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’• Pl* 41 "-MO; P.H. RayTOad, M.J. and R3t Ciown. 'Idenofking {Am.*naa||y LWuJ ptfsoality * ‘’“strocts fen Einphnve /^Mzid XttWtnn IW7. pp 723-^6; andC.AL Hum and jj CXatovaii. ‘Personaluy ami Job Perfbniunce; The ftig prtReno«^l-*.7«"^^ of IXxcmber 20».pP-*''^“’'’ S«.ft»r irwuncc.M K. Barridf and M.K. .Mount, "lite gigri\« penorwiify Dimensions and Job Perfonnanee- .A Kt^Aflahvi^.’ Prr^nel +4Q1). pp. |-26i I'A jDd?v«.l'.l’ MaTOcvhio. aixl CJ. TbiweM'fl. pkiorAl'*^^ Personality and Employee Absence/ October 199". pp. 745-55; O. Behling. “Employee Selection: M’dI biteUigcrKt.* and C^atfienrinusness Do the Job?” Aca^^nry ^\fttna^iaetit Febnurr I’.Wfi, pp. "7-B6: and ES. Su-itzer Hl and PX. Roth, "A.Meta--An a In If Review of Predictors uf Jch PerKtfroncc fur Sale.^tpeoplc." pf Appiitd M. Fnvdman R H. 7>^ .1 Btbazior .Augustand I99fi. ppRosenman, .i»6-97. (New .Allwd A. live Knopf. 1974), p. S6. 5. J J.V<»rL: Saigudu. " I be Factor AUxiel of 4 J,L. Holland. Ihwrm/fdZC^iwrr* .4 I'bt^ vf Personabw ^'^rwnlPrrrtirhibnafftid U'nrk Eft virouffnvK, 2ad cd. and.lob Performarce in Prcndcc the European (xwununity/ iLppei Saddle Rj\er. NJ Halt I9H5); .AR. Jcitntaisf ApftiitJ ftvAo/u^. Fcbnian' 19Q7.on pp.Person30-43, i»pnlune. " A Renew of Research Ennronment 6. F. KKickbohnand EL. StrodrhecA. I^»n7«wta J L^fimtnce ui Holland's Thcon of Carvers." JewmW^’ g/ar pp 305.4 ?. (txaftsron. IL: Row Peter^n. 1961). yj. Tratxy Ortmeaewno Rounds. "FAaluannp Hollands and Gaa’s ^adoftal-Inurest Mudeb. .ASmctural .Mcia-Aiwdy’w/ PitS/ettn, Mart+1 1993, pp. 22<M6. example. L,L. Putnain ami O K- Miimbs; ^garniaiHuis. Ejnuoon and the Mvdx of RatkHulity," in (v *’**"***’ fe i*‘ 0»Ktfjn2^/z*w> (Thousand 1991 J, pp. 36 57; criidT.A Doiiiajcakb. J'uXMjn in Organi/joons: .Main Current*." Witawfcw ,0,^ pp a -X and R.H, Humphrey. “Emotion in the R’f9R»>isal.’ Hinngm R<3efww. February ^**5 pp.97.jj5 M <«rtMgv. “ Iran and State AfFcvt," in K-R. .Mufphy ' •“ - ^Adt. ri 6ol;xi'Mr « <>>«««<«
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24> N. Janwe. "EaaotlottaE taNnjr^ and in the Soertl Regubtion* of Frrhng».** 5avM^£m/ Rrt'irff'. Fvbnian P*’*. pp H-42: .\. H«»ch*4»W. Tbf SnviJ (New York, VAIUB. JWMIJ and HAt U«iiM-h. "Srams. SoaikJ .Smiliiip: Tlir l'.iTn;i uf Role rm Sun I mg in .Men wd IMancn.” Peiyo^otf/y it/hi Saniii Axf’akgl’ fItfUetta. Sepwiuber V'*>ik pp. 51|-4O. 25, .A^Rafaeli. ’‘Mhrn (Jerks Afcrf (jif, turner A; AT«tnf Mtnables Related to Kmononal Erpressionon die Job," jMrMtofAfiphci/ PsYi fvtus^y. ]uiio pp. 785 <93; and .Vt. LaFrance ami At Barap, "TiTwanf a kntuisxlaabuD of the Gender* Em ot |< >•» K rL l n >ns)i i p. ~ 2A, L.7V. Hoffman, “Fatly Childhood Ftprnkticrt and \MuncA'« Ai4iii vv’»it n( Aer**/ vol. 28,no, 2. 1972. pp. 128 55 27. .V K.ibtfli and U.(. Sutton, "'flc Eeprewior of Enxnuo in Oi^nizarinnal 1 ife.” in L.L. Cimuiung^ »nd BAL Sea* (cd*.), Pufitr/'b m Or^tiNiz^aonfti Brhaztor, vol. 11 (Gfeenwith, CL J.AJ Pfcs^, l*W). p. 8. 28. A. Rahaeli. 'iVhen Cidiiurv Alert Cnstcnoefs; .An 'Anaiy^s of Supeniiarkei Cashiers/ ,4« Alryiry r^ ^fifnj^enreftr j9nniai,JiMK‘
I'W pp. 245-7V
29. I (lid. 10 Dewfibed in S.Emmons “Emi’bons or Face Volue," Jau
Trwfs,jM\iint\' 9.
199b. p. EL
51 R.I. Levy, titbiriansi \ findinii Etpvr/rwfc tn fbi Society IfitnJi (Chicago; Unnuroiy of Owcftgo Pfct*, 1971). 32. Tbi* xn rioit ts bo^d on D.
194
R.
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CHAPTER 4
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J. D. Md’Tfct-'JV, /Je/iwwtfn S/Jf i/EwftrprOTOi^Y^ McCraw.lliUJV4)1. .V F. HcT?l*'rg, B. Mausner. and R. Snydermn, Tfrp A^erti..m«w in Mbl (New York; A\*i l«y, 1959) Sec updiu • Al.L. Ainhnise SMHI tJ. L Kulik. ”1 Md l’’ncnil\ New F>ca^
»Moti'an«»n Resean-b m ilw I'/'MK.’' 7ciirtttf< of vvL2S.rw.5. rw,pp.235 54. 4, D.( L )Vtc( JellAftd. Tbt. k^xr: rrts (New Yotk* Vjn N^Mrand Rcniliohl, 1961 h J.W. Aikmson ,mjj ft RjVfcji Afwrie/Z«w arr^ . Fc+hTrwrwr (Washington. UC: 1974); atul R. Kanfcr and K.U. lUggemd. ’.MoiivatKr^ TtMilMJinH Skills; .A Pei'^m-C.rnicrL’il Appnuch lo Wipfe Motivation," in L.L Cummings mul B,,\l. Sia* (ed»,), fUtcarft in (/rganiz^ttmui &r(w!'«trr. vol. 19 (Greenwich. CT.J.AlPre^j, 1997). pp. 1ft 24, 5. EJA. Locke. Imvard a 'nic*»r* iif Task Mubndim 6. IAI K Luth a ns arvi R. Krrili5i,*r, v/g<Mr?^n(MwZ/h^*£Di* Incentives,*’ Or^ifnrzinronitl Afodr/riWftdM .amt l%8. Seyond: .ppin Oprnrar j/idE.A. Leantin^ PrfZnwoA-, May zfpppwi/* (Cvler^vieu, IL; Sontr. Foresman. 1984); tocUindC.p. and La lbA.U. All I. -4 7Irrf»rt' of Goat StHin^ anti 'frtik Ptrfunninnf Sajkovic and F.Rivftt Lurfianv, .Meta-Analysis of die (Vpper Saddle , NJ:‘kA Fi\niJ
, py Pnktur. fhe Prtakr Matea^rmnn fNe»y^ , 5^. h»r msunce R Rtnlgcrs ami J.K. Hunter. “Impact !»> 1 )L|c«.uvu-s on Or^fdjunational Tiyehd^, .Apnl IW). pp. ^32-326. and R. Rodgvfv jod.I.E. Huiiivr. “A Fyundation PracQcu in (rti'cmmentr \bna«fn‘*^^ * Fr/lZ/* J^/nmwiOTiaa Bnittp, FehrtUQ I’W, pp. 2. - J9. 5 -At t»» »cO ’’ B
nforecoaent Orffnti^uona/
Z>)7wwifr. Winter 1973. pp.
4J'50 4 See F. l.udiariv and R. Kreitncr. 0»jftf«2flTwwZSeZwiwr (^fvnr and Saaai
IL: Saat. Foresman, and A.D. Soikuvie ar‘<^ F. Lutiiana. “-A Alew-.Analvsis of the: Effects of Organizational l3chanvr.Mixh6taaon on Task p^if^ance; ly^S-^S.^aKe/diwv uf\LaJu/^erttmtJwi’nat, October 1997. pp. J122-1149. 5. F. Luthans and R, Kreitner. “The .Management of Bchivioral Cfnxtingcndrt.’PfiTCflflf/Julv-^Angnst 1974. pp7-I66. Sec Lu (ha ns and Krci&icr, (Jr^tuiz^^al Sr^rZ^r Mfd^nrtivi and Beywd, C^hapctT 8; and PD. Clumpagnc and R,B. McAfee. “Pn^moang U orkplace Safety with PosiO'X Kcjriforcement,*’ Perfbi'ntarue .Vfejjtfgcwpj//, nJ, 13, no. 2 (1999): pp. 7-11. 7. AD. -Sujkfrtic and E Euthans. “A .Meta-AnaJysis of the ESerts of Organtiauoiul Bdtavior .Moditicarion tm Tkdc Peffunnarne.* 9, Cited in S. Caudron. “The Top 20 Ways to Motivate Employees.” MwTty Wrzl, April .3, 199>, pp. 15-16. See al5f>B XeUon.Tr> Praise ”LVC . September 1096, P-IB. 9. G. Flwm. ’Focus and HcTiUhty; Frudcntials Rewards and Recognition Program in -Action,” Hwfe/prze, July 1998, p. 34. 10. “L<x>k, Movie Tickets: With Budgets Tight. -Alternatives to Pay Xacteases Emerge,” WiZ/ SrrrcfJwrwA S<7tcmber27, 1994, p. Al. Il Crtiai in AMU Sunnen, December 1994, p. 3. I-' Jd.. Coaon,
/mokamrof
(Newbury Park. CA:
bigt, 1993K PP J. J4. H- Dwl.p. 3. ’W SfeshkiD, •Pamcipative .Managemenr Is an Ethical ^®l*tati»T," OrgtffffstfnmsZ £>|fl^»nii7. Spring 1984.
'^-PP J12-2., .„., Wagner IU.“P,rtdp,r,«, „
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and Productivity CriW'di .Vtainabk f,«nsh«fc*
in
E-E.
JaulerllL
kww^-Ba*. 1995). 2«. -ttil.-Ba..e.. Pav Bo... Morale." ,, M, K.n;l,nd. -Its UHa. Yon P- h«
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CHAPTER ti 2. For Q
of rhe national mndd, vae f-f liarrisoo. The XLattajierrat (MsicH Mukatg .'ti) pl fBoww: iiffU^nve aSb/llin. 1999), pp. 75-lOZ. 2. ^iG.Mnrris. 9rij fi {Vppar Saddle River, Mntiee 1996% p. 344.
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flc Rnu. 1W l> iiml I.. Kohl berg. Efvv i»
Crearinn in Chyaarawim* Avsac*. Fall 1997, pp. 42-*2. 4 R.U W<wxlmaajF. Sawyer.-udRAV^"’ Toward a The^-y .jf ’ 190). p. 298, 5. VA'JJ. fkirdon, 5r*Yf7?< (Ntw Y<»rti
/Jrrdbpw*®^ ff**
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(Xvw VoHi.’ H-irpcT ^c R***. IS. Sec, foT t’T^inplc, J. WU^tr. *‘.Man»gefs Mon) Reasoning: Axsvssing 'lltcir Responds in Tlirce Murg Dtkiom^s.** H'/nan
l^ebrtofi‘.Jv\y 1W. nv 6^7w.70J-
SB. Knuuw 4od R A. Gn cal DOC. •Rthicjl MaLmc :n Busing-*’.: BehavUirJ Iscucs ^ncl Cdncerss,* 7«
Harper & R<»w.
V>. S.N. (2hjknv.inv and .A. Feldman. •THe lU*)
iS'cL in T Scenes. -Crratiut)- Kilkrs.”
Taken."
J«waiy25. l905.p.6< 7. M. Rjz^nafl.7ih^**w* .litfiwxrh-f Dcfvi^J Alaimg. >rd rd (New \«L M dey. 1WJ. p 5 h. See H.A- Siiww.. tJtniMfrrarK f ftrhai nr. 3rd (Ne* Ynrt;. Km- Pies.. I9’6); atid.l. Forester. "Bounded karion-liry fli^d diePcdiihsnl .Muddling Through,’JAddre .74toM»riTrtfni« January’-K'brutry 1984. n». 23-3 i. 9. U.K. .Agon ed. istunwn fn Orx-''u'irft»nr (Newhiiry Park. CA S^- ’‘W»; and < F Be Ming and N.L. Eckel. 10. .Asdi'xribcd in H. SiiiKXi. “.Alaking “.AfaUng Sense Our ot A. lnnunon.”Ji*Jriwi Managcroent ^.Mlrrwcrwew/ Decuions. 7*he Rule of TnruiiHMi Fnioiirm,’ £m«r/7Y. KeMvary 199|, j^». 46-4" :tiid G. Kkin. iwrw^’ Atadffnt Pfi^'fr’ Ptttpte yfitkt r)rtiM*Hi (flambridge. .MIT Press, of February' 1987, pp. 59-60. and I’E. Ross.F.feiwtrvr, ’‘Fhsb vt Genius," U. See, fur j.G. .March. Nn»en4«r 16,example, 1998. pp.Af.D, 98-1Cohen. fH , aadJ.P 12. See Tliyrapson, Orjjww/sjs/awr tn .iction (Neu Ohen. “AJ.G. (iarbagc Can Model
.McGwtK
iW.pp. 40-1).
20. A. WiWavtky. Tbt l^Mes fh< Pn^ (Bc*M»n: Lirde, Bn>wn A (!*»., l'*»4) 21. NJ. Xdki; tHTvrfiTThnaJ Uww/«w Pfiwz't^, 4th cd. (Uiiirionati; Suu±we$tem. 2002). pp. 22. G F. Cavanagh. U.J. M<^>erg. and M. ValasqiMv. “T^ Ethics 4*»f Organizaaonal PolkicK,* .dtfdrmj JiiumiS. June 1*^1. pp. -W -74.
CHAPTER 7 1. See, for example. R.K. Merrmi, .^rnw/ anJ iNru York; Free Pres*. Wftg); S E. JacksQn and K S Schuler. W.Meta'Analvxis and Concepwat Cririque of Re«earch on Rok .\jabigQRV»d Role Conflict in Work Settings.’ ffeAar w* rfwrf Htman Dean^fi fifes, AugU’t I9H5, pp. 16-78; Y. Fried, H, V Ben-Oavid. R.B. i iegs. N. .AxriraJ, and T’. Ycxvrechvahu, “ the Interactive Ehecrof Role Conflict and Ryle .\ihbiguitx* on Job I’crfonnancc." Jtmmai a/ On atid Or^aniz^tiouai t^sycbtiio^. March 1998. pp. 19-2"; and TC, Tubre aridJ.M. Collins, “JacL^on and Schuler 0*^85) RcxKiU’d- .S MexaAiuJyris of die Rrlaiiiniships Betw een Kok AmhigDUy. Role ConHici. and Job PeffonnaMve,* Teimu/ tf yiimagenterjf. vol. 26, no I, 2(K)U. pp. 15^-69. 2. D C. Feldman, “7 he Dcxclypmeru and FnforecmeBt of Group Sdons.” Atudc/Hy ef .Ui/fliiKfJflf’W fSevici'. January I9b4, pp. 47-53; and J.R. Hackman. “Group Infloencvs on Individuals io l>rgaoizarions*pp« 2'550 in M.D. Donueitc and L-.M. Hough <eda.K of MusmaJ anJ Chjfa/it zari^uaJ v«d k 2nd ed. {Falo .Alto, C.A: Convuluiig Pvw’bohigiM* Press. 1992K pp, 235-2* e 3. F. .May*u, Tbr Hivrun Probtmu e/'ea InAssmtl Cft'dizuriiM (New York; MacmilUo, 1935k and FJ. Roechh&berger and WJ. Dickon. and tbe iVoihr ((.^arabndpe, MA; Harvard Vnivenity Press. IQ39).
u.
, sominer-, T’"d R.K. Hon.ir, "WoricCJroup r-b«W*-‘ Otlo'-tr ifXK, pp. 627-46; JB Copper. 'Tl^c Relation hccw'«en and Ptrhiniwntcj .’kj!
E"dnote, HZ.,
ApTl’.Xr"'’ Vi''-'’*-’
Jnfe.^T8rion,’' f.
[b«d unj^- GiJoon, J .M. IvnnvcvicK amlJ.H.
^uKHy,.lrM khiuniz^ri^vt, i^ih td. (Du»r RiJ^. n.; invi„, £j. Thnmas jnd C E Fink. “EtRcts oKkoup Size,"
'*'^S3riJ^-|(ir>ridl Divcrsirt *' ,lif. . Spri..g 2(itH). pp. 1H^vie^,
Jidy pp. 5 / 1-S4; .A.P lljife, HW-
-'"^pruflueiKTs™,
(X<w York: Free Prt'ss, 1976};
n^''?r 1 i
E. Shrf». Gmup D^piSMUs: The /^•cTw^gy A/ McGraw Hjil. l9Al>. VV Alnedc. ’Die Rjcblhnkn dcr LentungsI:i^x^^alo^rte,’' 4 (1927): pp, .Si c also n..A, K’ nnil B, Manin, -’Ringel’b‘disC(>vcred: 'ibc Original .AifideCJiiWM/ May 19S6. pp, 936 41. 9. See, forcMinpIp. J A Shepperd. ‘ t^ducriviTy Loss in feriiirmarce Groups; A Motivation Analysis." f^Wojjrta/ gs^rfmjanuan 1993. pp. 67-bl; S.J. Kavau and K,D. Willjatn< •‘Social LoAfiog: A Mera-Analysis Review and llrforeural [nTcgraiion.’T^'jtf’vwZ ofPcir>/iut(ity(tiidSfXiai iFhrMigv'. OfTirbtr 1993, 681-706: and P.VV. Mnlvcy jndllJ. KJfin, “The Impact of Perceived Li?afing and Collective Efficafy on Gruup^n^al PriH csscs and Group PtXormance.* Orgaaiz^tiunat fiehaihr and .^prll 1908. pp. 62-87. 10. Sec. for erjiriple, S.F.. Jackson, K.F. .Mav. and K- Whitney, ^Understanding the Dynamici* of Diversity in Deciston-Making Teams,” in R.A. Guzzo and E. Salas ^eds.), TrsJN Effect a rnrti itnd Dechian A/rft/wg m Os^tmf^jirionHSin Francista: Jossev-Bass. 1995). pp, -Xl-MI: KY. Wlllijms and C A. O’Reilly III, "OemoBraphy and Diversity in OrganlzatioftS; A Revies^’ nf •W Years of Research," in B.M. Staw and I..1.. (^umnungs (fids.k t,( Grwr/flf7jjrwn-?Z Qghavw', vol. 211 iGrccnwicb. Cl : JM Press, 1998). pp. 7" 14(1; and F Linnebin and Y.M. Konrad, “DihiOng Diversity,” JiwnjiiZ i^AlflwgrwTT/wzyi^ry, December 199
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I'Sh (e.ls.K rtandf.wi'Gy Muitriel i' Psychralnpscs PTCKS, p. 23o. ‘^"’’'’■•'.‘'SowandGniforraity to Pre^res in Informal Spnng 1060, pp. ia2^K7.
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16. J.A. W^sgiiLs, K Dill, anJ R.D. Schwartz. “On’StataLiability',"' Apnl-jMay 1965, pp. 197-’09. J 7. J. Greenberg, “Equity an6 Workplace Scams: A Field Experiment,’ Z^N/TW/ uf ApftJrtJ November pp. 606 H. 18. V.H. Vroom and JVG . Jago, 7fe€ Z« 07g/wt?flf^yw G-’pper Sotidlc Kivcr, NJ: Prenrice IMl. 19. S ee 1 .L. .1 anis. w 1* (Boston: Houghton MitHin, 19ft2)j S. Smith. ‘'Gnyapthink and the Hostage Rescue Mission," nririfif Jviimai of r^fitica/Sde/a? 15 UVtMXpp, 117—23; G. Moorbead, R. Fererce. and G.K Xed:, ’(irnup Detn^ion Fi a scots Continue: Space ShiiuJe C^ailengcr and a Revised Framework.’’ May J 991, pp. 510 SO: andJ.N. Choi and Al k'. Kini, “'Fhc Orgjiib.flrional Applieauw of (.rwipilmik and Iiv Limiu in Ofg3ni7sooiw.”7t/«>'"-dApril 1999, pp. 297-5116. 20 G Moorhead anJJ R. AbulUnari/Ar. Empjncal Inve’stie-aaoD of the Groopthirk Phernntenon,"//;*^ R.fa^.«A M.y 1986, PP.39M10; aiiJ c P G. .Vloorhcod, “Grei.ptl.ink Rcmodc WJ he mp^ oflL-silership. Time PrKsi.re, and \Ukiug Procedures,” H:t»i
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KngiiandWiley. IWB J R katzx-nh.Kb ami D K- Smnh, WVA/JW ((3nslni): Harvard Business Sch; and IM.. Kirkman and 8. Rosen, “Powering Up Teams," Orginjti.irnjtfaf DyMuii.'^, Winter 2000, pp 4H-/k6 4. See, (iir example, ‘Tcims* Jwtirfifi. (ktoher W6, p. 6Q; iwij Jixrwon. *'lwins a( Wurk*. 5. D. Dnckhaincr, ’People Powered Oange,” inJusfry Fiufinuf
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(t. Hasek, “TTc Right Chemistry," IK'erA, .March 6, 2000. pp. 36^39. 7. C Dahk’, "EXITuine Team?," Fa^t Cfwiutny. November 1999. pp. 3lf) 26. 8. Sec. for ms to nee J.I.. Cx»rdm. W.S, Mueller, and L.»V!. South. ".Amiudmal and BchaMoral htfcrts of Autofwniioiis Gfviup Workii^; A Longitudinal Field Study,*, letfiicwy o/AZ(rwgr«rwf7®«^‘’*^Z,Junc IWl, jtp. 461-76; and P..5. Cioudm.in. R. Davaday. and I .L. (n iffuh Hudson, “Groups and PmdiH'tivHy; Analyzing the EtfccthriK'bsof S=lf-Mfliwgjng le,nn.<.’ ii.j.P, (;ampWi. R..I. (jmj.lxrll, and Ass.xiatES (nls,), Pfoiluffjziry i„ Or-^^/iz^i/ttnis (Ssri Krani.i^rr:JoMcy-Ik«, l<J8R|, pp. i'H-.l?? H. S. Kirsncr, "Pasur Conijemy," fwrCoM/^trrv, Mavi„ 9. R. .Mjynjr,). ".A Clit.nt-CenrfMJ firm's tx.sons 2000 nil. 162Tcanwijili,' N,ilnn'i Bltmiru, Aljufi 1997, p i’. , ;■,> • '7 ■Kn.nserri, SAI. Dc.Mari,:, 111. O .M. Bnii,dli,-ilow Ha^e^-f>J.^dson UsesCj^sa..d fwinlwnal IcJl...." PunhiMg U JI f U‘"L7«ms: -le. I,...,l.,s>. a„d the n«..«ficn,»...p.ntVmjpiz.i.i WofkpiMt huwre,'zfr«J«„ (Xtivvmbcr4, IWO). ..fthe fanwrit, Augus. I'm, pp. l?-2fl. b. l>u,n^ 6.
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(9. R.l, Bcekun, “.Assessmg the EflceUvvne« of S(X‘i<)tcchnical Inccrvenaorw: Anrklnre or Fad?” RvMtmx,
August 19K9. pp. H77-97.
20. D. Harrin^oii-.Macldn. The Ttaift fitifiiiiag (New York; .AMACO.M, t994K p. .53. 21. r.D Sdicllhardc. “Ti Be a Star Aoiong lu|uab.Bc* Ten/n Player," U^z/Z.SwrJaftnjtfA April 20. 1^* P 22 C. Hym<»wiu. ‘How to Avoid Hiring the PHnu nonnns Who Ihiiu Tjatnw'ork.’' February 15, 2(ltM), p. Bj.
CHAPTERS 1- SIT. for cMijiple, KAV TKUIUS JuJ W. 11. S<jncy of M.iiGUKrial Literests widi Respect to< of
1
June 197ft, p. M 7
: SeeJ. Riu,.,, Fluemy in F^igltsh Ateuw-'*^
/^January JK 1*«^ p. lA: and 7^inn*’*b*s f Jfftfcsed Rebw Heatfly Jetlrrxer ( jwdu*.***^ Sepiembcr JO, IW7,p, A2. . I'h'Hugb rhv Gr4i>niiR? FprVff y^n..ni'U-rr.:d. 4K ’■'M.uiJgrTiieru Conimunjc.uion and ihv GraiKunc? A’ri /r .f, SupfcTnhvrCXt.^ber CiH
1 <». York:
(Ntw
y^ienotK,S,K.dy.rfUad=rsh,p:Q.„?X'?;^-^ ' '•■' T~.* -U. A kS’Cl'
Le.4krsh,p < H S««''n Porter. A Saidv .«f rbc (Jrjpevinc J )rgiiijzatitin.’’ Pr»Tr n/ir/ r*w6<>/'j^ :^mer S. ’Box*' in' ft A in The E-Mail," UK4 Did Til at Rumor tl»jW,p. 5Rg,(x>ine “FQH I’ n'l^oyxes I Jon»e P<2s for SS a P ’^4. Month.*' Jinpi//*'*'* ijd
and Mtrt
(New York- BaUandne BorAs, 1991); Morw. and (99$). t T Hall and .M.R. C York* VVjlHam Ctt/rtrrfZ p, Tannen, M 5Hall, (New£j^?mfcw (Yarmoiifh, ME; Intcrculiural Press, 1900); JLE DiileLJ.S. lAtIden. and J.S. Hi IL “Intrnnidoaal CoffitnunicflUon^ An Fjojcuiiv'e Primer? ro Kerrsuffv, Jinttiry-Fehniary 1991, pp. 202.5: and .M. Munrer, “Crub»-CuJrvral r.iHiiiHxiii)cauoii for Manager*? Herraw, May-lune 1993, pp. 60-78. Ii. Tbisscccon is Iwsed im NJ. .Adler. />Tfrrnjrr/^wi /^/wiTBfwttf rjf Or^t/utiarroftal Bch/rrtor^ 4th cd. (Cincinnati s SiHJThwrtteri], 2002), pp. 04- 06.
CHAPTER 10
I. S.A Kirkpatrick and E.A. t/odee. **Leadersli^: Do 1 raib Matters" . •/ .VtfWrfgwwrJtf CxtiVth'r. .May 109l,pp.4Si-60. 2- R.-M, Scogdill and A.F. Coons, cds,. h/nler Brrbevmr' /rt Or«TT/WwrfBdA/w.ii
I
Qy4,TerZ>, Simiincr lv>5. pjh U?-^T. 9- G.B- Graen and M. t'hl-Birn.-Kda6a.tAhii>B«d Apfwoavb to Lcadvrship: Dcvdopmtiu rif I-uckrMember Exchange (I .MX) 11)0017 ‘’l Leadership mer 25 Yean: Ainilying a Multi. Domain Perspective? ^mrr/r. SuimiK-r pp. >1^.47. yx bayerand S-(;. Creer, 'IKvcJopmeni ol Lea«l
rXeember W7. pp, >i2^-+4i anrfC C cjrixinkr IQ. RJ, HniiM*, “A Paili-CrtwlThuory Cogb'scr jnd G.A. St hrieshein), “Fjtplonng Wxtrk Kftcctivmess.•^ibHrniilratire Sf/fr/ir y^»'o7(TA, Sepreunhcr L/nit 1971pp. and ?2l-5«;and R J. House, •‘Ibt^-Cioal Cvrtcexx Leidcr^Meiidier Exchange: A Theory of Ahiki.Lenl Per.^xxtive? tfr/wTW, Le^kr^ip. Ltfssons,fl/’Orgrfrr/srffwnrZ LegiJvy, «r«l a RcJj-fiuulaKil Augibl lire on , 2000, pp.4>J7-Sll. QwfKfiy. Fali pi»« IL SecJ.C WoW'irH and L.Z. IJska. "Path-O’jl ■fheorie-. ofUadrrship: A Mmugemfia.
Wiiirr pp- K??-'*'-
I’. V.H. Vtwni =...3 PW. (Pirtsbureh: Umrersin- i.f PitolxirijJi I rca. I J. \-.H. Mun^ging P^ni.i/Uthi««
:.nU A-G. Jigu. Tk< < ,!’i’rVmom and
I
Bri^avfor
A. H. rjigh..«<;. .VUH"rani- «"'* »•*•• . □hd .hv Fv4h,..ri,.n 7,.7B. Ro»-n«r. <;^;.nrrr 5.TrA> n i^r« A/.^^gnr YC^. (hford Unh^ersity Pre«. K, Ubnicn Rule," NmT.nber 20.4OW’. PP. 75-S4: and -Arv Women BeWi LeJdcis? t- A Ne«> v Htrrt/«<;w,Tj:,iiunr>'2y. -’(»!, p. 10. IV J. A. Corner and R.V Kare-igo, -‘Ikhiviorjl WraenfloM' of Charbrnaiic Leaikrship.' pp.,«- > ui J.A. Conpir. R.X- Kanin.p>, ii.J asx.«;ia(cs (eds-). ChanmoM (San Frjc,cisi-(.:J<wsey-Ba,^. 1S’«81- an.lJ-A Conger “Chanjuiaticand Iransforaialinnal Ltad^ship in Organiutions; Au In^ider^ Pcrspeciivt wl These DOTelopingStrc-OTs .if Researdi/' Lctninyhip Qiunf>-ly. Sticnmcn* pp 16. H.J. House,.!. Woyvkc. and E.AL Fotk»r, “Charisnianc and Ntmcharisiujac Leaders; Differcftccs tn Behanor aixd Effeerivenew." «n Conner, Kanungo. and as.sod3re$ (cds.), Clwifttfiitu Leffdersi!!}:, j>p. I0J-JO4; and D.A, Waldman, B. M. Bass, and FJ Vammarino, “Adding ro C.ODGngtmtRfW'trd Behjvijir; TJie Aupnentiiig E(?cet of Charismatic Leaden}lip, ' c* Ot'^a^NZHTi^fi Derember l9'M),pp.581-*^4. r. J.M. Ho well and PJ. Frwi, ".A Laboratory Study of Ch Sris made Leadership/' Ojxrfw/srtZ/wW BeZwz.vtrr anf/ Htanait
/.>f4vw?
April l’^89, pp. 243-^^.
1 This dcBnnion is based on At Saslikin, ''The MM on ary Leader," inJ.zV Conger and R.N. Kamuigo (eds.i. C/w3riww?;r LWmF/p. pp, 124-25; B. Nanas LzfWJizjn' Lftkienhiii (New York: Free Press, 1992), p, R; N.H Snj’derand M. flrares “Lcadcndiip and V’lsion/’ //wTzow, J amiary-Fc br uary 19*+, 1; and J. R. LuciS “Anatomy ufaMsion Sucement,” Mifriagewart Febniary 19*8, pp. 22 26. 19. B. Nanus, Vishtuuy Liudaybip^ p. fl. 20. PC Nutt and R,\V. BacW, ^^CnfungMsion." Jwinizt/ Iff XtftHagetnfjir In^ujry, December Ip, 21. Based on .M. Sadikin. -The Msionarv Leader,” pp. 128-30; and J.R. Baum, E-A. Locke, and S.A. Kirkpatrick “ A Longitudinal Suxdy ofthe Reladon of Virion and A’ltdon Cmimujucddon to A’cniurc Gmskih in Entrepreneurial February |9Q8. pp. 45-54 22. S. Caiiunid, “What Team Leaders Need lo Know? February 20, 1W5, p. 9.L 25. rhid., p, lUO. «. R.S. XA^lHm. W.C. Byhara, ind fi.R. Dijun, ZanA 7«rfSan Francisco: Jossey-Biss, IWKp. ?lfl,
t/fid
i/vwim
Pfr/arfljant#^
' 1978. pp. 575-403; P.M. Pod#ak«tF, S,B. WK Bcanrwr, “Mm-Analyris of the Rdatj mi chips' Kerwecn Kerr .»inlJtrmkr'« Sub^tio.ks For l.ead^j^ bJtiplovee Attitudes Rok PticvpopHs. jud cfAfiyhtd I'sychohiiy^ Angi«» I pp. 3 > J Al. Jentuer and S. Kerr, “Substitutes fur l acadcnhip: I'hei r Mean i fig a nd Mca sn rr m « n 1 - •< >>nttf Mud Re collections and Current ObservatioiH,” L^tdersbif 8. no. 2 (19975- pp. '»5-l()l; m
fClucago: (xinccruporaA'
BooL. 19895, p. 102. 32. Sec K-T. Dirb, 'Trust in Leadership and Team Fetior* maix-c: Evidence From N(LAA BaskEth^,’'7o/ow2V^^P^^ rtycM?^. December 2000, pp, 1004-1012; and K. f.
1-
fc,
Pri'tev
vol. SO (Pik, Alui, CAs
t.lR-ieu..|O9Q),pp375-«,. •s llitf ’•
“Niihnd^ Trusts
L’ 8.W f.irnpkieiv' -N.m' Whur?’ Awrwj-ftnurt, X
19
277 G.R. hm,, me ,^nlXT 'u7l .^'■'
I'ehnury pp, Pnlme. ir < 11. See, h>r ia'ifancc, R c
> J.R.P. “ Ibc BaMTs of Suebi poffCf/’ CaiittTighr (cd.), SfitiiJa bt Sotiai Ajjprr (Ann jlrtx’r: l’aj'x;nKy <»!’ VUebigan. butirute for Social gesttfdt. PP 15CUI67. ), L>. Kipnis, TFf PKivrAyAilfry (Chicago: University of ellipsePP’ 4. TIE Emerson. "Pnwcr^Ucpendente Relations*’ (1962). pp. ?I- 41, 5. ri. MintJberg, Pwi er fn afut Organ/iotidfn (Vppcr Saddle lb ver. NTI’ Prcriti-.’e Hnll. j ^>S3). p. 24. 6. Th« discussit’ii is base J on J.N, C'levels nd and M.F. Kent "Sexual Harassment and Pcrccprirms of Power An Urider-Aniculated Relationship,'' Jouniai tfVccafiotial Sriwrw; Eebruar)' 1995. pp. 49-6?. See also A.M. O'Leary Ke Dy. R.L. Paeuold, and R.W. (JnfEn, ‘‘Scjcual Harassment as .Aggressive Rchador An ActorBased Pergpecu*€,’'z/£tfdtrfly Rreien:. April 2000, pp. V2-J«. D.J. Vredenburgh andJ.Ci. Maurer, “A Proces kranewofk tifOrganuarionsl Politics" ^cArwww, January 1984. pp. 47-66. < U. Harrell andJ.C Pcu-r^icn, “Patterns of Political Beba»3/n’ in Organizations,’’of.Manat^ent /?rtir^July 19S2, p 4
><■». »M F.nd,, .
Sz/f-f'e«frW V •
11
J RjM. Kiprer, "Prjwer Failure in Management Circuits,’ 65.
'
ln.pr«si<.n
Tx.i’cs
• >''-f»4, and C. K. Mevens aiul ,\.l., Kmt<4 -xni.' R<(,+r lmpn,.si.«,: .A, fidd Study .rf .^mhcL, 1.^^** Minitfcwr, IJ^ngJnl. InUnicws.-J^unw/pflJ^’' Onuher 1995. pp. !'■" /mpr,r!io» iVL Gardner sml M J XhninU “Iniptc-.suK, .\bn,gm«rt» OrpanizanQus. J^KnWnfMtf/w^wrmJxuH. 198B, n ^js and R.B. ( Wini. ’ Incbrm Tactk’s of Image MaTugwient Beyond Backing,” pp. 45-71 in Ciw’.lruie and Bc«enfeld. f37Fprr.<x^?;f .*;rf/rjj;rtne77r in tfv O/^aitizdbMi. IV R-A Baron, "Impression Managment !»)• AppbciTO during Employment Intcrviws The •'Iki Much 4 j Good Tbiug' EffetV ip R.W. Eder nndf F>«;//r?Vz»zr»r /i'.Htfn 6. jw.f Prarfrzr (Newbury Park, CA; Sage, 1989), pi>, 2<)4-l S: (.ulmnre and Ferri:», "The Effect ot Applicant Imprewion Managewon Tacdcs on lnrcp.icwftr JiwlgniciUi”; and A.L. Krislcifand C. K Sreven.s “Applicant Impre^^ionManagement Tacco; Ffttcis on Interviewer EvaluAti^'ns and Inttrvivw OutcI lines/ in D P. Moore (cd.). ActTiicMy iffMuMgewfrtr C'lnffn-^tn P.illas. Augter 1994, pp. 127-51. Hall. 19741. . f. 14. Gilmore and Herns, ’The Effects ol Applicant 2. S«KAJehr. ■'A.MuJrir.eduntl^^nBn^n-f*' Impression Mamgcincnt 'Gchcsop Buichts aiHl OctriirerU< IniaMewcrJudgmems." 15. G.F Csvjna^h, D.J. .Moberj, uml .M. ''iTie Sitnon-s and R S. Ptirrsixi, ' < j EthiLs of Organiuliuoiil PoIitE?," O^nflia in h.p Ma-gen.nt ftftwir.July 1981, p|i. Jfi3-H. lnnagr..upTrusiA7<’^''^^ “Ihc
aiAPTER 12
I JyT,n.ic .\»1UK ..t Imiagn»upContlJtt JnJ<jh P
/i
endnotes 5. The section R based on Rol^hire, pp. 31-55. •I. K.W. Thomas. “(xjnMici and Procesits in OrpinizajMWis," hi VLIX Dimnccteand L-M. Hough (»’ds.X Hafiiib»StQfifr(itKtTu/iainf
CHAPTER 13
’'-d- »
2nd eil. (Pafo Ahx), CA: CmMulting P«ychulogk*cs Prt*^. IW2), pj’ 6H-7I7. 5. See. for instance. CJ. Lo«mw. •EHnostoTS?" F«fT*^»c, May 5- IWJ, pp. 36-42. 6. IL Janis, (Boston: Hoyghton Mifflin. 1972) 7. J. Hall and .M.S. \VjIhanw, -ACom|>arrM»n of Dd.i-’JonMakinff Perfonnanevs in LsttbUslu'd and Ad-tloc GTOli;»»."/e«’i^/ ftrrwyflZrZy itrfd tsofvtl P^hahgy, February 1966. p. 217. 8. R.l. Hoflman. ‘'Hnmogi neiiv of Mcorber Penonahly and hs Effect on Gruop Pioblem Solving/'^Mrutf/ uf 9. Al. Gncim and t Kcbeniliai. “Irrftivincilable Ahi^nftaiart^SfKiatPjyihfilv^\iji\y\\s^TY 1959, pp 27-52; Diffcrentvb Furee Shea Z
V»lu«
20 Based on R. Fislicr and W. Ury. Grfrin^ .4R?«w<wr Griwj? fn IJ Mifflin. 19«1); Wall and Blum. “Ncgouaucns.“ p,, and Barcniiau Nwk. Negnrwrzffg ftrtwflri/6.
i„
1. See, for mbiance. K l- Daft, Ofgjr/iu.i#wn TTrew^ Df'/gr. 7ib cd. {CnuSnnari: $ou(hucvtcrn. 200k) 2. T- Stevens. * Breaking Vp h l*rofiuhk to Do," htd^st^ llMJiuieJI, r>99. pp-28-54. 3. H. Miiuzherg. in i'ivex: De^igrrinj^ ^rti’zw CXrgffuiifrrrwj (Upper Saddk River, NJ; Prenrirc Hall, l9B3).p 1^7. 4. Cited HI.4T W'<WA May-Jnne 1993. p. 3. 5. G. Imperaw, "Their Spcdalfy? Teamworkfysj Cow»/MwJ<’nujry-Fehruary 2000, pp, 54-56. 6. G Habuk, *^IYe RighrCherusny,” Mumy Hret, March 6.2000, pp. 36 39. 7. C.C. Snow, J. Lipnick, and j. Stamps. -The Vimial Organisation' Promises and Pay oik. Large and Small,” io C. L. Coo)>cr and D.M. RouSs&Ju The l lrtiMl (New York; Wiley. 1999), pp. 1?-5U; and W.F Ca,‘K:io. 'Maiwgijig a Vimisl W’oikplace. 'zIcrf^CT^iy AfjH/»gew#f«r Etff//rn't’, Augu&c 2tHiu, pp, bl-9U, K. "(4F.; Just Your Average Evci^’day $60 Billion Family <7n>txry Store," Week. \hy2, I’XH. pp. 0-18 See dso R. xAslikcuas, D, Ulrich, TJick, and S.Keir, lhe (San Francisco: job^ey-Bass, 1995); and R.L. Cross A. A an. and A4.R. Louis, “Bounslary :\cuviucs in 'Boundarylcss’ OrganiaatJons: .A Ca.^ Study of a Transformation to a reani-Ba^ed Slructurc,'* HMvati Rclarioru. 2000, pp. 841-68. 9. Tbk analysts iis referred to a conringCTiCt'approach ro organizarional design. See, for inscance J Al Penning^, “SmicRiral (foncingency 1’hcory; A RcappraisAl,’’ in BAI. Siaw and LX. Cumiuings (cds.), Pennivh m Or'i^arii2^Wfuti Behitvjm , vol. 14 (Greenwich, CT: Jai Press 1992), pp. 267-309. 10. See HE. AliJes and CC. Snow, OjywiraflZaffw/ Snwrrgr, SmtTwre,
f
Viikina^ Pi**. R6lfc C Pofoa; <’-f •
T
' '' **
* K« bth,<»jBpw iXiekymrv ^nd .Un>Kiuhw TT » <> y Urf>tfg,wwr7auW,/v?K P^l.p|> f f_ Emcn »nrl E. Tn st " !!)« t.MMf Texitw of hn»voivB«i»/ Februar OMFTERK y ;p.V:in4P l KS. awr^-no r <>)r rumpie, Oidvw. indJA^. Uinch, S .. /w/rv; rwntz (Boca .V«i45ey»< Rasrm. fU: UK. PreA. 2001 £ indJ.U^ Omada. Faw ^aerf aorf >W .SkGr7ir.HiL 2001 M Hmowr and J. Champ); Kinard Itusjfxt* JBre/tywrrwg Divtac (New AA Kim. “The 60'Secafid ai erf.VonM 1, AurU Boede,* Trw. HarperfiofliM. 1999). 1999, gpcarcK A. P S R . “VVhtfit ‘BiAl co p.45. 1A, KaHgaard, “ASAP ^fcr^rtaHce. f. AV Order* V\'ork« Beat,* intenicu* Milcc Hammer/ piiTUrwd KF IW, ti*UrnT. Aped ZA, lOOtSeptember I). 1991, f—irmci 4if SuwioTf « p. lOOV.J. Urdttef. *V«ir 70 tUbiMA wjobt'..A. .Vnrr CAJomand.* t lhad. auJjo** Btk*'iot" 199V, W♦♦-•A; A Jamtt !«.*>. PF 11^ and K. UR. Cnwford, "CiBtrMnttin|’ the and XP, Jorur^, M-Q^^wtwwi &.“ fwtn, (kvAier 16, 2000. SmMtwrtA p. 16B.of StnKWal Rnic* ■TheiP f.«nj in J. Thaler. -TTic W Owcepmal «Reboonship^ AV
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in 20. J R, Hicbflan, ' “MW (Sinn WorkD«gi^ Morwa, M.. Siirilc fcd«.X CA.IhuL <;o»lycar. 30 p]». pp. fniprt>vinf/
I'S?-
.u. fi.R. S^lanrk ,.MI.|. Pfeffir. "A . Pra<«..^,ng-ApproMJ.coJcbAKim.k.amnaskDci^_. S,-io.,v June W. b- pp. , BmiJ.G. Tb.".«s .n,l RAV. (Jnffin, 'Th< P..wvr cf XiKunin pp. M /5. S«al ? 2. Suf. h ir i n' e:i JK L , j.' I'h'M r» i' > and it V. (< n Tnh,tuition in riK WbrkpLiv.’ n. Six'ial lulbrjni*Thin Pruvvs^ing M
7
36. See. 6 »(rampk, J R. Haclaiwn and GX Oldham. W-iiH' Redrs^ (Re id in e, VLA. Addi-^on.U^e.shy, IMSO); J.B. Alinex, Thfttrif^ if Orf^niz^tifitia/Behat’ifii' (1 linsdak, IX; Dn'dcn Prws. 1980k pp- 231-266; R.W. (Jriffin. “Efil-ct, rfWork Redesign on Emplovw Pei ce|5i ions, .Aeowdes, and Belwvtonr A Lnng-Tcnn Invesngatiun,’' of.Mtffiag^rreiity'jmva/, June Wl, pp, 425 -35; and J.T,. CoctoTi. Zwi'oAzn wMr (Neubury Park. (LA: Sage. 1993), pp. 141-72. 3“. J.R. Ihtkinflii, •'Hie Design of Work learns." inJAV. fzirsvb (ed.}, HtfAd/vOik BcJ,
41, B.K. Bahe*. T.E. Briggs. J.W. Huff. J A. Wright, G .4. Neuman. ’Flexibk and (k»iiiprtx*ed WvHcweck siedrk'.: A Mm-,Ana1yM’^ of 'l^eir Effects on W(^v. Related Criieria.’‘?fi‘«™^ Aogtet 1999. pp.4«r,-5l.l 42. Cjftd in ?i- .Ai-tnour. •Tdtx'ouunudng Stock in the Slow Unv? 7tf+n.Jiiue25, 2001, p. 2A. 45. -Tcleuimmuung As a Way of l.jfc," Fmimc, January 12, 199S, p. 94 44. Cited in R.3k’..hidy and C. U'Amico, lhrF/«7< 2920 (Induiiwpoli?: Hudson Inwr.rte, 1997). p. 58. 4i. E,C. Biig. “Saying .Athos nnlu’ I H’tke? Dnsintn Octolier 12, pp H2-5.X/XUFrgcseib'WlakingStiy^ ?T-nom<.-»Fc«l Wcicnme? nuihftir IFW, Ociotwr U, pp, 155-^6; (\A,1.. Danrhavji^er, "The Invisdhle UVkfker,’ N'menihcr p. 38; and “Bigiiv-st
U.S.
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Is
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1. 5<‘c. fix example. J, Pfeffor. Pfvfi/t': r6e PtrTftr of rhe (K’suifl: llarvatd KusinL'ss Schind Pre
t/f.4/?p/ZfdFr^rAo4igv. October IDSM. pp. 659-6.5. 5. See A-1. Htiftctnt anti W. Artbiu-Jr., “Hunter ar*l ITitiner
A M L.
Sffivn^ Intttvitwi: hwxs hnpe.'tn-ei
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Fall 1‘M, pp. ^115: R.L. OipWiyt'. •‘StrutTured ;ind DnstrucniR-d j;eJi‘cTi
21. “U.S. . awx't ReuTUits," .VMnp-Mrr .-|qp,;Ju|y p, “ 2-. Cited in "Sliney Sh.«vs 7S% i.t L»rBeC...n™-i Sui,«.rt Unvrsih Pru^rann,. Hwwexsjimc WS, pp. 25-2?: J K. Fun) .HI” r " ^,''''"’ ’
g Rf. Cbbeili. ** rh*’ VaWfiry' nJ Apnnxdc left* in Perwinnef Sf leciinn.**
ter 19“ 3. p. 4 7 5.
10. R-J. Herio^wtA aod C. Murray, 'i^c Heli .4«yrnor« Ijfr <^€\v York y,^ l*re&s< i9‘M5: and ALJ. Rce, J.A. Earks. and -M.S. Ti’achMUi, “Prediuieiig Job Performance: NOT Aluch More llun g."* Jovi'tbtf IAU^T 1994, pp 5IH-24. 11. J, Amt. “(bn You idl .•kpplesnuce from Pickles?^* Ortuher 9, 1994, pp, hW»« OR, 12- D.S. Ones. C Vj^w waraa. and HL. Schmidr, *XJom(r<Jicjnhc M«:ia«;\aaJ>5is of Iniegnty'lest ValidiriK; Findiflf^ and tniplicibuns fur Personnel SckcQOft and The Ties Ilf Job Performance." ^rt^iwZ August pp. 67’4-"O5; P.K. Satkett and J.E-Wanek, "Neu’ Dev'elopmeoi^ in the l^se uf .Measures of Honesty. Iniegniy Corudcndouancss, Dvpcnddhility, IfuttwnrtIllness, and Keliahiliry’ for Persiumel Srlmion." P^ftWM^r^ Winter 1996, pp. ‘R7-b29; and PL. Schmidt and ! E. Hunter, “ I'he Validtry and Uabry of Sekcdoii VI Cl hods in Person nd Psychologv." U P (brbonara. “Hire for Atuiudv, Train for SLiH,** PM (grruft^ H«) 1 (1997). p. 68. H. J.J. .A^her and J A Soamnu. “Kcalisnc Work Sample Fw: A Review/ Pc’rwTCTc/P.^rWfttry, Wicwr 1974. pp. '*9-3 J: gjxJ I f R^»herT5Oii and R.S. Kaiulok. “Work Sample Testi: ValiJiiy. .•Vh'eise Inipaei and Applkaiu Reaction," Spring i9K2. pp. I7M2. U. See, for ijutanee. A.C. Spychalski, xMA Quinimes.
"’o.kpha
ajid \Vf,rkf,.rcc: N.w l'ersp«-riv« and .\ppro«hn," in h. .t Kosscic and S..A. I .obd, eds., !>r.'tTjiej (CambndgL, .MA Bbckwcli Publishers, pj». 164-.VJ 24. H. ITytics-Gracc, "To Thrive, Mot Vkrdy Survive.* in ifxtlthtk .'iH/htm Cwffr?7 fltff (Av^rnffl/m/u, spcjnsotal by ihc American zV.Miciati«in «»f Reared Per*-ms. WajhjQMtxh DC, Oaolxril. 1992. p. I’. 25. ■Teaching Dh ersity. Business Schools Search for Model Approaches" .\
AM«.Tgrw£W.Nnvwriber 2(XW, pp.
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and RE*<«»« *R«tiaR«^ "> ’I* ReHbrouwe AfiR^>•1 Prn«» ««d Reactions; A .Meta..Amly«, ->£ Field lji»rst>S[atii»ns.” A«^ ' -IS. 1. Zip-n. '^bUing P.rtim.nc Apprsiul Woiifc, leant;.’ OfAPTER 16 /rjzB<;y. h>ne l'*W. pp5(1-63. 1. See. Ex* evJinpU. t.,H. Schein, OtKimr^rfneii*/ <San Fnindsax JtfsoJtamal tf Apfind Pn,hdai^_
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Bass, i985\ p. 2. Tlib s«*i#n-iTem deufipuon iMxcd on CV, 0‘RetUv III, J. Chatman, and D.F Oldwdt ‘Po»pfc and Ofgamianonal Culture: .A ProHk CompanMXt Appro^ to .As^*?»in» Person<.>rgani2atiiin Fit.’ . f^Mdran «/ mi. pp 4g7.5|6(«r^ J A Cbaonan and KA. jchn. ’.Asscssinc the Rebdciodiip Between InJostTV OaracTCrisrk> atu^ Or^nuachxial Culture: How Orffermt Can \< Be:’ .dfU^rnty June 1994. pp. 522-.'5. For a reviev of culcural diruensians. see NAl. .A:thkanan. L.E. Broadfow. and $. FalAus, “Quesdonnaire ATeasorea cf Orgamzadoiul Culturv.” in N.M. Adtkana:>y. CELM. \A*ildeTom, and Xi.E Petetxw (nkl, ^Thousand Oab, CA Sa^20tX)Xpp.Bl-*5. 5. A’. AMcner. '‘Forms of A aloe Sysrenn; A Focus on .J Organuatkinal Efteedvecess and Colttml Chan^aud Mainrenance.’ .divdavT ^JfeK/gnwevr Rrnr?*. October MJ
OrffnrMM^i Cuifan •mJ Qmutc
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April 1997. Rev. D (Scartie,
21. Cuud in J. .Milliinan cr e,! •«. • S^mlhwesf AirlineCjAnrwumty m -2. K,l Mhr. 4* M ,C,
R Kil’Hann, MJ. Savr-vr*. and R. Serpa. ed*, Cippdrwi* CufrviY fSan I’MIMS^VU: n,ss |9x^); hi^j:eni)d, “Can C.'hiin^t; in •^t«rtisau(Htar< uJ’ur-j Really BL-Manured?
23. ikx
C
Lindsav,''Parado«e,i
c Kmwinv. “Creating a New Omiwny Culture," Kuitet aniJJ.L.
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CHAPTER 17 1. The.j were devyoped by P.B. VbilV.M-«g,„ iSan Francisco: lossey-Bass I9fi9k 2. K. Lewin. -Gmup Qeeiaca^ and Social Change,” m G. E. Swan^. T. Al Ncwcoinc. aod E. I. Hartle (eds.J, Rcadnigs til Soeiffi Pryvbob^, 2nd ed. (New York Holt 1952), pp. 459 -3. J. T. PvUTS, Ti'rivffjx Knopf, IQF?). p. T
*
(New York: Alfred A.
1 E.H. Hall. .S^rjftTw;«, Axiteisjs, and Cbfidiwi, 46 cd. (Upper SyJJk River, NJ: Prenucc Hall, I987>.p, 29. 5. See. fi»i exampL, C- Argyris and D.A. Schrien, Or^mizatiiina/ LturnnffH (Reading. MA Aikiis<ns Wedey, 1996); L. Baird, F. Holland, and S. Deacon, "Imbeddu^ More Learning inln (he Perlon natjn Fa'i KfUHiyj cn .MLe a DifeMiUcc,' Orgsitii/fTiwaf Pyrj-jwny, Spruig 1999, pp. 19-32: snd R.S. SncH, "Mor al Foundaticns of6e teaming Organi
EAcmotes
V. J.E, Edwards and M,D. Thomas. ’ n« Grganinbonel Sliney PTOCCM: f k’neral Step* and PratTital OrfisMemtinne,” in 1’ Rosenfeld J. E. Ettwards, and M.D. 7lwMiias <edj;.l. f.^5»w24*r/iW»tf/ Ar/r*.(>r: PffTiTww, 4fer/*o^Z’, tf«t/.i/vAr-»/*'"v(Nr^vhxiTy ParL Sage. 1991), pp- 3-2t*. 10, E-H. SchcT’h Pra£t^.t( Cwfaitfrtwn Revi<^vd: fJje He/pftfi ReMonship (Reading. ALA Arldi^ HI-Wesley, W9>, P ]|. Ibid.
SciKCuilKTT 19Ql,
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12 W. Dyer, Tonr mJ rt (Reading, MA: Acldisnn-Wwiley, 1994). 15. N, A’LKt*nhus and J. Wallace, Ot’ganiznfmMl CbiDi^:
pp,^55_9^
e u
14. R.R. Bhike, J.S. Motihin, and R.I.. Sloma, ’’The Urion-Aknagemenc tnicrgruup Labonitory; Strategy tor Resolving Inceivroup Jumiiaiuf Applied Bebiiviiifa/ SV/«73ce 1 (1965), pp. 25-57,
M
1971). pp. 99-100,
M
(Clenview, II.; Scoci, Forcsnian,
21. See J. “Sliiiring the Wealth,’ M?r
t o
TfchmifuesApph^ofsnvs!
Jurtc 5. I<>95.pp. 28-31; T.A. Siewarr. -JM Ptghta Fp»wwr, Fehrunry 5, PW. pp- ‘>4- 99; B. O* Reilly. Secrets of Americas Miisl AJmiredOirporahoBn.^^ Ideas. New Products." March .1. !<>97. pp. 60-/»4; B. Fihpex^b “Innovation Drivers/ HM7. p. 56, M. (^onhn, “ Ibu Much Doodle?" ForAft, Ckiobcr ]*>, I99H, pp. 54 55; and D. Weimer, “-iM’. * Ilic Heat b oa die Boss,” Bfwfnef.? MreF. March IJ, 1999 pp. 82-84. 20. E Oeminnjxnir, "Oi^anizaiior.al Innovation! A MetaAJI;Jlysis of Effects of 1 k’ivrmirane. and .MoiJeratr>«/
Barriers 10 Knowledge ManagcmciK/Llwdrffl^' ff 15. Adapted trom K.S. Schnier, ’Definidon and
M/magemerft Exeewiva,
GcttKcpmalizador of Stress in Or^aiuzinonj».’ OtgffnfsJimfinJ Behiirtnv itn^i Ifmnaii Per^/rrndtriv,
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J 6. *M.A. Vfircspej, ‘ Stressed Gin." February 21, 2000, pp, i 1-54. 37- Cixd
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18 See, for example, S,.M. Je,x, Stn;.fsand Jnh Peifrn^nance.'. T^rwy, Afrr/rrr^, and JfffpliMtiont for iMjnageriiii fVyeftee flBousand Oaks. CA: .Sage, 1998). 19, Discussions cf the 5M Co. in this srrlion arc based on T. Stevens, "'lool Kit for Innovators,” Indt^ttry
November2000. pp. 113-27,
26. J. Gor-don, '’Intellectual Capil^I and Yau,” Truittiug, Sepcenaber 1999, p. 53. D, Ziclinksi, “Have ^bu Glared a Brighi Idea Ibday?^ iip. 65-6/-
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PHEN P. ROBBINS
7/e A powertoi tool For tlie Organizational Behavior course!
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