The Body Of Terrorism Powerpoints 14
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The Structure and Study of Domestic Terrorism Chapter 14 Prepared by: Babette Protz
Examining the History of Domestic Terrorism
Gurr argues that terrorism is a tactic used by the weak to intimidate the strong and in turn used by the strong to repress the weak Terrorism in the 19th century was primarily aimed at protecting the status quo and economic environment Labor movement of the late 19th century was filled with violence Frontier had its own form of violence
Settlers developed their own brand of justice
Character of domestic terrorism began to change in the 1960s
Rooted in radical politics, nationalism, and the international community’s experience with terrorism Domestic terrorism defined as a radical phenomenon
Examining the History of Domestic Terrorism
Bell & Gurr – Political revolutionary groups and nationalistic groups in the U.S. took their ideas from terrorists in the Middle East and Asia U.S. terrorist groups did not have the same impact as their foreign counterparts
American public rejected the violence of revolutionary groups Popularity never fully achieved Ended up as small bands of social misfits with little effect on the political system
Examining the History of Domestic Terrorism
According to Bell & Gurr – Two caveats with their conclusion
U.S. has avoided significant domestic terrorism Nationalistic terrorists from Puerto Rico were more successful than revolutionaries at launching terrorist campaigns
Indigenous support
Gurr outlines three types of terrorism
Vigilante terrorism Insurgent terrorism Transnational terrorism
Examining the History of Domestic Terrorism
Vigilante Terrorism – growth of right-wing extremists
Insurgent Terrorism – aims to change political policies through direct threats or action against the government
Ku Klux Klan, Christian Identity movement, and other white supremacy organizations
Black militants, white revolutionaries, Puerto Rican nationalists
Transnational Terrorism – non-indigenous terrorists cross national borders
Jihadist movement inside the U.S.
Problem of Understanding Terrorism in Law Enforcement
American law enforcement is a localized affair Chiefs and sheriffs report to local boards State and federal agencies exercise law enforcement power
Leads to confusion in preparing for terrorism
Agencies approach terrorism with their own interpretations Terrorism does not exist in most jurisdictions
Police officers in the U.S. remain focused on local issues Terrorism is too exotic for most agencies
Classifying Terrorism as Normal Crime
FBI labels the majority of domestic terrorist activities under the common titles of crime in the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
FBI became the only agency coordinating thousands of U.S. police departments in a counterterrorist direction
Dyson reports nearly 300 terrorist incidents in the U.S. between September 11, 2001 and December 2004
Greater number of bombings in the U.S. deals with individual criminal vendettas and singleissue terrorism
Confusing Hate Crime and Terrorism
Hate crime is frequently used in conjunction with domestic terrorism
Legal definition, not a manifestation of terrorism
Hamm – hate crime is an illegal act designed to target a particular social group
Classifying Terrorism in Criminal Justice
A beat police officer is generally the first responder to domestic terrorism Investigation techniques used in large, sensationalized terrorist incidents are the same as those used to investigate routine crime Counterterrorism depends on the fundamentals
Good investigative skills Good interviewing techniques Understanding the context of the crimes investigated Terrorist behave differently, calling for increased intelligence, long term surveillance and informant development
FBI Classification System
FBI developed a general classification system of domestic terrorism in the 1980s Harris – summarized the FBI view
White leftists Puerto Rican leftists Black militants Right-wing extremists Jewish extremists
Types of groups defined by location
FBI Classification System
Two categories cover the classification system and provide format for guiding investigations Domestic Terrorism (DT)
Political extremism involves violent left and right-wing extremists Single issues include violent activities associated with debates over abortion, ecoterrorism, genetic engineering Lone wolves included in DT when actions are politically motivated
International Terrorism (IT)
Composed of three subsets
State-sponsored terrorism Clearly defined autonomous groups Jihadists
Using the Classification System
Smith & Roberts – place terrorist groups into three broad categories
Right-wing extremists Left-wing and single-issue terrorists International terrorists
Factor separating the average criminal from the average terrorist is motivation Terrorists remain criminals
Motivated by ideology, religion, or a political cause Engage in activities avoided by most criminals
Using the Classification System
As the government was improving its counterterrorist tactics in 1985, U.S. terrorism grew to a high level Left-wing extremists remained a viable entity Left-wing extremists were typically more loyal to their causes than were their right-wing counterparts
Terrorist Characteristics
U.S. terrorists differ from their international counterparts
Native-born U.S. terrorists tend to be older than international terrorists Foreign operatives working in the U.S. are also older
With the exceptions of financing themselves, left and right-wing terrorists are quite different
Left and Right-Wing Terrorists
Ideology and beliefs about human nature
Economic views
Left-wing base themselves in urban environments Right-wing base themselves in rural areas
Selection of targets
Left-wing target economic status quo Right-wing support economic system
Geographic bases of support
Left-wing favor Marxism Right-wing terrorists are vehemently anti-Marxist and very religious
Left-wing select symbolic targets of capitalism Right-wing focus attacks on governmental authority
Tactics
Both groups use similar terrorist tactics
Left-Wing Terrorists
Left-wing terrorists have remained the same from the 1960s to the present Left-wing groups tended to act in a coordinated fashion Evidence indicated they were linked internally U.S. left-wing terrorist groups include:
May 19 Communist Organization (M19CO) United Freedom Front (UFF) Evan Mecham Eco-Terrorist International Conspiracy (EMETIC) Animal Liberation Front
American Terrorism Study
Found common behavioral characteristics surrounding terrorist events Several domestic extremists advocated the use of leaderless resistance
Incorporated in umbrella organizations such as Hezbollah, Egyptian Islamic Jihad
Purpose of leaderless resistance is to fight independent of other groups
American Terrorism Study
Damphousse & Smith – three measurable ideas
If groups are truly leaderless, groups should be smaller
Federal criminal cases should indicate that the number of defendants per terrorist case declined
If individuals are truly alone, they should be committing more crimes as they can only rely on themselves If criminals are more committed, they should be less likely to cooperate with the government
American Terrorism Study
Damphousse & Smith – found evidence that may indicate leaderless resistance has affected terrorist activity
Size of domestic terrorist groups has been decreasing since 1992
May also indicate that the federal government is prosecuting cases differently
Terrorists are committing more crimes Found less plea bargaining among suspects
May be due to either a change in federal plea bargaining; or Lone wolves cannot make deals because they do no have fellow criminals they can testify against
American Terrorism Study
48% of domestic terrorist attacks occur within 54 miles of a suspect’s residence
Cells operate for an average of 470 days prior to an incident
Domestic terrorists tend to operate close to their home base Most domestic terrorists are also recruited close to home
This provides a key for counterterrorist investigations
When a group prepares for an attack, they commit about four crimes prior to the attack 3 – 4 months before the actual attack
If law enforcement is aware of the types of crimes terrorists commit – they are in a better position to stop an attack
Jihadists in America
Jihadists appeared in the U.S. prior to the 9-11 attack and remain active today Two types of Jihadist terrorist groups Interaction of the two may create a third group
First group is composed of international Jihadists who have come to the U.S. to launch an attack or engage in criminal activities to support Jihadist terrorism Second style is homegrown Jihadist group
Americans who adopt the Jihadist philosophy
Third group is appearing – a hybrid combination of homegrown and foreign terrorists
International Jihadists
Emerson – reports research supporting the existence of a Jihadist terrorist organization in the U.S.
Emerson’s research group, Investigative Project, has gathered an array of reports
Many of the reports point to a Jihadist network inside U.S. borders Homegrown Jihadists are appearing in the U.S.
Critics of Emerson argue that
He is sloppy with facts He arrives at incorrect conclusions after major terrorist incidents He is Islamophobic
Homegrown Jihadists
Wahhabi missionaries covertly preach religious militancy in America’s prisons Homegrown Jihadists appear in different areas Groups with limited understanding of Islam or the Jihadist movement may become the greatest domestic threat
Self-recruited, self-motivated, and self-trained Only direct contact with the Jihadists is through the Internet
Homegrown Jihadists
Homegrown terrorists are produced in various ways
Born in the U.S. Immigrate and find themselves alone
Gravitate to the Jihad to find a purpose in life
Others leave the U.S. to join Jihadists overseas
Hybrid form
U.S. citizens recruited to train overseas Normative U.S. Muslims radicalized in their mosques Muslims radicalized in foreign countries and return to the U.S.
Nationalist Separatism: Puerto Rico
A number of revolutionary organizations in Puerto Rico embraced the nationalist terrorist campaign Puerto Rican terrorists have engaged in terrorist activities on U.S. soil since the 1950s
Planned assassination of President Harry Truman Shooting at members of Congress in the House of Representatives
In 1998 the House of Representatives asked for a binding vote to determine Puerto Rico’s status
46% of Puerto Rican voters wanted statehood 3% wanted independence 50% do not want to accept statehood, commonwealth status or independence
They did not say what they wanted
Right-Wing Violence
In the U.S. right-wing extremism has been around since the 1700s
Anti-federal attitudes were common in the early 1800s
Whiskey Rebellion
Anti-Catholic, anti-Irish, and anti-immigrant
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
Operated in three phases
Terrorizing African Americans 1920s sought political legitimacy Collapsed in the wake of a criminal scandal
Present day is dominated by hate filled rhetoric
Development of modern KKK parallels growth of rightwing extremism from 1930s to present
Christian Identity
Blend of Jewish and Christian biblical passages Based on premise God was white Identity theology is based on conflict and hate Christian Identity helped provide basis for violence among the extremists
Provided new twist to extremist movement Demonize Jews
White people originated with God Jews came from the devil
Contemporary Right-Wing Behavior, Belief, and Tactics
Right-wing extremism came to fruition around 1984 and has remained active since that time Issues holding the movement together
Right-wing tends to follow one of the extremist religions
The movement is dominated by belief in conspiracy and conspiracy theories
The Name of God is usually invoked
Followers feel they are losing economic status because of sinister forces
Followers continue to embrace patriotism and guns
They want to arm themselves for a holy war
Contemporary Right-Wing Behavior, Belief, and Tactics
Stern – Three issues rejuvenated the extremist right
Religious messages changed in the 1990s
The Brady Bill Ruby Ridge standoff Branch Davidian siege Patriotism and anti-Semitism as strong as the Christian Identity message
Movement mutated after 9-11
Following the pattern of international terrorist groups members of right-wing groups organized chains or hubs Small groups operating autonomously engaging in more individual violence
Right-Wing Conspiracies, Militias, and the Call to Arms
1990s Nordic Christianity took root in Michigan, Wisconsin, Montana, and Idaho
Creatorism rejects Judaism and Christianity
Claim to worship the Triune Christian Deity Claim the Creator left each race to fend for itself Call for a racial holy war (RAHOWA)
Free-Wheeling Fundamentalists include in its ranks a majority of right-wing extremists
Federal and local governments are the enemy God will assist them in their confrontation of evil
Right-Wing Conspiracies, Militias, and the Call to Arms
Militias thrive on conspiracy theories
Believe the U.S. government is leading the country into a single world government
Militias are generally issue oriented
New World Order Groups gather around taxes, abortion, gun control, and/or Christian Identity
Militias are almost always religious
Rely on violent passages of Christian scripture as justification Many militia members unable to cope with changes in the modern world are frustrated
May be extremists, but not necessarily terrorists
Right-Wing Conspiracies, Militias, and the Call to Arms
Paramilitary groups consist of armed civilian militias organized into a military manner
Operate on different levels
Paramilitary groups come in a variety of shapes and sizes
Freemen of Montana
Most of their action is rhetorical
Third Position tried to unite left-wing radicals and right-wing reactionaries
Both share hatred of government and large corporations as well as distrust of the media
Turner Diaries
Decline of the Left and Rise of Single Issues
Left-wing terrorist groups dominated terrorism in the U.S. from 1967-1985
Intellectual elites controlled the movement
Riley & Hoffman – left-wing groups engaged in symbolic violence Lost its base when student activism began to disappear from American academic life
Government actions, improved police tactics, and lack of tolerations for violent activities may have contributed to the decline of leftwing terrorism in the U.S. and Europe
Decline of the Left and Rise of Single Issues
Left-wing terrorism transformed
Ecological and animal-rights extremists have united
Earth Liberation Front (ELF)
Variety of names Myriad of extremist causes Focus on particular causes Individual harassment and property destruction Monkey Wrench Gang
Ecoterrorists
From 1995-1999, damages totaled $28.8M Destruction of animal research laboratories, sabotage against industrial equipment, raids against farms Ecology as surrogate religion Positions are contradictory
Black Hebrew Israelism
Black Hebrew Israelism is an African American version of Christian Identity Claims that black Africans were the original Israelites
Hulon Mitchell, Jr.
Nation of Yahweh Demonized whites, called for their destruction Beheaded members who tried to leave
FBI indicated that it has the potential to become a violent group
Critics argue that the FBI overreacted to a set of beliefs Others argue the FBI has identified dangerous violent religious trends
Anti-Abortion
Abortion is a heated topic Most pro-lifers denounce violence as contradictory to their beliefs Violent pro-lifers justify their actions in the same manner as other political extremists
Nice – abortion clinic bombings are related to several social factors
Manual of the Army of God
Most occurred in expanding areas of population (urban areas) Abortion bombers feel compelled to act by social and political circumstances Individuals who kill abortion doctors felt murders were necessary to make a political statement
Abortion debate represents a political issue with positions identified by militant extremes
Perfect example of terrorism
Examining the History of Domestic Terrorism
Gurr argues that terrorism is a tactic used by the weak to intimidate the strong and in turn used by the strong to repress the weak Terrorism in the 19th century was primarily aimed at protecting the status quo and economic environment Labor movement of the late 19th century was filled with violence Frontier had its own form of violence
Settlers developed their own brand of justice
Character of domestic terrorism began to change in the 1960s
Rooted in radical politics, nationalism, and the international community’s experience with terrorism Domestic terrorism defined as a radical phenomenon
Examining the History of Domestic Terrorism
Bell & Gurr – Political revolutionary groups and nationalistic groups in the U.S. took their ideas from terrorists in the Middle East and Asia U.S. terrorist groups did not have the same impact as their foreign counterparts
American public rejected the violence of revolutionary groups Popularity never fully achieved Ended up as small bands of social misfits with little effect on the political system
Examining the History of Domestic Terrorism
According to Bell & Gurr – Two caveats with their conclusion
U.S. has avoided significant domestic terrorism Nationalistic terrorists from Puerto Rico were more successful than revolutionaries at launching terrorist campaigns
Indigenous support
Gurr outlines three types of terrorism
Vigilante terrorism Insurgent terrorism Transnational terrorism
Examining the History of Domestic Terrorism
Vigilante Terrorism – growth of right-wing extremists
Insurgent Terrorism – aims to change political policies through direct threats or action against the government
Ku Klux Klan, Christian Identity movement, and other white supremacy organizations
Black militants, white revolutionaries, Puerto Rican nationalists
Transnational Terrorism – non-indigenous terrorists cross national borders
Jihadist movement inside the U.S.
Problem of Understanding Terrorism in Law Enforcement
American law enforcement is a localized affair Chiefs and sheriffs report to local boards State and federal agencies exercise law enforcement power
Leads to confusion in preparing for terrorism
Agencies approach terrorism with their own interpretations Terrorism does not exist in most jurisdictions
Police officers in the U.S. remain focused on local issues Terrorism is too exotic for most agencies
Classifying Terrorism as Normal Crime
FBI labels the majority of domestic terrorist activities under the common titles of crime in the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
FBI became the only agency coordinating thousands of U.S. police departments in a counterterrorist direction
Dyson reports nearly 300 terrorist incidents in the U.S. between September 11, 2001 and December 2004
Greater number of bombings in the U.S. deals with individual criminal vendettas and singleissue terrorism
Confusing Hate Crime and Terrorism
Hate crime is frequently used in conjunction with domestic terrorism
Legal definition, not a manifestation of terrorism
Hamm – hate crime is an illegal act designed to target a particular social group
Classifying Terrorism in Criminal Justice
A beat police officer is generally the first responder to domestic terrorism Investigation techniques used in large, sensationalized terrorist incidents are the same as those used to investigate routine crime Counterterrorism depends on the fundamentals
Good investigative skills Good interviewing techniques Understanding the context of the crimes investigated Terrorist behave differently, calling for increased intelligence, long term surveillance and informant development
FBI Classification System
FBI developed a general classification system of domestic terrorism in the 1980s Harris – summarized the FBI view
White leftists Puerto Rican leftists Black militants Right-wing extremists Jewish extremists
Types of groups defined by location
FBI Classification System
Two categories cover the classification system and provide format for guiding investigations Domestic Terrorism (DT)
Political extremism involves violent left and right-wing extremists Single issues include violent activities associated with debates over abortion, ecoterrorism, genetic engineering Lone wolves included in DT when actions are politically motivated
International Terrorism (IT)
Composed of three subsets
State-sponsored terrorism Clearly defined autonomous groups Jihadists
Using the Classification System
Smith & Roberts – place terrorist groups into three broad categories
Right-wing extremists Left-wing and single-issue terrorists International terrorists
Factor separating the average criminal from the average terrorist is motivation Terrorists remain criminals
Motivated by ideology, religion, or a political cause Engage in activities avoided by most criminals
Using the Classification System
As the government was improving its counterterrorist tactics in 1985, U.S. terrorism grew to a high level Left-wing extremists remained a viable entity Left-wing extremists were typically more loyal to their causes than were their right-wing counterparts
Terrorist Characteristics
U.S. terrorists differ from their international counterparts
Native-born U.S. terrorists tend to be older than international terrorists Foreign operatives working in the U.S. are also older
With the exceptions of financing themselves, left and right-wing terrorists are quite different
Left and Right-Wing Terrorists
Ideology and beliefs about human nature
Economic views
Left-wing base themselves in urban environments Right-wing base themselves in rural areas
Selection of targets
Left-wing target economic status quo Right-wing support economic system
Geographic bases of support
Left-wing favor Marxism Right-wing terrorists are vehemently anti-Marxist and very religious
Left-wing select symbolic targets of capitalism Right-wing focus attacks on governmental authority
Tactics
Both groups use similar terrorist tactics
Left-Wing Terrorists
Left-wing terrorists have remained the same from the 1960s to the present Left-wing groups tended to act in a coordinated fashion Evidence indicated they were linked internally U.S. left-wing terrorist groups include:
May 19 Communist Organization (M19CO) United Freedom Front (UFF) Evan Mecham Eco-Terrorist International Conspiracy (EMETIC) Animal Liberation Front
American Terrorism Study
Found common behavioral characteristics surrounding terrorist events Several domestic extremists advocated the use of leaderless resistance
Incorporated in umbrella organizations such as Hezbollah, Egyptian Islamic Jihad
Purpose of leaderless resistance is to fight independent of other groups
American Terrorism Study
Damphousse & Smith – three measurable ideas
If groups are truly leaderless, groups should be smaller
Federal criminal cases should indicate that the number of defendants per terrorist case declined
If individuals are truly alone, they should be committing more crimes as they can only rely on themselves If criminals are more committed, they should be less likely to cooperate with the government
American Terrorism Study
Damphousse & Smith – found evidence that may indicate leaderless resistance has affected terrorist activity
Size of domestic terrorist groups has been decreasing since 1992
May also indicate that the federal government is prosecuting cases differently
Terrorists are committing more crimes Found less plea bargaining among suspects
May be due to either a change in federal plea bargaining; or Lone wolves cannot make deals because they do no have fellow criminals they can testify against
American Terrorism Study
48% of domestic terrorist attacks occur within 54 miles of a suspect’s residence
Cells operate for an average of 470 days prior to an incident
Domestic terrorists tend to operate close to their home base Most domestic terrorists are also recruited close to home
This provides a key for counterterrorist investigations
When a group prepares for an attack, they commit about four crimes prior to the attack 3 – 4 months before the actual attack
If law enforcement is aware of the types of crimes terrorists commit – they are in a better position to stop an attack
Jihadists in America
Jihadists appeared in the U.S. prior to the 9-11 attack and remain active today Two types of Jihadist terrorist groups Interaction of the two may create a third group
First group is composed of international Jihadists who have come to the U.S. to launch an attack or engage in criminal activities to support Jihadist terrorism Second style is homegrown Jihadist group
Americans who adopt the Jihadist philosophy
Third group is appearing – a hybrid combination of homegrown and foreign terrorists
International Jihadists
Emerson – reports research supporting the existence of a Jihadist terrorist organization in the U.S.
Emerson’s research group, Investigative Project, has gathered an array of reports
Many of the reports point to a Jihadist network inside U.S. borders Homegrown Jihadists are appearing in the U.S.
Critics of Emerson argue that
He is sloppy with facts He arrives at incorrect conclusions after major terrorist incidents He is Islamophobic
Homegrown Jihadists
Wahhabi missionaries covertly preach religious militancy in America’s prisons Homegrown Jihadists appear in different areas Groups with limited understanding of Islam or the Jihadist movement may become the greatest domestic threat
Self-recruited, self-motivated, and self-trained Only direct contact with the Jihadists is through the Internet
Homegrown Jihadists
Homegrown terrorists are produced in various ways
Born in the U.S. Immigrate and find themselves alone
Gravitate to the Jihad to find a purpose in life
Others leave the U.S. to join Jihadists overseas
Hybrid form
U.S. citizens recruited to train overseas Normative U.S. Muslims radicalized in their mosques Muslims radicalized in foreign countries and return to the U.S.
Nationalist Separatism: Puerto Rico
A number of revolutionary organizations in Puerto Rico embraced the nationalist terrorist campaign Puerto Rican terrorists have engaged in terrorist activities on U.S. soil since the 1950s
Planned assassination of President Harry Truman Shooting at members of Congress in the House of Representatives
In 1998 the House of Representatives asked for a binding vote to determine Puerto Rico’s status
46% of Puerto Rican voters wanted statehood 3% wanted independence 50% do not want to accept statehood, commonwealth status or independence
They did not say what they wanted
Right-Wing Violence
In the U.S. right-wing extremism has been around since the 1700s
Anti-federal attitudes were common in the early 1800s
Whiskey Rebellion
Anti-Catholic, anti-Irish, and anti-immigrant
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
Operated in three phases
Terrorizing African Americans 1920s sought political legitimacy Collapsed in the wake of a criminal scandal
Present day is dominated by hate filled rhetoric
Development of modern KKK parallels growth of rightwing extremism from 1930s to present
Christian Identity
Blend of Jewish and Christian biblical passages Based on premise God was white Identity theology is based on conflict and hate Christian Identity helped provide basis for violence among the extremists
Provided new twist to extremist movement Demonize Jews
White people originated with God Jews came from the devil
Contemporary Right-Wing Behavior, Belief, and Tactics
Right-wing extremism came to fruition around 1984 and has remained active since that time Issues holding the movement together
Right-wing tends to follow one of the extremist religions
The movement is dominated by belief in conspiracy and conspiracy theories
The Name of God is usually invoked
Followers feel they are losing economic status because of sinister forces
Followers continue to embrace patriotism and guns
They want to arm themselves for a holy war
Contemporary Right-Wing Behavior, Belief, and Tactics
Stern – Three issues rejuvenated the extremist right
Religious messages changed in the 1990s
The Brady Bill Ruby Ridge standoff Branch Davidian siege Patriotism and anti-Semitism as strong as the Christian Identity message
Movement mutated after 9-11
Following the pattern of international terrorist groups members of right-wing groups organized chains or hubs Small groups operating autonomously engaging in more individual violence
Right-Wing Conspiracies, Militias, and the Call to Arms
1990s Nordic Christianity took root in Michigan, Wisconsin, Montana, and Idaho
Creatorism rejects Judaism and Christianity
Claim to worship the Triune Christian Deity Claim the Creator left each race to fend for itself Call for a racial holy war (RAHOWA)
Free-Wheeling Fundamentalists include in its ranks a majority of right-wing extremists
Federal and local governments are the enemy God will assist them in their confrontation of evil
Right-Wing Conspiracies, Militias, and the Call to Arms
Militias thrive on conspiracy theories
Believe the U.S. government is leading the country into a single world government
Militias are generally issue oriented
New World Order Groups gather around taxes, abortion, gun control, and/or Christian Identity
Militias are almost always religious
Rely on violent passages of Christian scripture as justification Many militia members unable to cope with changes in the modern world are frustrated
May be extremists, but not necessarily terrorists
Right-Wing Conspiracies, Militias, and the Call to Arms
Paramilitary groups consist of armed civilian militias organized into a military manner
Operate on different levels
Paramilitary groups come in a variety of shapes and sizes
Freemen of Montana
Most of their action is rhetorical
Third Position tried to unite left-wing radicals and right-wing reactionaries
Both share hatred of government and large corporations as well as distrust of the media
Turner Diaries
Decline of the Left and Rise of Single Issues
Left-wing terrorist groups dominated terrorism in the U.S. from 1967-1985
Intellectual elites controlled the movement
Riley & Hoffman – left-wing groups engaged in symbolic violence Lost its base when student activism began to disappear from American academic life
Government actions, improved police tactics, and lack of tolerations for violent activities may have contributed to the decline of leftwing terrorism in the U.S. and Europe
Decline of the Left and Rise of Single Issues
Left-wing terrorism transformed
Ecological and animal-rights extremists have united
Earth Liberation Front (ELF)
Variety of names Myriad of extremist causes Focus on particular causes Individual harassment and property destruction Monkey Wrench Gang
Ecoterrorists
From 1995-1999, damages totaled $28.8M Destruction of animal research laboratories, sabotage against industrial equipment, raids against farms Ecology as surrogate religion Positions are contradictory
Black Hebrew Israelism
Black Hebrew Israelism is an African American version of Christian Identity Claims that black Africans were the original Israelites
Hulon Mitchell, Jr.
Nation of Yahweh Demonized whites, called for their destruction Beheaded members who tried to leave
FBI indicated that it has the potential to become a violent group
Critics argue that the FBI overreacted to a set of beliefs Others argue the FBI has identified dangerous violent religious trends
Anti-Abortion
Abortion is a heated topic Most pro-lifers denounce violence as contradictory to their beliefs Violent pro-lifers justify their actions in the same manner as other political extremists
Nice – abortion clinic bombings are related to several social factors
Manual of the Army of God
Most occurred in expanding areas of population (urban areas) Abortion bombers feel compelled to act by social and political circumstances Individuals who kill abortion doctors felt murders were necessary to make a political statement
Abortion debate represents a political issue with positions identified by militant extremes
Perfect example of terrorism
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