feeding of the Five Thousand (St. Matthew 14:13-21; St. Mark 6:30-44; St. Luke 9:10-17; St. John 6:1-14) Book III, Chapter 30 The Night of Miracles on the Lake of Gennesaret (St. Matthew 14:22-36; St. Mark 6:45-56; St. John 6:15-21) Book III, Chapter 31 The Cavils of the Pharisees Concerning Purification, and the Teaching of the Lord

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Concerning Purity The Traditions Concerning 'Hand-Washing' and 'Vows' (St. Matthew 15:1-20; St. Mark 7:1-23) Book III, Chapter 32 The Great Crisis in Popular Feeling The Last Discourses in the Synagogue of Capernaum Christ the Bread of Life 'Will Ye Also Go Away?'* (St. John 6:22-71) * It is specially requested, that this chapter be read along with the text of Scripture.

Book III, Chapter 33 Jesus and the Syro-Phoenician Woman (St. Matthew 15:21-28; St. Mark 7:24-30) Book III, Chapter 34 A Group of Miracles Among a Semi-Heathen Population (St. Matthew 16:29-31; St. Mark 7:31-37; St. Luke 8:22-26; St. Matthew 11:27-31) Book III, Chapter 35 The Two Sabbath-Controversies The Plucking of the Ears of Corn by the Disciples, and the Healing of the Man with the Withered Hand (St. Matthew 12:1-21; St. Mark 2:23-3:6; St. Luke 6:1-11) Book III, Chapter 36 The Feeding of the Four Thousand To Dalmanutha 'The Sign From Heaven' Journey to Caesarea Philippi What is the Leaven of the Pharisees and Sadducees? (St. Matthew 15:32-16:12; St. Mark 8:1-21) Book III, Chapter 37 The Great Confession The Great Commission The Great Instruction The Great Temptation The Great Decision (St. Matthew 16:13-28; St. Mark 8:27-9:1; St. Luke 9:18-27)

Book IV THE DESCENT: FROM THE MOUNT OF TRANSFIGURATION INTO THE VALLEY OF HUMILIATION AND DEATH.

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Book IV, Chapter 1 The Transfiguration (St. Matthew 17:1-8; St. Mark 9:2-8; St. Luke 9:28-36) Book IV, Chapter 2 On the Morrow of the Transfiguration (St. Matthew 17:9-21; St. Mark 9:9-29; St. Luke 9:37-43) Book IV, Chapter 3 The Last Events in Galilee The Tribute-Money, the Dispute By the Way, the Forbidding of Him Who Could Not Follow with the Disciples, and the Consequent Teaching of Christ (St. Matthew 17:22-18:22; St. Mark 9:30-50; St. Luke 9:43-50) Book IV, Chapter 4 The Journey to Jerusalem Chronological Arrangement of the Last Part of the Gospel-Narratives First Incidents By the Way (St. John 7:1-16; St. Luke 9:1-56, 57-62; St. Matthew 8:19-22) Book IV, Chapter 5 Further Incidents of the Journey to Jerusalem The Mission and Return of the Seventy The Home at Bethany Martha and Mary (St. Luke 10:1-16; St. Matthew 9:36-38, 11:20-24; St. Luke 10:17-24; St. Matthew 11:25-30, 13:16; St. Luke 10:25,38-42) Book IV, Chapter 6 At the Feast of Tabernacles First Discourse in the Temple (St. John 7:11-36) Book IV, Chapter 7 'In the Last, the Great Day of the Feast' (St. John 7:37-8:11) Book IV, Chapter 8 Teaching in the Temple on the Octave of the Feast of Tabernacles (St. John 8:12-59) Book IV, Chapter 9 The Healing of the Man Born Blind (St. John 9) Book IV, Chapter 10 The 'Good Shepherd' and His 'One Flock' Last Discourse at the Feast of Tabernacles (St. John 10:1-21)

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Book IV, Chapter 11 The First Peraean Discourses To the Pharisees Concerning the Two Kingdoms Their Contest What Qualifies a Disciple for the Kingdom of God, and How Israel was Becoming Subject to that of Evil (St. Matthew 12:22-45; St. Luke 11:14-36) Book IV, Chapter 12 The Morning-Meal in the Pharisee's House Meals and Feasts Among the Jews Christ's Last Peraean Warning to Pharisaism (St. Luke 11:37-54) Book IV, Chapter 13 To the Disciples Two Events and Their Moral (St. Luke 12:1-13:17) Book IV, Chapter 14 At the Feast of the Dedication of the Temple (St. Luke 13:22; St. John 10:22-42) Book IV, Chapter 15 The Second Series of Parables The Two Parables of Him Who is Neighbour to Us: The First, Concerning the Love Which is Elicited by our Asking in our Need (St. Luke 10:25-37, 11:5-13) Book IV, Chapter 16 The Three Parables of Warning: To the Individual, To the Nation, and To the Theocracy The Foolish Rich Man The Barren Fig-tree The Great Supper (St. Luke 12:13-21, 13:6-9, 14:16-24) Book IV, Chapter 17 The Three Parables of the Gospel: Of the Recovery of the Lost Of the Lost Sheep, The Lost Drachm, The Lost Son (St. Luke 15) Book IV, Chapter 18 The Unjust Steward Dives and Lazarus Jewish Agricultural Notes Prices of Produce Writing and Legal Documents Purple and Fine Linen Jewish Notions of Hades (St. Luke 16)

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Book IV, Chapter 19 The Three Last Parables of the Peraean Series: The Unrighteous Judge The Self-Righteous Pharisee and the Publican The Unmerciful Servant (St. Luke 18:1-14; St. Matthew 18:23-35) Book IV, Chapter 20 Christ's Discourses in Peraea Close of the Peraean Ministry (St. Luke 13:23-30,31-35, 14:1-11,25-35, 17:1-10) Book IV, Chapter 21 The Death and the Raising of Lazarus The Question of Miracles and of this Miracle of Miracles Views of Negative Criticism on this History Jewish Burying-Rites and Sepulchres (St. John 11:1-54) Book IV, Chapter 22 On the Journey to Jerusalem Departure from Ephraim by way of Samaria and Galilee Healing of Ten Lepers Prophetic Discourse of the Coming Kingdom On Divorce: Jewish Views of It The Blessing to Little Children (St. Matthew 19:1,2; St. Mark 10:1; St. Luke 17:11; St. Luke 17:12-19; St. Matthew 19:3-12; St. Mark 10:2-12; St. Matthew 19:13-15; St. Mark 10:13-16; St. Luke 18:1517) Book IV, Chapter 23 The Last Incidents in Perea The Young Ruler Who Went Away Sorrowful To Leave All For Christ Prophecy of His Passion The Request of Salome, and of James and John (St. Matthew 19:16-22; St. Mark 10:17-22; St. Luke 18:18-23; St. Matthew 19:23-30; St. Mark 10:23-31; St. Luke 18:24-30; St. Matthew 20:17-19; St. Mark 10:32-34; St. Luke 18:31-34; St. Matthew 20:20-28; St. Mark 10:35-45) Book IV, Chapter 24 In Jericho and at Bethany Jericho A Guest with Zaccaeus The Healing of Blind Bartimaeus The Plot at Jerusalem At Bethany, and in the House of Simon the Leper (St. Luke 19:1-10; St. Matthew 20:29-34; St. Mark 10:46-52; St. Luke 18:35-43; St. John 11:55-12:1; St. Matthew 26:6-13; St. Mark 14:3-9; St. John 12:2-11)

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Book V THE CROSS AND THE CROWN Book V, Chapter 1 The First Day in Passion-Week Palm-Sunday The Royal Entry Into Jerusalem (St. Matthew 21:1-11; St. Mark 11:1-11; St. Luke 19:29-44; St. John 12:12-19) Book V, Chapter 2 The Second Day in Passion-Week The Barren Fig-Tree The Cleansing of the Temple The Hosanna of the Children (St. Matthew 12:12-22; St. Mark 11:15-26; St. Luke 19:45-48) Book V, Chapter 3 The Third Day in Passion-Week The Events of That Day The Question of Christ's Authority The Question of Tribute to Caesar The Widow's Farthing The Greeks Who Sought to See Jesus Summary and Retrospect of the Public Ministry of Christ (St. Matthew 21:23-27; St. Mark 11:27-33; St. Luke 20:1-8; St. Matthew 22:15-22; St. Mark 12:13-17; St. Luke 20:20-26; St. Matthew 22:41-46; St. Luke 21:1-4; St. John 12:20-50) Book V, Chapter 4 The Third Day in Passion-Week The Last Controversies and Discourses The Sadducees and the Resurrection The Scribe and the Great Commandment Question to the Pharisees About David's Son and Lord Final Warning to the People: The Eight 'Woes' Farewell (St. Matthew 22:23-33; St. Mark 12:18-27; St. Luke 20:27-39; St. Matthew 12:34-40; St. Mark 12:28-34; St. Matthew 22:41-46; St. Mark 12:35-40; St. Luke 20:40-47; St. Matthew 23) Book V, Chapter 5 The Third Day in Passion-Week The Last Series of Parables: To the Pharisees and to the People On the Way to Jerusalem: The Parable of the Labourers in the Vineyard In the Temple: The Parable of the 'No' and 'Yes' of the Two Sons The Parable of the Marriage of the King's Son and the Wedding Garment (St. Matthew 19:30, 20:16; St. Matthew 21:28-32; St. Matthew 12:33-46; St. Mark 12:1-12; St. Luke 20:9-19; St. Matthew 22:1-14)

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Book V, Chapter 6 The Evening of the Third Day in Passion-Week On the Mount of Olives: Discourses to the Disciples Concerning the Last Things (St. Matthew 24; St. Mark 13; St. Luke 21:5-38, 12:35-48) Book V, Chapter 7 Evening of the Third Day in Passion-Week On the Mount of Olives Last Parables: To the Disciples Concerning the Last Things The Parable of The Ten Virgins The Parable of the Talents Supplementary Parable of the Minas and the King's Reckoning with His Servants and His Rebellious Citizens (St. Matthew 25:1-13; St. Matthew 14-30; St. Luke 19:11-28) Book V, Chapter 8 The Fourth Day in Passion-Week Jesus in His Last Sabbatic Rest Before His Agony, and the Sanhedrists in Their Unrest The Betrayal Judas: His Character, Apostasy, and End (St. Matthew 26:1-5,14-16; St. Mark 14:1,2,10,11; St. Luke 22:1-6) Book V, Chapter 9 The Fifth Day in Passion-Week 'Make Ready the Passover!" (St. Matthew 26:17-19; St. Mark 14:12-16; St. Luke 22:7-13; St. John 13:1) Book V, Chapter 10 The Paschal Supper The Institution of the Lord's Supper (St. Matthew 26:17-19; St. Mark 14:12-16; St. Luke 22:7-13; St. John 13:1; St. Matthew 26:20; St. Mark 14:17; St. Luke 22:14-16; St. Luke 22:24-30; St. Luke 22:17,18; St. John 13:2-20; St. Matthew 26:21-24; St. Mark 14:18-21; St. Luke 22:2123; St. John 13:21-26; St. Matthew 26:25; St. John 13:26-38; St. Matthew 26:26-29; St. Mark 14:22-25; St. Luke 22:19,20) Book V, Chapter 11 The Last Discourses of Christ The Prayer of Consecration * (St. John 14-17) *As this chapter is really in the nature of a commentation on St. John xiv., xv., xvi., xvii., the reader is requested to peruse it with the Bible-text beside him. Without this it could scarcely be intelligently followed.

Book V, Chapter 12 Gethsemane (St. Matthew 26:30-56; St. Mark 14:26-52; St. Luke 22:31-53; St. John 18:1-11) Book V, Chapter 13 Thursday Night 12

Before Annas and Caiaphas Peter and Jesus (St. John 18:12-14; St. Matthew 26:57,58; St. Mark 14:53,54; St. Luke 22:54,55; St. John 18:24,15-18; St. John 18:19-23; St. Matthew 26:69,70; St. Mark 14:66-68; St. Luke 22:56,57; St. John 18:17,18; St. Matthew 26:71,72; St. Mark 14:69,70; St. Luke 22:58; St. John 18:25; St. Matthew 26:59-68; St. Mark 14:55-65; St. Luke 22:67-71,6365; St. Matthew 26:73-75; St. Mark 14:70-72; St. Luke 22:59-62; St. John 18:26,27) Book V, Chapter 14 The Morning of Good Friday (St. Matthew 27:1,2,11-14; St. Mark 15:1-5; St. Luke 23:1-5; St. John 18:28-38; St. Luke 23:6-12; St. Matthew 27:3-10; St. Matthew 27:15-18; St. Mark 15:6-10; St. Luke 23:13-17; St. John 18:39,40; St. Matthew 27:19; St. Matthew 27:20-31; St. Mark 15:1120; St. Luke 23:18-25; St. John 19:1-16) Book V, Chapter 15 'Crucified, Dead, and Buried' (St. Matthew 27:31-43: St. Mark 15:20-32(a); St. Luke 23:26-38; St. John 19:16-24; St. Matthew 28:44; St. Mark 15:32(b); St. Luke 23:39-43; St. John 19:25-27; St. Matthew 27:45-56; St. Mark 15:33-41; St. Luke 23:44-49; St. John 19:28-30; St. John 19:31-37; St. Matthew 27:57-61; St. Mark 15:42-47; St. Luke 23:50-56; St. John 19:38-42; St. Matthew 27:62-66) Book V, Chapter 16 On the Resurrection of Christ from the Dead Book V, Chapter 17 'On the Third Day He Rose Again from the Dead: He Ascended into Heaven' (St. Matthew 28:1-10; St. Mark 16:1-11; St. Luke 24:1-12; St. John 20:1-18; St. Matthew 28:11-15; St. Mark 16:12,13; St. Luke 24:13-35; 1 Cor. 15:5; St. Mark 16:14; St. Luke 24:36-43; St. John 20:19-25; St. John 20:26-29; St. Matthew 28:16; St. John 21:1-24; St. Matthew 28:17-20; St. Mark 16:15-28; 1 Cor. 15:6; St. Luke 24:44-53; St. Mark 16:19,20; Acts 1:3-12)

Appendices 1. Pseudepigraphic Writings 2. Philo of Alexandria and Rabbinic Theology 3. Rabbinic Views as to the Lawfulness of Images, Pictorial Representations on Coins, etc. 4. An Abstract of Jewish History from the Reign of Alexander the Great to the Ascension of Herod 5. Rabbinic Theology and Literature 6. Pereq. 1 - Months - Governors, etc. 13

7. On the Date of the Nativity of Our Lord 8. Rabbinic Traditions about Elijah the Forerunner of Messiah 9. List of Old Testament Passages Messianically Applied in Ancient Rabbinic Writings 10. On the Supposed Temple-Synagogue 11. On the Prophecy, Isaiah 40:3 12. The Baptism of Proselytes 13. Jewish Angelology and Demonology. The Fall of the Angels 14. The Law in Messianic Times 15. Location of Sychar, and the Date of Our Lord's Visit to Samaria 16. On the Jewish Views about 'Demons' and 'The Demonised,' Together with some Notes on the Intercourse Between Jews and Jewish Christians in the First Centuries 17. The Ordinances and Law of the Sabbath as Laid Down in the Mishnah and the Jerusalem Talmud 18. Haggadah About Simeon Kepha (Legend of Simon Peter) 19. On Eternal Punishment, According to the Rabbis and the New Testament

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This electronic version of this work was made in part from copies available in the public domain. Any questions or suggestions should be addressed to [email protected] The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah by Alfred Edersheim Philologos Edition: Apr1301 "... freely ye have received, freely give." (Mat 10:8)

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