The Civil War.docx

THE CIVIL WAR The Civil War The Civil War was waged because 11 southern states seceded (broke away and started their own government) from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. The secession took place primarily because of a long-standing debate concerning states rights, and more specifically the issue of slavery. As new territories became states, opponents of slavery and advocates of slavery often clashed over whether or not that state should allow slavery. After violence broke out in Kansas over the issue, and after Kansas entered the Union as a free state, southerners began to believe that the new president, Abraham Lincoln would take away their rights to make local decisions and would abolish slavery. Henceforth, Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas and Arkansas broke away from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. Richmond, Virginia was made its capital and Jefferson Davis was made president. Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware and Missouri were divided on the issue and were declared "border states". Congress, in an effort to preserve the United States, declared war on the Confederate States of America on April 14, 1861. The first shots of the Civil War were fired April 12, 1861 at Fort Sumter, South Carolina. Although there we no deaths reported that day, the shots at Fort Sumter signified the start of a long, bloody war that would become the most deadly in the history of the United States. Many major battles such as Bull Run I and II, Antietam and Shiloh, among others, claimed tens of thousands of lives on both sides in 1861 and 1862. Neither the Union nor the Confederacy had the upper hand. The turning point in the war, however, occurred on July 1, 1863, when Confederate and Union armies met at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The battle that ensued was one of the bloodiest battles in American history. Eventually, Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia was driven away from Pennsylvania by Union general George Meade and his Army of the Potomac. The battle did much to cripple the Confederate army. Meanwhile, in the western battlegrounds, Union forces under Ulysses S. Grant had gained control of the Mississippi River and port of New Orleans which effectively split the Confederacy in two. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia was further decimated after Ulysses S. Grant was made commander of the Union Army. Grant waged dozens of surprise attacks against Lee's army in the wilderness of Virginia in 1864. Although the battles resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of soldiers on the Union side, the Confederate Army was at the brink of collapse. Meanwhile, Union general William T. Sherman marched through Georgia and the Carolinas, destroying everything in his path. The march came to be known as "Sherman's March to the Sea". Finally, after Union forces had invaded the Confederate capital of Richmond, the Confederate states surrendered on April 9, 1865, at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia. The Union was preserved.

2) Which of the following best describes why 6) Which of the following is not true? 11 southern states seceded from the Union? A.The Gettysburg was the turning point of A. Because the government wanted the the Civil War states to make important decisions B. Robert E Lee's Army of the Potomac was concerning slavery forced out of Pennsylvania by General B. Because the southern states wanted the George Meade and the Army of Northern government to make important decisions Virginia concerning slavery C. After Ulysses S Grant was made C. Because the southern states did not want commander of the Union army, he staged the government to make important a series of attacks in Georgia that decisions for them concerning slavery decimated Lee's army D. Because the government did not want to D. William T Sherman and his army destroyed make important decisions for the southern much of Georgia states concerning slavery 1.What does secede mean? 7) After which event(s) did the Confederate States of America surrender? A To break away from B To join A Gettysburg C To accomplish D B The invasion of Richmond To lose C Sherman's March to the Sea D The Wilderness attacks 3) Which of the following is true? 8) What happened first? A. Congress declared war before the first shots were fired at Fort Sumter B. The first shots fired at Fort Sumter occurred after Congress declared war C. Congress declared war after the first shots were fired at Fort Sumter D. Abraham Lincoln was president of the Confederacy 4) Which of the following was NOT a state that seceded from the Union? A Virginia C Alabama

B Maryland D Florida

5) What was the turning point of the Civil War? A Antietam B Shiloh C Gettysburg D Appomattox Courthouse

A The invasion of Richmond B The surrender of the Confederacy C The Battle of Gettysburg D Sherman's March to the Sea

9) What was President Lincoln's main goal during the war? A To make the southern states submit to the will of the north B To destroy Georgia C To invade Richmond D To preserve the Union 10) What general was responsible for the retreat of General Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia at the Battle of Gettysburg? A. Ulysses S Grant B. William T Sherman C.George Meade D. Jefferson Davis

BLACK FRIDAY

The day after Thanksgiving is the start of the holiday shopping season. Thanksgiving is always on a Thursday, so the day after is a Friday. This day has come to be known as Black Friday. It has been the busiest shopping day of the year since 2005.

So where does the name "Black Friday" come from? It was first used in Philadelphia in the 1950s. The police called this day Black Friday because of the heavy traffic it drew. In the 1960s, stores tried to rename the day "Big Friday." It did not stick. The name Most stores offer great deals on Black "Black Friday" continued to spread Friday. They open their doors in the across the country. It seems that it is wee hours of the morning. They try to here to stay. attract shoppers with big discounts. Some items like TVs are much cheaper Now people all over the country take than usual. Stores may even lose part in the event known as Black money on these items. They hope that Friday. It is even spreading to other shoppers will buy gifts for other parts of the world. Stores have held people while they are in the store. Black Friday events in the U.K., Australia, and Brazil since 2012. In Black Friday is a great time to get Costa Rica Black Friday is known as good deals. The problem is that there "Viernes Negro." And in Mexico, stores are not enough low-priced items to go offer an annual weekend of discounts. around. Each store may only have a They call it "El Buen Fin," which few. These items are in high demand. means "the good weekend" in Spanish. People stand in long lines to get such I guess the language of savings is great deals. They may line up hours universal. before a store opens. They may be hoping to get a low price on a TV or laptop, but not everyone who wants one will get one. Some people leave disappointed. The situation can be tense. Some Black Friday events have been violent. Large, eager crowds have trampled workers. Fights have broken out over toys or people cutting in line. People have shot one another over parking spots. But most Black Friday events are safe and fun. Still, if you plan on going, expect large crowds and a bit of shoving.

1. According to the text, why do stores set prices so low on some items that they lose money? a. They want people to enjoy the holidays. b. They hope people will buy other gifts while they are in the store. c. They are in a giving mood because the holiday season is just beginning. d. They are trying to get rid of old items from last year to make room for new items.

2. Which is not true about Black Friday? a. Black Friday is always the day after Thanksgiving. b. Black Friday is the busiest shopping day of the year. c. Black Friday is a national holiday. d. Black Friday is the start of the holiday shopping season.

3. Where does the name Black Friday come from? a. The police called this day Black Friday because there is a lot of traffic. b. The stores called this day Black Friday because it is a serious shopping day. c. The police called this day Black Friday to remember the victims of violence. d. The stores called this day Black Friday because they make a lot of money.

4. Which best explains the main idea of the third paragraph? a. People stand in long lines on Black Friday. b. Black Friday is the best time of the year to get good deals. c. Black Friday is a really disappointing time of the year. d. Black Friday deals are limited and not everyone will get one.

5. Which country does not participate in Black Friday? a. France b. Costa Rica c. Brazil d. United Kingdom

6. Which happened first? a. Stores tried to rename the day after Thanksgiving "Big Friday." b. Black Friday events began happening in Australia. c. Police began calling the day after Thanksgiving "Black Friday." d. Black Friday became the busiest shopping day of the year.

7. Which title best expresses the author's purpose in writing this text? a. Black Friday: Stories from the Parking Lot b. Black Friday: Why You Should Go This Year c. Black Friday: The Stuff That You Should Know d. Black Friday: How to Save Money on the Big Day

8. Which best describes the overall structure of the fifth paragraph? a. chronological order b. problem and solution c. compare and contrast d. order of importance

9. Which was not cited as one of the downsides of Black Friday? a. Stores run out of high demand items quickly. b. Nobody really saves any money on Black Friday. c. There are large crowds and lots of shoving. d. Sometimes violence occurs at Black Friday events.

10. Which best explains why Costa Ricans call Black Friday "Viernes Negro"? a. Costa Rican stores don't want the shopping day associated with American violence. b. Viernes Negro sounds more exotic and exciting than Black Friday. c. Costa Ricans want to establish their own shopping tradition. d. This is how you say "Black Friday" in Spanish, the language of Costa Rica.

Hummingbirds Hummingbirds are amazing little birds. They are the smallest of all birds and weigh less than even a penny. The Bee Hummingbird, at barely more than two inches long, is the smallest bird in the world! Unlike most birds, hummingbirds have iridescent feathers. Iridescent feathers glitter and shine in the sun. Hummingbirds are often dazzling combinations of greens and reds or greens and blues. Others are violet, orange, golden, silver or other combinations only Mother Nature could dream up. All hummingbirds have long bills to insert into flowers. Some hummingbirds have special bills to fit in specific flowers. Hummingbirds are the only birds that can fly backwards. Hummingbirds are also unique among bird species in that they drink nectar from flowers. You can attract hummingbirds to your yard with special feeders that are filled with sugar water. These feeders are usually bright red in color because hummingbirds are attracted to red.

1.What color are most hummingbird feeders? A.

White

b.Green

c.Golden

d. red

2. To attract hummingbirds to your yard, put up feeders with _____ in them. A.

Flowers

b. berries

c. seeds

d.sugar water

3. Compared to other birds, hummingbirds are _________. a.Larger

b. heavier

c.lighter

d. about the same size

4. Hummingbirds are the only birds that ____________. a.are small

b. can fly backwards

c. will come to bird feeders

5.Hummingbirds eat ___________. a. flower nectar b. insects

c. the story doesn't say d. berries

d. are green

Doughnuts Fried dough has been made all around the world. Dutch settlers who brought apple and cream pies, cookies and cobbler to the New World also introduced doughnuts. Their doughnuts were called olykoeks, or oily cakes – sweet dough balls fried in pork fat. Early doughnuts were often filled with apples, prunes or raisins. The name “doughnut” may refer to the nuts put in the middle of the dough ball to prevent an uncooked center or possibly to “dough knots” – another popular shape for the olykoeks. Today, “doughnut” and “donut” are used interchangeably. There are three stories about why doughnuts have holes in the center. In 1847, Elizabeth Gregory was known for making a very fine olykoek with a hint of nutmeg and a filling of hazelnuts or walnuts. Her son, Hanson Crockett Gregory was a 16 year-old sailor who invented the doughnut hole. One story says that on June 22, 1847, Captain Gregory’s ship hit a sudden storm. He impaled the doughnut as a spoke on the steering wheel to keep his hands free. The spoke drove a hole through the raw center of the doughnut. Captain Gregory liked the doughnuts better that way, and the doughnut hole was born. In the second story, he didn't like nuts, so he poked them out and ordered the ship's cook to remove the centers from doughnuts. The third version comes from an interview with the Captain Gregory in the Washington Post. Gregory didn't like the greasiness of doughnuts twisted into various shapes, or the raw center of regular doughnuts. He suddenly had the idea to punch a hole with the ship's tin pepper box. When he got home, he taught this new doughnut trick to his mother. Making a hole increased the surface area exposed to the hot oil and eliminated the uncooked center. Here's part of the interview with 85 year-old Captain Gregory: "Now in them days we used to cut the doughnuts into diamond shapes, and also into long strips, bent in half, and then twisted. I don't think we called them doughnuts then--they was just 'fried cakes' and 'twisters.' "Well, sir, they used to fry all right around the edges, but when you had the edges done the insides was all raw dough. And the twisters used to sop up all the grease just where they bent, and they were tough on the digestion." "Well, I says to myself, 'Why wouldn't a space inside solve the difficulty?' I thought at first I'd take one of the strips and roll it around, then I got an inspiration, a great inspiration. I took the cover off the ship's tin pepper box, and--I cut into the middle of that doughnut the first hole ever seen by mortal eyes!" “Well, sir, them doughnuts was the finest I ever tasted. No more indigestion--no more greasy sinkers--but just well-done, fried-through doughnuts.”

1.Which of the following items was not introduced by the Dutch? a. ice cream

b. cream pies

c. cobbler

d. cookies

2. What inspired Captain Gregory? A. The idea of cutting a hole into the center of the doughnut. B. The idea that he could put filling in the doughnut C. The idea of starting a bakery D. He wanted to think of a new name for doughnuts.

3. Which of the following is definitely TRUE about doughnut holes? A. B. C. D.

The doughnut hole was invented to make it taste better. The doughnut hole was invented inside a pepper box. The doughnut hole was invented as a result of a bad storm at sea. The doughnut hole was invented by a sailor.

4. Why do you think the Washington Post interviewed Captain Gregory? A. B. C. D.

They were interested in why doughnuts were so greasy. They wanted to know the places he had sailed to. They wanted to know how the doughnut hole came into being. They believed someone else invented the doughnut hole.

5. Captain Gregory... A. B. C. D.

invented the doughnut brought the donut to America improved the doughnut added filling to the doughnut

6. What could be a title for this passage? A. B. C. D.

The First Bakery Donuts Around the World Nicknames for Donuts How the Donut Changed Over Time

7. The first doughnuts brought to America by the Dutch were.... a. sour

b. bitter

c. yellow

d. oily

8. What does the word "introduced" mean in the following sentence? Fried dough has been made all around the world. Dutch settlers who brought apple and cream pies, cookies and cobbler to the New World also introduced doughnuts. A. c.

brought to a new place discovered

b. made d. fought

9.Doughnuts were originally made with nuts in the center to.. a.make the doughnuts less oily b. make sure the center was fully cooked c. make the doughnuts taste less doughy d. make the doughnuts easier to fry 10. Which of the following was NOT a nickname for doughnuts as described by Captain Gregory? a. greasy sinkers

b.twisters

c. olykoeks

d.fried cakes