The Digestive & Urinary System

~The Digestive System~ The Three Primary Functions – 1) Digestion of food. 2) Absorption of nutrients. 3) Elimination of waste. Primary Organ Groups – 1) Mouth or oral cavity – a) Breakdown of food begins with chewing (mastication). b) Mass of chewed food (bolus). 2) Pharynx – a) Epiglottis prevents food from entering trachea. 3) Esophagus – a) Transports food from mouth to stomach. b) Food moves into stomach by peristalsis (movement of food). 4) Stomach – a) Saclike structure that holds food while digestion continues. b) Chyme is a semi-fluid mass of partially digested. 5) Small intestine – a) Divides into three parts – duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. b) Absorption of most nutrients takes place in small intestine. 6) Large intestine – a) Division include: 1. Cecum. 2. Ascending colon.

3. 4. 5. 6.

Transverse colon. Descending colon. Sigmoid colon. Rectum.

7) Anal Canal Supporting Structures – 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

Teeth. Salivary glands. Liver. Gallbladder. Pancreas. Vermiform appendix.

Digestion – 1) Physical – a) Chewing. b) Grinding in stomach. 2) Chemical – a) Saliva. b) Enzymes in the stomach and small intestine. Metabolism – 1) Processing of nutrients within cells throughout body to produce energy. The Endocrine System – 1) Hormone help regulate metabolism of nutrients for growth and development. 2) Insulin and glucagon control sugar metabolism. 3) GI system provides nutrients to maintain endocrine glands. Diseases and Disorders – 1) Anorexia: eating disorder characterized by a pathological fear of weight gain and distorted body image. 2) Appendicitis: Inflammation of the appendix. 3) Ascites: Accumulation of fluid in abdominal cavity.

4) Bulimia: Eating disorder characterized by a cycle of extreme overeating. 5) Cholecystitis: Inflammation of gallbladder. 6) Cholelithiasis: Presences of gallstones. 7) Cirrohosis: Inflammation of liver. 8) Cleft lip: Congenital defect upper lip does not fuse together properly during embryonic development. 9) Cleft palate: Congenital fissure of palate. Resulting from incomplete fusion during embryonic development. 10) Colitis: Inflammation of colon. 11) Crohn’s disease: Autoimmune disorder involves chronic irritation and ulceration of ileum and/or colon. 12) Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver. 13) Ulcer: Open lesion in lining of digestive tract.

~The Urinary System~ The Three Primary Functions – 1) Regulation – regulates chemical composition of body fluids. 2) Filtration – filters blood to remove waste. 3) Elimination – eliminates waste and excess water from the body. Primary Structures – 1) 2) 3) 4)

Kidneys (2) Ureters (2) Bladder Urethra

The Organs – 1) Kidneys (2) – a) Nephron – functional unit of the kidney. 2) Ureters (2) – a) Narrow tubes about 10-12 inches long. b) Carry urine from kidneys to bladder. 3) Bladder – a) Serves as a reservoir for urine. 4) Urethra – a) Tube that extends from bladder to outside of body. The Nervous System – 1) Controls urine production and micturition. Diseases and Disorders – 1) Cystocele: Herniation of urinary bladder into vaginal wall. 2) Renal Calculi: Kidney failure. 3) Renal failure: Occurs when kidney is unable to filter blood and form urine.