Swat Hi 1

 

A PAPER PRESENTATION ON      

NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES  

BIO-DIESEL FROM JATROPHA OIL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL FOR C.IENGINES

B.SIVA PRASADA RAO III/IV B.TECH [email protected]

S.SWATHIKUMAR III/IV B.TECH [email protected]  

GUDLAVALLERU

ENGINEERING    

 GUDLAVALLERU

COLLEGE

1.INTRODUCTION Imported of petroleum products constitutes a major drain on our foreign exchange reserves,which involved a cost of approximately Rs.90,000 crores/annum. Even 5% replacement of petroleum fuel by bio-fuel can help India save Rs.4000 crores per year in foregin exchange. The degrading air qualities in our cities further warrant the quest for alternate cleaner fuels.with the stock of fossil fuels diminishing throughout the world and demand for energy based comforts and mobility ever increasing,time is ripe that we strike a balance between energy security and energy usage. several sources of energy,especially for driving the automotives are being developed and tested. This report presents detailed information on biodiesel together with its emission benefits.the prospect of biodiesel as an alternative to conventional fuels like gasoline and diesel and the experience of other countries is

1.2 BIODIESEL-AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL FOR FUTURE

1.2.1 What is Bio-diesel A substitute for or an additive to diesel fuel that is derived from the oils and fats of plants. An alternative fuel that requires no engine modifications and provides power similar to conventional diesel fuel. A biodegradable transportation fuel that contributes no net carbon dioxide or sulfur to the atmosphere,and is low in particulate emissions. A renewable,domestically produced liquid fuel that can help reduce Indian dependence on foreign oil imports.

1.3 JATROPHA CURCAS Various low value vegetable oils,which are not suitable for human consumption, can be used for the purpose of production of bio-diesel . Non-edible oils like Jatropha,pongamia,argemone,mohua,castor,salvadora, etc. all can be used for the production of bio-diesel.

1.3.1 Why Jatropha  The plant is a small bush, grows fast and starts yielding from 2nd year itself. Highly adaptable to various agro climatic conditions. Can thrive well even in adverse soil conditions,hot and dry ecosystem. Wastelands with gravel/stones,undulated lends can also be utilized. Can be a profitable in sub marginal dry lands. Not browsed by cattle

1.3.2 What is Jatropha Jatropha curcas is a bushy plant belonging to castor family,grows about 3 to 5 m high.it is a tropical species thrives well in hot climatic conditions. It is a cross-pollinated crop and yield starts in 2nd year.productivity stabilizes in 7-8 years. Economic life can be up to 40 years also if cultured and maintained well. It is propagated by seeds, can also be propagated vegetatively from cuttings.

1.3.3 Potential of Jatropha The jatropha plant is latin american in origin and is closely related to the castor plant. It can grow is areas of low rainfall(250 mm per year minimum,900-1,200 mm optimal) and is drought resistant and is not browsed by animals. Planting density-1,000 plants per Acre

Life span-50 years Yield per Acre/year Market price-the seed can be sold around Rs.5 to 6 per kg.

1.3.4 Limitations: The plant has some limitations. It does not tolerate water logged and marshy conditions. Hence, suitable lands only should be selected; also innovative methods are needed to reduce the cost of cultivation.

1.4 The Process Biodiesel can be produced through “ TRANSESTRIFICATION”;a process that combines vegetable oils,animal fats, and/or micro algal oils with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to form fatty esters.Product recovery is separated into phases which provides for easy removal of glycerol,a valuable industrial by-product, in the first phase. The remaining alcohol/ester mixture is then separated and the excess alcohol is recycled.then the esters are sent to the clean-up or purifiaction process

           

  Properties

  Values

Specific gravity

0.88

Viscosity @ 20 Ċ (centistokes)

7.5

Cetane Index

49

Cold filter Plugging Point (Ċ)

-12

Net Heating Value (Kilojoules/Liter)

33,300

1.5.1 FACTS ABOUT BIO-DIESEL Biodisel is the first and only alternative fuel to have a complete evaluation of emission results. Biodiesel is biodegradable. Biodiesel is non-toxic(less toxic than table salt) Biodiesel reduces air toxics by up to 90%. Biodiesel is safer to handle than diesl or gasoline. Reduces cancer-causing particulates by up to 94% compared to petroleum diesel. Biodiesel contains no sulfur and emits no sulfur dioxide,the primary cause of acid rain.

1.5.2 Toxicity of Bio-diesel Impacts on human health represent significant criteria as to the

Very mild human skin irritation. It is less than the irritation produced by 4% soap and water solution. It is biodegradable. It degrades at least 4 to 5 times faster then conventional diesel fuel. Biodiesel has a flash point of about 300 F well above conventional diesel fuel. Spills of biodiesel can decolorize any painted surface if left for long. There is no tendency for the mutagenicity of exchaust gas to increase for a vehicle running on biodiesel.

1.6 CASE STUDY 1.6.1 Operation&performance Results Horsepower,fuel economy and torque are similar to those of conventional diesel fuel engines.

Improved lubricity. No engine modification required when used in compression ignition engines. Range of vehicle akin to that of conventional diesel vehicles.

1.6.1.1 Performance The variation of brake thermal output is shown in the graph for both conventional diesel and bio diesel the brake thermal efficiency of conventional diesel is 30.3% where as for bio diesel is 29% .the bio diesel has lower viscosity and density than jatropha oil but higher than conventional diesel.lower the viscosity results in improved atomization,fuel vaporization and combustion. the variation of volumetric efficiency with power is show in the below graph the volumetric efficiency of bio diesel is lower than convention diesel.

This is due to the higher temperature of the retained exhaust,which will preheat the incoming fresh air and lowers volumetric efficiency. Exhaust gas temperature of bio diesel is higher than conventional diesel which is shown in the below graph. The maximum exhaust temperature for conventional diesel is 402 c where as for biodiesel is 415 c

1.6.12 Exhaust Emissions: The variation in smoke emission with power output is shown in the below graph. The smoke level with diesel is 3.8 BSU at maximum power.with bio-diesel the smoke level is found to be 4BSU

1.6.1.3 Combustions Parameters:   The variation of ignition delay is shown in the below graph. Biodiesel shows longer ignition delay as compared to diesel due to low Cetane number. It is just 10▫ CA for biodiesel which is due to the cooling effect produced due to methanol as it vaporizes resulting in increased ignition delay. The higher viscosities, poor atomization, mixture preparation with air are few reasons for ignition delay. The graph shows the variation of peak pressure with brake power. The combustion duration increases with rise in power output with all fuels due to increase in quantity of fuel injected. It is comparatively higher than conventional diesel. The increase in combustion duration of biodiesel is only due to the slow combustion of the injected fuel.

BRAKE POWER Vs Exhaust Gas Temp

BRAKE POWER Vs SFC 240 1.8

230

1.6

220 210

1.2

T exhaust ('c)

SFC ( kg/kw -sec)

1.4

1 0.8 0.6 0.4

100%BD

200 190

100 % D

180 170

0.2

160

0 0

1.656 2.76 BRAKE POWER (KW) 100 D

4.416

150 0

100 Bd

1.656

2.76

4.416

Brake Pow er (KW)

B R A K E P O W E R Vs A I R F U E L R A T I O

BRAKE POWER Vs BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY 18

50

14 12

A I RF UEL RA T I O

B R A K E .T H E R M. E F F (%)

16

10 8 6 4

45

100% BD

40

100% d

35 30 25

2

20

0 0

1.656

2.76

B R A K E P O W E R (KW) 100%BD

100 % D

4.416

0

1.656

2.76

B R A K E P O W E R (KW)

4.416

CARBONDIOXIDE EM ISSIONS

5.8

OXYGEN(%)

13.5

5.6 13

5.4 5.2

12.5

100% D

100% D

100% BD

CO (ppm)

COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY (%)

420

83

400

82.5

380

82

360 100% D

100% BD

100% BD

81.5 100% D

100% BD

.7 ADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL he benefits of biodiesel are: The lifecycle production and use of biodiesel produces approximately 80% less carbon dioxide emissions, and almost 100% less sulphur dioxide. Biodiesel further provides significant reductions in particulates and carbon monoxide than conventional diesel fuel. Biodiesel is the only alternative fuel that runs in any conventional, unmodified diesel engine. Needs no change in refueling infrastructures and spare part inventories. Maintains the payload capacity and range of conventional diesel engines. Diesel skilled mechanics can easily attend to biodiesel engines. 100% domestic fuel.

1.8 DISADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL   Some of the disadvantages of biodiesel are: o

Quality of biodiesel depends on the blend thus quality can be tampered.

o

There may be problems of winter operatibility.

o

Spills of biodiesel can decolorize any painted surface if left for long.

o

Neat biodiesel demands compatible elastomers (hoses, gaskets, etc.)

o Biodiesel has excellent solvent properties. Any deposits in the filters and in the delivery systems may be dissolved by biodiesel and result in need for replacement of the filters.

1.9 CONCLUSION:   Biodiesel is the only alternative fuel to have fully completed the health effects testing requirements of the Clean Air Act. The use of biodiesel in conventional diesel engine results in substantial reduction of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter compared to emissions from diesel fuel. The estimated increase of demand for diesel from the 2001-02 level of 38.815 Million tons to 52.324 Million tons is supposed to 66.095 million tons in 2006-7 which shows a massive hike of 34% to 70% respectively over 2001-02 level in physical terms which will lead to increase of crude oil import. . The Indian Administration is now taking up cultivation of Jatropha Curcas in many sites of the country, especially due to its use for the fuel manufacture. So there is a bright future for this alternative fuel. Reference www.en..wikipedia.org www.woodmac.com