Taking Notes From Lectures

Taking Notes From Lectures English Skills for Academic Studies John Langan (pp 49-79)

How to Take Notes 1. Keep a written record for each class. 2. Sit where you will be seen. 3. Read in advance. 4. Record notes systematically. systematically 5. Use an outline for notes. 6. Be alert for signals. 7. Write down examples.

How to Take Notes 8. Write down details that connect or explain main points. 9. Leave some blank space. 10. Ask questions. 11. Take notes during discussions. 12. Take notes right up to the end of class. 13. Review your notes soon.

Studying Class Notes An Effective Way to Study Notes: 1. Use the margin space to jot down key words or phrases from your notes. These are recall words. 2. Turn recall words into questions. Study until you can recite the answer to these questions without looking at your notes.

***See page 63***

Studying Class Notes Another Effective Way to Study Notes: Create study sheets in Question-&-Answer format. The act of writing itself is a step that helps you remember the material.

Note-Taking Skills Skills in Good Listening: You must be able to: 1. Write down what the teacher has said, 2. Listen to what the teacher is saying now, and 3. Decide if it is important to write down…

…simultaneously.

(What some people call multi-tasking.)

Note-Taking Skills To perform multi-tasking, you must:

1.Focus, and 2.Practice, practice and practice!

CC2040 English for Academic Studies (Health Care)

Health Care Terminology I

Structure (Word Root, Suffix, Prefix, Combining Form), The SuPeR Sequential Rule

Medical and health care terms - An exceedingly large vocabulary - Most terms originated from Greek or Latin

How medical and health care terms are formed… Each term is usually made up of one or more building blocks, called word parts.

How medical and health care terms are formed… There are 4 types of word parts: 1. Word Root 2. Suffix 3. Prefix 4. Combining Form

1. Word Root - A word root is the foundation of a medical term. - Word roots usually describe the part of the body involved.

Examples of word roots - ‘nat’ means ‘birth’ - ‘cardi’ means ‘heart’ - ‘neur’ means ‘nerve’

2. Suffix - A suffix is a word part added at the end of a word root to modify its meaning. - Suffixes usually indicate the procedure, condition, disorder, or disease involved. (See Handout “Common Suffixes”)

Examples of suffixes - ‘-al’ means ‘pertaining to’ - ‘-plasty’ means ‘surgical repair’ - ‘-itis’ means ‘inflammation'

Word Root + Suffix ‘nat’ = ‘birth’; ‘-al’ = ‘pertaining to’

‘nat’ + ‘-al’ = ‘natal’ which means ‘pertaining to birth’

3. Prefix - A prefix is a word part added before a word root to modify its meaning. - Prefixes usually indicate the location, time, or number involved. (See Handout “Common Prefixes”)

Examples of prefixes - ‘pre-’ means ‘before’ - ‘hyper-’ means ‘excessive or increased’ - ‘dys-’ means ‘bad or difficult’

Prefix + Word Root + Suffix

‘pre-’= ‘before’; ‘nat’ = ‘birth’; ‘-al’ = ‘pertaining to’

‘pre’ +’nat’ + ‘-al’ = ‘prenatal’ which means ‘before birth’

4. Combining Form

When a suffix beginning with a consonant is added to a word root, a vowel is inserted between the word root and the suffix. The ‘word root + combining vowel’ thus formed is a combining form.

Examples of combining forms ‘neur’ (nerve) + '-plasty' (surgical repair) = 'neuroplasty' which means 'the surgical repair of a nerve'

Examples of combining forms (cont’d)

'neuroplasty' The o inserted is a combining vowel. 'Neur/o' is a combining form.

Combining vowels A combining vowel (usually an o): - makes pronunciation of a term easier - has no meaning in itself - is not a word part

How you can interpret medical and health care terms… Remember the…

SuPeR Sequential Rule

The SuPeR Sequential Rule

Suffix first, Prefix next, Word Root last. (Always in this sequence)

How the SuPeR Sequential Rule works… Take the word

'anesthesia'.

How the SuPeR Sequential Rule works…

anesthesia = an + esthes + ia

How the SuPeR Sequential Rule works…

an + esthes + ia Prefix

Word Root Suffix

How the SuPeR Sequential Rule works…

Suffix first 'ia' = condition of

How the SuPeR Sequential Rule works…

Prefix next 'an' = without

How the SuPeR Sequential Rule works…

Word Root last 'esthes' = feeling or sensation

How the SuPeR Sequential Rule works… Anesthesia means…

condition of [being] without feeling or sensation

How the SuPeR Sequential Rule works… condition of [being] without feeling or sensation

'ia' Suffix first

'an' Prefix next last

'esthes' Word Root

A few SuPeR notes… (1)

Always follow the SuPeR sequence.

A few SuPeR notes… (2)

Not every term is SuPeR.

A few SuPeR notes… (3) Some are S + R. cardi/o + logy Word Root [the] heart

Suffix study of

A few SuPeR notes… (4) Some are P + R. post + partum Prefix after

Word Root birth

A few SuPeR notes… (5) Some have more than one P. hyper + leuko + cyt + osis Prefixes excessive + white

Word Root Suffix cell

condition of

A few SuPeR notes… (6) Some have more than one R. oto + rhino + laryng/o + logy Word Roots ear + nose + throat

Suffix study of

A few SuPeR notes… (7)

Thinking in context is essential .

A few SuPeR notes… (8)

lith + otomy Word Root stone

Suffix surgical incision

A few SuPeR notes… (9)

Yet 'lithotomy' also means a certain position for medical examination. Source: Wilson, M.W.: Basic Medical Terminology Concepts. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1996, p.65

A few SuPeR notes… (10)

When in doubt, consult a dictionary or reference on medical and health care terminology! Recommendations: 1. 2.

Dirckx, John H., editor, Stedman's Concise Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions, Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (with CD-ROM) Ehrlich, Ann and Schroeder, Carol L., Medical Terminology for Health Professions, Albany, N.Y.: Delmar Thomson Learning (with CD-ROM)

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mplusdictionary.html http://laits.utexas.edu/sites/medterms/pronunciation-of-medical-terms/ http://www.thefreedictionary.com/pronounce

CC2040 English for Academic Studies (Health Care)

Health Care Terminology II Pronunciation: Syllable and Stress; Unusual Sounds, Soft and Hard Sounds…

Pronunciation of medical & health care terms Most medical terms follow the same pronunciation rules for most English words.

Pronunciation of medical & health care terms The pronunciation of a word is made up of parts called ‘syllables’.

A syllable is… - ‘… a part of a word that contains a single vowel-sound and that is pronounced as a unit’.

*Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary, William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd., 2004

Syllable

‘Cell’ has one syllable. ‘Cellar’ has two syllables. ‘Cellular’ has three syllables.

Each syllable is made up of …

a vowel-sound or a combination of a vowel-sound and a consonant sound(s)

A vowel is… - ‘… a sound… in which your vocal cords vibrate, your mouth is open, and your tongue does not touch your teeth or the top of your mouth… air can flow freely’*.

*Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary, William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd., 2004

Vowel For example: The ‘a’ sound in ‘baby’ The ‘ow’ sound in ‘cow’

A consonant is… - ‘… a sound which you pronounce by stopping the air flowing freely through your mouth’*.

*Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary, William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd., 2004

Consonant For example: The ‘b’ sound as in ‘baby’ The ‘t’ sound as in ‘take’

Stress is…

… the emphasis you put on certain syllables of a word when you pronounce it. louder voice longer duration higher pitch

Stressed Syllable In ‘cellular’, ‘cell’ is the stressed syllable.

Stress Syllable Some words have more than one stressed syllable. In ‘tonsillectomy’, ‘ton’ and ‘lec’ are the stressed syllables.

Pronunciation of medical & health care terms

Study the ‘Uncommon Sounds’.

(See handout ‘Uncommon Sounds’)

Pronunciation of medical & health care terms Learn the differences between the soft and hard ‘c’, ‘ch’ and ‘g’. (See handout ‘Soft and Hard Sounds’)

Pronunciation of medical & health care terms Say them aloud – you will find it a big help. http://www.merck.com/mmhe/resources/pronunciations/index/c.html http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mplusdictionary.html http://laits.utexas.edu/sites/medterms/pronunciation-of-medical-terms/

Using the Library and the Internet English Skills for Academic Studies John Langan (pp. 90-105)

Using the library and the Internet

For most research topics, you need to master two basic tasks: 1. finding books on your topic, and 2. finding articles on your topic.

Using the library and the Internet

Two main avenues for finding books and articles are 1. the library and 2. the Internet. Internet

The library Online reading and practice CPCE Libraries Catalogue Search Guides

“Search Guide”

http://lib.cpce-polyu.edu.hk/screens/searchguide.

Practice searching by “Author“, “Title”, “Subject”

The Internet WARNING: WARNING You must take extra care to EVALUATE websites you intend to use for research. Unlike traditional publishing, the Internet has virtually no safeguards in place to keep dishonest and/or incompetent people from publishing their work.

The Internet Online reading and practice PolyU Pao Yue-Kong Library

“How to Search the Internet”

http:// www.lib.polyu.edu.hk/internet/guide.htm#Gener Answer the 3 questions:  What search tools can you use to locate your source materials? 

Sentence Skills II Fragments and Run-ons

English Skills for Academic Studies John Langan pp 230-231, 251-253, 303-329,

What is a sentence fragment? It is a group of words that is punctuated as a sentence, but it is not grammatically a complete sentence.

1.Does it have a subject? Likes many different types of designs. Is considering which photo to use. (Each lacks a subject.)

2. Does it have a main verb? An exhibition of sculptures on today. Flowers in many colours. The designer who suggested the idea. (Each lacks a main verb.)

3. Is it a complete thought ? To take advantage of the benefits. (to fragment) If advertising is banned. (dependent-word fragment) Being such a creative person. (-ing fragment) For example, graphics and photographs. (added-detail fragments)

1. Combine the fragment with the sentence that follows it. – If advertising is banned. Our world will become boring. – Correction: If advertising is banned, our world will become boring.

2. Combine the fragment with the sentence that precedes it. – Customers are usually right. But at times can be totally wrong. – Correction: Customers are usually right, but at times can be totally wrong.

3. Add a subject to the fragment. – Customers are usually right. But at times can be totally wrong. – Correction: Customers are usually right. But at times they can be totally wrong.

4. Add a main verb to the fragment. – Flowers in many colours. – Correction: Flowers come in many colours.

5. Rewrite the sentence to complete the thought. – The designer who suggested the idea. – Correction: The designer who suggested the idea was Michael. – Correction: The designer suggested the idea.

Run-On Sentences What Is a Run-On? It is two complete thoughts that are run together with no adequate sign given to mark the break between them.

The Two Types of

Run-On Sentences Comma Splices: Splices Fused Sentences: They are fused or joined together as if they were only one thought. Error Rob exercises everyday he should be in good condition.

A comma is used to connect or “splice” together the two complete thoughts. A comma alone is NOT ENOUGH to connect two complete sentences. Error Rob exercises everyday, he should be in good condition.

Correcting Run-On Sentences 1. Use a period and a capital letter between the two complete sentences. Use this method especially if the thoughts are not closely related. • Kristin plays the guitar well she hopes to start her own band. • Revision: Kristin plays the guitar well. She hopes to start her own band.

Correcting Run-On Sentences 2. Use a comma plus a joining word (and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet) to connect the two complete thoughts. There are seven joining words (see next page). • Kristin plays the guitar well she hopes to start her own band. • Revision: Kristin plays the guitar well, and she hopes to start her own band.

The Seven Joining Words One way to remember the seven joining words (coordinating conjunctions) is to put them in this order:

For But

Nor

And Or

“FANBOYS”

Yet

So

Correcting Run-On Sentences 3. Use a semicolon [ ; ] to connect the two complete thoughts. In correcting run-ons, a semicolon can be used alone or with a transitional word. • Kristin plays the guitar well she hopes to start her own band. • Revision: Kristin plays the guitar well; she hopes to start her own band. • Revision: Kristin plays the guitar well; and she hopes to start her own band.

CC2040 English for Academic Studies (Health Care)

Health Care Terminology III

Unusual Plural Forms, Look-alikes and Soundalikes, Acronyms, Eponyms, Common Abbreviations and Symbols

Medical & health care terms

Accurate spelling is extremely important.

Medical & health care terms Is it ‘ileum’ (part of the small intestine) or ‘ilium’ (part of the pelvic bone)? Is it ‘prostate’ (a male gland) or ‘prostrate’ (collapse or lie flat)?

Medical and health care terms Familiarize yourself with the ‘Look-alikes and Sound-alikes’. (See handout ‘Look-alikes and Sound-alikes’)

Spelling of medical & health care terms Learn the ‘Unusual Plural Forms’.

(See handout ‘Unusual Plural Forms’)

Medical & health care terms

What are ‘Acronyms’ and ‘Eponyms’?

What is an acronym?

An acronym is a word formed by (usually) the initial letters of a term.

What is an acronym?

For example, Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation is…

LASER

What is an eponym?

An eponym is a disease, structure, operation or procedure named after the person who discovered it.

What is an eponym?

Alzheimer disease Progressive mental deterioration occurring in middle age (named after German neurologist Alois Alzheimer)

Abbreviations and Symbols Get yourself acquainted with the ‘Medical and Health Care Abbreviations and Symbols’. (For abbreviations, see: 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations#A 2. Stedman's Concise Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions, Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 4th Edition, 2001. ) (For symbols, see p.332-3 of Grammar & Writing Skills for the Health Professional)

MLA Referencing English Skills for Academic Studies John Langan (pp 213-228)

MLA Referencing

What is referencing? A way to tell your reader the sources of borrowed material in your paper

MLA Referencing

Why referencing?

- Allows your readers to access the sources - Provides proper acknowledgement of sources - Gives you credibility as a writer - Protects yourself from plagiarism

MLA Referencing MLA

Modern Language Association A widely used referencing style, but not the only one.

MLA Referencing Two Types of Citation 1.Citation within a Paper 2.Citation at the end of a Paper

MLA Referencing 1. Citation within a Paper start of quote ellipse: indicates omitted material

capital in brackets indicates capital not in original

Other parents work at home, even if it means earning less money than before. “[H]eading home is a real possibility for those parents who can master the new home-office technology [. . .]. If enough people can manage to do this, the neighborhoods might once again come alive for workers and their children” (Louv 285). end of quote

source, page number

MLA Referencing Citation within a Paper - Author’s name in parenthesis - last name only - No punctuation between author’s name and page number - Parenthetical citation placed after borrowed material but before the period of a sentence - Include a shortened title when using more than one work by the same author

MLA Referencing 2. Citation at the end of a Paper (“Works Cited”) author’s name, last name first title, underlined or in italics

Louv, Richard. Children’s Future. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990. year of publication

indent second and subsequent lines 0.5 inch

publisher

place of publication

MLA Referencing “Works Cited” Page A complete list of every source that you make reference to in your essay (See page 227 for a sample)

MLA Referencing “Works Cited” Page -

Organize entries alphabetically - Entries double-spaced - Indentation for additional lines of a single entry

MLA Referencing “Works Cited” Page - Study carefully the Model Entries for a List of “Works Cited” on page 216-218. - Note the different ways to cite different types of sources. Practice: Activity 1 on page 218

MLA Referencing How to Cite a Questionnaire or a Survey (supplementary)

Last name, First name. “Title of Questionnaire or Survey.” Questionnaire. City survey took place: Location where survey was conducted, year.   

Keane, Nadine. “How Much Homework Is Too Much.” Questionnaire. Griswold: Griswold High School, 2004. Keane, Nadine. “Never Too Much.” Survey. Griswold: Griswold High School, 2004. “Questionnaire/Survey MLA Bibliographic Form.” Griswold High School. 12 Mar. 2004 < http://www.griswold.k12.ct.us/index.cfm?Menu=413&Id=8385>.