Tables Of Chemical Data

9746 H2 CHEMISTRY (2008)

Data Booklet for Chemistry (Advanced Level) TABLES OF CHEMICAL DATA Important values, constants and standards molar gas constant

R = 8.31 J K-1 mol-1

the Faraday constant

F = 9.65 × 104 C mol-1

the Avogadro constant

L = 6.02 × 1023 mol-1

the Planck constant

h = 6.63 × 10-34 J s

speed of light in a vacuum

c = 3.00 × 108 m s-1

rest mass of proton, 11H

mp = 1.67 × 10-27 kg

rest mass of neutron,10n

mn = 1.67 × 10-27 kg

rest mass of electron,

1 e −1

me = 9.11 × 10-31 kg e = -1.60 × 10-19 C

electronic charge

Vm = 22.4 dm3 mol-1 at s.t.p.

molar volume of gas

Vm = 24 dm3 mol-1 at r.t.p. (where s.t.p. is expressed as 101 kPa, approximately, and 273 K (0 °C)) KW = 1.00 × 10-14 mol2 dm-6

ionic product of water

(at 298 K [25 °C]) = 4.18 kJ kg-1 K-1

specific heat capacity of water

(= 4.18 J g-1 K-1)

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9746 H2 CHEMISTRY (2008) Ionization energies (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th) of selected elements, in kJ mol-1 Proton Number

First

Second

Third

Fourth

H He

1 2

310 2370

5250

-

-

Li

3

519

7300

11800

-

Be

4

900

1760

14800

21000

B

5

799

2420

3660

25000

C

6

1090

2350

4610

6220

N

7

1400

2860

4590

7480

O

8

1310

3390

5320

7450

F

9

1680

3370

6040

8410

Ne

10

2080

3950

6150

9290

Na

11

494

4560

6940

9540

Mg

12

736

1450

7740

10500

Al

13

577

1820

2740

11600

Si

14

786

1580

3230

4360

P

15

1060

1900

2920

4960

S

16

1000

2260

3390

4540

CI

17

1260

2300

3850

5150

Ar

18

1520

2660

3950

5770

K

19

418

3070

4600

5860

Ca

20

590

1150

4940

6480

Sc

21

632

1240

2390

7110

Ti

22

661

1310

2720

4170

V

23

648

1370

2870

4600

Cr

24

653

1590

2990

4770

Mn

25

716

1510

3250

5190

Fe

26

762

1560

2960

5400

Co

27

757

1640

3230

5100

Ni

28

736

1750

3390

5400

Cu

29

745

1960

3350

5690

Zn

30

908

1730

3828

5980

Ga

31

577

1980

2960

6190

Ge

32

762

1540

3300

4390

Br

35

1140

2080

3460

4850

Sr

38

548

1060

4120

5440

Sn

50

707

1410

2940

3930

I

53

1010

1840

2040

4030

Ba

56

502

966

3390

-

Pb

82

716

1450

3080

4080

36

9746 H2 CHEMISTRY (2008) Bond energies (a) Diatomic molecules Energy / kJ mol-1 436 442 994 496 158 244 193 151 562 431 366 299

Bond H─H D─D N≡N O=O F─F Cl─CI Br─Br I─I H─F H─CI H─Br H─I

(b) Polyatomic molecules Energy / kJ mol-1 350 610 840 520 410 340 280 240 360 740 305 610 890 390 160 410 460 150 359 320 444 222 250 347 264

Bond C─C C=C C≡C ∙∙∙∙ C─C (benzene) C─H C─Cl C─Br C─I C─O C=O C─N C=N C≡N N─H N─N N=N O─H O─O Si─CI Si─H Si─O Si─Si S─Cl S─H S─S 37

9746 H2 CHEMISTRY (2008) Standard electrode potential and redox potentials, EƟ at 298 K (25 °C) For ease of reference, two tabulations are given: (a) an extended list in alphabetical order; (b) a shorter list in decreasing order of magnitude, i.e. a redox series.

(a) EƟ in alphabetical order Electrode reaction Ag+ + eAl3+ + 3eBa2+ + 2eBr2 + 2eCa2+ + 2eCI2 + 2e2HOCI + 2H+ + 2eCo2+ + 2eCo3+ + e[Co(NH3)6] 2+ + 2eCr2+ + 2eCr3+ + 3eCr3+ + e2Cr2O7 + 14H+ + 6eCu+ + eCu2+ + 2eCu2+ + e(Cu(NH3)4l2+ + 2eF2 + 2eFe2+ + 2eFe3+ + 3eFe3+ + e[Fe(CN)6] 3- + eFe(OH)3 + e2H+ + 2eI2 + 2eK+ + eLi+ + eMg2+ + 2eMn2+ + 2eMn3+ + eMnO2 + 4H+ + 2eMnO4- + eMnO4 + 4H+ + 3eMnO4- + 8H+ + 5eNO3- + 2H+ + eNO3- + 3H+ + 2eNO3- + 10H+ + 8eNa+ + eNi2+ + 2e-

                                       

E Ɵ/V +0.80 -1.66 +2.90 +1.07 -2.87 +1.36 +1.64 -0.28 +1.82 -0.43 -0.91 -0.74 -0.41 +1.33 +0.52 +0.34 +0.15 -0.05 +2.87 -0.44 -0.04 +0.77 +0.36 -0.56 0.00 +0.54 -2.92 -3.04 -2.38 -1.18 +1.49 +1.23 +0.56 +1.67 +1.52 +0.81 +0.94 +0.87 -2.71 -0.25

Ag Al Ba 2BrCa 2CICI2 + 2H2O Co Co2+ Co + 6NH3 Cr Cr Cr2+ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O Cu Cu Cu+ Cu + 4NH3 2FFe Fe Fe2+ [Fe(CN)6]4Fe(OH)2 + OHH2 2IK Li Mg Mn Mn2+ Mn2+ + 2H2O MnO42MnO2 + 2H2O Mn2+ + 4H2O NO2 + H2O HNO2 + H2O NH4+ + 3H2O Na Ni 38

9746 H2 CHEMISTRY (2008) [Ni(NH3)6] 2+ + 2eH2O2 + 2H+ + 2eO2 + 4H+ + 4eO2 + 2H2O + 4eO2 + 2H+ + 2e2H2O + 2ePb2+ + 2ePb4+ + 2ePbO2 + 4H+ + 2eSO42- + 4H+ + 2eS2O82- + 2eS4O62- + 2eSn2+ + 2eSn4+ + 2eV2+ + 2eV3+ + eVO2+ + 2 H+ + eVO2+ + 2 H+ + eVO3- + 4H+ + eZn2+ + 2e-

                   

Ni + 6NH3 2H2O 2H2O 4OHH2O2 H2 + 2OHPb Pb2+ Pb2+ + 2H2O SO2 + 2H2O 2SO422S2O32Sn Sn2+ V V2+ V3+ + H2O VO2+ + H2O VO2+ + 2H2O Zn

-0.51 +1.77 +1.23 +0.40 +0.68 -0.83 -0.13 +1.69 +1.47 +0.17 +2.01 +0.09 -0.14 +0.15 -1.20 -0.26 +0.34 +1.00 +1.00 -0.76

All ionic states refer to aqueous ions but other state symbols have been omitted.

(b) EƟ in decreasing order of oxidizing power (See also the extended alphabetical list on the previous pages)

F2 + 2eS2O82- + 2eH2O2 + 2H+ + 2eMnO4- + 8H+ + 5ePbO2 + 4H+ + 2eCI2 + 2eCr2O72- + 14H+ + 6eBr2 + 2eNO3- + 2H+ + eAg+ + eFe3+ + eI2 + 2eO2 + 2H2O + 4eCu2+ + 2eSO42- + 4H+ + 2eSn4+ + 2eS4O62- + 2e2H+ + 2ePb2+ + 2eSn2+ + 2eFe2+ + 2eZn2+ + 2eMg2+ + 2eCa2+ + 2eK+ + e-

                        

2F2SO422H2O Mn2+ + 4H2O Pb2+ + 2H2O 2CI2Cr3+ + 7H2O 2BrNO2 + H2O Ag Fe2+ 2I4OHCu SO2 + 2H2O Sn2+ 2S2O32H2 Pb Sn Fe Zn Mg Ca K

+2.87 +2.01 +1.77 +1.52 +1.47 +1.36 +1.33 +1.07 +0.81 +0.80 +0.77 +0.54 +0.40 +0.34 +0.17 +0.15 +0.09 0.00 -0.13 -0.14 -0.44 -0.76 -2.38 -2.87 -2.92 39

9746 H2 CHEMISTRY (2008) Atomic and ionic radii (a)

(b)

Period 3

Na Mg AI

0.186 0.160 0.143

Na+ 0.095 Mg2+ 0.065 Al3+ 0.050

Single covalent

Si P S Cl

0.117 0.110 0.104 0.099

Si4+ P3S2Cl-

0.041 0.212 0.184 0.181

Van der Waals

Ar

0.192

Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra

0.112 0160 0197 0.215 0.217 0.220

Be2+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+ Ra2+

0.031 0.065 0.099 0.113 0.135 0.140

Group II

Group IV single covalent

metallic

(d)

(e)

ionic/nm

metallic

metallic

(c)

atomic/nm

Group VII Single covalent

C Si Ge Sn Pb

0.077 0.117 0.122 0.162 0.175

Si4+ Ge2+ Sn2+ Pb2+

0.041 0.093 0.112 0.120

F CI Br I At

0.072 0.099 0.114 0.133 0.140

FCI BrI-

0.136 0.181 0.195 0.216

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe

0.144 0.132 0.122 0.117 0.117 0.116

Co Ni Cu Zn

0.116 0.115 0.117 0.125

Sc3+ Ti2+ V3+ Cr3+ Mn2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Co2+ Ni2+ Cu2+ Zn2+

0.081 0.090 0.074 0.069 0.080 0.076 0.064 0.078 0.078 0.069 0.074

First row transition elements single covalent

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9746 H2 CHEMISTRY (2008) Characteristic values for infra-red absorption (due to stretching vibrations in organic molecules)

Bond

Characteristic ranges Wavenumber (reciprocal wavelength) /cm-1

C─Cl

700 to 800

C─O

alcohols, ethers, esters

1000 to 1300

C=C C=O

1610 to 1680 aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters

1680 to 1750

C≡C

2070 to 2250

C≡N

2200 to 2280

O─H

'hydrogen-bonded' in acids

2500 to 3300

C─H

alkanes, alkenes, arenes

2840 to 3095

O─H

'hydrogen-bonded' in alcohols, phenols

3230 to 3550

N─H

primary amines

3350 to 3500

O─H

'free'

3580 to 3650

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9746 H2 CHEMISTRY (2008) Typical proton chemical shift value (𝜹) relative to T.M.S. = 0 Chemical shift (ppm)

Type of proton

R ─ CH3 R ─ CH2 ─ R R3CH

0.9 1.3 1.4-1.7 2.0

2.1

2.3

R─C≡C─H R ─ CH2 ─ Hal R ─ O ─ CH3 R─O─H R2C = CH ─

1.8-3.1 3.2-3.7 3.3-4.0 0.5-6.0* 4.5-6.0 4.5-7.0* 6.0-9.0

9.0-10.0

9.0-13.0*

R ─ NH2

10-5.0* 3.0-6.0*

5.0-12.0*

*Sensitive to solvent, concentration

42