The Biography of the Lord Buddha To fully understand and appreciate the spiritual life of the Lord Buddha is a difficult task. In His grace, the Lord Buddha left us with the knowledge of how to conquer the cycle of suffering in life, including old age, sickness and death. For western readers or non‐Buddhists, it is necessary to add some explanation in case certain aspects of Buddhist culture and knowledge may be confusing or vague. Although the whole of the Lord Buddha’s life has been fully explained in the Buddhist scriptures, Thais and/or other Buddhists seldom study it. Some of the following background information, then, will include answers to questions such as: How is it that Prince Siddhattha was able to walk for seven steps immediately after being born, or, How is it that at the age of seven he could complete the highest knowledge of liberal arts within seven days? It can be simply answered if you study his countless former lives where he pursued perfection as a Bothisattava (a Pali word meaning a man who seeks Buddhahood and fully cultivates the 30 branches of perfection) for more than 20 X 10140 kappas (one kappa is equated to the time from the origination to the extinction of the earth). Additionally, Prince Siddhattha was familiar with all knowledge ARTS (does this mean Performing Arts or Liberal Arts?) from his countless lives. The length of time taken in cultivating the perfection and self development in his former lives made him become the greatest of his time. The reader should remember that the Lord Buddha himself had the most luxurious life before his renunciation: He was the Crown Prince ready to be the King of his country, Sakka. How is it possible, then, for such a man, who seemingly had everything that he could desire, to leave it all behind? Even the thought of this seems alien to the normal person who feels that only those things that are luxurious are worthy of pursuit. Therefore, because of this dissatisfaction that he felt with his life, it makes an interesting, valuable, and beneficial study.
Prince Siddhattha Gotama’s Conception To begin, it is important to understand that the majority of people live in a world of impermanence. We all have to face instability in our lives and this instability makes our existence difficult because we seek perfection with our senses: In essence, we seek and question the source of our (perfect) eternal existence. From his birth, Prince Siddhattha Gotama questioned this himself. He was born more than 500 years before the Anno Domini Era. One full moon night, sleeping in the palace, the Queen Maha Maya, his mother, had a vivid dream. She felt herself being carried away by four devas (spirits) to the Anatatta Lake in the Himalaya Forest. After bathing her in the lake, the devas dressed her in celestial clothes, anointed with perfumes and bedecked with divine flowers. Soon after, a white elephant holding a white lotus flower in its trunk, appeared, circled around her three times, and entered her womb through the right side. Once the elephant disappeared, the Queen awoke, knowing that she had been delivered an important message because the elephant is a symbol of greatness in ancient times. Early the next day, the Queen told her husband, Kind Suddhodana, about the dream. The kind was puzzled and sent for some wise men to discover the meaning of the dream. The wise men said, “Your Majesty, you have great fortune. The devas have chosen our Queen as the mother of the Purest One and the child will become a very great being.” The King and Queen were so pleased that they invited many of the noblemen in the country to a feast in the palace and told them the good news. In order to celebrate, King Suddhodana and his wife donated food, clothing, and other supplies to the poor, and this became a yearly royal tradition. The whole kingdom eagerly awaited the birth of the new prince. Queen Maya was joyful because of the health and happiness brought on by her pregnancy and she lived a life of purity for herself and her unborn child. It was the ancient tradition of the royal lineage for the wife to return to her father’s kingdom when she was experiencing childbirth. On the way from Kapilavastua, the city where she lived with King Suddhodana, Queen Maya gave birth in Lumpini Forest Garden beneath the Sala Tree.
On the day of his birth, many miracles were reported to occur – the deaf could hear, and the blind could see. On the seventh day of his birth, his mother died: The Buddhist scholars state in the scriptures that she died because she had accumulated all perfections in becoming the mother of a person who was to be the enlightened Buddha and, therefore, her body was no longer suitable to birth any other children. Her life, however, did not simply end because she was then reappeared as a male angel in the Tusitta Heaven Realm and waited there for Siddhattha’s enlightenment and his sermons. King Suddhodana then married Maha Pajapati, who was Maha Maya’s younger sister, and she raised his son. Queen Maha Pajapati also had two children with the King, Prince Nanada and Princess Rupananda, but her love for Siddhattha was equal to that of her own natural children. Siddhattha was given his name during the birthing celebrations and it means “he who achieves his aim”. At the beginning of these celebrations, the hermit seer Asita journeyed from his mountain home in order to attend. When Asita saw the child he laughed and he cried. King Suddhodana questioned these two opposing reactions that Asita had and the seer said that he laughed because the child would certainly become a great holy man, but he cried because his own life would be too short to see that day. This made Siddhattha rise up in the air, and the child placed his feet in Asita’s hair while Asita examined the birthmarks. After seeing this extraordinary event, King Suddhodana praised his son by placing his two hands into the middle of his chest. This was the highest form of worship that the King could give. Soon after the naming ceremony which was held on the fifth day, the King invited eight Brahmin scholars to read his son’s future. All of them except one gave a dual prediction by showing two fingers, which meant that the baby would either become a great king or a great holy man. The one exception, the holy man Kondanna who was the youngest and who later became the first arahant, showed only his index finger and unequivocally predicted that Siddhattha would become the Lord Buddha.
Early Life and Marriage Siddhattha was destined to lead a luxurious life as a prince and had three palaces, for three different seasonal occupations, especially built for him. King Suddhodana’s wish for Siddhattha was to become a great king and so he shielded him from religious teachings or any knowledge of human suffering. When he was seven, the Prince began to receive scholarly instruction from the Institute of Vissavamitr, which was the best education a Prince could receive. But on the seventh day of his study he had graduated and become an expert in all forms of knowledge: Within the span of seven days, Siddhattha knew as much as his teachers did. As it is in all families, the King only thought about the best and most appropriate path for his child’s life and, so, he placed a red carpet down for his son to walk on since he expected Siddhattha to become a great King himself one day. But Siddhattha’s subconscious mind wanted him to choose his own way and that way was to eventually lead people to become free from life burdens. One example of his exceptional gifts took place during the Yearly Royal Ploughing Ceremony. Siddhattha was sitting under the Wha Tree not far from the center of the ceremony in the heat of the middle of the day. While he was attaining the first absorption of happiness from meditation an extraordinary event happened: the tree continued to cast its shadow over the prince’s body in order to protect him from the sun’s heat – just as it had done in the early morning. While the King was searching for his son, he found him under the Wha Tree and saw the tree continuing to protect Siddhattha from the noon day sun. The King went down on his knees and praised his son by saluting him in the same was as he had done during his naming ceremony. When the Prince reached the age of sixteen, the King arranged his marriage to Princess Yasodhara, his mother’s niece who was born on the same day as Siddhattha. And, although she was beautiful and he was continually surrounded by beautiful female servants and slaves, Prince Siddhattha was not satisfied simply with this beauty and felt that there was more to a
person’s life than wealth and beauty. Although the King ensured that Siddhattha would be provided with everything he could want or need, Siddhattha felt that material wealth was not the ultimate goal in life. He looked around his palace and he found nothing to satisfy his quest to seek out the answers to his questions. One day he was traveling out of the palace walls with his charioteer, Channa, who was also born on the same day as Siddhattha. In the city, he found living beings: a new born child, a diseased man, an old and decaying corpse, and finally an ascetic. On that day, after returning to his palace, his son, Prince Rahula, was born. Siddhattha felt that he, his wife, his new born son, and all people would be living under the same cycle of beings that he had seen that day. All would undergo the suffering from sickness, old age, the unexpected loss of belongings and – sooner or later – death. He considered his own predicament, thought about his talents and potential, and became determined to set himself, and all others around the world, free from this cycle of suffering. He, alone, would find the answer.
The Great Renunciation At the age of 29, Siddhattha left his palace in order to meet his subjects. Neither through his father, nor anyone else, could remove the sick, aging, or suffering from public view. Deeply depressed by these sights, Siddhattha sought to overcome old age, illness, and death by living the life of an ascetic. Siddhattha escaped from his palace, accompanied by Channa, aboard his horse Kanthaka. He left his royal life to become a mendicant. It is stated in the scriptures that, “…the horse’s hooves were muffled by the angels in order to prevent guards from knowing that the Bodhisattava had departed.” Actually, everyone in the kingdom had been under a sleeping spell by the power of the guardian angels of the city. This event is known as “The Great Departure”. Before his departure, however, Mara (evil) appeared to him to try and stop him from leaving. Mara said that if Siddhattha would stay that He would receive great wealth by becoming the emperor. Mara asked him to stay until that day arrived. But Siddhattha replied to Mara: “You are a wicked tempter. I will cross endless oceans to pursue my path. I will cross countless pits of fire regardless of their size. Neither great evil nor great goodness (wealth) will prohibit me from going.” Siddhattha left Kapilavastu that night and on the banks of the Anoma River cut his hair and took on the life of an ascetic. After becoming ordained, Siddhattha told Channa to return to the palace, but Kanthaka, the horse, did not. Kanthaka eventually died at Siddhattha’s feet and reappeared in the Tavatimsa Heaven Realm. Siddhattha then practiced a way of liberation under the institutes of two hermit teachers. After mastering the teachings of Alara Kalama, he was asked by Kalama to be a mater in his level, but Siddhattha moved on after becoming dissatisfied with this practice. He then became a student of Udaka Ramaputta, but, although he achieved higher levels of meditative consciousness and was asked to be the successor of Ramaputta, he was still not satisfied with his path. And, so, he moved on. Siddhattha then went on to Rajagaha, the capital of Magadha, and began his ascetic life by begging for alms in the streets. Some officers of King Bimbisara recognized him as the Prince,
and, after hearing of Siddhattha’s quest, King Bimbisara offered him the throne. Siddhattha rejected the offer, but promised to visit the King’s kingdom of Magadha first after attaining enlightenment. In Rajagaha, Siddhattha joined five companions headed by Kondanna who was the Brahmin who had stated that Siddhattha would become a great holy man but not a King. Kondanna was waiting for Siddhattha’s renunciation of his kingship, so that when he encountered Siddhattha, they all set out to become incredibly austere in their asceticism. They tried to find enlightenment through near total deprivation of worldly goods – including food and practicing self‐mortification. After nearly starving himself to death by restricting his food (sometimes consuming a single leaf or nut per day, or even eating his feces) he began to look like a skeleton. Eventually, he found that this was not a way of liberation. He collapsed in a river while bathing and almost drowned and it was at this point that he began to reconsider his path. As he lay there, a boat passed him and he overheard the conversation that two musicians were having aboard: “If you tighten the string too tight it will snap, but if you loosen it, it will not play.” And from this, he realized that he would have to take a “Middle Way” to reach enlightenment: True enlightenment could not be reached by going to either extreme. At this point, he remembered the moment in his childhood in which he had been watching his father starting the season’s ploughing ceremony, and he had fallen into a naturally concentrated and focused state at the center of his body that was blissful and refreshing. On that day, he had attained a bright clear insight Dhamma sphere, the Jhana. After many days, Siddhattha started to have some food as it was needed by his body. (Because Kondhanna and the other four companions of Brahmin who had attended the great ascetic, saw his renunciation through self‐mortification, they regretted his deteriorated state and left him behind to practice on their own in Deer Park ‐ Itsipattana Middhataya.) On that day after having a nice bath in the Neranjara river, his body was as bright as the full moon. He realized that beside him stood a village woman name Sujata who was thinking of fulfilling a vow of having a son and she had a golden tray of rice porridge in her hands. She had wrongly believed Siddhattha was to be the spirit who had granted her wish of a son because of his lighted, emaciated appearance.
The Great Enlightenment After six years of asceticism and concentrating on mortification, the great ascetic, Siddhattha, had discovered the path of adequacy called the Middle Way – a path of moderation away from the extremes of self‐indulgence and self‐mortification. He accepted the rice porridge tray from Sujata, the village girl. After this meal, his mind was free and fresh – nothing is this world was a worry to him. He turned to the golden tray he had left and made up his mind to focus on all the well‐cultivated perfections from his countless lives. He placed the tray into the tide of Neranjara and made a wish that if he could become enlightened, the tray would float upstream. Once the tray slipped out of his hands, it floated upstream and sunk, superimposed, right to the bottom of the Neranjara River where the other three trays from the three previous Buddhas had also made their wish. Naga, the big serpent, was wakened from the sound of its splash, and said “Goodness, one more Buddha has come for enlightenment” and returned to sleep. At that point, Siddhattha turned to sit under a papal tree, now known as the Bodhi tree, and vowed to sit under the tree until either one of two things happened: his body would be decayed, dried or left only to tendons like a skeleton, or he would arise as an enlightened being having found the Truth. That evening, once he had completed his vow, the Mara who had appeared to him when he had left his palace home, reappeared with countless other evil beings to prevent him from reaching enlightenment. But the great ascetic was determined to defeat Mara by his own endurance and past perfections. That night, in the deepest of meditations and motionless, he placed his mind consciously, calmly and relaxingly without any association and attachment at the 7th base – two finger breadths above the cross section of the navel. He started to attain deeper insight from the Dhamma Sphere to the Dhammakaya. The body of enlightenment appeared brightly as if the midday sun at the 7th base was physically the same as his body. From the Dhammakaya, he could attain the Pupenivasanusati Jhana, the insight wisdom that enabled him to recall his countless former incarnations, during the first level of meditation. At the second level, he could attain the Jutupapati Jhana, or the insight wisdom that enabled him
to recall all living creature’s origin and destiny. At the latter level of meditation, he could attain the Asavagaya Jhana, which was the insight wisdom that enabled him to eradicate the seeds of suffering and passion. He attained complete enlightenment with the Dhammakaya Arahant of Buddhahood and became the Lord Buddha while sitting beneath the Bodhi Tree on the full moon night of Vesak Day, the sixth lunar month on the same day as his birth, at the age of 35. From that day on, he was known as the Buddha, “The Awakened One”, or “The Enlightened One”. Often, he is referred in Buddhism as Shakyamuni Buddha or “The Awakened One of the Shakya Clan”. At this point, He realized complete awakening and insight into the nature and cause of human suffering (ignorance) along with the steps necessary to eliminate it. These truths were categorized into the Four Noble Truths and the state of supreme liberation that is possible for any being was called Nirvana. According to one of the stories in the Ayacana Sutta (Samyutta Nikaya), all of the Buddha lineages attained Dhamma by means of meditation within 49 days of the initial insight. When the Lord Buddha was alone at the foot of the Banyan tree, he wondered whether or not He should teach the Dhamma to human beings. He was concerned because human beings were overpowered by greed, hatred, and delusion and that would make them unable to see the true Dhamma which was subtle, deep, and difficult to understand. However, Brahma Sahampati, a divine spirit from the Rupabrahma Realm, entreated Him and begged: “My Lord Sir, rising up to become the victor in a battle against Samsara is not easy. Those who have enough wisdom (including the Brahma) are waiting for the door of deathlessness, which free us from the sorrow of birth and aging. O Teacher, please teach the Dhamma because there will be those who can understand.” With His great compassion to all beings in the universe, the Buddha searched the world through his Jhana to understand the request, and then agreed to become a teacher. “Having seen what I just saw,” He answered Brahma Sahampat, “sublime Dhamma are the doors to the deathlessness for those who have the eyes to see it and the ears to hear it. If they show their conviction, Brahma, I will teach them: I will set the wheel of
Dhamma into motion.” Once the Blessed One had His consent to teach Dhamma, the Brahma bowed his head three times to show his respect at the Lord Buddha’s feet. He circled around him three times to the right and then disappeared into the Rupabrahma Realm.
Formation of the First Sangha Community After becoming enlightened, The Lord Buddha met two merchants named Tapussa and Bhallika when they passed Him by and offered Him the bunch of hay they had as His seat. They took the Lord Buddha and the Dhamma, the Double Gem, as a refuge and then became the first lay disciples. They were given hair from the Buddha’s head, and these are now believed to be enshrined in the Great Shwedagon Pagoda in Rangoon, Burma. The Buddha then intended to instruct his former teachers, Alara Kalama and Uddaka Ramaputta, but He knew by His insight knowledge that they had already died. The Buddha then journeyed to Deer Park near Benares City in northern India where He set into motion the Wheel of Dhamma by delivering His first sermon to a group of five companions with whom He had previously sought enlightenment. They, together with the Lord Buddha, formed the first Sangha or a company of Buddhist monks. Hence, the first formation of the Triple Gem (Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha) was completed with Kondanna becoming the first stream‐ enterer, Sotapanna. All five monks became Arahants when the Lord Buddha told them to further announce that Dhamma to the world. Then, the Lord Buddha conversed with Yasa, the son of Sujata who was the woman who had offered the meal to the great ascetic on His day of enlightenment. Yasa and fifty four of his friends took refuge in the Triple Gem so the number of Arahants swelled to 60 within the first two months. The conversion of the Jatila, three Kassapa brothers, and their disciples of 200, 300, and 500 respectively, swelled the Sanghas to over 1000 monks and they were dispatched throughout the region to explain the Dhamma to the general population.
Settlement of Buddhism For the remaining 45 years of his life, the Lord Buddha is said to have traveled all of the regions in and around India – Bangladesh, Bihar, Pakistan, and Nepal – to teach His doctrine and discipline to extremely diverse groups of people; from nobles to outcast street sweepers, from mass murderers such as Angulimala to cannibal ogres such as Alavaka. He also reached out to teach many adherents of rival philosophies and religions. The Lord Buddha founded the community of Buddhist monks and female monks to continue the dissemination of the Dhamma to the millions of people who lived in this area even after his Parinirvana (Pali: Parinibbana) or “complete Nirvana”. His religion was opened to all races and classes, and it contained no caste structure. During this time, the Lord Buddha was subjected to attacks from opposition leaders from other religious groups – including attempts to murder him, and accusations to “frame” him for actions he did not do. The Sanghas traveled from place to place in India, proclaiming the Dhamma. This occurred throughout the year except during the three months of the vassa, or rain retreat. Due to the heavy flooding, travel was difficult and ascetics of all religions during those three months did not travel since it was more difficult to do so without stepping on submerged animal life. Because they were averse to unwittingly killing the animals, the monks would retreat to a monastery, public park or forest, and the general population would seek out the monks where they lived at the time of the retreat. The first vassa was spent in Benares when the Sanghas were first formed. After this, the Lord Buddha traveled to Tajagaha, the capital city of Magadha to visit King Bimbisara, in accordance with His promise before the enlightenment. It was during this visit that Sariputta and Mahamoggallana were converted by Venerable Assaji, one of the first five disciples. They, and 500 followers were to become Arahants, and later they both became two of the Lord Buddha’s foremost disciples. The Lord Buddha then spent the next three seasons at Veluvana Bamboo
Grove monastery in Rajagaha, the capital of Magadha. This monastery, which was a modest distance from the center of the city, was donated by King Bimbisara. Upon hearing of the enlightenment, Suddhodana dispatched a royal delegation to ask the Lord Buddha to return to Kapilavastu. Nine delegations were sent, but the delegates were so impressed by his teachings that they ordained and became Arahants. But, because they neglected worldly matters, they did not convey their message from the King. When the tenth delegation was sent it was lead by Kaludayi, a childhood friend who was born on the same day as the Lord Buddha. This resulted in the King’s message being successfully conveyed as well as Kaludayi becoming an Arahant. Since it was not the vassa, the Lord Buddha agreed to return and assembled 20,000 monks for the two month journey to Kapilavastu by foot, preaching the Dhamma along the way. His return pleased all of the royal kinfolk but still some of them did not respect the Lord Buddha. But He knew what they thought and so, sent the Pokhapatta Rain that poured red spray on everyone. The people who did not believe in the Dhamma did not get wet, but the ones who did believe, got wet. This miraculous phenomenon made all of the people praise the Lord Buddha’s power. But the Lord Buddha said that this spiritual power came from his former power when he was a Bodhisattva. Hence, the Lord Buddha announced a sermon about Vessandara Jataka, or about his previous life of ultimately performing extreme perfections of generosity. At the end of the sermons, hundred of thousands of the populace became the first stream‐enterers, except for the father, King Suddhodana. Because the King was reported to be under the influence of “too much pleasure”, he was imbalanced and was unable to receive the sermon. But when he did receive understanding, the King offered Nicrotharam, the royal park, as the temple for the monk’s community. The following day, the royal palace prepared the midday meal, but since no specific invitation went to the Lord Buddha and all of the monks, they went for an alms round in Kapilavastu. Upon hearing this, King Suddhodana hastened to approach the Lord Buddha, saying, “Ours is the warrior lineage of Mahamassata, and not a single warrior has gone seeking alms”, to which the Buddha replied, “Please understand your majesty that that may be the custom of your royal
lineage. But it is the custom of my Buddha lineage to seek alms. Countless numbers of enlightened Buddhas in the past have gone on alms rounds.” Then, King Suddhodana offered the Lord Buddha and all of the monks to return to the palace for a mean, followed by a Dhamma talk. After this sermon, the Kind became a stream enterer, or a sotapanna. During this visit, many members of the royal family joined the Sanghas. The Lord Buddha’s cousins, Ananda, Anuruddha, Kimpila, Baku and Upali, his barber, had become five of eighty chief Arahant disciples. His son, Rahula, also joined the Sanghas at the age of seven and was, therefore, the first novice of the world. His half‐brother Nanda also joined the Sanghas and became and Arahant. Another cousin, Devadatta, also became a monk but he later became an enemy, trying to kill the Lord Buddha on multiple occasions. In the fifth vassa, the Buddha was staying at Mahavana near Vesali. Upon hearing of the impending death of King Suddhodana, the Lord Buddha went with Venerable Sapriputta, the foremost disciple to his father, and he preached the Dhamma to King Suddhodana who became an Arahant prior to his death. The death and cremation of the King led to the creation of the order of female monks. In Vinaiya Culavakka, the Buddhist texts of Discipline, it is recorded that the Lord Buddha was reluctant to ordain women as monks. His foster mother, Maha Pajapati, approached him asking to join the Sanghas, but the Buddha refused, and so she began the journey from Kapilavastu back to Rajagaha. Maha Pajapati was so intent on renouncing the world that she led a group of royal Sakyan and Koliyan ladies, and followed the Sangha by barefoot to Rajagaha. The Buddha eventually accepted them and five years after the formation of the female monks on the grounds that their capacity for enlightenment was equal to that of men, but the Lord Buddha gave them certain additional rules (Vinaiya) to follow. This all occurred after the Venerable Ananda interceded on their behalf. Yasodhara also became a female monk, and both she and Maha Pajapati became Arahants. During the Lord Buddha’s ministry, Devadatta, a wicked monk, frequently tried to undermine the Lord Buddha’s work. At one point Devadatta asked the Lord Buddha to stand aside and let him lead the Sanghas. But the Lord Buddha declined, and told Devadatta that his actions did
not reflect the Triple Gem. Devadatta then conspired with Prince Ajatasattu, the son of King Bimbisara, in order to usurp the authority of the Lord Buddha and Bimbisara, and eventually to kill them. Devadatta attempted to kill the Lord Buddha many times. The first attempt involved the hiring of a group of 31 archers, who, upon meeting the Lord Buddha, became Arahants. A second attempt followed when Devadatta attempted to roll a large boulder down a hill. The boulder hit another rock and splintered, only grazing the Lord Buddha on the foot. The final attempt happened when they gave Nalakiri, a rut elephant, alcohol and set it loose, hoping it would kill the Lord Buddha. When this failed, Devadatta attempted to cause a schism in the Sangha by proposing extra restrictions on the Vinaiya. When the Buddha declined to do this, Devadatta stated a breakaway order, criticizing the Lord Buddha’s lax ways. At first, he managed to convert some of the monks, but Sariputta and Mahamoggaliana taught them the Dhamma and succeeded in winning them back. Later, the earth consumed Devadatta. dragging him to the deepest hell, Aveji Mahanaraka.
The Loyal Attendant: Venerable Ananda, the Buddha’s brother The Lord Buddha had no specific attendant during the first twenty years of his ministry. Several monks, such as the Venerable Nagasamala, the Venerable Magiya, the Venerable Sunakahtta, or sometimes the Novice Cunda (the Venerable Sariputta’s younger brother) used to attend the Lord Buddha for his personal activities. They also attended Him to help with the Sangha’s activities. The personal attendants would have to make decisions when the Lord Buddha needed to participate in ceremonies or activities such as alms rounds or giving sermons. These particular monks did not know the exact day or time(s) to serve the Lord Buddha. Sometimes, they ignored the time and, thus, the Lord Buddha found himself alone in places. Because the Lord Buddha himself had the mission of being a prophet, he occasionally had to go to places where he was invited by laywomen, in which he needed an attendant to accompany him. One day, the Lord Buddha was on his way to the village of Jantu and he Venerable Meghiya, his attendant, wanted to stop by a mango grove and practice asceticism. Three times
the Lord Buddha advised him against this idea. But, Heghiva ignored him and went his own way. Eventually, he returned to the Lord Buddha and confessed that he had failed in his practice because of three kinds of evil thought – sensual desires, ill‐will, and cruelty – disturbed his meditation. When the Lord Buddha came to the Jetavana Monastery in Savatthi, He said, “Now that I am old, I need someone to accompany me (in an ordinary manner) because I have no one right now. Some of the monks have decided to be on their own, but I shall find someone to be my attendant. Look, Bhikkhus, wise men that you are, please help me find the person who will attend me.” The Venerable Sariputta and Moggallana both volunteered their services, but the Lord Buddha did not accept their offer because they had other valuable services to perform for the world. The offers of other disciples were also turned down. As Venerable Ananda was silent, waiting to be nominated by the Lord Buddha himself, other monks advised him to offer his services. But the Lord Buddha said, “It is not necessary for Ananda to be coerced to serve me as my assistant. He will serve me on his own accord.” When the Venerable Ananda agreed to serve the Lord Buddha regularly, he was subjected to eight precepts, or conditions: 1.
He should not be given the robes that were given to the Blessed One.
2.
He should not be given the food that was given to the Blessed One.
3.
He should not sleep in the Fragrant Chamber of the Blessed One.
4.
He should not be asked to go with the Lord Buddha to accept alms that the Lord Buddha was invited to accept.
(These first four were given to avoid negative criticism of the Venerable Ananda that inferred he volunteered his service to the Lord Buddha for his personal profit.)
5.
The Lord Buddha should consent to invitations received by the Venerable Ananda.
6.
The Lord Buddha should give him permission to introduce visitors who came from afar.
7.
The Venerable Ananda should be allowed to consult the Lord Buddha whenever he needed clarification of the Dhamma.
8.
The Lord Buddha should repeat the sermons that He preached when the Venerable Ananda was absent.
(These last four were given to avoid the negative criticism that the Venerable Ananda did not develop himself even though he was close to the Lord Buddha.) After the Lord Buddha consented to these eight conditions, the Venerable Ananda became His regular attendant in the 20th year of the Lord Buddha’s enlightenment, or the 19th year after His ordination. He remained with the Lord Buddha for 25 years. The Venerable Ananda was the son of King Suddhodana’s younger brother; therefore, he was a cousin of the Lord Buddha and part of His family (the bloodline of the Lord Buddha). He entered the order of monks during the second year of the Lord Buddha’s ministry but did not attain the first stage of sotapanna (stream‐entering) until he heard the sermon given by the Venerable Punna Mantaniputta on the date of his ordination. The Venerable Ananda served the Lord Buddha with devotion and care, from the moment he became his attendant until the last moments of the Lord Buddha’s life before attaining Nirvana. Day and night, he served the Lord Buddha with faith and dedication and would even patrol the Lord Buddha sleeping quarters at night to prevent His sleep from being interrupted by people or insects. When the Lord Buddha acknowledged the qualities of His disciples, He said that the Venerable Ananda was first among all of the scholars in “causes and effects”, mindfulness, good behavior and determination. The Venerable Ananda was deeply involved in the establishment of the
order of female monks, or bhikkhunis. By copying the form of paddy in Magadha, he designed the monastic rope to be a uniform pattern which is still used today. Although the Venerable Ananda had the rare privilege of listening to every discourse or sermon of the Lord Buddha, he did not attain Arahantship until the Lord Buddha had passed away. The Venerable Ananda is said to have lived 40 years longer after the Lord Buddha reached Nirvana.
The Foremost Layman, the millionaire Anathapindika After the community of Sangha had been settled in Sakka, the Lord Buddha’s country of birth, He left Kapilavastu to travel in order to teach the Dhamma. He went to Rajagaha, the capital cit of Magadha where the King Bimbisara offered the Bamboo Grove and the Veluvana Temple, as a center to propagate Buddhism. There, He met a great layman who was to become the chief donor to the Lord Buddha. In Rajagaha, there were two millionaires who were friends to one another. One lived in Rajagaha and the other lived in Savatthi, the capital city of Kosala Country. One day, Sudhatta (also known as Anathapindika because through his generous deeds, he was given the name meaning feeding of the helpless), went to have a business meeting in Pajagaha. There, he met his friend but he was not welcomed as usual and he wondered why. Apparently, his friend had invited the Lord Buddha and the Sanghas for alms for the next day because he was so awe struck with the news of the Triple Gem. When Anathapindika tried to share in the cost of the next day’s meal, his friend refused. Anathapindika was uneasy for living in such ignorance and he could not sleep that night, but was awakened three times during the night. Early the next morning, before dawn, he left the city alone in order to meet the Lord Buddha in person. Anathapindika first met the Lord Buddha in the Sitavana forest near Rajagaha. On hearing of the Dhamma, in which he came to understand the benefits of faith in the Triple Gem, the perceptions and the hereafter life of people who perform perfect precepts, Anathhapindika
could attain the first stream‐enterer. Anathapindika then decided to build a temple that was to eventually become a center for the Buddhist community in Savatthi. As Anathapindika was returning to Savatthi, along the route he encouraged people to receive the Buddha in a respectful manner. And, because he did this, he prepared the way along the Rajagaha‐Savatthi Road for the Buddha’s journey. Once he had arrived in Savatthi, he immediately began his searched for an appropriate location for the monastery. It could not be too close nor too far from the city because the site should not be overrun by people in the daytime, nor could there be any noise at night. The land should be suitable for access by devoted visitors and also fit for those who want seclusion. After searching in the chain of hills surrounding the city, he found a beautiful forest glade, ideal for the purpose. The area belonged to Prince Jeta, and extremely frugal Prince who was the son of King Pasenadi. Although Anathapindika wanted to purchase this magnificent land, Prince Jeta was reluctant to part with a single square inch of it. He agreed to see it only if the millionaire could cover the grounds of the park with silver coins. Believe or not, Anathapindika had many carts filled with silver coins, and had them spread out upon the site. Finally, only one small patch of ground at the entrance remained bare. He gave the instructions that more coins be brought, but Prince Jeta announced that he was prepared to build a mighty gate tower on that particular spot at his own expense. At last, the coins were fully spread over the land and Prince Jeta decided that he wanted the temple to be named in his honor. Eventually, the largest monastic temple was built named Jetavanaram where the Lord Buddha spent many vassas. An imposing bastion and gate protected the monastery from the outside world, shielding it from the noises of the road, and emphasizing the dividing line between the realms of the sacred and those of the world. Anathapindika spent one hundred and eighty million Kahapanas (the currency at the time) for building and furnishings. He built individual cells, a meeting hall, a dining hall, storerooms, walkways, latrines, wells, and lotus ponds for bathing as well as a large surrounding wall. Thus, the forest glade was transformed into a monastery and stood apart as a religious sanctuary. Anathapindika spent more than four hundred and fifty‐four
million Kahapanas for the temple’s building and ceremonial expenses. The Lord Buddha spent the major part of his life in these quiet surroundings and the majority of his sermons were delivered there. In total, the Lord Buddha spent eighteen vassas at the Jetavanaram Monastery. Anathapindika continued to feel responsible for the monastery which he had established. He supplied the monks who lived there with all necessitieis. Each morning he sent rice gruel to the monastery, and each evening he supplied all the requirements of clothing, alms bowls, and medicines and all repairs and upkeep in the Jeta’s Grove were undertaken by his servants. In addition to all of this, several thousand monks came daily to his home, a seven‐story palace, to receive the noon meal. Every day during meal time, his home was filled with saffron‐colored robes and the feeling of saintliness. Yet, even so, the wealth of Anathapindika was not endless. One day his buried treasure, valued at one hundred and eighty million, was swept away by a flash flood and washed into the sea. Moreover, he had loaned about the same amount of money to business friends who had not repaid him. He was reluctant, however, to ask that the money be repaid. Since his fortune amounted to approximately five times one hundred and eighty million, he had already spent three‐fifths of this for the forest monastery. His money was now running out: Anathapindika, once a millionaire, had become poor. Nevertheless, he still continued to provide some food for the monks, even though it was only a modest serving of thin rice gruel. At this time, a spirit lived in the palace, above the gate tower. Whenever the Lord Buddha or holy disciples entered the house, the spirit, following the laws of his realm, was obliged to step down from his place in order to honor the Great Ones. However, the spirit thought that this was quite inconvenient, so he tried to think of a way to keep the Holy Ones out of the house, he appeared to a servant and suggested that they stop giving alms. But the servant paid no attention to these urgings. Then the spirit tried to turn the son of the house against the monks, but this also failed. Finally, the spirit appeared in his supernatural aura to the householder himself and tried to persuade him to stop giving alms since he was now impoverished. Anathapindika, who had faith in the Triple Gem, explained that he knew of only three treasures:
the Buddha, the Enlightened One; the Dhamma, the Teaching; and the Sangha, the Order of Noble Disciples. He was only looking after these treasures, and told the spirit to leave his house as there was no place in it for enemies of the Triple Gem. Thereupon, the spirit, again following the laws of his realm, had to abandon the palace. He took himself to the deity who was the divine protector of the city of Savatthi and requested an assignment to a new shelter, but was referred to a higher court, that of the Four Great Kings in Jatumaharajika Heaven Realm. These four did not feel qualified to make a decision where Holy Ones were concerned and sent the homeless spirit to Sakka, the king of the gods. In the meantime, however, the spirit became aware of his wrong conduct and asked Sakka to seek forgiveness on his behalf. The king of the gods required that, as penance, the spirit help Anathapindika regain his fortune. First, the spirit had to retrieve the sunken gold; secondly, he had to procure unclaimed buried treasure; and thirdly, he had to persuade Anathapindika’s debtors to repay their debts. With a great deal of effort, the spirit fulfilled these tasks by appearing to the debtors in dreams and demanding repayment. And so, Anathapindika regained his wealth and was able to be as generous as he once had been.
The great foremost Laywoman, Lady Visakha Maha Upasika In the city of Bhaddiya, in the kingdom of Magadha, there lived a wealthy merchant named Mendaka. His son, Dhananjaya, and daughter‐in‐law, Sumanadevi, had an exquisitely beautiful named Visakha. They lived in extreme wealth and comfort and were well‐known for their generosity, which they practices with everyone. One day, in Visakha’s seventh year, the Lord Buddha visited Bhaddiya with a large retinue of monks. She paid homage to the Lord Buddha and listened to his teaching. At the end of the sermon, she could attain the first stream‐enterer, Sotapanna. The kingdom of Magadha was ruled by the righteous King Bimbisara. King Pasenadi Kosala, his friend and brother‐in‐law, felt that such a generous and well‐respected family would be an asset to his own kingdom and so he asked King Bimbisara if Dhananjaya and his family
could move to Kosala where they could be an example to his own subjects. King Bimbisara complied with his friend’s request. Dhananjaya and his family moved to Kosala where they lived an exemplary life while practicing the Dhamma. Visakha grew up in luxury with the opportunity to practice generosity and the Dhamma, to which she frequently listened. At this time there lived in Savatthi a rich merchant named Migara who had a son named Punnavaddhana. Despite his parent’s pleas, Punnavaddhana refused to marry, insisting that his bride should be an exquisite beauty who possessed the five maidenly attributes: beauty of hair, teeth skin, youth, and form. Her hair had to be glossy and thick, reaching down her back; her teeth had to be white and even, like a row of pearls; her skin had to be golden, soft and flawless; she had to be in the peak of her youth, about sixteen years of age; and, she had to have a beautiful, feminine figure, not too fat and not too thin. Migara, in desperation, sent a team of Brahmins to search throughout the kingdom for one who possessed all of his son’s requirements. One day, the exquisitely beautiful Visakha, accompanied by her maidservants, was on her way to the river to bath, when an unexpected storm came. The maids ran for shelter while Visakha walked calmly and gracefully to where they all ran. Migara’s Brahmins, seeing the graceful Visakha, questioned her as to why she had not un to avoid getting wet. Visakha informed Migara’s men that it was not appropriate for a maiden in her fine clothes to run, just as it was not appropriate for a king in royal attire, a royal elephant dressed for the parade, or a serene monk in robes, to run. Pleased with her reply and her exquisite beauty, they went back and informed Migara that a suitable bride had been found for Punnavaddhana. Both families were happy with the arrangement. And so it was that Visakha, with great ceremony, was given in marriage by her father to Punnavaddhana. Her father, who was devoted to her, provided Visakha with many wedding gifts and an exquisite jeweled headdress
that reached all the way down her long hair to her feet. He also advised her on the appropriate conduct for a married woman. The advice he gave his daughter was as follows: 1.
As along as you live with your in‐laws you shouldnot tell the faults of your husband and your in‐laws to outsiders.
2.
If any of your neighbors speak ill of your husband or in‐laws, it should not be encouraged or repeated to them.
3.
Lend money and articles only to those who will return them.
4.
Do not lend anything to those who will not return them.
5.
When a relative or friend is in need, you should help them without seeking repayment.
6.
When you see your husband or in‐laws approach you, you should stand up as a sign of respect.
7.
You should not eat before your husband or in‐laws eat.
8.
You should not go to bed before your husband or your in‐laws.
9.
You should regard your husband and your in‐laws as a flame; carefully and respectfully.
10.
You should look up to, and respect, your husband and your in‐laws as divinities.
As Visakha’s beauty and generosity were well‐known, many well wishers came to honor the beautiful bride and shower her with wedding gifts. As was the custom at that time, Visakha lived with her husband’s family. Visakha’s father‐in‐law, Migara, was a devotee of a clan of naked ascetics. Even though the Lord Buddha and His desciples lived in a monastery close to their home, they were not invited to Migara’s house. One day, Migara invited the naked ascetics and asked Visakha to attend to their needs. Visakha was horrified at their lack of modesty and refused to attend to them. This cased great anger among the naked ascetics, who condemned Migara for bringing a female devotee of the Ascetic Gotama into his house. Shortly after this incidence, when Migara was eating rich rice pudding in a golden bowl, a Buddhist monk came for alms. Even though Migara could see the monk, he ignored him and
continued with his meal. Visakha, who was fanning her father‐in‐law, requested the monk to leave by saying: Pass on, Venerable Sir, my father‐in‐law is eating stale food. Migara was furious at these words, which he felt were an insult. He commanded Visakha to leave his house and go back to her parents. Instead, she called in an independent mediator to judge her conduct. She explained to the advisor that the rich food her father‐in‐law was eating was the benefits resulting from his past good deeds. As such, instead of performing wholesome deeds, which would ensure continued prosperity, he was “eating stale fare”. When Migara understood the meaning of Visakha’s words, he asked her forgiveness. Visakha, however, decided that she no longer wished to live with her husband’s family. This was not the first time that she had been wrongly accused by Migara. She decided to go back to her parents. Migara, who had finally realized the noble qualities of his daughter‐in‐law, was horrified. He begged her to remain. Visakha agreed to remain if she was allowed to invite the Lord Buddha and his retinue to their home for alms. When Migara agreed, Visakha invited the Lord Buddha and his assembly for their meal and made arrangements for the preparation of superior food. After the meal, the Lord Buddha dispensed the Dhamma. Migara and his wife, who were both spiritually developed as a result of past meritorious efforts, both attained the first stream‐ enterer, Sotapanna. After this, Migara, who was deeply grateful to Visakha, called her Migara Mata, or mother of Migara, and respected her as he would his own mother. He became a devotee of the Lord Buddha. In great joy, Visakha continued to perform generosity to the Lord Buddha and His retinue of monks. She had ten sons and ten daughters who were brought up in the Dhamma by the Lord Buddha. Even though she was only a first stream‐enterer, the deep passion for the work of the Lord Buddha could not be eradicated. Visakha had indulged herself with beautiful clothes and ornaments and always dressed in her finest, most exquisite garments called Maharadaprasat. These dresses were priceless and worn only by noble women; in her time only three women
had such clothing. One day, Visakha accidently left her valuable jeweled peacock crown and dress at the Jetavana, the monastery in which the Lord Buddha was now residing. Venerable Ananda kept them, waiting for her to return to take them back. But, feeling that an item left in a monastery should not be taken back, she offered it to the Lord Buddha and Venerable Ananda. On being told that priceless treasures were of no value to His retinue of monks, the Lord Buddha kindly refused to keep it: treasures such as this were useless for a monk’s life. Visakha then tried to sell the jeweled peacock crown and dress with the hope that the money she raised by selling it would be enough to build a monastery and provide the necessary requirements for the monks. When she was unable to find a buyer who could afford the jeweled crown and dress, she bought it herself for ninety million Kahapanas and used the money to build the Pubbarama Monastery (also known as the Mansion of Migara’s Mother) to support the Lord Buddha, all of the monks – both male and female. In total, she spent ninety million for the land, ninety million for the buildings and construction, and ninety million for the ceremony: Two hundred and seventy million Kahapanas in total was spent on the Pubbarama Monastery. Visakha was overjoyed with her gift to the Lord Buddha. On the day the she donated the monastery to the Buddha and the Sanghas, she sang songs of joy and walked around the Pubbarama together with her children and grandchildren. The Lord Buddha informed people that Visakha was singing songs of joy because she had just fulfilled her ambition to be the chief female lay disciple of the Lord Buddha. This aspiration had been accumulated over many life times. The Lord Buddha spent nine rainy seasons at the Pubbarama Monastery, during which time He dispensed many Suttas and helped people ease the suffering from the unknown qualities and conditions of their lives.
The Nirvana During the last year of the Lord Buddha’s life, the Sanghas ministry had been settled. The Lord Buddha told the Venerable Ananda to assemble the Sanghas. He then left Rajagaha, the capital of Magadha, where he had given a discourse to Ajatasattu, the ungrateful son of King Bimbasara who was now the new King of Magadha. The discourse He gave was about how to rule the kingdom free from destructive forces. As He left the city, He stopped fully and turned himself around to see the city for the last time. After leaving Rajagaha, He passed Ambapali’s grove and entered the small village called Beluvakama: here, the Lord Buddha spent his last vassa. According to the Mahaparinibbana Sutta of Digha Nikaya Pali canon, the Lord Buddha, at the age of 80, spent his last rain retreat in Beluvakama and it was here that he suffered a severe sickness that had sharp and deadly symptoms. But the Lord Buddha endured them mindfully, clearly comprehending his condition and unperturbed by them. He told himself that He had come to the last sign of vitality but He would not leave all Sanghas without giving one last sermon. He then suppressed His illness by His strength of will, and resolved to live. Once He recovered from His illness, He arose and sat down under the shadow of His dwelling. Venerable Ananda, the Lord Buddha’s loyal assistant, saw Him and said: “Fortunate it is for me, O Lord, to see the Blessed One at ease again! Truly, Lord, when I saw the Blessed One’s sickness it was as though my own body became weak as a creeper, everything around me became dim, and my senses failed me. Yet, Lord, I still had some little comfort in the thought that the Blessed One would not come to His final passing away until He had given some last instructions respecting the community of Bhikkhus (Sanghas).” The Lord Buddha listen to Venerable Ananda, and then He replied: “Now I am frail, Ananda; old, aged, far gone in years. This is my eightieth year, and my life is spent. Even as an old cart, Ananda is held together with much difficulty. It is, Ananda, only when the Tathagata disregards external objects, along with the cessation of certain feelings, attaining to and abiding in the concentration of the mind, that the body is more comfortable.
Therefore, Ananda, be islands unto yourselves, refuges unto yourselves, seeking no external refuge; with the Dhamma as your island, the Dhamma as your refuge, seek no other refuge. And how, Ananda, is a bhikkhu an island unto himself, a refuge unto himself, seeking no external refuge; with the Dhamma as his island, the Dhamma as his refuge, seeking no other refuge? “When he dwells contemplating the body in the body, earnestly, clearly comprehending and mindful, after having overcome desire and sorrow in regard to the world; when he dwells contemplating feelings in feelings, the mind in the mind, and the inner Dhamma in inner Dhamma. Then, truly, he is an island unto himself, a refuge unto himself, seeking no external refuge; having the Dhamma as his island, the Dhamma as his refuge, seeking no other refuge.” The next day, the Lord Buddha and the Venerable Ananda went to Capala Shrine. The Lord Buddha said to Ananda: “Whoever, Ananda, has developed, practiced, employed, strengthened, maintained, scrutinized, and brought to perfection the four constituents of psychic power, could, if he so desired remain throughout a world‐period or until the end of it. The Tathagata, Ananda, has done so. Therefore the Tathagata could.” But the Venerable Ananda was unable what the Lord Buddha was saying, even given significant prompting by the Blessed One. It was as though his mind was being influenced by Mara. Even though the Lord Buddha repeated the same saying twice and three times, Ananda was silent and did not ask the Lord Buddha to remain or repeat the same saying again. On that day, Mara reappeared to request that the Lord Buddha enter Nirvana. So, at the foot of Capala Shrine, the Lord Buddha renounced his will to live. Once he renounced his life, there was a tremendous earthquake from the earth to the heavens. Once the Venerable Ananda knew the reason for the earthquake, he spoke to the Blessed One and beseeched Him to remain. But it was too late; His renunciation to the world had been complete. The Lord Buddha entered Nirvana because He did not really become ill or old, but because He taught that all appearances have common characteristics of disintegration. Those who are born in
this physical world are immersed in the three common defilements: greed, anger and obsession – the impermanence and pain of defiled worlds. Striving for Nirvana is the way to seeking the eternal life. In the Agganna Sutta, the Buddha told the Venerable Vasettha that his material body was not really who He was, but He and all human beings have the body of the Dhamma or Dhammakaya, and this body is not sustained by material food. It is not possible to injure the body of a Tathagata as it does not have any defilements. The body of a Tathagata is “uncompounded” or unified and free of all formative activity. On the same day, the Blessed One told the Venerable Ananda to assemble the monks from all over Vesali, the last city in which the Buddha spoke. Thereupon, the Venerable Ananda assembled all of the monks at the hall of Dhamma. The Lord Buddha then entered the hall, took his seat, and said: “Now, O bhikkhus. I say to you that these teachings of which I have direct knowledge and which I have made known to you – these you should thoroughly learn, cultivate, develop, and frequently practice, that the life of purity may be established and may long endure, for the welfare and happiness of the multitude, out of compassion for the world, for the benefit, well being, and happiness of gods and men. “And, Bhikkhus, what are these teachings? They are the four foundations of mindfulness, the four right efforts, the four constituents of psychic powers, the five faculties, the five powers, the seven factors of enlightenment, and the Noble Eightfold Path. Bhikkhus, these are the teachings of which I have direct knowledge, which I have made known to you, and which you should thoroughly learn, cultivate, develop, and frequently practice, that the life of purity may be established and may long endure, for the welfare and happiness of the multitude, out of compassion for the world, for the benefit, well being, and happiness of gods and men.
(Is this a repeat of the two?) “So, Bhikkhus, I exhort(urge) you: All compounded things are subject to vanish. Strive with earnestness. The time of the Tathagata’s Parinibbana is near. Hence the Tathagata will utterly pass away.” Then, the Blessed One told all Sanghas that He would soon enter Parinirvana or the final deathless state abandoning the earthly body in next three months at the night of Vesak – the sixth lunar month.
The Last Meal Almost three months after that, the Lord Buddha left Vesali to Kusinara. From the many cities that He passed, He sermonized to countless numbers of humans and devas where they attained the inner Triple Gem as their final refuge. Just before entering Kusinara, He stayed in the Mango’s Groove of Cunda, a blacksmith. The Blessed One ate his last meal cooked from Sukaramadava which was, according to different translations either a mushroom delicacy (perhaps truffles) or soft pork that he had received as an alms offering from Cunda. After leaving the Mango’s Groove, falling violently ill, the Lord Buddha instructed Ananda to convince Cunda that his offering had nothing to do with the Lord Buddha’s passing and that His meal would be a source of the greatest merit because it provided the last meal for a Buddha. There are two offering of food that are of equal grandeur: The one partaken before becoming fully enlightened in unsurpassed, supreme Enlightenment; and the one partaken before passing into the state of Nirvana in which no element of clinging remains. At first, Venerable Ananda protested the Buddha’s decision to enter Parinirvana in the abandoned junles of Kusinara. The Lord Buddha, however, reminded the Venerable Ananda
how Kushinara was a land once ruled by a righteous wheel‐turning king that resounded with joy in the past. “Look, Ananda, Kushinara resounded unceasingly day and night with ten sounds – the trumpeting of elephants, the neighing of horses, the rattling of chariots, the beating of drums and tabours, music and song, cheers, the clapping of hands, and cries of ‘Eat, drink, and be merry’”. At that time, in the Sala Flowers Garden, in the jungle of Kusinara, the Lord Budha himself lay down on his right side on the alter bed amidst the community of Sanghas. He pointed his index finger for all Sanghas to see the unseasonal flowers in the Sala Gardens. All of the flowers on both sides of the Sala tree at the holy bed were balling as if they were a heavenly rain. Then, the Venerable Ananda went into the teaching hall, leaned against the doorpost and wept: “I am stillbut a learner, and still have to strive for my own perfection. But, alas, my Master, who was so compassionate towards me, is about to pass away!” Although the Lord Buddha did not see His loyal attendant, once He knew what the Venerable Ananda was thinking, He called Ananda and praised him among the community. “Capable and judicious is Ananda, Bhikkhus, for he knows the proper time for bhikkhus, bhikkhunis, laymen and laywomen, kings and ministers of state, the teachers of other sects and their followers to have audience with the Tathagata. “In Ananda, Bhikkhus, are to be found four rare and superlative qualities. What are the four? If a company of Bhikkhus, bhikkhunis, laymen or laywomen should go to see Ananda, they become joyful on seeing him: and if he then speaks to them of the Dhamma, they are made joyful by his discourse; and when he becomes silent, they are disappointed.” At that time, a wandering ascetic named Subhadda was dwelling at Kusinara with his own doubts in the Triple Gem. He entered into the center of the community and met the Venerable Ananda, asking him to see the Lord Buddha. But he was refused and abandoned. The Lord
Buddha, who had the great generosity for all beings, heard the sound of boisterousness, and then told the Venerable Ananda to allow Subhadda to enter. Once Subhadda entered into the center, he questioned the Lord Buddha about the matters of an existing or non‐existing world. But the Lord Buddha said it was not a present benefit for him to know, but he told the Venerable Ananda to allow him to become ordained. From the time of his ordination, the Venerable Subhadda remained alone, secluded, heedful, ardent, and resolute. He dwelt therein and knew the way to destroy birth and eradicated the seeds of burden in mundane life, becoming the last Arahants in the Buddha’s lifetime. Then the Blessed One addressed the Bhikkhus, saying: “It may be that one of you is in doubt or perplexed as to the Buddha, the Dhamma, the Sangha, the path or the practice. Then question it now, Bhikkhus! Do not be given to remorse later on with the thinking: ‘The Master was with us face to face, yet face to face we failed to ask him’.” But when this was said, the Sanghas were silent. And yet a second and a third time, the Blessed One stopped and waited. Lastly, and finally, the Blessed One addressed the Bhikkhus by saying: “All composite things have itself a natural passing away. Strive for your own benefit to be liberated with improvidence.” Then He entered the completed Nirvana. At the funeral, the Lord Buddha’s body was cremated and the relics were placed in monuments or stupas, some of which are believed to have survived until the present. For example, at the Temple of the Crystal Tooth of the Lord Buddha or “Dalada Maligawa” in Sri Lanka there is a relic of the right crystal tooth of Buddha kept in the current pagoda. At his death, the Lord Buddha told his disciples to follow no leader, but to follow His teachings and disciplines (Dhamma and Vinaiya). However, at the First Buddhist Council, the Venerable Mahakassapa was elected by the Sanghas to be their leader, because the two foremost disciples Mahamoggallana and Sariputta had died before the Lord Buddha.