Thakhin Tin Mya
This document was uploaded by user and they confirmed that they have the permission to share it. If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this DMCA report form. Report DMCA
Overview
Download & View Thakhin Tin Mya as PDF for free.
More details
- Words: 12,349
- Pages: 27
แ ' ' ' !! "' #$แ ' % "แ '' ( !" #$แ แ! * % +''" (' ! +'"$แ$! (
แ !,' +$แ ("' '!#$แ - *'(" - !" ('/ '/") ! '$ #(+$แ " แ " (2*!34 แ !! -6 '!7' !7 8 (((- $ +' +$แ ( ( (" 9"'แ,' [(" (! ] = ("' (' - '#$แ ! '!7 8 #-' +!7 8) [! ' "'" ! $$ > - ?'*! +$แ @ A,' ( ( # > - ?'แ,' # #$แ +'+ + แ#
B แ !7 8 C7(! ((- ( *แ-' ! '!7 8]
แ 8 (! ! #', - E+,)
E+, ' F% *แ *แ" ( A,' แ ' ( CB( #'!" แ GH+G I@JK % # -#' I@ +#แ (L - L - IL@M) " "'$แ!,' G ( # " ' " ( ( IJ % ' (แ" " " -# " "'$ , A,' + $' 8
( K % " A,'' N -#' '" -'#' ( ! '$8 ( IO % '" F% ? # แ,' + A,' " + P ( Q 7 $8 ("' (' (! ('% แ9R* CS7'' '$' 8 IQOO ! (+'! " P - " T % +' -/!+ '/ " !7$แ!,' ILQL "[' ' ( !!7 "ILQJ" % #% "ILQL % " ( % 'แ!,' "( IQ % (แ" " !#! +' ' "แ+8][I] F% ? แ *แ# > แ ('(แ '" ("$แ -แ!,' แ *แ# ('(แ ' แ '" แ '- - ( ( #! # $8 แ # แ *แ# ('(แ ' 7''% ( # ' - ' 'แ '+'' แ " $' 8 แ *แ!B"-' '' # (- !' '- !
(- !''% U' U'''
'แ '+ % +' -/!+ '/'" !7 - ! $' 8 [ ( แ ! ILQJ % (9=- ! (7 'แ '- -' '+! # #'" + #แ!,- (9=- ! # $แ แ -' Vแ A'แ!,- ' '" !78 แ " - ' +' ( แ % !78
('!7 ( ! ('- '-' ' " ' !- แ!,8 ',-
(!7+ ' !78] ILMO !% G - -" # $แ # แ +' % +' +' / " +' ! C (QJ) (+ F% ?" ','' +8 แ # , แ !'แ6แ+แ!,' CP ' $+8 แ # (' # แ !'แ6แ+แ!,' ILMI Eแ!,-" -6-$8 (' # " #$+A ("' ' % #' # " ' -' # 9 + แ % +' !% (9=- ! $' 8[I] (' # " 'X '(' "#?# !7, แ - ' ( !' !'$8
(7 ' ( ( !*แ!,' -6(7 > #' แ "'แ!,' !' - !#' #'
'+# Y6#'$8 > #' >" แ ' แ -( ( -/!+ '/'" !7$' 8 (% "แ ' % Z - L) แ # J -#แ ( +''$ '
+'(A'' " "Undergound Unit (! แ (+'! ("$แ" !7 #' !7#) '("$แ 7'' + # " 'แ6 (#97'#,) + แ ' " - ( 2,-) % แ [I] " แ " #+" !#! +'$ +8 ILM@ (! ' -" > -"-!+' ! แ +$แ!,' > -#' +$8 - M +#แ " #' () ?% - !$8 ',' e A,' ' IQ A,' IO A,' # " ''$8 แ # +$ ' ! > --' # ! " #!' '' $+8 (% "แ ' % IO) ILM@ G"#-" + * # " ' (!' ' #' (# " #' ( % +' +) ' # (!' ' แ6% #' ( !' ' ' แ Q A,' ( %S + !' ( (,
'+# "' -'+,'" - *+' !'+#% + # !( - !7 ! แ !'+#
( # ,( ( !> - A,' (' # !'(!$8 ( ! " '
- !7+# -' A,'% แ ' (# #! " 'X! -แ * ! #'( # แ!,' 9!# - #'+'
A,'!'+# '#' !#' ' ( %S แ - !7 "'$ #! " 'X # แ +' -/!+ '/ A,' 'แ '+# (" ##+$ ' '$แ!,' '% แ @ A,' #' แ6 แ @ A,' ( %S แ "' +,'" + # ! ( - !7 ! แ !'$8 ( % QeJ - MOO)
' +''
!แ!,
แ # 9!# " 'N % +' #' +$แ!,'# 'N - ( # แ +'% "#?# % +' +' #'' % (% แ - - ! แ$แ!,' '7 แ " - #'-$' '-แ* '#''' % +' '' +''$8 ILMK -("' "#?# !7, ("$ " ' 7'$ (-#, "#?# !7, ["#?# !7, (#!)] " !7$แ!,' !7->?แ ("$แ > ,% (-#, !7, ( (P 9# " # ( C, ( แ " $8 9# ( *'' 7' > -*! (#' ! '' "!$" ! ! # # " $8 ! ! -' ! > -+ -' % +' +'!"$'X (-#, CB% ( "(#' !แ# (-#, " - แ !'' !$+ ! +$' $% 7' $ #$+8[@] '! -"-!+' +, " (-#, !7, -# (' - !#'A' แ!,' > -*! A,' !- ("$แ- " ' แ ++ # ( !*!+' (P
- + +# +แ " แ!,' (' -
/' ?'-"# (-#, !7,(' !- ( '+ +'' (7 '% A,'แ!,' (-#, !7, ('- ' ! ##$8 V' ! " ' ,'-แN ( !78 ILMZ 9 - IL +#แ " %g-'X ','' $+8 แ #A ILMJ -" (-#, !7, %/ " N8 แ # %g-' , แ !'แ6แ$+แ!,' ILMJ Q + " > -แ,' ( A,',' (!, !+' (@I) > -+$ h " % ! '!7' ,แ *แ ' " !'$+ (-? !7, (>! "#?# !7, >!) #- ( '!'$แ!,' >! !% ( - !7"'$8 ILe@ 7+,-X '! >! > , ('(' (+ > , ( (' # !'(!$แ!,' -" >! + ' แ #!' -6' $+8
ILee C,G% eK G##7+,- ("'X '!$ >! ('('# (+ >
, ( > , ( แ # !'(!$8 ILeJ % Eแ!,-" +# # แ >! +# # ( 'แ '+' # ( แ " +# #!' -6$8 ( ( #'" " +' แ!,' !$' แ '+ >! > % (แ$! ((" !*- !$8 ILKO !% % - K +#แ " +# #X ' !7 - '+'N ',' #' '' $+8 - '+' ',' B-A ',''!B # " !'$ - '+' !7 # !แ!,' !#'$+8 ILKI % G##7+,-" >! %/ " ' ! (P! '(' ( !' (''$8 ' '
+' (2*!34 +''$8 ILK@ % - @ +#แ " > -*!แ,' #' A,'แ!,' ! (P ' (7 (' " ' $แ!," ' +'' !'! แแ !,' (P! ( แ ' ( !' (''$ % -" (*! -6!'$8
แ # > -*!แ,' #' A,' !N '- #+' ,'" (!' ( แ " $8 ILKQ 9 - ("' '- #+' ,'% >! แ (!+!+' แ ''+' แ (" !P "แ "'!"$' !*- ! (7" '- #+' ,'
'- ("$แ" ("$แ A,' ( !7 "'%"'$8 #! ' "'%"'!"$'X >!N +' # แ " ' - !7$' + !78
C, โฆ # '" " "$'(" โฆ !!7
แ # % -" ( # (* !7, ( "$แ' 'แ!,' # + - -'A !7, (-) N !7, 'แ '+' > , (COC) " (!' ("$แ ( !7 แ " $8 ILKQ Eแ!,-" '-' - !#''% # ' !! '+' ,' " A,' > - ?'*! % แ ( !7$แ!,' '+'' ! +!- 'N ,'!"'+' - !#''% !' A' '!! ' (! '! +" ("'(B (++ -"แ แ " /' !7 (F # ( # แ !' Y6#'$8 ,N ( " '-'' !7-' -"แ ( # แ " (7 % ' A,''! ( )แ ('! ,'!"'+' - !#'' ('- ' % ' A,'' ( )แ ( (!! ( " ' /-/% ,'!"'+' - !#'' ('- ' (- !#' ('-'' !7 #) ! 9l *-! ( )แ ('/("$แ('! '' H -' ('- ' --,/ -' ('- ' แ (! แ (Fn ' $+ ,'!"'+' 3P,' ( )แ - !#'+ ' ! ((A,/ ( + ("'!'' ('- ' ( ' ! แ"" !4' ( '# !'') - !#' '/ ( ' ( ' ( '!*) ! A' ('- ' แ6แ!'% A !'' '% ((A,' (( *แ ( ( "$แ!,'
' !7 # #$ ( ' !7 # ' ' " 'แ!,') ('- ' แ
!! - แ (! ' ! $8 ((' +'% - !7 "!! '$/ '" % '!7' ( '" !7+ "#$" + '-''" X แ !7)
( แ ! - ('- ' -' % ! ' แ!,' ' $8 แ ' $ - '"
- ! # - '' -แ!,'
( ' ,'' '!'$แ!,' - - !$ - ! 'N - ' (แ!,' ' แ!,' - " +' ' ( - ! # - / '' % (# !#- ,'' '!'$8 "' (#' - #,'!+ แ *แแ,'' แ !'แ6แ ( # $ - / '' แ '"' (A( ! $ - ' ("! ! % " ! ! ) ('- ' ('-" --6 'แ/'$+8 '$ '% % แ "-' '-' + - (' ( *' *' " *'''' แ + +' '' - แ '!7'!'' '% '!'' '!$!'' ',!'' (!'( ! - ' " (! " -$+ แ *แ!B# - ! + -'' ( แ '-" - '' "! -
( C o +$+8
แ !! (แ!,' '+'' ! ' (P% -#! แ ' (Fn ' $+" #% '+'''! !'A' (" -' ##'" !'! !'$$ ' $8 แ % ''! !' A'
' +X -'' !'แ!,' ' $+8 '+'' - *' ,'!"'+' - !#'+ ' --,/ -' ! + ' ( แ แ #( F'! " ' # ' '7'7' '$+8 !' A'-' ( '( + ## 'แ/' $+8 แ แ % " '+ (F F#% - !(' ((' แ,' - -#'''(' แ * ,'$' % N # - !+' # " +' ,'!"'+'% - /+' (#( '' ('- ' !'!# ( !*- !- ' !8 ( *' ( % N ,'!"'+' ((# ILK@ % , (+ แ (+ " (' ' แ6% ( ILJZ % " C7-, !7' p !'+ pแ ('+$ ' % (LDC, Least Developed Countries) ( แ ' $+!78 แ !$/ ('- ' ,( , (COC) " !7 > -*!แ,' #'% - #+' , '!! '+'' -'A +# # " ' -'Y6#!'$แ (( +"-' -"แ A,', A,' !*$ ! 9l *-' 'A,' ' '' % '> - ?'*! ' แ Q A,'" (,(แ # + !8
แ '-' - !#''% # ' !! '+' ,' N ( # แ !' -'Y6#/ ' $ ,'!"'+' - !#'' > - ?'แ,' #' # AHy ( # ' ' + - ,'!"'+' / ,' แ,'!$+8
> - ?แ,' #' #-' แ แ ' $#' ILKM @@ +#แX !'A' ' $+ '+'' ,'!"'+' - !#' ! + ' B "แ "(+'+ แ,'' ( '+ !* แ!,'+ แ!,' z แ ' (!* - ! 8 + แ " ( '+ !*"'$ '- + # "แ+ (7 + แ!,' C o + #" -'- แ '-$# (' % '' ! *' 7 " !'$8
ILKM % " !7, {#*! (- !'+'+ {#แ,' , ILKZ % " > ! แ (- !' , > (- !(/ , -แ!,' (- !'+'+ - !#' แ " +' - '+'+ - !#'' !7 ! '"$ แ " $8 ILKZ % " (- !'+'+ ,N >, # , ( แ + ') (+ แ9P,% ! -# Q % --+' +,'" ("$แ ( - !7$8 ILZI % " ! (แ - ,- " !7, > , {#*! '#' +' +' ( # " +') - !+'% " +' , ("'+' ?' (% > , ( # $8 '"$แ' ( !*!! ( A!C +'$ " +' + ' ("$แ ( ILZM ( A!C +'"$+" !7 แ " $8 ILZK - (+'!B !7, ,- " (+ > , ( แ -' $+แ!,' ILZZ 9 - ("'" !7, '' ' ##/' - ! ' +8 [ (! '
+'' ' ' + "แ+ '!7 ' ##/' +!78] ILJJ + -'- ' ! แ (+'! " แ" !7 แ " $
"แ+-' ! "' (P '/ !*- ! Q +(- - Ie +#แ " ' ' '' - '+' +( แ B #' '' $8 " % ( > -+$ h " - ' +' 'แ!,' +( " ! " แ % แ ! B ' $" N '$ ILJL "-' % > -+$ h
+' (A'" +'' !$8 (% "แ ' % Ie) แ ('+แ!,' #+ - IK +#แ " !7' ((' #' + ' + ! - !7, %/ " " !*' ( '+ 8 " +' #แ,' {# (! " %S ! '% '' ! + / !" '8 A,'(แ,'% (' ! 9l *-' ((#
#'T - $" !'- 8 '' !#แ ! "'8 - IZ +#แ " # " +' #แ,' {# (!B # ! $ ' % -'A,' - ' # '" -# - 8 ( '+ %/ " !'+#% ' ( '+ "$แ'!'+# '# $ %S!/' ! T !' # -8 '' ( *แ - * ' ! #' #'' +% +#% -#' ++ +# (" '# ! C ' แ T " " "'8[Q] @ + ( - # M #+,# แ " > -*!แ,' ! (P -6$!' - แ!,' % แ ! ! !'/ +' ("$แ "$แ' - ' +C, 8 " ! ' ',' ! แ /' ' - แ!,' -แ! 7 แ *'' -',' '' (! " + ( # แ # แ 8 ! %S ! '(' !8 - M A,' ! T '' !*+# ( #แ ' - 8[Q]
แ # IL +#แ " % แ /! ! แ -6 % ,% (' - !7, (P! ("$แ(' ( ' - ' $8 แ - (P! A,' แ ','' -! +#! "'% ((A,' ' ' + !*- !$ "แ+!8 แ -''!B" !% %S ! 'N !$"' - !" '- + 8 +!7' '" ! ' - *+' !$"แ'N !' +8 แ *แ!B!' ' +# # แ *แ- + แ > (microwave antenna) '##' C ' !8 % แ /! ! แ -6 % ,% (' (P! ("$แ(''
' - 8[Q] @O +#แ " > -*! [Q] "$แ'- 8 (' !#-6!'$8
A,'
แ /!
( '+("$แ
- @M +#แX A,'(แ,' A,'A,'% CB(#' แ A,'แ!,' [Q] (* '' C, +, ("$แ*! (NLD) "$แ'8
( แ "$แ*!X > , ( !7-8 ILLO % C,G- @I +#แ " #( ( '+ ',' - '+'N +( " % #แ '*! '$แ!,' ILL@ % G##7+,-" 'CB(#' (' ,/' 7'A! (% @O $8 แ # # " ' 7' ' CB(#' (' #/' " ' + # " !B-แ!,'# +!!7 +' !'-$-$8 ILLQ % G"#-" ,'แ +97+ ' / + # +# # 'แ แ,' แ -6$!' ! แ !'$แ!,'# !7 !7' -6!'$8 " -แ!,'# % +' -/!+ '/ " !7' + ! % +' (#' '-' % ! $8 G#,' " -# " $แ!,'# '' ( # # @OOJ % - @M +#แ ( JM % " +#' (- !' A!C '+' {# ( MQ #แ + #'Y"#แ ( *',' A,'% +# # +'แ ' แ '" % A,' - +' ' ( '( ( C (แ $8 @Z +#แ " - ! 9=- E!$" '! !*- !$8 #'Y"# แ N % +' - ! ' (-#, + '! - '% ! (แ - !$แ!,' + '! - ' " -# " แ!,'# 'A,' ( # #+' !* # [ +'# ( # แ!,' '' ! % !
' + '-' C,> ," , '/ '( #'#' ( !] > -*!(#' (2*!34 ( !(" - !('!' ,+ GA " แ ' $+'
+! ' ("' $ '-แ!! 9# ' " F! % " +'' !$8
+' + !! % +'''N แ !! -6
- !7, " !7, ' % +' ,'!"'+' '!7'' +''$ , 9lG'" ILKQ % 9 - T ' ' -A (#' ( !$8 ' '
+' (2*!34 K ( !$"+ แ!,' ! Q "$ ! (*!#' $ " +''$' 8 ' ' ( ! " # แ +'#$แ -"-!+' !$" #$แ ' (' % +' 7'' ('- '#,'!7' ( '+ ' ( ! !B( ! # " ' ((- ( #'% +6 +''$8 (' 'N ('#' ! แ,'$แแ!,' % แ + ' N แ ('#'' ' แ % A,'N '!% - *' (!B # ### !*$' ' '/ ' - #+'แ,'' ' ' $แ " +'' ' ( ! ( ! 8 ( ' + '- (' # $แ # แ +' # แ +' -"-!+' !$"'" '' 7' (A(- 9 P' แ,'$ > #' (!B (! - ' ' (! +''$ -' แ/+8[M] [ > #' แ > #' (' ! + - !7 > #' (ILQJ - QL) > #' แ ,Y " +' > > #' แ >% !C n!" (!*'+ แ แ/!78] ( แ 9!# -( " #แ,'% ( !*!+' #' +แ " ( *' *' + $ 7' '' + ' (" ' +'$ -' แ/+8[e] A! - +$ ' ! 9!#!# A,' '> -+#(' [#! '" " 'แ!,' >! '*
' $X !7"'$] -' A,'% $ '! ' แ!,' แ 'แ ' #- แ '+ A,' ( แ !- ' +''$- ,( ( > - A,' ((!7 xxx = ! ') ( "' (7 - แ ( $+! แ !7
+'' ' "แ+!78[K] ['' '( ' - '' N ( ! แ '' ] แ - + (+' '
7
!!% ' + $ - - C,- - ( +% (! แ ! *' # ' ( ! ( ! $ " " ' ! '' '"'# $ แ'' +แ " + + !'- ' '' 8 V แ +'' !! % ILQJ C '' ! ' 9 P!* (# +'' !$ (A,') #'N "! ''" ( ! " [Z] !7+
$ แ ((! *' (" + #' +'' !! แ A !7 N ' (( # "แ+ 8
( แ ! (7 % +'' ('' - !/' (P (-"$ ''/' -" - " !7!7-' ?'-"# #$-' +'+' ย * # " '$ ( ( % % +'% ! %6 # (/'(' แ ! +'แ '' ,+ '$! '[J] ((' -- แ/+ '8
( # +# #แ *แX (-แ *'แ!,' >! 'แ ' # ( @ % #แ
- ! $แ!,' % +'!7' - - "#?# (+(แ,' แ +'+' ย * ('!* #' + $ C+, (*!#' @ % ('แ!,' ' ' ( ! !* #$ ! ! !#-' " โฆ แ '( + !7! " แ!,' (- แ ' ' +!78 ( !% !'!# @OOZ % - ! % !
$ ' ' +$แ #$" ( !$ ' !! "' ( ! >!+$แ - '+' -'A+$แ ( '! '% ( '(' #' - ' (+'แ,' ( ! +''$8 [+' ' ! 8 # Ie % (% @O + '+ ' $+ "#?#'N % +' 'แ '+' ( ''
( # ' C ' !7 $ 8 แ -' ILK@ % C+, ! (*!#' ("'" #' ' '+ ! (P ' แ!,'# +(#' ("' ! '- #+' ,' % '# + - -'A' แ ''แ,' *
--% $แ!,' ' !7 (P! '(' ( !' (''% $' ! +!78] แ "% +' -/!+ '/' $ "
!7 -/!+ '$ ("แ(* + + $ !# " 'N % +' - !' #!7' !7+, ' !'$+ ' % +' +#/ ( # ' $! " แ/ --+ (7 -"#$$ IO % # แ %6$$ '>!+$แ - '+' -'A' (! แ,' แ ' '7' ' #แ,' ''' ! % % - '!! '+'' - !#'Aแ,' - !7,% '- #+' ,'+$แ ' ( แ !,' %6$+# แแ -'Y6#!'$ "แ+ (7 (+แ (! (' + !78 ! T ' [ ! !7' N !'' (Fn ' !7 % + ' ((แ" ! + ' -' '' '($- โฆ - !#$แ ' '' !# #แ!, ] #แ ( !B '-' - !#''% # ' !! '+' ,' " '!"$ !"$ '' '#% !$" '!"$' ' แ!,' ( ("'(B (++ -"แ - !/'"!7 - !7, " A,'/ (#'ย # ( " -$" - !$ " -# " + -แ!,' [ ( แ ! (' A,'' (+!' , A,' ] A,' (!B แ * 9lG' 9# (>?'' (! ('- ' - '! #' - #!7 % 7'แ/+ - !+! 8 ('% "แ '' % @O - @Q) + ' ' (! (' ('- ' ( ,' ! +!8 "(# (
U'" ,'!"'+' ##$แ -+ C, +, !$
" 7'! ' Living Colour Magazine !7 "แ '#'#' " " (- % ( ! +แ " -( +''$แ!,' #' แ!,'$-$" '"#' '+X ( ! $ -$#+ G#,' # " ' +' '$!
+ '!แ!,' G#,' ('(' (!7( ' !'"' แ/+8
"G#,'-' ! 8 - +'-$ #9 ' +'$8 (# '!$ ( ' +'- !78 !# !' - แ (# ! 8 ( !+ $ -$# -' +'% ' 8 +'-' !% ' 8 -'#'-!$ $ (7 -' +' ' - +' ' (# #' + 8 C7
!$ +'- 8" (% "แ ' % IJ -IL) G#,' "-' +' ' " !7 - -!7 -แ % '! M % - ( + '$' "-'#'-!$ $ (7" + แ#' +''แ!,' "- +' '" แ!,' '- #+'N ('(+'' (
+'' '
"แ+!78
แ
#'
M #' - ! " $
-' M #'X! !+' -' ' $+ 8 G#,' '
!% ( '97' - ! " '% #แ + ! '$' ' 8 V-' N '#' #' !+' 8
แ ! + (' + % !78 ( ILQJ % $X C > แ ('(แ ' แ IQ % ' +แ!,' '( #! % +'' - !- !78 แ (' G#,' ' ' -' แ##$( M #'!$' - แ (#' !#-ย (7 '' แ ! -' $ (!7 *' " ( แ ' '-$ แ *แ' ! 8 '!-$ แ#- -'#'(แ !7 8 แ ! #!7+$แ" +'' "แ+ - -$ - $ - ' ,'"'+!78 (' !!"' % - @@ '+ IL-@I) ( K % ' (แ" " + A,'' N -#''" IO % ' ( ! $8 M #' (8 IO % '" + P '% ("' ("'(' (!('% แ9*R-% CS7'' '$+8 + - ( #'$8 (% "แ ' % Z) V$ แ G#,' ' -' - (!!7 % % ( +'' ' แ -' A,'
" + - ( #'$" [' ' '] ! C
# ,'?'!# "แ+!78
N % +'
"(# (
'" ,'!"'+'#$แ -+ C, +, !$ " แ'$ (' ' - #+' -แ!,'# ( C7 #
% +' # '+ "'+!7#'' ('% "แ '' % MK) Living Colour 9lG' "แ '#'+ " ' !" ' !B-$ -/!+ '/ !7$ - " ' !7 8 7'! ' !7+-' 7' 8 #- ! ' !7+-' #- 8 !7$ - ' '# '$!$8 C7 9!# - #+' !7$' 8 !7$$ (" '#$ 8 ($C7 ',+$แ ! ' 8 ! แ 9 +$แ %S( ' " '$ !$8"
แ % +' (' !'$' 8 ( แ ! '% "แ '' ( ! $X! + แ' #' ,Y " !' +''$ -' "แ+8 Living Colour ! ( !7 (' '# #'"#' ( Living Colour "A,'% -' !7 '8 C7!$ > -*!(#' !# !'- !7" !'- +8 " !7$' -8 !7
#$แ 8 9!##$แ !7"'แ!,' C !#- 8 !#- -' > - ?'
> -*! -" 8 > -*!(#' "'B ' "'B ' + + !#!7- 8 !#!7- ++' + -!7,+$แ AHy - ! 8 แ > -*!(#' !- แ# # แ $แ -- !!7 แ!,' !$ (7 '7 - !% ' !$ +' ' (# แ "#?#!7, {#*! >'+ -' -' -$(7 xxxxxxxx แ# แ + #'แ *+ '% >' - !+ ' 8 !- $ - !!7'8 '7- !' % +' !" 'แ!,8 # 79!##$แ - " ' ( 'แ,'!$8 C, 7+$แ
+'
#$แ !แ!,' 7 C7 $แ!,' 7- " ' ($C, % +' - !+ '' !$ +' 8 !# ' แ!,' 7' !#" ' 8 #7 (# #$แ + !- # !'- - แ 7' + 8 % +' !#- ! แ !$ (7-' + '8 # > -*! (#' '>' ' >' !#-$!7 แ# (- ! ! ' 8' ($C, % ' 8 ( T ( '+"$แ+ ( '+ + ' !' ' + -$ แ!,' (- ! ('('!"$ (แ!,' +# # !#- 8 > -*! C,( ' #- แ ' 8 >' แ# (#,' #+( C -AHy - ! แ!,' C -AHy - 8" ('% "แ '' % MK - MJ)
แ แ (แ * '!'+ Living Colour
- (-"$-$" ( G " แ!,'[L] % > -*!(#' แ !7 ( !'+ $8 ! A,'" !- ( ' ' + '!7''" (-"$( ' แ !7+ #!7 % '- แ #% +' ' --+" ( ' ( # แ!,' "'% !7'
+'# +'' $ ( !' $ " + แ( ! *'+'% #( ! *'! ("$$" (!'!' !แ +'แ ( ! $ ! + แ(! C% #(! C แ (?% ($ (+ แ (#$ แ แ,' "$-$" +'' ' !7 +! แ/ (" แ/+!78 + - (+'! !7, '#' (B) +'+ '+# #"' % 9!# - #+'%
% +' ((# - ! แ " /'% !แ!,' " #" " #" ('!"' (7 แ
! ("แ(* + ' !7 '+# #"' N "!$" แ % #' 8 '#' (' '(' # แ $- '7% 7+ @ A,' A,' 'แ '$- แ - #+' -"' แ!,' "' #แ แ ' -+$ G+$ #+ -' "#?#'! $+$ (% , +# #" 9!# - ' แ -" แ!,' แ"A -แ ( % 'แ ' -/ แ $ C7-' % + ' '9!# - #+' - ! # ' "#?# +' #'" " " !'แ!,' (9=- ! !A!' ( ( (, !' '' แ!,' ( ( !'" !7''% -$' ('- ' '*' -$ ! ( ') '! ($"'[M] [e] [K] #!# '% -' 8 ( แ ! '#' (B) '+# #"' % + '$ แ ( ' ' ' # # '$'$ >+'> G"- !- + -' แ @ A,'$ แ ("(+'% !แ!,' -$- $' !8 แ !$ $ +'$ ('(+' 7' P แ!,' (' % +''' +''$ ' +' (' ' !#- !$+8 ('% "แ '' "#?#!7,% !( แ +'! !7, ILM@ - ILMe % % IQe - IKQ) " ' % > #' # " แ #! +# แ ! n #+ #N (!' (++ 9#+ !,(() >! +% " $N8 >! +$N , %g-' แ
% แ ((" + +# แ ! แ "'+# แ *'!'$8 9!# !' -แ/ ' '- V(( !$+8 %g-' !"" ' (7"' V7'' ! " + # #' แ ' % แ %g-' ! แ" " "แ >!N + แ+'(" - ! " ' #$"T แ " $!#8 > -"-!+' (" 9!#' # แ - #+# (" ((' '% ((" + +# # ' #' # " แ แ !! แ "'+# % % แ ' แ ! " 'X (9!#% (!B ! '!7'T) #++# # "$$8" ('% "แ '' % IQJ - IQL ( '(' ( !$ ( !' - % +' '7'% +, >!' % #'+' '("' +,'% >#' ( !)
"ILMQ % C,G-- " > -*!(#' ( !'$ #! > - ?'แ,' #' ! - ! !T ILMM % G"#- @@ + 9!#(' +# ! ?' (+# #" แ - (!7() -แ * ,A$' '-$ ",+'(!B 7 แ '' T ' ' # แ " $' แ ( !7 "!$"' (' ' !'! !78" ('% "แ '' % IMM ( '(' ( !$ ( ! - Fn #'+' 'The Roots of the Revolution' ( !) "9!# แ !' + ' ' 7'' % > #' แ ' แ ('- '!
A 9!# # แ +' '
- ' (!!78 (-"#! ( แ%S++ #!78 แ V แ # +# ((# "#'! แ '!78 '(+ ! '!7' #'- ' '' ( *' *+# #!78" xxxxxxxx " ' 7'T ILM@ % 9 -" ( # แ +' - !#' 3A (แ$ 'T แแ - !# แ# ' ( +$#,') #-' (#- !' ! แ #แA A,' #-') # " ' # (" -# " +# (') แ -' V$ ! แ 7'' (!B $ ( -$"$!78 แ V( ( -"$ '/ ( #+# แ# ( แ ' ' + '-' !$ แ# N แ ' (' [M] !$+!78 " ('% "แ '' % - IMK) [V'!7' ( ! # '!7' $ % +''แ,' A,' N แ !! -6
+ ' !B-"( /#' !- ' ( !'!7 '7'%"'+' +' ' ((- ('(+' ('- ' #' # '' !78] V$ แ + แ- ( แ
*' แ 'แ!,' แ '' ' % '- แ % ( '( ' (!B ( ' ' +''- *' $ +แ " ' *' ((- ( #' ' +'' ! ' ( แ )
-
$" +'' ! ' ( แ ) ( ( ' - - !% ' + ' ((-' ( (' +6 +''! ' ( แ ) 9ยP# -' (' (- ! +''! ' ( แ ) ('X !$ ((! ! !' ' #'' !7'!T ! ! (' , " #,' ! +''' แ #แ '! 9 +G' C ' ' ( แ + #+' 8
แ % '' 'แ!,' +' ' + (-' N ( !' $ # - !7 (7) N ( ยP A,'% # " !B- ('(+' ((!' '- !7 N % +' ' '
+Y6#' ( ! Q ( ! "'- ''#' -$ > -*! ?'แ,' N
$ '##แ % +' ( !'' '# ' !'!แ ! !8
( ! Q ( ! (! +''
$ (' ( !' ' ' #'แ!,' ' - #+' ' IO '% {#*!'% -/ % ! '"$ 'C7 !7, ! แ !7, 'แ ( !' 8 ! - ( แ!,' - ($"' 'C7 +$ A,'' % '+$ แ *'(' แ 8 ( แ ! +' (9=- ! ( !' ' !* ( !' ILKZ % ! 9 ( !
+$ แ *'( ( !* +'' ' + - ,'!"'+' ("แ(*'' % ILZI % ,+ !
'7 ( '% !B '/' ( ! แ 8 % +' (#' แ!,' (7(" '
!'/' !*- !$-' @OOQ % $ " - ! ' # " ' (# แ!,' '"#?# !7,% -# -/!+ '/' # '' +'' # แ $' 8 ( แ ! % +' ' + '!7'' 9lG' 9# '" +''- + 8 #% +' ' !' ( ' 'T (แ$! แ/ --# 8 # % +' ' !'" ( ' (+' '' +! #' " '% +# -- '! '# A,'-' !8
(7" '! -+ ( !*!# #(N -!! Z -'' #( แ * +'"$$แ!,' -"-!/ + - %S ! $" (!*$ @OOJ "$แ'!
( A!C -'' @OIO แ"'!$" (,(A -'' ' 'แ ' -/ แ !' '!7'' +''
- + แ!,' 9lG' 9# '% (>?'' - ! (7"-' ("(7+ ' ('' !'- + !78 # C7#'(" # 9 '( (7 " 9lG'% 9# (('X % +' '!7''% ' + '!7'' - + *' - + (! แ '' '7' %"'+' +''# "แ#+!78 V แ ! 9l *-'N ! 9l- ( ('
' + ((-' ( #แ - - แ " ' แ ''" "'!7+ # #% ' "(% ? + '+" ( แ ++ -"$E# !78 ( แ ! #% +' '# '" $'
N แ (" '" + +' แ/! '" !"-, # "'+ #แ #% " % +' !ย# แ แ #-'Y6# - !#$ แ % +' !77 ((P) !ย# ( (+'+ !ย# (#$แ #$-' C7 (# - " '-' "$+' "$+' !ย# (% -' (แ/'-' !ย# -"#$ % !7' '" 9+ X !+ แ,' ' +','' "แ*$+ "( +',' ( ! " #$แ ( 7C แ *+แ"'-" แ"' / !ย# ! 'แ"' (#( ' "( ! -'"
"แ#-'" ( +% !#' +!% C C 8
+ *"แ #+'
แ - ' - ' (" #' ("(-' + % แ แ *''+' (## -$#+- แ (## แ *''แ!,' !#!# แ #'# #+ แ# แ (C7 ) A,'-/ (+'+ ) แ - *'' !'+ ' แ' ' + - ( !+' แ #++ + '+' ( !,'-'' ( ,'!"-$+ แ# แ ' - ! ' ' - !' -'Y6#/' "("' # แ '' !"-'/" % "
-'' # /" แ ( A,'' -"-!" - ! " + / ! T ! T (+ -# C,#แ ( ,N !$ + ' - *' - '(' แ# แ *"แ $+ "N ! แ !! -6"
+'' ( !' #
%/แ!,' ! (,+ - ' !78 แ แ# แ # ' '! #' '" #'- '!78 แ แ# A,'', "+'A!C + แ X - ' ,แ C, +, % % +" F (! แ# แ (% %ย ( ''"$ ( #'-' แ *'' (' "' ( ( 9 !* !'+' ...8
#( @OOL 7+, J + +Y6#' ( !'8 8 I8 % "แ ' - '( ! @OOJ % - ! (แ 8 @8 !! " - , +# ! @OOZ % -8 Q8 - !#'แ6! ( ! @OOM % % - 2(แ (+'
" ! '/' !*- ! ')8 (
[I] +'
" ! '/'% !#'แ6! ( ! @OOM % % -" 2(แ ! % ! # แ $ +$แ " " ( ! " M-J-@OOQ # K #+, (Y"#' !!7+ '' (2*!34 @ % % '( ! @OOJ % -" ! (แ ! % ! # แ $ "% "แ '" ( ! (" IM-M-@OOM #แ$" (Y6#' !!7+ '
+'(A'' % Z Ie 8 แ แ " " ( !!7 (2*!34 +'แ!,'# J -#( แ '
+'(A'' +''$' 8
[@] '"' 9lG' ( (@I) ( - @OOZ
!!7+
B$A,'$ #' ( ) +$แ -"-!+' -/!+ '/
"แ '!7' !78 [Q] C7# # - >! C, +, !$"'" Outrage - Burma's Struggle for Democracy by Bertil Lintner '% '* '% #!# 1st Burmese edition published in the UK in 1990 by Peacock Press, Edinburgh, Scotland ( ! + -'- ' "(+'! +!' !oC # ILJZ ILJJ" (#' !78 [M] !#'แ6! ( ! @OOM % % - 2(แ (+'
" ! '/' !*- ! ')
( ! " > #' ( แ '-'" (#' % eMK eML ( !78 [e] !#'แ6! ( ! @OOM % % - 2(แ (+'
" ! '/' !*- ! ')
( ! "C7 ( '+("$แ" (#' % MI@ MIZ ( !78 [K] !#'แ6! ( ! @OOM % % - 2(แ (+'
" ! '/' !*- ! ')
( ! "> " +' ! #'+" (#' % MMI MMK ( !78 [Z] "! ''" #' ( ! !78 [J] "( ( (" '"' 9lG' ( (@Z) G"#- @J % "#แ,'*! A,'% (' +'"$ $A" " 'แ,' -/ '"' 9lG ( (Qe) 7+,- @OOL แ
!78 [L] " #'" % C (แ ( ! (Irrawaddy Publication, New Delhi, Second Edition 1999) ( !!7 (#' (IZ) % IOM IOe % (#' (IJ) % II@ IIK !78 ILMK 9!# (แ!,' A,'% ( # !- !#++ !- แ !#+- % > -*! $ แ ,'ย $! % ILMZ '!*!!* -" แ"'!$" (แ!,' > -*!(#'N ('(! # " '/ ' แ"'!$" แ!,' '!*!!* -6( -! % '!*!!* ! ( - ! '$! แ
% +' ' 9ยP# --$ ++ (' + +'-+ ('' '- ' + ( ' # (! #! !+ ' (#-' A,'% N
+' (2*!34 '#'' ( !(' ' +# ("(-' + - #'!7' # ( !!7 +Y6#'' (!( !#- ' แ!,' ( " !!'- !78 #' (#' (IZ) % IOM IOe 8 "ILMK @K +#แ > -*!(#'#$แ !-
'- " + "$แ'$ ( '+ ("$แ $ - 8 xxxxxxxx
#', #(-' A,', +- 8 A,' !("$แ*! (/("$แ $ ย+' ?' 8 % #$แ ' ( ' +'% ,' 8 % A,'% +$แ A,'+$แ
$(7 !- 7'" ( '+ ("$แ $ " '$ (" {#*! ( !*!$ 7'" #'"'แ!,8 ($C7 (- !(/ ("$แ % AHy( ย - 8 C, ++ +# # (#- $!7 % "แ+ 8 +# # {#*! -' 8 C,-แ *แ#' !$ +' # - แ %
' !#- 8 ##9=%" !-$ (7 A,', !+ 8 ($C, $ {#*!
-!78 {#*! (" #แ @ #+,-!$ (- !- !!'!78 #$( #" % แ *- +' #% - แ (- !(/ ("$แ ! ' % + 8 C,C +แ!,'$(7 %
(" '- แ '' 8 ($C7 " '+ (แ$' B"'$ แ 7'! +, ,'แ,' #'#' 'แ,' ' ' ( แ Bแ!,' % +# # - " ' 8" % {#*! +$#แ !$ > -*! (#' % {#*! -"แ 8 % ( - {#*! (- !- ! > -*!(#' !' 8 ' - แ #+ + + % #$แ "แ$(7 ' ' '" ! $8 (#' ' (#$ แ %
>'- # ' - แ ! !$8 C7!$ > -*!(#' C,- -" '" !' 8 %
(#' #- ' !$
#แ!,' ('- แ ! แ 7'! !! '!"$!B แ" แ" "$ 8 ($C, แ"!B "!- {#*!แ ' +! " # ( ' '"$% +# (- !(/ ("$แ !' ' (P C AHy % แ #แ -6$(! !'- " - แ +'แ!,' % ($C, แ" !'- 8 ( - - ! ' ' #
# แ ' แ ##$แ !!7$8 > -*!(#' (- !(/ ("$แ ( แ !% ' '$ (P ( - -6$!'% ' 8 -6$!'+ (- !(/ ("$แ
( "'+ 8 (- !(/ ("$แ % (P (!% % แ" แ!,'แ!,'' !7!7 8 C7!$ > -*!(#' ' ' # % #$แ ("'+$ (7 !$ + '! - แ 'แ!,' > -*!(#' !'$ แ" ( ' '- 8 #+(#' $ (7 > -*!(#' > -*! CB#$แ ( % แ ' , (-- 8 % #$แ "แ$(7 > -*! CB แ $ '$ ,'+ > ' % - '!' 8 (-'#$แ % "$ (7 แ6C9=7'!'" # 8 C,แ6C9=7'!'" > -*!(#' - + ' แ (" * *แ - ? '$ แ6C9=7'!'" # 8 % -' - '- แ!,' C,แ6C9=7'!'" - '- ' " ' 8 ILeI % - +$(7 #แ,'*! แ '#'# 4 $ % !' + +' แ6C9=7'" '$ C, >' "'"แ 8 > -*!(#' -+(
> -*! CB#$แ !แ!,' % C,แ6C9=7'" #+ ! +#! " $ - ?!- 8 [+ '!# # -$ + '- *' ( '( A,'% '-'(แ" - -' A,'% ( > -*!( +-แ!,' > -*! '+$+ 'แ!,' C7 -"-!+' + แ แ *'!' (7 ' # '+- C,- # '+ - $ > -*! % +' -"- " -!-! - !% แ ' ' '$ แ6C9=7'" -!'- แ !แ!,' !7- แ6C9=7' (! ' > '> ' !'(!8 > -*! !'+# ($C,( # +#! " (- ?# (-#C# "'+# ) !- ("$แ "'- ? แ ! ($C,-' - ?$แ!,'แ!, C7 > -*! (" - แ !#!8 > -*! ' (##$แ + - (!7'แ$ > - # " '- + '!# # -++ $ ( '( ' "' แ - '- แ!,' # !- +#! " ' ("$แ ( '( ( - ?C7#' +' "'- แ (!' > -*! - '- ' #!# ' (7" #แ+ !-แ '*! แ +#! " แ!,' ( '( A,' แ6C9=7'(! > '> ' -- ?"'' + แ!,' +'+ H - #' ((!7'แ$ > - # " '- ) +$แ > -*! (' +' '!7' + '8 > -*! C9=7'> ' A,'% (' !'- !
+8 '" (
" -''" ' 7''N A,'(!B A,' แ '' !"-'" - ! $! 8] #' (#' (IJ) % II@ IIK 8 (#' (-, *! (+ '!!* -6 (" ( " " แ"'!$"แ,' ILMZ % Eแ!,- $ '! แ 8 > -*!(#'+$แ ++ (แ"'+ !$ #$ (" แ"'!$" $ !- ("$แ" !'# 8 >! (" ( #+!7' IJ@ #+ + $(# $ - !7' eOO - + # 8 C,- " $ * แ * * '!#- แ + 8 * แ ! G"แ" - !#$ (" {#*! 7'" ( 7- " + 8 (-' +' ( แ!,'$ (7 (- !(/ ("$แ+$แ (!* (" (- !(/" , (-' +' ! + แ 8 > -*!(#' %
# "แ '8 ($C7 (- !(/ ('(' - ! % +- (- !- {#*!
> -*!(#' +- 8 % (-' +' $ > # "แ '8 > -*!8 >' แ"'!$" ' -'8 ' 8 $>8 !7>8 ' 8 '!!* -6 # - ! แ >' # ' ' 8 C,- + ' 8 - แ $8
C,# - !#+ % +' " + ' 8 C,'
'$(7 > -*!(#' ( ' 8 C,% $- % +' - ! "#$แ ( % +' - ! แ ' '8 ("'+#$แ % +' " !' ! แ $ ' # - แ "' แ! ' '! !B 8 C7 +-' (# 4 'แ!,' !' 8 C,% แ# แ !#' - แ "' แ! ' 9แ P C7 *' -$ % 8 ($C7 แ' $ C7" !7-แ!,' -- - 8 % -$ % +' - !!7 ' +'#$แ แ - แ % +'' ('- ! ' #+-$ แ!,' '- 8 แ '" $ -' C7" !7- 8 แ % (,( !# ( #!$8 {#*! (- !'"#$แ E" C,% ' -$ แ!,' !'-' 8 C7!$ > -*!(#'
แ 8 (แ,' +!แ!,' #' +$' 8 #+,- $(7 > -*!(#'
'#+ >*'#$ " " ' 8 % > -*!#$แ (( ' + ##$แ แ '!"$ "แ$ E"
# -"แ แ #'แ!,' ( # 8 (-'$ (7 > -*!(#' -, #'#$แ ' ! - แ {#*! - -!#$แ -, #' + + % "' 8 - > -*!-'8 >' แ"'!$" !7>8 ' 8 "The country is doomed." - แ C7#$แ ( แ,' (แ!,' > -*!(#' -, #' !- 8 The Country is doomed
'!แ,' !,' !$- แ แ (F !37 + 8 '! (" แ " $ - " ( - 7'+ # + '!แ,' !,' !$- แ !$8 C7 !#$ (" ! #
( # !$ ( - '' !- ! !B 8 xxxxxxxx ($C7 C,# + ' #'#$ แ แ -' - แ % ! ' ' 8 แ"'!$" '!$ (7 >! (#+ IJ@ #+ + $(# !- IZI #++ 8 "#?#" Z #+ + 8 #,' ! 9l-" ##+" + 8 '!!* -6 ILMZ % G"#- L +#แ " 8 ($C, '!* !!* -6 +'"$+$ ( ( !*!+' A!C#$แ !แ!,' แ * !% แ (" - (- - !- (!7' ('(' +! > -*!(#' B ' 8 ($C, ('(' (!7' ('(' !$ % -$ C AHy ( B ' 8 %
+ ' 8 > -*!(#'#$แ (" - !- แ!,' แ {#*! # 8 ( !#$ แ -' !!#$แ !#+$+ -* 'แ!,' +"#$ , (' '- % -$ C,- {#*! #+' % แ +' " + + -* 'แ!,' +"# 8 C7!$ !B-- แ C,('('+$แ - !#'" $
!7!$ % แ!,' !7- +' 8 !7+! C,- 8 > -*!(#' ( ( !*!+' A!C $ +' !7- (' แ *' 8 * แ (" +' #'#' !' 8 * แ > Cย % ( !' 8 ($C,- + #!$ C, > -*!(#'+$แ F (# !'!' # #แ,' # แ #$ (" ( (!7' ,- C,
!+$ '8 C7!$ (!7' ,- '!$ #แ+ ("' + #' (* แ#$แ > Cย 7'(* แ ( ( !*!+' A!C $ > Cย#
# ( !' แ ' $ ' - 8 > -*!(#' ($C, (!7' ,-+$แ #แ#แ '! # #' '" $ ' "#$แ !แ! ' ""' ' #% ' " - แ -6#$ !- 8 > -*!(#' '" !!7$8 C7!$ '" > -*!(#' + #'" ! !- - แ!,' +'$(" > Cย - (-' ' " ' 8 ($C7 ! " '$ + '+# แ % ' B- 8 "แ-แ "แ' '+# แ (!7' ,- > -*!(#' !- $ ' + #'"#$แ > Cย" ( ' # - แ # ''+ 8 >'-$ C,' 'แ!,'+!7- แ % !- 8 # '+' '- แ % 8 (% '"
(# $ 8) + #'"#$แ > Cย '' ( ' # - แ แ# (,+ + 8 ($C, C, >'A,' !$8 ( - --?แ/ '- แ ' - แ !แ!,' '+# แ % !"$ !B ( -#% +$แ ( ( !*!+' A!C ( ! !'- 8 ($C, A!C+$แ #+ +' ย
"แ+ 8 ($C,ย ( -9 P' ( -# " (' ' - 9 P' 8 !แ 9 P''-' ( -# + - แ (F !37 !7$ ! C" % "แ+ 8 ($C, '+# แ แ!,' ( ( !*!+' A!C $ +' - ' !7 ' + + #'"#$แ > Cย"+$แ $ ( - 8 ( -# ( ( !*!+' A!C $ - >% > Cย - (' ' '" $ 8 ' "-$ + - !' 8 (" $ > -*!(#' !+$ ' !+-$ > -*!(#' #' ' 8 > -*!(#' % ! + !$- แ '+# แ '+ #$ "#$แ % !! 8 % -$ ( -# ( ( !*!+' A!C ( ! แ!,' > -*!(#'( #'"' 8 #% ( ( !*!+' A!C $ +'ย !7-"แ !- (" ( ((' # 8 [ - "$แ'! ( A!C ! C (@I) (I) > Cย # % N % ' (' ' '" + 9 P ' % !
แ,'
!
% ( ( !*8 (@) % (ย- # + # # %S? #% # '" แ V( A!C (P #แX % " + '" + (* แ ( ( !*8] !- (!7' ,- แ!,'"'$ (7 แ แ *แ A,' $ ( ( แ +! P!# 8 ,'"'$ = -' #*!" ' 8 = $ !7"'$ - + ' 8 ('- ' +#แ!,' '"' 8 C,'
''' ' > -*!(#' {#*! +- 8 ( +# '"'แ!,8 แ #+ ' แ"'!$" - !+ 8 ($C, แ"'!$" >' !78 > -*!+ A'' แ ( ##'#'- !'!7( '8 A'' #!7#$> แ !78 C > แ ('(แ ' $ แ #'-' > -*! ('-#$แ 7 - + 8 A'' แ ( ##'#' +- ' 8 C,แ (( A'' 8 ( ##'#'-' !'!7- แ !#$ (" > -*!-' # ! !' 8 !#" ' 8 % แ"'!$" (* '* ' A''# 8 แ"'!$" แ A''- แ + '8 > -*!(#' % #$แ -"แ!# 8 'แ"'!$" (" +'"' แ # '+ ##!$ >' A''- แ +' '-'8 > -*!(#' ! 9l *- 8 > % - ' (" -"-!+'
!'% $ + + '$ (G# ! 9l *- 8 > -*!(#' $(7 % ($C,- !$ +A,' 8 H - '' ' ( - ! -$ - +'!$ $ (* '#$แ !$แ!,' > -*! ' 8 #แ!,'-$ > -*! ($C, ( # % +$แ 7' #แ!,8 7' - ! แ"'!$" !7- แ !# ( #แ !'#$8 C,( # แ C,- 7'7',',' '## '-'8 (+ $ ' " % +$แ A,'% $ แ!,' !B#$ (" % แ $ + $( ' + !('# # 8 ($C7 > -*!(#'+$แ '"#' แ + '$ "แ!,' A''# 8 % #- แ"'!$" 8 C7!$ -"-!+' +แ!,'- แ K -+ 7% +' " - แ % - 8 > -*!(#' ( #!" ' 8 ($C7 -"-!+' +แ!,'$# K - $ ( # ('แ,' - !7' - แ !แ!,' !#" ' 8 ##แ แ"'!$" -แ-6 % - 'แ!,' แ แ *แ - A!#$แ
'- #'#' -6- + 8 > -*!(#'+$แ (+ #(7 % แ! *+ (แ"'+ 8 C7!$ #' ( A'' # ' 8 แ"'!$" A!C(+ (-' % แ +' แ,' A,'+$แ + แ แ"'!$" -แ-6 - '+ 8 แ"'!$" -แ-6
% +# # - 'แ!,' แ
'- -แ-6
"'"' แ"'!$" A!C#$แ # แ ' # แ #- 8 ( T % แ แ *แ
"'!$ +# # +' แ,' A,'+ แ +"'!$" -แ-6 - '!7 +-' แ"'!$" (+ C,- - '% -' A''+ + 8 แ"'!$" -แ-6
#'#' ! + แ $ (" +# # +' แ,' A,'+$แ + แ - '
' 8 C,- +' แ,'+$แ+ แ - ' แ #' #% 8 % ($ ( # '!!* -6 "- แ % + '+- +"'แ!,8 ($C,( # ("' -6+$แ # ( แ " + 8 % ($ (7 # ( %/ " แ!,' ( '+ ("$แ $ #แ,' A,' - 8 % '!!* -6+$แ # ( ย - 8 ! #แ % # (#$แ '!!* -6+$แ !B +' > -*!(#' 7 % % $+ 8 > -*!(#'!$ +'+ - !#+ % +' $ !#+แ!,' 7 % +'' -+ !# 8 ( -$ > -*!(#'!$ '!*!!* -6 # แ!,' C,!B +#!#แ!,8 C, > -*!(#' # !แ!,' 7' +( '-$ ' - แ 47"+$แ -$ +!78 -$ +" "'+' % ' !*'# 8 ($C,( # ( แ"แ' ( A,'A,' % - ' + % " 'แ!,' ( !B G "แ#แ!, !7+$แ8 !*' แ,' - !# - แ ' " '% + (' + 8
#$" + '-''8
(I) !! ' !'' #$" ILJJ ! C (แ p (P ' แ!,' #! '" แ '!! ' '$ ! 9l- ! !''N - ! + (( # ' ( ( ' (!( !# % ' $8 แ - ( '+ - -! - ! #$ แ (- !แ '% ((A,' % #' ' , !*! (" -' !'+ แ!,' !' A'N - # ' #,'!7'แ -' ' $ '!! ' '$+- แ '+$ "$ "'$+ - !#'+ ' ( แ ! แ !' A' !#แ"'% $ $+8 แ ! แ !' A' "' ' 'N - แ "' (#' (! + ( !7 A!C ( (!*) +' -6$!' !'+ ( แ + #8 แ - ( '+ - - !#' -!' !*$ ! แ ! '$ แ ' C,( ' !# " !'$ ( *แ แ ' ' # !''% ' "' !,' (/ ! ! แ,' #$ #' !'' -! + แ !#- ++ $8 แ (!(,' (! ( ' #'' ('' +- !#- แ"' แ!,' ' !# # !'' !#
$+8 ' !7'- แ" แ *แ" U'!7แ!,' - ! 9!# '
- ! ' (+("' -- ' ! (P ' (แ!,' U'" ("' " !B -$' 8 แ 'N (F #' 9!#'N '"#- (+("' "' !,' ( % $-' ' + % + แ!,' (7 ("!-แ แ!,'(7) % *แ- แ!, ' G !- - !7' ' (''' ( แ ' ++ $+ -' 7' "แ$+ '8 ( แ ! แ *แ!B แ "'+ ( # $ ! - ' --6 'แ/'$+แ!,' - $" แ + - *+ ' + # ' # (+ #+ - ! + '-'' -' '' '+ (7 4' แ * ''" -- '' '$ - ! ' ( ( ' แ" '' !#+ 7แ!,' #,'!+ " *''' "' แ *! '' ! "' ' 'แ!,'# ! แ - + + '- แ"', แ , "'-8 แ # แ - *'" -+ - ! # - / ''(' - ! ' ( ( ' แ"' !- แ "$แแ!,'7 'แ" # แ '' B #'-' " ! - ' !#' แ !7-' - N -# ' !7U'แ!,' -'" ' /' !" ' $!#8 V แ - '' + 'แ"'" ' ! 7! ' ' 7 ' ('( ' >"!7 $+ '8 !# ("' ('แ,' ('-' " # # 9C ' 9P#' '+'' - *' A,' แ!,' %g-'แ *แ!B" ! ,' '$ " A,'G' !7'% '!N - /+' ,'!"'+' ((#' "'%"'$A
A,'!A' !!$' แ # JJ , - /+' ,'!"'+' (#-' ( + # 8 " # แ " ' #+ #'''!$ ' F G" " '#+ - !7 ' #'' -' !$8" 7 7 แ"!#แ"' #''" ' "'- !$ (7 - " ' ( โฆ G > ' - !$ #+ + ('(" '$ (+ !'' แ '! ##$ #$ " - $ $ #''!7 แ!,' ##$ ( แ '" " ( !' ($C, +%"'( '" " ((# #'แ/ แ ( #'$ #'? !7) !แ"" +" " ' ,'" " '-$ # ! - ( ($C, '$ $ #+ ( (++ ( !!7 ($C, ( #-' #$ - " (!'(-6' - # " !7'+ '!7- โฆ C, - แ!,'แ!, - แ (- + - !#$ #+ +#$ #+ ( # 'แ!,' !'- แ'- '#$แ +-แ!, + (#+' " % " -แ!,' ( !- !' แ!,' '$ +%"'( ' (- ' แ '"!B 'แ,' !- 7'( #'แ!,' ( ( ! '$ #'!'
- /- '-' !- +'%"' $ แ - (-' '- G #- #'- แ #แ!,' (+ # - $ !7!'" " !# แ!,' ( !# "8 ($C,- ( "-' !7 ' #'#$แ -'" -' (ย( '#$ แ ## #!7' (- '! !!7!$ !"$-' -' ('#' !%
!7'% ('( ' + !$ (แ'-' ''!$"" !!$' !#- ( + !78 ILJZ % " pแ ('+$ ' % '( -C,,' (LDC, Least Developed Countries) ( - !7, (P+ ( '+ $+ ( '!% '+'' ! +!- 'N ,!" '+' *'*' "'$+/ ( # - !7,
! '' +แ!,' % แ ' + !7'- (' ! ย + -!78 แ '( -C,,' ( แ % % - *' '$+/ ,'!"'+'% % +' ,# แ $"/ ( ''% ' -'/' !7 #'' - - แ ! *'- แ + ' '' !7'- !B" - $ แ $$ , # (7) #''' #'แ {'' ( ' A " + !4'% '- ( '# " ' " +# ' + แ6#% " '+'' % '' ! F#A'% (+'(' ILK@ % , ((# ( '(!"' + $ - - ( '-' - !#''% # ' !! '+' ,' - - $ (( ! '!7-แ -#แ (7 - $ " (# แ #+$+ !แ !- ' *' ( #แ #% ((# ' - !78 ( แ ! V '
'( -C,,' ##,' !$+ +!' $ '-' - !#''% # ' !! '+' ,' N -'Y6#/ #% - ' - ! แ " $ "!! แ ' (,(A" N #$" ( *'+-C' 8 แ '-' - !#''% # ' !! '+' ,' " +
!7 A,',' A,'!* !" ' - ! แ " $ 'A,' ' (" -# " ) '' % '> - ?'*! ' แ (F (+ $ !8 A,'แ L Z ZI #แ " - #+' , A,' ( # !'(!$+แ!,' @ Q ZM #แ " '- #+' ,' - แ - !7$ 8 (7 " -# " แ!,' 8 > - ?'*! (P ' ,N - (' !7$ #!7 e ( + 7' A,' 8 ( " (I) " +' A,','*! > -*!แ,' #' (@) C -" +' A,','*! (') > - ?'*! (แ,' (Q) C -" +' A,','*! (+) > - ?'*! #' (M) C -" +' A,','*! (-) > - ?'*! ,- แ + 8 แ #!7 (Q) > - ?'*! #' ILK@ - @@ +#แ " -# " " '$+8 #!7 (@) > - ?'*! (แ,'-' '- #+' ,' Q @ KQ #แ " " " '$8 ( แ ! #! '" C -" +' A,','*! (+) % (-) แ +'"' !- + > - ?'*! #!7 (Q) ( !- +'- + 8 > - ?'*! , A,' > - ?'แ,' # % +'+ + แ#
(B) ( ' ('+ (7 'N + แ# ( แ " $) N แ ILLe % " " -# " $8 "!! แ '" , " !7$ N แ - !+! % (, H -' '' ( แ ! !+! - !#' + ('("$แ (Institute) ('- ' !! 'แ!,' "' !7, C7' ## $8 แ C7 A,'- *' #A,'- # *' ' '' แ ' (,+-( , "
#' " + !+' ( ( !'$8 ( แ ! ILK@ % , (+(' !, แ!,' % ' แ "'+แ!,' 7#!7+ ( !+!' - - ' ' '' ((' % ย" ( #(แ!,' !7!7-- A+!% (+ #+ H -แ,'' แ !' ( -6 % % A #'% , (!' ( !' ' -!' '' H -' !B # " '-+' (-' ' $ -"-! # !+' #แ,'!7 ! A'$+8 แ แ % N - ' (+'( "แแ *' '+' + ! ( %g+'แ,' - ' แ *$ แ แ6A - ' - ' A!'# #'
-แ,' > $"+ ' ! (- +nแ,' (4แ,' ' - !% - !+! 8 ( ( # !! '+' - !#'A > - ?'*! '- #+' ,' แ !- (7 -'A ! C -A,','*! > - ?'*! (แ,' -แ- ' ( ( !*#$- ! A,','*! > -*!แ,' #'N / !! '+' - !#'A '- #+' ,'% - !7,N ' ( (!*แ!,' -"แ (( - (7 !!'' %/ " $8 แ JJJJ , -'
' ('- 'N +' ( # % (แ! * $+ '> - ?'*! ' #!7 +'
"> - ?'*! (แ,'N > -*!แ,' #' ( " !''" ( (-' - *ย ' ' #$ (7 ( ( % '' (P+ A,'#' (" ((" !'- %S +''$' แ!,' !''!7 ((-' ('- ' ## ((-' ( % ' # !' $ -' '$' '$' !78 #! '" > - ?'*! +$แ G#,' +'+ -' แ!,' > - ?'*! ' (แ,'+$แ > - ?'*! (!B "!$ " ( *แ 9lG''!B !#-+ ' +''$' '+ '8 แ +'
' $' + !78 (@) '( -C,,' LDC B Least Developed Countries ( แ +$+/% ! #$"' # (! ' (J J JJ #! ') - '+ แ6ยP '! ! + % (แ,'($ A,' !' # แ # " ' " "( -C,, แ -" ' C,- +' แ -9l *'!'$+' แ % (##$แ ( -C,, +' " '+ p - # " (" ' " ++ ( *แ% " + '- ! '' # " + '" !78 + '! ( # ,>% ," +C, ' '$+- ''"-' $+ '8 ((- ( # 9ย#P + #'-( --' !*$ ('% ' 'แ *'!
#'-แ ' ' !8 ! ! $ ! !## !" '$+ ('(+' ( # -9l p- '+ % 'N ,'!"'+' - /+' !+' ((#' (( -- '! #!*แ!,'# '( -C,,' (LDC, Least Developed Countries) % ' ('- '" ," + # ((-' ' '8 -9lN ,'!"'+'% - /+'
, (Economic and Social Council) % ,-' $
((-' #แ ,- " !#- '! ,/' ! # !*- !8
'( -C,,' (LDC, Least Developed Countries) ( !'% ((-' $ " "Its stock of human assets, measured by a Human Assets Index (HAI)" - ' (+'( "แแ *'/ %/#'' ((+! ' !+!7 % % ''N / %/#') (F ( (# !7!78 แ ((- (!( (9=- ! แ/- !7 -9l "#+ % [un.org] -6 ' ,'!"'+'% - /+' , (Economic and Social Council) ' $ "Committee for Development Policy" ' % - "The Criteria for the Identification of the LDCs" "#+ % '"-' แ/% !78 - " !!+' '( '- '' ((+' ( (") , #' +!แ!,' % - ' ( '( % (# แแ - ! แ " $8 - !7, (P+ ( '+ '( '- '' , #' ' + - !
#% ' " ' !!แ!,' #'9P#' ((-' p แ $!78 แ p!B" ! ' (แ " !B- ' + - !
#% ' % ' (/ + '' '( '- '' , #'(' pแ -9l ' # !+' ' แ แ $ ('(#' +' แ!,' #% (' 9 P!* !'(! ,'ย $!78 แ # ', ILJZ % ("' แ +(7 - ( '+ % % % ย+' ("$แ('' (World Bank, IMF) ' ' ' "'' !#- !% ((# + ' ( แ " ' + - ! #% ' C7-, !7 '( -C,,' (LDC, Least Developed Countries) ( !'!7
' -8
( แ 7 -9l% % !+ ( '( '''" !"-แ "'-8 ( '( -C,,' (LDC, Least Developed Countries) ( + % #!7
% % ' N แ - ' (+'( (! / %/#' ') p% ' (# ' ( แ ++ + 8 ( แ !
( '( -C,,' % !'+' ("-' (+'(แ,' '% ! ' + ' 8
' + - ! #% ' p!B / -/ ("#' # # " ''#!7แ!, (# A+! % '% (+ # >, ( แ + ') % ' แ + - '% '
% ' !7 "'+ '' - p!B" ! ' - ' (+'( ("แแ *' ' ( + - #'!7') % !78 แ ' '$ (แ'" !$ !- แ ,' แ แ!,' ( # - แ!,') "$ -' C7 !+ '!$ (( # !*$ (', 'V' 'แ$' - !'--' แ!,' '"#'' pแ #+(% แ " " !B-$+8 pแ -9l " ,'!"'+' - /+' !+ ' #' % 7'' 7'' แ!,'# - ( '+N
" #-แ!, (แ'" !$ !- แ ,' แ --'" !"' ("'' (แ'' !
!+ -!'% !#( !' (7 - ( '+ " แ p -9l
- !7' ( # /%/#' (- ' (+'() แ
$ #'9P#''- + !7 '( IOO' - แ !- แ ( '+ p -9l แ - !$+' !7 ( # - +" ! '!7' !7 (( '+ (/ '' (+' !'"'!7 แ ( '+ ( (P! ' - แ #+ /%/#' ( # - + ' แ ' !7 -+ ' % !7'" ' # #'-' !7' 'แ!,' + '!$-' -9l #+ % (,',' 7'' -$ " แ (- +แ !7 pแ6แ !'!' - !7 " - - + '!7 แ %/#'( # p !'+
แ # แ แ' !+ ' -6แ!,' "'' -- ( แ "$แ %/#' '( # (!*!' ( -C,, !'" ("'' (,(Y" !"''แ!,' - ( ' !* - ! ' $+ 'N' - แ '-" - 'แ !'/ +'' $' ! +!8 โช-ยค-โช # ' " +' #'!("$แ #'!% # "#+ # " ' ! '#'!% -"-!แ '' %
แ !,' +$แ ("' '!#$แ - *'(" - !" ('/ '/") ! '$ #(+$แ " แ " (2*!34 แ !! -6 '!7' !7 8 (((- $ +' +$แ ( ( (" 9"'แ,' [(" (! ] = ("' (' - '#$แ ! '!7 8 #-' +!7 8) [! ' "'" ! $$ > - ?'*! +$แ @ A,' ( ( # > - ?'แ,' # #$แ +'+ + แ#
B แ !7 8 C7(! ((- ( *แ-' ! '!7 8]
แ 8 (! ! #', - E+,)
E+, ' F% *แ *แ" ( A,' แ ' ( CB( #'!" แ GH+G I@JK % # -#' I@ +#แ (L - L - IL@M) " "'$แ!,' G ( # " ' " ( ( IJ % ' (แ" " " -# " "'$ , A,' + $' 8
( K % " A,'' N -#' '" -'#' ( ! '$8 ( IO % '" F% ? # แ,' + A,' " + P ( Q 7 $8 ("' (' (! ('% แ9R* CS7'' '$' 8 IQOO ! (+'! " P - " T % +' -/!+ '/ " !7$แ!,' ILQL "[' ' ( !!7 "ILQJ" % #% "ILQL % " ( % 'แ!,' "( IQ % (แ" " !#! +' ' "แ+8][I] F% ? แ *แ# > แ ('(แ '" ("$แ -แ!,' แ *แ# ('(แ ' แ '" แ '- - ( ( #! # $8 แ # แ *แ# ('(แ ' 7''% ( # ' - ' 'แ '+'' แ " $' 8 แ *แ!B"-' '' # (- !' '- !
(- !''% U' U'''
'แ '+ % +' -/!+ '/'" !7 - ! $' 8 [ ( แ ! ILQJ % (9=- ! (7 'แ '- -' '+! # #'" + #แ!,- (9=- ! # $แ แ -' Vแ A'แ!,- ' '" !78 แ " - ' +' ( แ % !78
('!7 ( ! ('- '-' ' " ' !- แ!,8 ',-
(!7+ ' !78] ILMO !% G - -" # $แ # แ +' % +' +' / " +' ! C (QJ) (+ F% ?" ','' +8 แ # , แ !'แ6แ+แ!,' CP ' $+8 แ # (' # แ !'แ6แ+แ!,' ILMI Eแ!,-" -6-$8 (' # " #$+A ("' ' % #' # " ' -' # 9 + แ % +' !% (9=- ! $' 8[I] (' # " 'X '(' "#?# !7, แ - ' ( !' !'$8
(7 ' ( ( !*แ!,' -6(7 > #' แ "'แ!,' !' - !#' #'
'+# Y6#'$8 > #' >" แ ' แ -( ( -/!+ '/'" !7$' 8 (% "แ ' % Z - L) แ # J -#แ ( +''$ '
+'(A'' " "Undergound Unit (! แ (+'! ("$แ" !7 #' !7#) '("$แ 7'' + # " 'แ6 (#97'#,) + แ ' " - ( 2,-) % แ [I] " แ " #+" !#! +'$ +8 ILM@ (! ' -" > -"-!+' ! แ +$แ!,' > -#' +$8 - M +#แ " #' () ?% - !$8 ',' e A,' ' IQ A,' IO A,' # " ''$8 แ # +$ ' ! > --' # ! " #!' '' $+8 (% "แ ' % IO) ILM@ G"#-" + * # " ' (!' ' #' (# " #' ( % +' +) ' # (!' ' แ6% #' ( !' ' ' แ Q A,' ( %S + !' ( (,
'+# "' -'+,'" - *+' !'+#% + # !( - !7 ! แ !'+#
( # ,( ( !> - A,' (' # !'(!$8 ( ! " '
- !7+# -' A,'% แ ' (# #! " 'X! -แ * ! #'( # แ!,' 9!# - #'+'
A,'!'+# '#' !#' ' ( %S แ - !7 "'$ #! " 'X # แ +' -/!+ '/ A,' 'แ '+# (" ##+$ ' '$แ!,' '% แ @ A,' #' แ6 แ @ A,' ( %S แ "' +,'" + # ! ( - !7 ! แ !'$8 ( % QeJ - MOO)
' +''
!แ!,
แ # 9!# " 'N % +' #' +$แ!,'# 'N - ( # แ +'% "#?# % +' +' #'' % (% แ - - ! แ$แ!,' '7 แ " - #'-$' '-แ* '#''' % +' '' +''$8 ILMK -("' "#?# !7, ("$ " ' 7'$ (-#, "#?# !7, ["#?# !7, (#!)] " !7$แ!,' !7->?แ ("$แ > ,% (-#, !7, ( (P 9# " # ( C, ( แ " $8 9# ( *'' 7' > -*! (#' ! '' "!$" ! ! # # " $8 ! ! -' ! > -+ -' % +' +'!"$'X (-#, CB% ( "(#' !แ# (-#, " - แ !'' !$+ ! +$' $% 7' $ #$+8[@] '! -"-!+' +, " (-#, !7, -# (' - !#'A' แ!,' > -*! A,' !- ("$แ- " ' แ ++ # ( !*!+' (P
- + +# +แ " แ!,' (' -
/' ?'-"# (-#, !7,(' !- ( '+ +'' (7 '% A,'แ!,' (-#, !7, ('- ' ! ##$8 V' ! " ' ,'-แN ( !78 ILMZ 9 - IL +#แ " %g-'X ','' $+8 แ #A ILMJ -" (-#, !7, %/ " N8 แ # %g-' , แ !'แ6แ$+แ!,' ILMJ Q + " > -แ,' ( A,',' (!, !+' (@I) > -+$ h " % ! '!7' ,แ *แ ' " !'$+ (-? !7, (>! "#?# !7, >!) #- ( '!'$แ!,' >! !% ( - !7"'$8 ILe@ 7+,-X '! >! > , ('(' (+ > , ( (' # !'(!$แ!,' -" >! + ' แ #!' -6' $+8
ILee C,G% eK G##7+,- ("'X '!$ >! ('('# (+ >
, ( > , ( แ # !'(!$8 ILeJ % Eแ!,-" +# # แ >! +# # ( 'แ '+' # ( แ " +# #!' -6$8 ( ( #'" " +' แ!,' !$' แ '+ >! > % (แ$! ((" !*- !$8 ILKO !% % - K +#แ " +# #X ' !7 - '+'N ',' #' '' $+8 - '+' ',' B-A ',''!B # " !'$ - '+' !7 # !แ!,' !#'$+8 ILKI % G##7+,-" >! %/ " ' ! (P! '(' ( !' (''$8 ' '
+' (2*!34 +''$8 ILK@ % - @ +#แ " > -*!แ,' #' A,'แ!,' ! (P ' (7 (' " ' $แ!," ' +'' !'! แแ !,' (P! ( แ ' ( !' (''$ % -" (*! -6!'$8
แ # > -*!แ,' #' A,' !N '- #+' ,'" (!' ( แ " $8 ILKQ 9 - ("' '- #+' ,'% >! แ (!+!+' แ ''+' แ (" !P "แ "'!"$' !*- ! (7" '- #+' ,'
'- ("$แ" ("$แ A,' ( !7 "'%"'$8 #! ' "'%"'!"$'X >!N +' # แ " ' - !7$' + !78
C, โฆ # '" " "$'(" โฆ !!7
แ # % -" ( # (* !7, ( "$แ' 'แ!,' # + - -'A !7, (-) N !7, 'แ '+' > , (COC) " (!' ("$แ ( !7 แ " $8 ILKQ Eแ!,-" '-' - !#''% # ' !! '+' ,' " A,' > - ?'*! % แ ( !7$แ!,' '+'' ! +!- 'N ,'!"'+' - !#''% !' A' '!! ' (! '! +" ("'(B (++ -"แ แ " /' !7 (F # ( # แ !' Y6#'$8 ,N ( " '-'' !7-' -"แ ( # แ " (7 % ' A,''! ( )แ ('! ,'!"'+' - !#'' ('- ' % ' A,'' ( )แ ( (!! ( " ' /-/% ,'!"'+' - !#'' ('- ' (- !#' ('-'' !7 #) ! 9l *-! ( )แ ('/("$แ('! '' H -' ('- ' --,/ -' ('- ' แ (! แ (Fn ' $+ ,'!"'+' 3P,' ( )แ - !#'+ ' ! ((A,/ ( + ("'!'' ('- ' ( ' ! แ"" !4' ( '# !'') - !#' '/ ( ' ( ' ( '!*) ! A' ('- ' แ6แ!'% A !'' '% ((A,' (( *แ ( ( "$แ!,'
' !7 # #$ ( ' !7 # ' ' " 'แ!,') ('- ' แ
!! - แ (! ' ! $8 ((' +'% - !7 "!! '$/ '" % '!7' ( '" !7+ "#$" + '-''" X แ !7)
( แ ! - ('- ' -' % ! ' แ!,' ' $8 แ ' $ - '"
- ! # - '' -แ!,'
( ' ,'' '!'$แ!,' - - !$ - ! 'N - ' (แ!,' ' แ!,' - " +' ' ( - ! # - / '' % (# !#- ,'' '!'$8 "' (#' - #,'!+ แ *แแ,'' แ !'แ6แ ( # $ - / '' แ '"' (A( ! $ - ' ("! ! % " ! ! ) ('- ' ('-" --6 'แ/'$+8 '$ '% % แ "-' '-' + - (' ( *' *' " *'''' แ + +' '' - แ '!7'!'' '% '!'' '!$!'' ',!'' (!'( ! - ' " (! " -$+ แ *แ!B# - ! + -'' ( แ '-" - '' "! -
( C o +$+8
แ !! (แ!,' '+'' ! ' (P% -#! แ ' (Fn ' $+" #% '+'''! !'A' (" -' ##'" !'! !'$$ ' $8 แ % ''! !' A'
' +X -'' !'แ!,' ' $+8 '+'' - *' ,'!"'+' - !#'+ ' --,/ -' ! + ' ( แ แ #( F'! " ' # ' '7'7' '$+8 !' A'-' ( '( + ## 'แ/' $+8 แ แ % " '+ (F F#% - !(' ((' แ,' - -#'''(' แ * ,'$' % N # - !+' # " +' ,'!"'+'% - /+' (#( '' ('- ' !'!# ( !*- !- ' !8 ( *' ( % N ,'!"'+' ((# ILK@ % , (+ แ (+ " (' ' แ6% ( ILJZ % " C7-, !7' p !'+ pแ ('+$ ' % (LDC, Least Developed Countries) ( แ ' $+!78 แ !$/ ('- ' ,( , (COC) " !7 > -*!แ,' #'% - #+' , '!! '+'' -'A +# # " ' -'Y6#!'$แ (( +"-' -"แ A,', A,' !*$ ! 9l *-' 'A,' ' '' % '> - ?'*! ' แ Q A,'" (,(แ # + !8
แ '-' - !#''% # ' !! '+' ,' N ( # แ !' -'Y6#/ ' $ ,'!"'+' - !#'' > - ?'แ,' #' # AHy ( # ' ' + - ,'!"'+' / ,' แ,'!$+8
> - ?แ,' #' #-' แ แ ' $#' ILKM @@ +#แX !'A' ' $+ '+'' ,'!"'+' - !#' ! + ' B "แ "(+'+ แ,'' ( '+ !* แ!,'+ แ!,' z แ ' (!* - ! 8 + แ " ( '+ !*"'$ '- + # "แ+ (7 + แ!,' C o + #" -'- แ '-$# (' % '' ! *' 7 " !'$8
ILKM % " !7, {#*! (- !'+'+ {#แ,' , ILKZ % " > ! แ (- !' , > (- !(/ , -แ!,' (- !'+'+ - !#' แ " +' - '+'+ - !#'' !7 ! '"$ แ " $8 ILKZ % " (- !'+'+ ,N >, # , ( แ + ') (+ แ9P,% ! -# Q % --+' +,'" ("$แ ( - !7$8 ILZI % " ! (แ - ,- " !7, > , {#*! '#' +' +' ( # " +') - !+'% " +' , ("'+' ?' (% > , ( # $8 '"$แ' ( !*!! ( A!C +'$ " +' + ' ("$แ ( ILZM ( A!C +'"$+" !7 แ " $8 ILZK - (+'!B !7, ,- " (+ > , ( แ -' $+แ!,' ILZZ 9 - ("'" !7, '' ' ##/' - ! ' +8 [ (! '
+'' ' ' + "แ+ '!7 ' ##/' +!78] ILJJ + -'- ' ! แ (+'! " แ" !7 แ " $
"แ+-' ! "' (P '/ !*- ! Q +(- - Ie +#แ " ' ' '' - '+' +( แ B #' '' $8 " % ( > -+$ h " - ' +' 'แ!,' +( " ! " แ % แ ! B ' $" N '$ ILJL "-' % > -+$ h
+' (A'" +'' !$8 (% "แ ' % Ie) แ ('+แ!,' #+ - IK +#แ " !7' ((' #' + ' + ! - !7, %/ " " !*' ( '+ 8 " +' #แ,' {# (! " %S ! '% '' ! + / !" '8 A,'(แ,'% (' ! 9l *-' ((#
#'T - $" !'- 8 '' !#แ ! "'8 - IZ +#แ " # " +' #แ,' {# (!B # ! $ ' % -'A,' - ' # '" -# - 8 ( '+ %/ " !'+#% ' ( '+ "$แ'!'+# '# $ %S!/' ! T !' # -8 '' ( *แ - * ' ! #' #'' +% +#% -#' ++ +# (" '# ! C ' แ T " " "'8[Q] @ + ( - # M #+,# แ " > -*!แ,' ! (P -6$!' - แ!,' % แ ! ! !'/ +' ("$แ "$แ' - ' +C, 8 " ! ' ',' ! แ /' ' - แ!,' -แ! 7 แ *'' -',' '' (! " + ( # แ # แ 8 ! %S ! '(' !8 - M A,' ! T '' !*+# ( #แ ' - 8[Q]
แ # IL +#แ " % แ /! ! แ -6 % ,% (' - !7, (P! ("$แ(' ( ' - ' $8 แ - (P! A,' แ ','' -! +#! "'% ((A,' ' ' + !*- !$ "แ+!8 แ -''!B" !% %S ! 'N !$"' - !" '- + 8 +!7' '" ! ' - *+' !$"แ'N !' +8 แ *แ!B!' ' +# # แ *แ- + แ > (microwave antenna) '##' C ' !8 % แ /! ! แ -6 % ,% (' (P! ("$แ(''
' - 8[Q] @O +#แ " > -*! [Q] "$แ'- 8 (' !#-6!'$8
A,'
แ /!
( '+("$แ
- @M +#แX A,'(แ,' A,'A,'% CB(#' แ A,'แ!,' [Q] (* '' C, +, ("$แ*! (NLD) "$แ'8
( แ "$แ*!X > , ( !7-8 ILLO % C,G- @I +#แ " #( ( '+ ',' - '+'N +( " % #แ '*! '$แ!,' ILL@ % G##7+,-" 'CB(#' (' ,/' 7'A! (% @O $8 แ # # " ' 7' ' CB(#' (' #/' " ' + # " !B-แ!,'# +!!7 +' !'-$-$8 ILLQ % G"#-" ,'แ +97+ ' / + # +# # 'แ แ,' แ -6$!' ! แ !'$แ!,'# !7 !7' -6!'$8 " -แ!,'# % +' -/!+ '/ " !7' + ! % +' (#' '-' % ! $8 G#,' " -# " $แ!,'# '' ( # # @OOJ % - @M +#แ ( JM % " +#' (- !' A!C '+' {# ( MQ #แ + #'Y"#แ ( *',' A,'% +# # +'แ ' แ '" % A,' - +' ' ( '( ( C (แ $8 @Z +#แ " - ! 9=- E!$" '! !*- !$8 #'Y"# แ N % +' - ! ' (-#, + '! - '% ! (แ - !$แ!,' + '! - ' " -# " แ!,'# 'A,' ( # #+' !* # [ +'# ( # แ!,' '' ! % !
' + '-' C,> ," , '/ '( #'#' ( !] > -*!(#' (2*!34 ( !(" - !('!' ,+ GA " แ ' $+'
+! ' ("' $ '-แ!! 9# ' " F! % " +'' !$8
+' + !! % +'''N แ !! -6
- !7, " !7, ' % +' ,'!"'+' '!7'' +''$ , 9lG'" ILKQ % 9 - T ' ' -A (#' ( !$8 ' '
+' (2*!34 K ( !$"+ แ!,' ! Q "$ ! (*!#' $ " +''$' 8 ' ' ( ! " # แ +'#$แ -"-!+' !$" #$แ ' (' % +' 7'' ('- '#,'!7' ( '+ ' ( ! !B( ! # " ' ((- ( #'% +6 +''$8 (' 'N ('#' ! แ,'$แแ!,' % แ + ' N แ ('#'' ' แ % A,'N '!% - *' (!B # ### !*$' ' '/ ' - #+'แ,'' ' ' $แ " +'' ' ( ! ( ! 8 ( ' + '- (' # $แ # แ +' # แ +' -"-!+' !$"'" '' 7' (A(- 9 P' แ,'$ > #' (!B (! - ' ' (! +''$ -' แ/+8[M] [ > #' แ > #' (' ! + - !7 > #' (ILQJ - QL) > #' แ ,Y " +' > > #' แ >% !C n!" (!*'+ แ แ/!78] ( แ 9!# -( " #แ,'% ( !*!+' #' +แ " ( *' *' + $ 7' '' + ' (" ' +'$ -' แ/+8[e] A! - +$ ' ! 9!#!# A,' '> -+#(' [#! '" " 'แ!,' >! '*
' $X !7"'$] -' A,'% $ '! ' แ!,' แ 'แ ' #- แ '+ A,' ( แ !- ' +''$- ,( ( > - A,' ((!7 xxx = ! ') ( "' (7 - แ ( $+! แ !7
+'' ' "แ+!78[K] ['' '( ' - '' N ( ! แ '' ] แ - + (+' '
7
!!% ' + $ - - C,- - ( +% (! แ ! *' # ' ( ! ( ! $ " " ' ! '' '"'# $ แ'' +แ " + + !'- ' '' 8 V แ +'' !! % ILQJ C '' ! ' 9 P!* (# +'' !$ (A,') #'N "! ''" ( ! " [Z] !7+
$ แ ((! *' (" + #' +'' !! แ A !7 N ' (( # "แ+ 8
( แ ! (7 % +'' ('' - !/' (P (-"$ ''/' -" - " !7!7-' ?'-"# #$-' +'+' ย * # " '$ ( ( % % +'% ! %6 # (/'(' แ ! +'แ '' ,+ '$! '[J] ((' -- แ/+ '8
( # +# #แ *แX (-แ *'แ!,' >! 'แ ' # ( @ % #แ
- ! $แ!,' % +'!7' - - "#?# (+(แ,' แ +'+' ย * ('!* #' + $ C+, (*!#' @ % ('แ!,' ' ' ( ! !* #$ ! ! !#-' " โฆ แ '( + !7! " แ!,' (- แ ' ' +!78 ( !% !'!# @OOZ % - ! % !
$ ' ' +$แ #$" ( !$ ' !! "' ( ! >!+$แ - '+' -'A+$แ ( '! '% ( '(' #' - ' (+'แ,' ( ! +''$8 [+' ' ! 8 # Ie % (% @O + '+ ' $+ "#?#'N % +' 'แ '+' ( ''
( # ' C ' !7 $ 8 แ -' ILK@ % C+, ! (*!#' ("'" #' ' '+ ! (P ' แ!,'# +(#' ("' ! '- #+' ,' % '# + - -'A' แ ''แ,' *
--% $แ!,' ' !7 (P! '(' ( !' (''% $' ! +!78] แ "% +' -/!+ '/' $ "
!7 -/!+ '$ ("แ(* + + $ !# " 'N % +' - !' #!7' !7+, ' !'$+ ' % +' +#/ ( # ' $! " แ/ --+ (7 -"#$$ IO % # แ %6$$ '>!+$แ - '+' -'A' (! แ,' แ ' '7' ' #แ,' ''' ! % % - '!! '+'' - !#'Aแ,' - !7,% '- #+' ,'+$แ ' ( แ !,' %6$+# แแ -'Y6#!'$ "แ+ (7 (+แ (! (' + !78 ! T ' [ ! !7' N !'' (Fn ' !7 % + ' ((แ" ! + ' -' '' '($- โฆ - !#$แ ' '' !# #แ!, ] #แ ( !B '-' - !#''% # ' !! '+' ,' " '!"$ !"$ '' '#% !$" '!"$' ' แ!,' ( ("'(B (++ -"แ - !/'"!7 - !7, " A,'/ (#'ย # ( " -$" - !$ " -# " + -แ!,' [ ( แ ! (' A,'' (+!' , A,' ] A,' (!B แ * 9lG' 9# (>?'' (! ('- ' - '! #' - #!7 % 7'แ/+ - !+! 8 ('% "แ '' % @O - @Q) + ' ' (! (' ('- ' ( ,' ! +!8 "(# (
U'" ,'!"'+' ##$แ -+ C, +, !$
" 7'! ' Living Colour Magazine !7 "แ '#'#' " " (- % ( ! +แ " -( +''$แ!,' #' แ!,'$-$" '"#' '+X ( ! $ -$#+ G#,' # " ' +' '$!
+ '!แ!,' G#,' ('(' (!7( ' !'"' แ/+8
"G#,'-' ! 8 - +'-$ #9 ' +'$8 (# '!$ ( ' +'- !78 !# !' - แ (# ! 8 ( !+ $ -$# -' +'% ' 8 +'-' !% ' 8 -'#'-!$ $ (7 -' +' ' - +' ' (# #' + 8 C7
!$ +'- 8" (% "แ ' % IJ -IL) G#,' "-' +' ' " !7 - -!7 -แ % '! M % - ( + '$' "-'#'-!$ $ (7" + แ#' +''แ!,' "- +' '" แ!,' '- #+'N ('(+'' (
+'' '
"แ+!78
แ
#'
M #' - ! " $
-' M #'X! !+' -' ' $+ 8 G#,' '
!% ( '97' - ! " '% #แ + ! '$' ' 8 V-' N '#' #' !+' 8
แ ! + (' + % !78 ( ILQJ % $X C > แ ('(แ ' แ IQ % ' +แ!,' '( #! % +'' - !- !78 แ (' G#,' ' ' -' แ##$( M #'!$' - แ (#' !#-ย (7 '' แ ! -' $ (!7 *' " ( แ ' '-$ แ *แ' ! 8 '!-$ แ#- -'#'(แ !7 8 แ ! #!7+$แ" +'' "แ+ - -$ - $ - ' ,'"'+!78 (' !!"' % - @@ '+ IL-@I) ( K % ' (แ" " + A,'' N -#''" IO % ' ( ! $8 M #' (8 IO % '" + P '% ("' ("'(' (!('% แ9*R-% CS7'' '$+8 + - ( #'$8 (% "แ ' % Z) V$ แ G#,' ' -' - (!!7 % % ( +'' ' แ -' A,'
" + - ( #'$" [' ' '] ! C
# ,'?'!# "แ+!78
N % +'
"(# (
'" ,'!"'+'#$แ -+ C, +, !$ " แ'$ (' ' - #+' -แ!,'# ( C7 #
% +' # '+ "'+!7#'' ('% "แ '' % MK) Living Colour 9lG' "แ '#'+ " ' !" ' !B-$ -/!+ '/ !7$ - " ' !7 8 7'! ' !7+-' 7' 8 #- ! ' !7+-' #- 8 !7$ - ' '# '$!$8 C7 9!# - #+' !7$' 8 !7$$ (" '#$ 8 ($C7 ',+$แ ! ' 8 ! แ 9 +$แ %S( ' " '$ !$8"
แ % +' (' !'$' 8 ( แ ! '% "แ '' ( ! $X! + แ' #' ,Y " !' +''$ -' "แ+8 Living Colour ! ( !7 (' '# #'"#' ( Living Colour "A,'% -' !7 '8 C7!$ > -*!(#' !# !'- !7" !'- +8 " !7$' -8 !7
#$แ 8 9!##$แ !7"'แ!,' C !#- 8 !#- -' > - ?'
> -*! -" 8 > -*!(#' "'B ' "'B ' + + !#!7- 8 !#!7- ++' + -!7,+$แ AHy - ! 8 แ > -*!(#' !- แ# # แ $แ -- !!7 แ!,' !$ (7 '7 - !% ' !$ +' ' (# แ "#?#!7, {#*! >'+ -' -' -$(7 xxxxxxxx แ# แ + #'แ *+ '% >' - !+ ' 8 !- $ - !!7'8 '7- !' % +' !" 'แ!,8 # 79!##$แ - " ' ( 'แ,'!$8 C, 7+$แ
+'
#$แ !แ!,' 7 C7 $แ!,' 7- " ' ($C, % +' - !+ '' !$ +' 8 !# ' แ!,' 7' !#" ' 8 #7 (# #$แ + !- # !'- - แ 7' + 8 % +' !#- ! แ !$ (7-' + '8 # > -*! (#' '>' ' >' !#-$!7 แ# (- ! ! ' 8' ($C, % ' 8 ( T ( '+"$แ+ ( '+ + ' !' ' + -$ แ!,' (- ! ('('!"$ (แ!,' +# # !#- 8 > -*! C,( ' #- แ ' 8 >' แ# (#,' #+( C -AHy - ! แ!,' C -AHy - 8" ('% "แ '' % MK - MJ)
แ แ (แ * '!'+ Living Colour
- (-"$-$" ( G " แ!,'[L] % > -*!(#' แ !7 ( !'+ $8 ! A,'" !- ( ' ' + '!7''" (-"$( ' แ !7+ #!7 % '- แ #% +' ' --+" ( ' ( # แ!,' "'% !7'
+'# +'' $ ( !' $ " + แ( ! *'+'% #( ! *'! ("$$" (!'!' !แ +'แ ( ! $ ! + แ(! C% #(! C แ (?% ($ (+ แ (#$ แ แ,' "$-$" +'' ' !7 +! แ/ (" แ/+!78 + - (+'! !7, '#' (B) +'+ '+# #"' % 9!# - #+'%
% +' ((# - ! แ " /'% !แ!,' " #" " #" ('!"' (7 แ
! ("แ(* + ' !7 '+# #"' N "!$" แ % #' 8 '#' (' '(' # แ $- '7% 7+ @ A,' A,' 'แ '$- แ - #+' -"' แ!,' "' #แ แ ' -+$ G+$ #+ -' "#?#'! $+$ (% , +# #" 9!# - ' แ -" แ!,' แ"A -แ ( % 'แ ' -/ แ $ C7-' % + ' '9!# - #+' - ! # ' "#?# +' #'" " " !'แ!,' (9=- ! !A!' ( ( (, !' '' แ!,' ( ( !'" !7''% -$' ('- ' '*' -$ ! ( ') '! ($"'[M] [e] [K] #!# '% -' 8 ( แ ! '#' (B) '+# #"' % + '$ แ ( ' ' ' # # '$'$ >+'> G"- !- + -' แ @ A,'$ แ ("(+'% !แ!,' -$- $' !8 แ !$ $ +'$ ('(+' 7' P แ!,' (' % +''' +''$ ' +' (' ' !#- !$+8 ('% "แ '' "#?#!7,% !( แ +'! !7, ILM@ - ILMe % % IQe - IKQ) " ' % > #' # " แ #! +# แ ! n #+ #N (!' (++ 9#+ !,(() >! +% " $N8 >! +$N , %g-' แ
% แ ((" + +# แ ! แ "'+# แ *'!'$8 9!# !' -แ/ ' '- V(( !$+8 %g-' !"" ' (7"' V7'' ! " + # #' แ ' % แ %g-' ! แ" " "แ >!N + แ+'(" - ! " ' #$"T แ " $!#8 > -"-!+' (" 9!#' # แ - #+# (" ((' '% ((" + +# # ' #' # " แ แ !! แ "'+# % % แ ' แ ! " 'X (9!#% (!B ! '!7'T) #++# # "$$8" ('% "แ '' % IQJ - IQL ( '(' ( !$ ( !' - % +' '7'% +, >!' % #'+' '("' +,'% >#' ( !)
"ILMQ % C,G-- " > -*!(#' ( !'$ #! > - ?'แ,' #' ! - ! !T ILMM % G"#- @@ + 9!#(' +# ! ?' (+# #" แ - (!7() -แ * ,A$' '-$ ",+'(!B 7 แ '' T ' ' # แ " $' แ ( !7 "!$"' (' ' !'! !78" ('% "แ '' % IMM ( '(' ( !$ ( ! - Fn #'+' 'The Roots of the Revolution' ( !) "9!# แ !' + ' ' 7'' % > #' แ ' แ ('- '!
A 9!# # แ +' '
- ' (!!78 (-"#! ( แ%S++ #!78 แ V แ # +# ((# "#'! แ '!78 '(+ ! '!7' #'- ' '' ( *' *+# #!78" xxxxxxxx " ' 7'T ILM@ % 9 -" ( # แ +' - !#' 3A (แ$ 'T แแ - !# แ# ' ( +$#,') #-' (#- !' ! แ #แA A,' #-') # " ' # (" -# " +# (') แ -' V$ ! แ 7'' (!B $ ( -$"$!78 แ V( ( -"$ '/ ( #+# แ# ( แ ' ' + '-' !$ แ# N แ ' (' [M] !$+!78 " ('% "แ '' % - IMK) [V'!7' ( ! # '!7' $ % +''แ,' A,' N แ !! -6
+ ' !B-"( /#' !- ' ( !'!7 '7'%"'+' +' ' ((- ('(+' ('- ' #' # '' !78] V$ แ + แ- ( แ
*' แ 'แ!,' แ '' ' % '- แ % ( '( ' (!B ( ' ' +''- *' $ +แ " ' *' ((- ( #' ' +'' ! ' ( แ )
-
$" +'' ! ' ( แ ) ( ( ' - - !% ' + ' ((-' ( (' +6 +''! ' ( แ ) 9ยP# -' (' (- ! +''! ' ( แ ) ('X !$ ((! ! !' ' #'' !7'!T ! ! (' , " #,' ! +''' แ #แ '! 9 +G' C ' ' ( แ + #+' 8
แ % '' 'แ!,' +' ' + (-' N ( !' $ # - !7 (7) N ( ยP A,'% # " !B- ('(+' ((!' '- !7 N % +' ' '
+Y6#' ( ! Q ( ! "'- ''#' -$ > -*! ?'แ,' N
$ '##แ % +' ( !'' '# ' !'!แ ! !8
( ! Q ( ! (! +''
$ (' ( !' ' ' #'แ!,' ' - #+' ' IO '% {#*!'% -/ % ! '"$ 'C7 !7, ! แ !7, 'แ ( !' 8 ! - ( แ!,' - ($"' 'C7 +$ A,'' % '+$ แ *'(' แ 8 ( แ ! +' (9=- ! ( !' ' !* ( !' ILKZ % ! 9 ( !
+$ แ *'( ( !* +'' ' + - ,'!"'+' ("แ(*'' % ILZI % ,+ !
'7 ( '% !B '/' ( ! แ 8 % +' (#' แ!,' (7(" '
!'/' !*- !$-' @OOQ % $ " - ! ' # " ' (# แ!,' '"#?# !7,% -# -/!+ '/' # '' +'' # แ $' 8 ( แ ! % +' ' + '!7'' 9lG' 9# '" +''- + 8 #% +' ' !' ( ' 'T (แ$! แ/ --# 8 # % +' ' !'" ( ' (+' '' +! #' " '% +# -- '! '# A,'-' !8
(7" '! -+ ( !*!# #(N -!! Z -'' #( แ * +'"$$แ!,' -"-!/ + - %S ! $" (!*$ @OOJ "$แ'!
( A!C -'' @OIO แ"'!$" (,(A -'' ' 'แ ' -/ แ !' '!7'' +''
- + แ!,' 9lG' 9# '% (>?'' - ! (7"-' ("(7+ ' ('' !'- + !78 # C7#'(" # 9 '( (7 " 9lG'% 9# (('X % +' '!7''% ' + '!7'' - + *' - + (! แ '' '7' %"'+' +''# "แ#+!78 V แ ! 9l *-'N ! 9l- ( ('
' + ((-' ( #แ - - แ " ' แ ''" "'!7+ # #% ' "(% ? + '+" ( แ ++ -"$E# !78 ( แ ! #% +' '# '" $'
N แ (" '" + +' แ/! '" !"-, # "'+ #แ #% " % +' !ย# แ แ #-'Y6# - !#$ แ % +' !77 ((P) !ย# ( (+'+ !ย# (#$แ #$-' C7 (# - " '-' "$+' "$+' !ย# (% -' (แ/'-' !ย# -"#$ % !7' '" 9+ X !+ แ,' ' +','' "แ*$+ "( +',' ( ! " #$แ ( 7C แ *+แ"'-" แ"' / !ย# ! 'แ"' (#( ' "( ! -'"
"แ#-'" ( +% !#' +!% C C 8
+ *"แ #+'
แ - ' - ' (" #' ("(-' + % แ แ *''+' (## -$#+- แ (## แ *''แ!,' !#!# แ #'# #+ แ# แ (C7 ) A,'-/ (+'+ ) แ - *'' !'+ ' แ' ' + - ( !+' แ #++ + '+' ( !,'-'' ( ,'!"-$+ แ# แ ' - ! ' ' - !' -'Y6#/' "("' # แ '' !"-'/" % "
-'' # /" แ ( A,'' -"-!" - ! " + / ! T ! T (+ -# C,#แ ( ,N !$ + ' - *' - '(' แ# แ *"แ $+ "N ! แ !! -6"
+'' ( !' #
%/แ!,' ! (,+ - ' !78 แ แ# แ # ' '! #' '" #'- '!78 แ แ# A,'', "+'A!C + แ X - ' ,แ C, +, % % +" F (! แ# แ (% %ย ( ''"$ ( #'-' แ *'' (' "' ( ( 9 !* !'+' ...8
#( @OOL 7+, J + +Y6#' ( !'8 8 I8 % "แ ' - '( ! @OOJ % - ! (แ 8 @8 !! " - , +# ! @OOZ % -8 Q8 - !#'แ6! ( ! @OOM % % - 2(แ (+'
" ! '/' !*- ! ')8 (
[I] +'
" ! '/'% !#'แ6! ( ! @OOM % % -" 2(แ ! % ! # แ $ +$แ " " ( ! " M-J-@OOQ # K #+, (Y"#' !!7+ '' (2*!34 @ % % '( ! @OOJ % -" ! (แ ! % ! # แ $ "% "แ '" ( ! (" IM-M-@OOM #แ$" (Y6#' !!7+ '
+'(A'' % Z Ie 8 แ แ " " ( !!7 (2*!34 +'แ!,'# J -#( แ '
+'(A'' +''$' 8
[@] '"' 9lG' ( (@I) ( - @OOZ
!!7+
B$A,'$ #' ( ) +$แ -"-!+' -/!+ '/
"แ '!7' !78 [Q] C7# # - >! C, +, !$"'" Outrage - Burma's Struggle for Democracy by Bertil Lintner '% '* '% #!# 1st Burmese edition published in the UK in 1990 by Peacock Press, Edinburgh, Scotland ( ! + -'- ' "(+'! +!' !oC # ILJZ ILJJ" (#' !78 [M] !#'แ6! ( ! @OOM % % - 2(แ (+'
" ! '/' !*- ! ')
( ! " > #' ( แ '-'" (#' % eMK eML ( !78 [e] !#'แ6! ( ! @OOM % % - 2(แ (+'
" ! '/' !*- ! ')
( ! "C7 ( '+("$แ" (#' % MI@ MIZ ( !78 [K] !#'แ6! ( ! @OOM % % - 2(แ (+'
" ! '/' !*- ! ')
( ! "> " +' ! #'+" (#' % MMI MMK ( !78 [Z] "! ''" #' ( ! !78 [J] "( ( (" '"' 9lG' ( (@Z) G"#- @J % "#แ,'*! A,'% (' +'"$ $A" " 'แ,' -/ '"' 9lG ( (Qe) 7+,- @OOL แ
!78 [L] " #'" % C (แ ( ! (Irrawaddy Publication, New Delhi, Second Edition 1999) ( !!7 (#' (IZ) % IOM IOe % (#' (IJ) % II@ IIK !78 ILMK 9!# (แ!,' A,'% ( # !- !#++ !- แ !#+- % > -*! $ แ ,'ย $! % ILMZ '!*!!* -" แ"'!$" (แ!,' > -*!(#'N ('(! # " '/ ' แ"'!$" แ!,' '!*!!* -6( -! % '!*!!* ! ( - ! '$! แ
% +' ' 9ยP# --$ ++ (' + +'-+ ('' '- ' + ( ' # (! #! !+ ' (#-' A,'% N
+' (2*!34 '#'' ( !(' ' +# ("(-' + - #'!7' # ( !!7 +Y6#'' (!( !#- ' แ!,' ( " !!'- !78 #' (#' (IZ) % IOM IOe 8 "ILMK @K +#แ > -*!(#'#$แ !-
'- " + "$แ'$ ( '+ ("$แ $ - 8 xxxxxxxx
#', #(-' A,', +- 8 A,' !("$แ*! (/("$แ $ ย+' ?' 8 % #$แ ' ( ' +'% ,' 8 % A,'% +$แ A,'+$แ
$(7 !- 7'" ( '+ ("$แ $ " '$ (" {#*! ( !*!$ 7'" #'"'แ!,8 ($C7 (- !(/ ("$แ % AHy( ย - 8 C, ++ +# # (#- $!7 % "แ+ 8 +# # {#*! -' 8 C,-แ *แ#' !$ +' # - แ %
' !#- 8 ##9=%" !-$ (7 A,', !+ 8 ($C, $ {#*!
-!78 {#*! (" #แ @ #+,-!$ (- !- !!'!78 #$( #" % แ *- +' #% - แ (- !(/ ("$แ ! ' % + 8 C,C +แ!,'$(7 %
(" '- แ '' 8 ($C7 " '+ (แ$' B"'$ แ 7'! +, ,'แ,' #'#' 'แ,' ' ' ( แ Bแ!,' % +# # - " ' 8" % {#*! +$#แ !$ > -*! (#' % {#*! -"แ 8 % ( - {#*! (- !- ! > -*!(#' !' 8 ' - แ #+ + + % #$แ "แ$(7 ' ' '" ! $8 (#' ' (#$ แ %
>'- # ' - แ ! !$8 C7!$ > -*!(#' C,- -" '" !' 8 %
(#' #- ' !$
#แ!,' ('- แ ! แ 7'! !! '!"$!B แ" แ" "$ 8 ($C, แ"!B "!- {#*!แ ' +! " # ( ' '"$% +# (- !(/ ("$แ !' ' (P C AHy % แ #แ -6$(! !'- " - แ +'แ!,' % ($C, แ" !'- 8 ( - - ! ' ' #
# แ ' แ ##$แ !!7$8 > -*!(#' (- !(/ ("$แ ( แ !% ' '$ (P ( - -6$!'% ' 8 -6$!'+ (- !(/ ("$แ
( "'+ 8 (- !(/ ("$แ % (P (!% % แ" แ!,'แ!,'' !7!7 8 C7!$ > -*!(#' ' ' # % #$แ ("'+$ (7 !$ + '! - แ 'แ!,' > -*!(#' !'$ แ" ( ' '- 8 #+(#' $ (7 > -*!(#' > -*! CB#$แ ( % แ ' , (-- 8 % #$แ "แ$(7 > -*! CB แ $ '$ ,'+ > ' % - '!' 8 (-'#$แ % "$ (7 แ6C9=7'!'" # 8 C,แ6C9=7'!'" > -*!(#' - + ' แ (" * *แ - ? '$ แ6C9=7'!'" # 8 % -' - '- แ!,' C,แ6C9=7'!'" - '- ' " ' 8 ILeI % - +$(7 #แ,'*! แ '#'# 4 $ % !' + +' แ6C9=7'" '$ C, >' "'"แ 8 > -*!(#' -+(
> -*! CB#$แ !แ!,' % C,แ6C9=7'" #+ ! +#! " $ - ?!- 8 [+ '!# # -$ + '- *' ( '( A,'% '-'(แ" - -' A,'% ( > -*!( +-แ!,' > -*! '+$+ 'แ!,' C7 -"-!+' + แ แ *'!' (7 ' # '+- C,- # '+ - $ > -*! % +' -"- " -!-! - !% แ ' ' '$ แ6C9=7'" -!'- แ !แ!,' !7- แ6C9=7' (! ' > '> ' !'(!8 > -*! !'+# ($C,( # +#! " (- ?# (-#C# "'+# ) !- ("$แ "'- ? แ ! ($C,-' - ?$แ!,'แ!, C7 > -*! (" - แ !#!8 > -*! ' (##$แ + - (!7'แ$ > - # " '- + '!# # -++ $ ( '( ' "' แ - '- แ!,' # !- +#! " ' ("$แ ( '( ( - ?C7#' +' "'- แ (!' > -*! - '- ' #!# ' (7" #แ+ !-แ '*! แ +#! " แ!,' ( '( A,' แ6C9=7'(! > '> ' -- ?"'' + แ!,' +'+ H - #' ((!7'แ$ > - # " '- ) +$แ > -*! (' +' '!7' + '8 > -*! C9=7'> ' A,'% (' !'- !
+8 '" (
" -''" ' 7''N A,'(!B A,' แ '' !"-'" - ! $! 8] #' (#' (IJ) % II@ IIK 8 (#' (-, *! (+ '!!* -6 (" ( " " แ"'!$"แ,' ILMZ % Eแ!,- $ '! แ 8 > -*!(#'+$แ ++ (แ"'+ !$ #$ (" แ"'!$" $ !- ("$แ" !'# 8 >! (" ( #+!7' IJ@ #+ + $(# $ - !7' eOO - + # 8 C,- " $ * แ * * '!#- แ + 8 * แ ! G"แ" - !#$ (" {#*! 7'" ( 7- " + 8 (-' +' ( แ!,'$ (7 (- !(/ ("$แ+$แ (!* (" (- !(/" , (-' +' ! + แ 8 > -*!(#' %
# "แ '8 ($C7 (- !(/ ('(' - ! % +- (- !- {#*!
> -*!(#' +- 8 % (-' +' $ > # "แ '8 > -*!8 >' แ"'!$" ' -'8 ' 8 $>8 !7>8 ' 8 '!!* -6 # - ! แ >' # ' ' 8 C,- + ' 8 - แ $8
C,# - !#+ % +' " + ' 8 C,'
'$(7 > -*!(#' ( ' 8 C,% $- % +' - ! "#$แ ( % +' - ! แ ' '8 ("'+#$แ % +' " !' ! แ $ ' # - แ "' แ! ' '! !B 8 C7 +-' (# 4 'แ!,' !' 8 C,% แ# แ !#' - แ "' แ! ' 9แ P C7 *' -$ % 8 ($C7 แ' $ C7" !7-แ!,' -- - 8 % -$ % +' - !!7 ' +'#$แ แ - แ % +'' ('- ! ' #+-$ แ!,' '- 8 แ '" $ -' C7" !7- 8 แ % (,( !# ( #!$8 {#*! (- !'"#$แ E" C,% ' -$ แ!,' !'-' 8 C7!$ > -*!(#'
แ 8 (แ,' +!แ!,' #' +$' 8 #+,- $(7 > -*!(#'
'#+ >*'#$ " " ' 8 % > -*!#$แ (( ' + ##$แ แ '!"$ "แ$ E"
# -"แ แ #'แ!,' ( # 8 (-'$ (7 > -*!(#' -, #'#$แ ' ! - แ {#*! - -!#$แ -, #' + + % "' 8 - > -*!-'8 >' แ"'!$" !7>8 ' 8 "The country is doomed." - แ C7#$แ ( แ,' (แ!,' > -*!(#' -, #' !- 8 The Country is doomed
'!แ,' !,' !$- แ แ (F !37 + 8 '! (" แ " $ - " ( - 7'+ # + '!แ,' !,' !$- แ !$8 C7 !#$ (" ! #
( # !$ ( - '' !- ! !B 8 xxxxxxxx ($C7 C,# + ' #'#$ แ แ -' - แ % ! ' ' 8 แ"'!$" '!$ (7 >! (#+ IJ@ #+ + $(# !- IZI #++ 8 "#?#" Z #+ + 8 #,' ! 9l-" ##+" + 8 '!!* -6 ILMZ % G"#- L +#แ " 8 ($C, '!* !!* -6 +'"$+$ ( ( !*!+' A!C#$แ !แ!,' แ * !% แ (" - (- - !- (!7' ('(' +! > -*!(#' B ' 8 ($C, ('(' (!7' ('(' !$ % -$ C AHy ( B ' 8 %
+ ' 8 > -*!(#'#$แ (" - !- แ!,' แ {#*! # 8 ( !#$ แ -' !!#$แ !#+$+ -* 'แ!,' +"#$ , (' '- % -$ C,- {#*! #+' % แ +' " + + -* 'แ!,' +"# 8 C7!$ !B-- แ C,('('+$แ - !#'" $
!7!$ % แ!,' !7- +' 8 !7+! C,- 8 > -*!(#' ( ( !*!+' A!C $ +' !7- (' แ *' 8 * แ (" +' #'#' !' 8 * แ > Cย % ( !' 8 ($C,- + #!$ C, > -*!(#'+$แ F (# !'!' # #แ,' # แ #$ (" ( (!7' ,- C,
!+$ '8 C7!$ (!7' ,- '!$ #แ+ ("' + #' (* แ#$แ > Cย 7'(* แ ( ( !*!+' A!C $ > Cย#
# ( !' แ ' $ ' - 8 > -*!(#' ($C, (!7' ,-+$แ #แ#แ '! # #' '" $ ' "#$แ !แ! ' ""' ' #% ' " - แ -6#$ !- 8 > -*!(#' '" !!7$8 C7!$ '" > -*!(#' + #'" ! !- - แ!,' +'$(" > Cย - (-' ' " ' 8 ($C7 ! " '$ + '+# แ % ' B- 8 "แ-แ "แ' '+# แ (!7' ,- > -*!(#' !- $ ' + #'"#$แ > Cย" ( ' # - แ # ''+ 8 >'-$ C,' 'แ!,'+!7- แ % !- 8 # '+' '- แ % 8 (% '"
(# $ 8) + #'"#$แ > Cย '' ( ' # - แ แ# (,+ + 8 ($C, C, >'A,' !$8 ( - --?แ/ '- แ ' - แ !แ!,' '+# แ % !"$ !B ( -#% +$แ ( ( !*!+' A!C ( ! !'- 8 ($C, A!C+$แ #+ +' ย
"แ+ 8 ($C,ย ( -9 P' ( -# " (' ' - 9 P' 8 !แ 9 P''-' ( -# + - แ (F !37 !7$ ! C" % "แ+ 8 ($C, '+# แ แ!,' ( ( !*!+' A!C $ +' - ' !7 ' + + #'"#$แ > Cย"+$แ $ ( - 8 ( -# ( ( !*!+' A!C $ - >% > Cย - (' ' '" $ 8 ' "-$ + - !' 8 (" $ > -*!(#' !+$ ' !+-$ > -*!(#' #' ' 8 > -*!(#' % ! + !$- แ '+# แ '+ #$ "#$แ % !! 8 % -$ ( -# ( ( !*!+' A!C ( ! แ!,' > -*!(#'( #'"' 8 #% ( ( !*!+' A!C $ +'ย !7-"แ !- (" ( ((' # 8 [ - "$แ'! ( A!C ! C (@I) (I) > Cย # % N % ' (' ' '" + 9 P ' % !
แ,'
!
% ( ( !*8 (@) % (ย- # + # # %S? #% # '" แ V( A!C (P #แX % " + '" + (* แ ( ( !*8] !- (!7' ,- แ!,'"'$ (7 แ แ *แ A,' $ ( ( แ +! P!# 8 ,'"'$ = -' #*!" ' 8 = $ !7"'$ - + ' 8 ('- ' +#แ!,' '"' 8 C,'
''' ' > -*!(#' {#*! +- 8 ( +# '"'แ!,8 แ #+ ' แ"'!$" - !+ 8 ($C, แ"'!$" >' !78 > -*!+ A'' แ ( ##'#'- !'!7( '8 A'' #!7#$> แ !78 C > แ ('(แ ' $ แ #'-' > -*! ('-#$แ 7 - + 8 A'' แ ( ##'#' +- ' 8 C,แ (( A'' 8 ( ##'#'-' !'!7- แ !#$ (" > -*!-' # ! !' 8 !#" ' 8 % แ"'!$" (* '* ' A''# 8 แ"'!$" แ A''- แ + '8 > -*!(#' % #$แ -"แ!# 8 'แ"'!$" (" +'"' แ # '+ ##!$ >' A''- แ +' '-'8 > -*!(#' ! 9l *- 8 > % - ' (" -"-!+'
!'% $ + + '$ (G# ! 9l *- 8 > -*!(#' $(7 % ($C,- !$ +A,' 8 H - '' ' ( - ! -$ - +'!$ $ (* '#$แ !$แ!,' > -*! ' 8 #แ!,'-$ > -*! ($C, ( # % +$แ 7' #แ!,8 7' - ! แ"'!$" !7- แ !# ( #แ !'#$8 C,( # แ C,- 7'7',',' '## '-'8 (+ $ ' " % +$แ A,'% $ แ!,' !B#$ (" % แ $ + $( ' + !('# # 8 ($C7 > -*!(#'+$แ '"#' แ + '$ "แ!,' A''# 8 % #- แ"'!$" 8 C7!$ -"-!+' +แ!,'- แ K -+ 7% +' " - แ % - 8 > -*!(#' ( #!" ' 8 ($C7 -"-!+' +แ!,'$# K - $ ( # ('แ,' - !7' - แ !แ!,' !#" ' 8 ##แ แ"'!$" -แ-6 % - 'แ!,' แ แ *แ - A!#$แ
'- #'#' -6- + 8 > -*!(#'+$แ (+ #(7 % แ! *+ (แ"'+ 8 C7!$ #' ( A'' # ' 8 แ"'!$" A!C(+ (-' % แ +' แ,' A,'+$แ + แ แ"'!$" -แ-6 - '+ 8 แ"'!$" -แ-6
% +# # - 'แ!,' แ
'- -แ-6
"'"' แ"'!$" A!C#$แ # แ ' # แ #- 8 ( T % แ แ *แ
"'!$ +# # +' แ,' A,'+ แ +"'!$" -แ-6 - '!7 +-' แ"'!$" (+ C,- - '% -' A''+ + 8 แ"'!$" -แ-6
#'#' ! + แ $ (" +# # +' แ,' A,'+$แ + แ - '
' 8 C,- +' แ,'+$แ+ แ - ' แ #' #% 8 % ($ ( # '!!* -6 "- แ % + '+- +"'แ!,8 ($C,( # ("' -6+$แ # ( แ " + 8 % ($ (7 # ( %/ " แ!,' ( '+ ("$แ $ #แ,' A,' - 8 % '!!* -6+$แ # ( ย - 8 ! #แ % # (#$แ '!!* -6+$แ !B +' > -*!(#' 7 % % $+ 8 > -*!(#'!$ +'+ - !#+ % +' $ !#+แ!,' 7 % +'' -+ !# 8 ( -$ > -*!(#'!$ '!*!!* -6 # แ!,' C,!B +#!#แ!,8 C, > -*!(#' # !แ!,' 7' +( '-$ ' - แ 47"+$แ -$ +!78 -$ +" "'+' % ' !*'# 8 ($C,( # ( แ"แ' ( A,'A,' % - ' + % " 'แ!,' ( !B G "แ#แ!, !7+$แ8 !*' แ,' - !# - แ ' " '% + (' + 8
#$" + '-''8
(I) !! ' !'' #$" ILJJ ! C (แ p (P ' แ!,' #! '" แ '!! ' '$ ! 9l- ! !''N - ! + (( # ' ( ( ' (!( !# % ' $8 แ - ( '+ - -! - ! #$ แ (- !แ '% ((A,' % #' ' , !*! (" -' !'+ แ!,' !' A'N - # ' #,'!7'แ -' ' $ '!! ' '$+- แ '+$ "$ "'$+ - !#'+ ' ( แ ! แ !' A' !#แ"'% $ $+8 แ ! แ !' A' "' ' 'N - แ "' (#' (! + ( !7 A!C ( (!*) +' -6$!' !'+ ( แ + #8 แ - ( '+ - - !#' -!' !*$ ! แ ! '$ แ ' C,( ' !# " !'$ ( *แ แ ' ' # !''% ' "' !,' (/ ! ! แ,' #$ #' !'' -! + แ !#- ++ $8 แ (!(,' (! ( ' #'' ('' +- !#- แ"' แ!,' ' !# # !'' !#
$+8 ' !7'- แ" แ *แ" U'!7แ!,' - ! 9!# '
- ! ' (+("' -- ' ! (P ' (แ!,' U'" ("' " !B -$' 8 แ 'N (F #' 9!#'N '"#- (+("' "' !,' ( % $-' ' + % + แ!,' (7 ("!-แ แ!,'(7) % *แ- แ!, ' G !- - !7' ' (''' ( แ ' ++ $+ -' 7' "แ$+ '8 ( แ ! แ *แ!B แ "'+ ( # $ ! - ' --6 'แ/'$+แ!,' - $" แ + - *+ ' + # ' # (+ #+ - ! + '-'' -' '' '+ (7 4' แ * ''" -- '' '$ - ! ' ( ( ' แ" '' !#+ 7แ!,' #,'!+ " *''' "' แ *! '' ! "' ' 'แ!,'# ! แ - + + '- แ"', แ , "'-8 แ # แ - *'" -+ - ! # - / ''(' - ! ' ( ( ' แ"' !- แ "$แแ!,'7 'แ" # แ '' B #'-' " ! - ' !#' แ !7-' - N -# ' !7U'แ!,' -'" ' /' !" ' $!#8 V แ - '' + 'แ"'" ' ! 7! ' ' 7 ' ('( ' >"!7 $+ '8 !# ("' ('แ,' ('-' " # # 9C ' 9P#' '+'' - *' A,' แ!,' %g-'แ *แ!B" ! ,' '$ " A,'G' !7'% '!N - /+' ,'!"'+' ((#' "'%"'$A
A,'!A' !!$' แ # JJ , - /+' ,'!"'+' (#-' ( + # 8 " # แ " ' #+ #'''!$ ' F G" " '#+ - !7 ' #'' -' !$8" 7 7 แ"!#แ"' #''" ' "'- !$ (7 - " ' ( โฆ G > ' - !$ #+ + ('(" '$ (+ !'' แ '! ##$ #$ " - $ $ #''!7 แ!,' ##$ ( แ '" " ( !' ($C, +%"'( '" " ((# #'แ/ แ ( #'$ #'? !7) !แ"" +" " ' ,'" " '-$ # ! - ( ($C, '$ $ #+ ( (++ ( !!7 ($C, ( #-' #$ - " (!'(-6' - # " !7'+ '!7- โฆ C, - แ!,'แ!, - แ (- + - !#$ #+ +#$ #+ ( # 'แ!,' !'- แ'- '#$แ +-แ!, + (#+' " % " -แ!,' ( !- !' แ!,' '$ +%"'( ' (- ' แ '"!B 'แ,' !- 7'( #'แ!,' ( ( ! '$ #'!'
- /- '-' !- +'%"' $ แ - (-' '- G #- #'- แ #แ!,' (+ # - $ !7!'" " !# แ!,' ( !# "8 ($C,- ( "-' !7 ' #'#$แ -'" -' (ย( '#$ แ ## #!7' (- '! !!7!$ !"$-' -' ('#' !%
!7'% ('( ' + !$ (แ'-' ''!$"" !!$' !#- ( + !78 ILJZ % " pแ ('+$ ' % '( -C,,' (LDC, Least Developed Countries) ( - !7, (P+ ( '+ $+ ( '!% '+'' ! +!- 'N ,!" '+' *'*' "'$+/ ( # - !7,
! '' +แ!,' % แ ' + !7'- (' ! ย + -!78 แ '( -C,,' ( แ % % - *' '$+/ ,'!"'+'% % +' ,# แ $"/ ( ''% ' -'/' !7 #'' - - แ ! *'- แ + ' '' !7'- !B" - $ แ $$ , # (7) #''' #'แ {'' ( ' A " + !4'% '- ( '# " ' " +# ' + แ6#% " '+'' % '' ! F#A'% (+'(' ILK@ % , ((# ( '(!"' + $ - - ( '-' - !#''% # ' !! '+' ,' - - $ (( ! '!7-แ -#แ (7 - $ " (# แ #+$+ !แ !- ' *' ( #แ #% ((# ' - !78 ( แ ! V '
'( -C,,' ##,' !$+ +!' $ '-' - !#''% # ' !! '+' ,' N -'Y6#/ #% - ' - ! แ " $ "!! แ ' (,(A" N #$" ( *'+-C' 8 แ '-' - !#''% # ' !! '+' ,' " +
!7 A,',' A,'!* !" ' - ! แ " $ 'A,' ' (" -# " ) '' % '> - ?'*! ' แ (F (+ $ !8 A,'แ L Z ZI #แ " - #+' , A,' ( # !'(!$+แ!,' @ Q ZM #แ " '- #+' ,' - แ - !7$ 8 (7 " -# " แ!,' 8 > - ?'*! (P ' ,N - (' !7$ #!7 e ( + 7' A,' 8 ( " (I) " +' A,','*! > -*!แ,' #' (@) C -" +' A,','*! (') > - ?'*! (แ,' (Q) C -" +' A,','*! (+) > - ?'*! #' (M) C -" +' A,','*! (-) > - ?'*! ,- แ + 8 แ #!7 (Q) > - ?'*! #' ILK@ - @@ +#แ " -# " " '$+8 #!7 (@) > - ?'*! (แ,'-' '- #+' ,' Q @ KQ #แ " " " '$8 ( แ ! #! '" C -" +' A,','*! (+) % (-) แ +'"' !- + > - ?'*! #!7 (Q) ( !- +'- + 8 > - ?'*! , A,' > - ?'แ,' # % +'+ + แ#
(B) ( ' ('+ (7 'N + แ# ( แ " $) N แ ILLe % " " -# " $8 "!! แ '" , " !7$ N แ - !+! % (, H -' '' ( แ ! !+! - !#' + ('("$แ (Institute) ('- ' !! 'แ!,' "' !7, C7' ## $8 แ C7 A,'- *' #A,'- # *' ' '' แ ' (,+-( , "
#' " + !+' ( ( !'$8 ( แ ! ILK@ % , (+(' !, แ!,' % ' แ "'+แ!,' 7#!7+ ( !+!' - - ' ' '' ((' % ย" ( #(แ!,' !7!7-- A+!% (+ #+ H -แ,'' แ !' ( -6 % % A #'% , (!' ( !' ' -!' '' H -' !B # " '-+' (-' ' $ -"-! # !+' #แ,'!7 ! A'$+8 แ แ % N - ' (+'( "แแ *' '+' + ! ( %g+'แ,' - ' แ *$ แ แ6A - ' - ' A!'# #'
-แ,' > $"+ ' ! (- +nแ,' (4แ,' ' - !% - !+! 8 ( ( # !! '+' - !#'A > - ?'*! '- #+' ,' แ !- (7 -'A ! C -A,','*! > - ?'*! (แ,' -แ- ' ( ( !*#$- ! A,','*! > -*!แ,' #'N / !! '+' - !#'A '- #+' ,'% - !7,N ' ( (!*แ!,' -"แ (( - (7 !!'' %/ " $8 แ JJJJ , -'
' ('- 'N +' ( # % (แ! * $+ '> - ?'*! ' #!7 +'
"> - ?'*! (แ,'N > -*!แ,' #' ( " !''" ( (-' - *ย ' ' #$ (7 ( ( % '' (P+ A,'#' (" ((" !'- %S +''$' แ!,' !''!7 ((-' ('- ' ## ((-' ( % ' # !' $ -' '$' '$' !78 #! '" > - ?'*! +$แ G#,' +'+ -' แ!,' > - ?'*! ' (แ,'+$แ > - ?'*! (!B "!$ " ( *แ 9lG''!B !#-+ ' +''$' '+ '8 แ +'
' $' + !78 (@) '( -C,,' LDC B Least Developed Countries ( แ +$+/% ! #$"' # (! ' (J J JJ #! ') - '+ แ6ยP '! ! + % (แ,'($ A,' !' # แ # " ' " "( -C,, แ -" ' C,- +' แ -9l *'!'$+' แ % (##$แ ( -C,, +' " '+ p - # " (" ' " ++ ( *แ% " + '- ! '' # " + '" !78 + '! ( # ,>% ," +C, ' '$+- ''"-' $+ '8 ((- ( # 9ย#P + #'-( --' !*$ ('% ' 'แ *'!
#'-แ ' ' !8 ! ! $ ! !## !" '$+ ('(+' ( # -9l p- '+ % 'N ,'!"'+' - /+' !+' ((#' (( -- '! #!*แ!,'# '( -C,,' (LDC, Least Developed Countries) % ' ('- '" ," + # ((-' ' '8 -9lN ,'!"'+'% - /+'
, (Economic and Social Council) % ,-' $
((-' #แ ,- " !#- '! ,/' ! # !*- !8
'( -C,,' (LDC, Least Developed Countries) ( !'% ((-' $ " "Its stock of human assets, measured by a Human Assets Index (HAI)" - ' (+'( "แแ *'/ %/#'' ((+! ' !+!7 % % ''N / %/#') (F ( (# !7!78 แ ((- (!( (9=- ! แ/- !7 -9l "#+ % [un.org] -6 ' ,'!"'+'% - /+' , (Economic and Social Council) ' $ "Committee for Development Policy" ' % - "The Criteria for the Identification of the LDCs" "#+ % '"-' แ/% !78 - " !!+' '( '- '' ((+' ( (") , #' +!แ!,' % - ' ( '( % (# แแ - ! แ " $8 - !7, (P+ ( '+ '( '- '' , #' ' + - !
#% ' " ' !!แ!,' #'9P#' ((-' p แ $!78 แ p!B" ! ' (แ " !B- ' + - !
#% ' % ' (/ + '' '( '- '' , #'(' pแ -9l ' # !+' ' แ แ $ ('(#' +' แ!,' #% (' 9 P!* !'(! ,'ย $!78 แ # ', ILJZ % ("' แ +(7 - ( '+ % % % ย+' ("$แ('' (World Bank, IMF) ' ' ' "'' !#- !% ((# + ' ( แ " ' + - ! #% ' C7-, !7 '( -C,,' (LDC, Least Developed Countries) ( !'!7
' -8
( แ 7 -9l% % !+ ( '( '''" !"-แ "'-8 ( '( -C,,' (LDC, Least Developed Countries) ( + % #!7
% % ' N แ - ' (+'( (! / %/#' ') p% ' (# ' ( แ ++ + 8 ( แ !
( '( -C,,' % !'+' ("-' (+'(แ,' '% ! ' + ' 8
' + - ! #% ' p!B / -/ ("#' # # " ''#!7แ!, (# A+! % '% (+ # >, ( แ + ') % ' แ + - '% '
% ' !7 "'+ '' - p!B" ! ' - ' (+'( ("แแ *' ' ( + - #'!7') % !78 แ ' '$ (แ'" !$ !- แ ,' แ แ!,' ( # - แ!,') "$ -' C7 !+ '!$ (( # !*$ (', 'V' 'แ$' - !'--' แ!,' '"#'' pแ #+(% แ " " !B-$+8 pแ -9l " ,'!"'+' - /+' !+ ' #' % 7'' 7'' แ!,'# - ( '+N
" #-แ!, (แ'" !$ !- แ ,' แ --'" !"' ("'' (แ'' !
!+ -!'% !#( !' (7 - ( '+ " แ p -9l
- !7' ( # /%/#' (- ' (+'() แ
$ #'9P#''- + !7 '( IOO' - แ !- แ ( '+ p -9l แ - !$+' !7 ( # - +" ! '!7' !7 (( '+ (/ '' (+' !'"'!7 แ ( '+ ( (P! ' - แ #+ /%/#' ( # - + ' แ ' !7 -+ ' % !7'" ' # #'-' !7' 'แ!,' + '!$-' -9l #+ % (,',' 7'' -$ " แ (- +แ !7 pแ6แ !'!' - !7 " - - + '!7 แ %/#'( # p !'+
แ # แ แ' !+ ' -6แ!,' "'' -- ( แ "$แ %/#' '( # (!*!' ( -C,, !'" ("'' (,(Y" !"''แ!,' - ( ' !* - ! ' $+ 'N' - แ '-" - 'แ !'/ +'' $' ! +!8 โช-ยค-โช # ' " +' #'!("$แ #'!% # "#+ # " ' ! '#'!% -"-!แ '' %
Related Documents
Thakhin Tin Mya
December 2019 9
Thakhin Tin Mya And I
November 2019 2
Tin
October 2019 27
Tin
May 2020 17
Tin
May 2020 14